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Park SM, Oh YH, Lim GH, Yun GH, Kim KB, An JH, Seo KW, Youn HY. Deferoxamine preconditioning of canine stem cell derived extracellular vesicles alleviates inflammation in an EAE mouse model through STAT3 regulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19273. [PMID: 39164295 PMCID: PMC11335858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), specifically those preconditioned with deferoxamine (DFO) in canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs), were explored for treating autoimmune diseases. This study assessed the effects of DFO-preconditioned EVs (EVDFO) in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model. cAT-MSCs were treated with DFO for 48 h, after which EVs were isolated. EAE mice received intranasal EV or EVDFO treatments and were euthanized following histopathologic analysis; RNA and protein expression levels were measured. Histologically, EV and EVDFO groups showed a significant reduction in inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination. Immunofluorescence revealed increased CD206 and Foxp3 expression, indicating elevated M2 macrophages and regulatory T (Treg) cells, particularly in the EVDFO group. Treg cells also notably increased in the spleen of EVDFO -treated mice. STAT3 and pSTAT3 proteins were upregulated in the EAE groups compared to the naïve group. However, following EV treatment, STAT3 expression decreased compared to the EAE group, whereas pSTAT3 expression was similar in both the EV and EAE groups. In conclusion, EVDFO treatment resulted in reduced STAT3 expression, suggesting its role in T cell regulation and the potential of EVDFO in modulating the STAT3 pathway for reducing inflammation more effectively than non-preconditioned EVs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism
- Extracellular Vesicles/transplantation
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Mice
- Dogs
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Deferoxamine/pharmacology
- Deferoxamine/therapeutic use
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Female
- Disease Models, Animal
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hyun Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Bo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Y, Wang F, Cheng B, Zhou G. Melatonin improves salivary gland damage and hypofunction in pSS by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling through its receptor-dependent manner. Mol Immunol 2024; 169:10-27. [PMID: 38460474 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease of the exocrine glands with no specific or efficient treatments. Melatonin, a natural hormone, is revealed to show multiple biological functions, both receptor-dependent and independent effects, including anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the potential mechanism by which melatonin protects salivary glands (SGs) of pSS from damage needs to be clarified. The purpose of current study was to explore the role and receptor-related mechanisms of melatonin in pSS-induced glandular damage. METHODS AND RESULTS NOD/Ltj mice were used to spontaneously mimic pSS-induced glandular hypofunction in vivo and primary human salivary gland epithelial (HSGE) cells were stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to mimic pSS-induced inflammation in SGs cells in vitro. Melatonin-treated mice exhibited a significant reduction in SG injury of NOD/Ltj mice, which was accompanied by an increase in salivary flow rate, a decrease in inflammatory infiltration within the gland, and a suppression of oxidative stress indicators as well as cell apoptosis. Notably, both melatonin membrane receptors and nuclear receptors played an important role in the anti-apoptotic effects of melatonin on the SGs of NOD/Ltj mice. Furthermore, melatonin blocked the IL-6/STAT3 pathway through receptor-dependent manners in IFN-γ-stimulated HSGE cells. However, it was evident that the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties of melatonin on IFN-γ-stimulated HSGE cells were diminished by IL-6 treatment. CONCLUSION Melatonin had the potential to mitigate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in SGs of pSS by inhibiting the IL-6/STAT3 pathway through receptor-dependent mechanisms. This intervention effectively prevented glandular damage and preserved functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China.
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
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3
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Pandey R, Bakay M, Hakonarson H. SOCS-JAK-STAT inhibitors and SOCS mimetics as treatment options for autoimmune uveitis, psoriasis, lupus, and autoimmune encephalitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271102. [PMID: 38022642 PMCID: PMC10643230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases arise from atypical immune responses that attack self-tissue epitopes, and their development is intricately connected to the disruption of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, where SOCS proteins play crucial roles. Conditions such as autoimmune uveitis, psoriasis, lupus, and autoimmune encephalitis exhibit immune system dysfunctions associated with JAK-STAT signaling dysregulation. Emerging therapeutic strategies utilize JAK-STAT inhibitors and SOCS mimetics to modulate immune responses and alleviate autoimmune manifestations. Although more research and clinical studies are required to assess their effectiveness, safety profiles, and potential for personalized therapeutic approaches in autoimmune conditions, JAK-STAT inhibitors and SOCS mimetics show promise as potential treatment options. This review explores the action, effectiveness, safety profiles, and future prospects of JAK inhibitors and SOCS mimetics as therapeutic agents for psoriasis, autoimmune uveitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune encephalitis. The findings underscore the importance of investigating these targeted therapies to advance treatment options for individuals suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandey
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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β-Adrenoceptor Blockade Moderates Neuroinflammation in Male and Female EAE Rats and Abrogates Sexual Dimorphisms in the Major Neuroinflammatory Pathways by Being More Efficient in Males. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1237-1265. [PMID: 35798933 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in male compared with female adult rats, and moderating effect of propranolol-induced β-adrenoceptor blockade on EAE in females, the effect associated with transcriptional stimulation of Nrf2/HO-1 axis in spinal cord microglia. This study examined putative sexual dimorphism in propranolol action on EAE severity. Propranolol treatment beginning from the onset of clinical EAE mitigated EAE severity in rats of both sexes, but to a greater extent in males exhibiting higher noradrenaline levels and myeloid cell β2-adrenoceptor expression in spinal cord. This correlated with more prominent stimulatory effects of propranolol not only on CX3CL1/CX3CR1/Nrf2/HO-1 cascade, but also on Stat3/Socs3 signaling axis in spinal cord microglia/myeloid cells (mirrored in the decreased Stat3 and the increased Socs3 expression) from male rats compared with their female counterparts. Propranolol diminished the frequency of activated cells among microglia, increased their phagocyting/endocyting capacity, and shifted cytokine secretory profile of microglia/blood-borne myeloid cells towards an anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective phenotype. Additionally, it downregulated the expression of chemokines (CCL2, CCL19/21) driving T-cell/monocyte trafficking into spinal cord. Consequently, in propranolol-treated rats fewer activated CD4+ T cells and IL-17+ T cells, including CD4+IL17+ cells coexpressing IFN-γ/GM-CSF, were recovered from spinal cord of propranolol-treated rats compared with sex-matched saline-injected controls. All the effects of propranolol were more prominent in males. The study as a whole disclosed that sexual dimorphism in multiple molecular mechanisms implicated in EAE development may be responsible for greater severity of EAE in male rats and sexually dimorphic action of substances affecting them. Propranolol moderated EAE severity more effectively in male rats, exhibiting greater spinal cord noradrenaline (NA) levels and myeloid cell β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) expression than females. Propranolol affected CX3CR1/Nrf2/HO-1 and Stat3/Socs3 signaling axes in myeloid cells, favored their anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective phenotype and, consequently, reduced Th cell reactivation and differentiation into highly pathogenic IL-17/IFN-γ/GM-CSF-producing cells.
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5
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JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Non-Infectious Uveitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115236. [PMID: 36041544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) refers to various intraocular inflammatory disorders responsible for severe visual loss. Cytokines participate in the regulation of ocular homeostasis and NIU pathological processes. Cytokine receptors transmit signals by activating Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Increasing evidence from human NIU and experimental models reveals the involvement of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in NIU pathogenesis. Several small-molecule drugs that potentially inhibit multiple cytokine-dependent pathways are under investigation for treating autoimmune diseases, implicating possible applications for NIU treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the diverse roles of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in ocular homeostasis and NIU pathology, providing a rationale for targeting JAKs and STATs for NIU treatment. Moreover, available evidence for the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibitors for refractory uveitis and potential approaches for treatment optimization are discussed.
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Pleyer U, Neri P, Deuter C. New pharmacotherapy options for noninfectious posterior uveitis. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:2265-2281. [PMID: 33634341 PMCID: PMC8172489 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-01763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noninfectious inflammation of the posterior eye segment represents an important cause of visual impairment. It often affects relatively young people and causes a significant personal and social impact. Although steroids and nonbiologic- Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (nbDMARDs) are effective both in acute and long- lasting diseases, however they are increasingly being replaced by biologic (DMARDs). bDMARD. This article therefore aims to identify recent advances in the therapy of noninfectious posterior segment uveitis. METHODS A Medline-search was conducted using the terms: nbDMARD, bDMARD, posterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, treatment, corticosteroid. In addition, clinical studies were included as registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS Currently two major lines of treatments can be identified: (1) the intraocular application of anti-inflammatory agents and (2) the introduction of new agents, e.g., (bDMARDs) and small-molecule-inhibitors. Whereas intravitreal treatments have the advantage to avoid systemic side effects, new systemic agents are progressively earning credit on the basis of their therapeutic effects. CONCLUSION Even when current treatment strategies are still hampered by the limited number of randomized controlled trials, promising progress and continuous efforts are seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Pleyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Neri
- Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Christoph Deuter
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Egwuagu CE, Alhakeem SA, Mbanefo EC. Uveitis: Molecular Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623725. [PMID: 33995347 PMCID: PMC8119754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The profound impact that vision loss has on human activities and quality of life necessitates understanding the etiology of potentially blinding diseases and their clinical management. The unique anatomic features of the eye and its sequestration from peripheral immune system also provides a framework for studying other diseases in immune privileged sites and validating basic immunological principles. Thus, early studies of intraocular inflammatory diseases (uveitis) were at the forefront of research on organ transplantation. These studies laid the groundwork for foundational discoveries on how immune system distinguishes self from non-self and established current concepts of acquired immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Our charge in this review is to examine how advances in molecular cell biology and immunology over the past 3 decades have contributed to the understanding of mechanisms that underlie immunopathogenesis of uveitis. Particular emphasis is on how advances in biotechnology have been leveraged in developing biologics and cell-based immunotherapies for uveitis and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sahar A Alhakeem
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Evaristus C Mbanefo
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute (NEI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Hosseini A, Babaloo Z, Gharibi T, Shomali N, Marofi F, Hashemi V, Ayromlou H, Asadi M, Rahmani S, Noorolyai S, Shanehbandi D, Baradaran B. Epigenetic mechanisms shape the underlining expression regulatory mechanisms of the STAT3 in multiple sclerosis disease. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:568. [PMID: 33375941 PMCID: PMC7771087 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Immunological tolerance is mediated by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Studies have shown that thymic and peripheral generations of Treg cells depend on the CD28 signaling pathway. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases. Cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and TGF-β, regulate the reciprocal development of Th17 and Treg cells. In CD4+ T cells, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play a critical role in the induction of Th17 cell differentiation and inhibition of Treg cell development. Results In this study, we investigated the STAT3 methylation and gene expression status in patients with MS. Our study demonstrated that the level of STAT3 methylation decreased in relapsing–remitting MS patient compared to control groups, which the decreases were statistically significant. STAT3 gene expression increased in patient group relative to healthy one, and the increases were found to be statistically significant. According to our findings, it can be suggested that DNA hypermethylation of STAT3 affects the gene expression. In addition, there is a strong and significant negative correlation between the methylation status and mRNA level of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vida Hashemi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Hormoz Ayromlou
- Department of Neurology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shima Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Liu J, Li H, Lan T, Wang W. IFNA1 and IFNA13 Genes Confer Genetic Predisposition to Ankylosing Spondylitis-Associated Uveitis in a Chinese Population. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:585-591. [PMID: 32990094 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1817490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Uveitis is considered the most frequent extra-articular manifestation of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of AS with uveitis. In this study, we investigated susceptibility genes of AS concomitant with uveitis. METHODS First, 9p21-24 was selected as the region of susceptibility genes. Second, several candidate genes were selected from this region by bioinformatics analysis. Thirdly, a two-stage case control study was used to verify these candidate genes. The first stage included 50 AS with uveitis, 50 AS without uveitis, and 145 healthy controls. The qPCR+direct sequencing and cloning sequencing were used to identify SNPs in this stage. The second stage included 245 AS with uveitis, 360 AS without uveitis, and 530 healthy controls. RESULTS IFNA1, IFNB1, IFNA8, and IFNA13 were selected as candidate genes. In the first stage, it was found that the frequency of IFNA1 rs28383797 (G allele) and IFNA13 rs653778 (T allele) in AS with uveitis was higher than that in AS without uveitis and healthy controls. In the second stage, more samples were used to verify the two SNPs. After comprehensive data analysis in the two stages, the frequency of rs28383797 G allele and rs653778 T allele in AS with uveitis was significantly higher than that in AS without uveitis (P = 1.9 × 10-7, OR = 2.161, 95%CI = 1.609-2.902 and P = 1.5 × 10-9, OR = 2.028, 95%CI = 1.610-2.554) and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Rs653778 (T allele) of IFNA13 and rs28383797 (G allele) of IFNA1 were associated with AS concomitant uveitis, and may act as the susceptibility genes of AS with uveitis in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Rheumatology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University and Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Lan
- Health Management Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Weina Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangdong, China
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Trivedi A, Katelaris C. The use of biologic agents in the management of uveitis. Intern Med J 2020; 49:1352-1363. [PMID: 30582273 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The uveitides are a heterogenous group of ocular inflammatory disorders that account for the third highest cause of blindness worldwide, responsible for 5-10% of visual impairment globally. Up to 35% of patients with uveitis can suffer significant vision loss. To prevent irreversible structural damage and blindness, it is important that the diagnosis and commencement of appropriate therapy occurs promptly. Management includes topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy and conventional immunomodulatory agents, including methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin. Significant progress has been made in the past decade in our understanding of the immunopathological pathways that drive intraocular inflammation, allowing the development of targeted therapy with biologic agents. These include TNF-α inhibitors, such as infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept; interleukin blockers, such as tocilizumab and daclizumab; and other targeted therapies, such as rituximab and abatacept. The efficacy of these agents has been studied in cases of severe uveitis that are refractory to conventional immunomodulatory agents and provide exciting results that have revolutionised uveitis management. Though the biologic era has provided a large armamentarium to treat uveitis, ongoing challenges and cases of recalcitrant uveitis remain, posing a challenge to internal medicine physicians. This comprehensive review aims to construct an updated summary on the existing evidence pertaining to the use of biologic agents in the treatment of uveitis. Methods include a systematic search for studies between 2000 and 2018 using PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE and Cochrane libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Trivedi
- Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Nabavi SM, Ahmed T, Nawaz M, Devi KP, Balan DJ, Pittalà V, Argüelles-Castilla S, Testai L, Khan H, Sureda A, de Oliveira MR, Vacca RA, Xu S, Yousefi B, Curti V, Daglia M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Filosa R, Nabavi SF, Majidinia M, Dehpour AR, Shirooie S. Targeting STATs in neuroinflammation: The road less traveled! Pharmacol Res 2018; 141:73-84. [PMID: 30550953 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT transduction pathway is a highly conserved pathway implicated in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Dysregulation of this pathway is involved in the onset of autoimmune, haematological, oncological, metabolic and neurological diseases. Over the last few years, the research of anti-neuroinflammatory agents has gained considerable attention. The ability to diminish the STAT-induced transcription of inflammatory genes is documented for both natural compounds (such as polyphenols) and chemical drugs. Among polyphenols, quercetin and curcumin directly inhibit STAT, while Berberis vulgaris L. and Sophora alopecuroides L extracts act indirectly. Also, the Food and Drug Administration has approved several JAK/STAT inhibitors (direct or indirect) for treating inflammatory diseases, indicating STAT can be considered as a therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory pathologies. Considering the encouraging data obtained so far, clinical trials are warranted to demonstrate the effectiveness and potential use in the clinical practice of STAT inhibitors to treat inflammation-associated neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Nawaz
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science Campus), Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devasahayam Jaya Balan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science Campus), Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Valeria Pittalà
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, via Bonanno 6 - 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry/ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Cuiaba, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, I-70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Suowen Xu
- University of Rochester, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Valeria Curti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Appia Str, Apollosa, BN 82030, Italy
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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12
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Aberrant phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein of the CD4+ T cells in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2018; 29:458-464. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Gibson SA, Benveniste EN, Qin H. Opportunities for Translation from the Bench: Therapeutic Intervention of the JAK/STAT Pathway in Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 35:505-27. [PMID: 27279046 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016015517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These immune cells secrete aberrantly high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines that pathogenically bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes. These cytokines include interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). It is, therefore, not surprising that both the dysregulated expression of these cytokines and the subsequent activation of their downstream signaling cascades is a common feature in MS/EAE. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is utilized by numerous cytokines for signal transduction and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Unbridled activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by pro-inflammatory cytokines has been demonstrated to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of MS/EAE, with a particular focus on therapeutic approaches to target the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294; Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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14
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Pleyer U, Algharably EAH, Feist E, Kreutz R. Small molecules as therapy for uveitis: a selected perspective of new and developing agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1311-1323. [PMID: 28750572 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1361408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraocular inflammation (uveitis) remains a significant burden of legal blindness. Because of its immune mediated and chronic recurrent nature, common therapy includes corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and more recently biologics as immune modulatory agents. The purpose of this article is to identify the role of new treatment approaches focusing on small molecules as therapeutic option in uveitis. Areas covered: A MEDLINE database search was conducted through February 2017 using the terms 'uveitis' and 'small molecule'. To provide ongoing and future perspectives in treatment options, also clinical trials as registered at ClinicalTrials.gov were included. Both, results from experimental as well as clinical research in this field were included. Since this field is rapidly evolving, a selection of promising agents had to be made. Expert opinion: Small molecules may interfere at different steps of the inflammatory cascade and appear as an interesting option in the treatment algorithm of uveitis. Because of their highly targeted molecular effects and their favorable bioavailability with the potential of topical application small molecules hold great promise. Nevertheless, a careful evaluation of these agents has to be made, since current experience is almost exclusively based on experimental uveitis models and few registered trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Pleyer
- a Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Department of Ophthalmology , Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin , Germany
| | - Engi Abdel-Hady Algharably
- b Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Berlin , Germany.,c Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Eugen Feist
- d Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- b Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Berlin , Germany
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15
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Lee SH, Kim EK, Kwon JE, Lee JK, Lee D, Kim SY, Seo HB, Na HS, Jung K, Kwok SK, Lee CW, Park SH, Cho ML. Ssu72 attenuates autoimmune arthritis via targeting of STAT3 signaling and Th17 activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5506. [PMID: 28710354 PMCID: PMC5511296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) orchestrates the differentiation of several cell types, including interleukin-17 (IL-17)-releasing Th17 cells. Dysregulation of Th17 cells results in chronic inflammatory responses. Ssu72 is a C-terminal domain phosphatase required for transcriptional regulation. However, the mechanism by which Ssu72 affects STAT3 activation and Th17 cell differentiation is unclear. Here, we found that Ssu72 overexpression suppresses STAT3 activation and Th17 cell responses in vitro. A systemic infusion of Ssu72 attenuates experimental autoimmune arthritis by reducing STAT3 activity and the differentiation of Th17 cells. It also reduces joint destruction, serum immunoglobulin concentrations and osteoclastogenesis but increases the number of marginal zone B cells and B10 cells. These effects are associated with reduced p-STAT3 levels and the suppression of Th17 cell formation in vivo. Based on these data, Ssu72 is related to STAT3 activation and the inflammatory response; and Ssu72 overexpression in T-cell-mediated immunity has potential utility for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kwon
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - DoHyeong Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Beom Seo
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Na
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, South Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,Laboratory of Immune Network, Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea. .,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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16
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Vanlandingham PA, Nuno DJ, Quiambao AB, Phelps E, Wassel RA, Ma JX, Farjo KM, Farjo RA. Inhibition of Stat3 by a Small Molecule Inhibitor Slows Vision Loss in a Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:2095-2105. [PMID: 28395025 PMCID: PMC5386345 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of vision loss. Previous studies have shown signaling pathways mediated by Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) play a primary role in diabetic retinopathy progression. This study tested CLT-005, a small molecule inhibitor of Stat3, for its dose-dependent therapeutic effects on vision loss in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy. Methods Brown Norway rats were administered streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. CLT-005 was administered daily by oral gavage for 16 weeks at concentrations of 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg, respectively, beginning 4 days post streptozotocin administration. Systemic and ocular drug concentration was quantified with mass spectrometry. Visual function was monitored at 2-week intervals from 6 to 16 weeks using optokinetic tracking to measure visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. The presence and severity of cataracts was visually monitored and correlated to visual acuity. The transcription and translation of multiple angiogenic factors and inflammatory cytokines were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Multiplex immunoassay. Results Streptozotocin-diabetic rats sustain progressive vision loss over 16 weeks, and this loss in visual function is rescued in a dose-dependent manner by CLT-005. This positive therapeutic effect correlates to the positive effects of CLT-005 on vascular leakage and the presence of inflammatory cytokines in the retina. Conclusions The present study indicates that Stat3 inhibition has strong therapeutic potential for the treatment of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier J Nuno
- Charlesson LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | | | - Eric Phelps
- Charlesson LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Ronald A Wassel
- Charlesson LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States 2EyeCRO, LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Krysten M Farjo
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Rafal A Farjo
- Charlesson LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States 2EyeCRO, LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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17
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Yang R, Rincon M. Mitochondrial Stat3, the Need for Design Thinking. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:532-44. [PMID: 27019635 PMCID: PMC4807418 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stat3 has been studied extensively as a transcription factor, however the finding that Stat3 also localizes to mitochondria has opened a new area to discover non-classical functions. Here we review the current knowledge of mitochondrial Stat3 as a regulator of the electron transport chain (ETC) and its impact on mitochondrial production of ATP and ROS. We also describe recent findings identifying Stat3 as a regulator of mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis through its effect on the ETC. It is becoming evident that these non-classical functions of Stat3 can have a major impact on cancer progression, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, mitochondrial Stat3 functions challenge the current design of therapies that solely target Stat3 as a transcription factor and suggest the need for "design thinking," which leads to the development of novel strategies, to intervene the Stat3 pathway.
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18
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Salazar-Méndez R, Yilmaz T, Cordero-Coma M. Moving forward in uveitis therapy: preclinical to phase II clinical trial drug development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:195-214. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1128893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Benveniste EN, Liu Y, McFarland BC, Qin H. Involvement of the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:577-88. [PMID: 25084174 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are characterized by focal inflammatory infiltrates into the central nervous system, demyelinating lesions, axonal damage, and abundant production of cytokines that activate immune cells and damage neurons and oligodendrocytes, including interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and interferon-gamma. The Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway mediates the biological activities of these cytokines and is essential for the development and regulation of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway contributes to numerous autoimmune diseases, including MS/EAE. The JAK/STAT pathway is aberrantly activated in MS/EAE because of excessive production of cytokines, loss of expression of negative regulators such as suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins, and significant enrichment of genes encoding components of the JAK/STAT pathway, including STAT3. Specific JAK/STAT inhibitors have been used in numerous preclinical models of MS and demonstrate beneficial effects on the clinical course of disease and attenuation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, other drugs such as statins, glatiramer acetate, laquinimod, and fumarates have beneficial effects that involve inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway. We conclude by discussing the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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20
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Yazid S, Gardner PJ, Carvalho L, Chu CJ, Flower RJ, Solito E, Lee RW, Ali RR, Dick AD. Annexin-A1 restricts Th17 cells and attenuates the severity of autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Prete M, Dammacco R, Fatone MC, Racanelli V. Autoimmune uveitis: clinical, pathogenetic, and therapeutic features. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:125-36. [PMID: 25820692 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis (AU), an inflammatory non-infectious process of the vascular layer of the eye, can lead to visual impairment and, in the absence of a timely diagnosis and suitable therapy, can even result in total blindness. The majority of AU cases are idiopathic, whereas fewer than 20 % are associated with systemic diseases. The clinical severity of AU depends on whether the anterior, intermediate, or posterior part of the uvea is involved and may range from almost asymptomatic to rapidly sight-threatening forms. Race, genetic background, and environmental factors can also influence the clinical picture. The pathogenetic mechanism of AU is still poorly defined, given its remarkable heterogeneity and the many discrepancies between experimental and human uveitis. Even so, the onset of AU is thought to be related to an aberrant T cell-mediated immune response, triggered by inflammation and directed against retinal or cross-reactive antigens. B cells may also play a role in uveal antigen presentation and in the subsequent activation of T cells. The management of AU remains a challenge for clinicians, especially because of the paucity of randomized clinical trials that have systematically evaluated the effectiveness of different drugs. In addition to topical treatment, several different therapeutic options are available, although a standardized regimen is thus far lacking. Current guidelines recommend corticosteroids as the first-line therapy for patients with active AU. Immunosuppressive drugs may be subsequently required to treat steroid-resistant AU and for steroid-sparing purposes. The recent introduction of biological agents, such as those targeting tumor necrosis factor-α, is expected to remarkably increase the percentages of responders and to prevent irreversible sight impairment. This paper reviews the clinical features of AU and its crucial pathogenetic targets in relation to the current therapeutic perspectives. Also, the largest clinical trials conducted in the last 12 years for the treatment of AU are summarized and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Fatone
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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22
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Lee JH, Lee YS, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Kim TY. Capsiate Inhibits DNFB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in NC/Nga Mice through Mast Cell and CD4+ T-Cell Inactivation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1977-1985. [PMID: 25806854 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicin has many biological effects, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antiangiogenic effects, but it is rarely used because of its high pungency. Capsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analog, also has multiple biological effects, similar to those of capsaicin, but does not cause irritation. However, the effect of capsiate on allergic responses and immune cells has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated the effect of capsiate on atopic dermatitis, mouse CD4+ T cells, and mast cell activation. Capsiate inhibited DNFB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Topical treatment with capsiate suppressed serum IgE levels and cytokine and chemokine expression in the skin of DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice. In addition, it suppressed the activation of CD4+ T cells and mast cells, which are implicated in allergic diseases. Capsiate inhibited the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells. Treatment with capsiate inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and degranulation from activated bone marrow-derived mast cells through the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal pathways. Consistent with these results, treatment with capsiate inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Taken together, our results suggest that capsiate might be a good candidate molecule for the treatment of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun S Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family cytokines: Role in immune pathogenesis and treatment of CNS autoimmune disease. Cytokine 2015; 75:249-55. [PMID: 25796985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in coordinating the activities of innate and adaptive immune systems. In response to pathogen recognition, innate immune cells secrete cytokines that inform the adaptive immune system about the nature of the pathogen and instruct naïve T cells to differentiate into the appropriate T cell subtypes required to clear the infection. These include Interleukins, Interferons and other immune-regulatory cytokines that exhibit remarkable functional redundancy and pleiotropic effects. The focus of this review, however, is on the enigmatic Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family of cytokines. This family of cytokines plays crucial roles in shaping immune responses during antigen presentation and influence cell-fate decisions of differentiating naïve T cells. They also play essential roles in regulating functions of a variety of effector cells, making IL-12 family cytokines important therapeutic targets or agents in a number of inflammatory diseases, such as the CNS autoimmune diseases, uveitis and multiple sclerosis.
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24
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Egwuagu CE, Sun L, Kim SH, Dambuza IM. Ocular Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunotherapy. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:517-28. [PMID: 26238372 PMCID: PMC11305125 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150731095426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is a diverse group of potentially sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory diseases of infectious or autoimmune etiology and accounts for more than 10% of severe visual handicaps in the United States. Pathology derives from the presence of inflammatory cells in the optical axis and sustained production of cytotoxic cytokines and other immuneregulatory proteins in the eye. The main therapeutic goals are to down-regulate the immune response, preserve the integrity of the ocular architecture and eventually eliminate the inciting uveitogenic stimuli. Current therapy is based on topical or systemic corticosteroid with or without second line agents and serious adverse effects of these drugs are the impetus for development of less toxic and more specific therapies for uveitis. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of uveitis, molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation and progression of uveitis and concludes with emerging strategies for the treatment of this group of potentially blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 10N109A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
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25
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Cytokine Serum Levels as Potential Biological Markers for the Psychopathology in Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/493505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the role of immune system disturbance in schizophrenia and especially changes of serum levels of cytokines in patients with schizophrenia. The cytokines are essential to wide range of functions related to the defense of the organisms from infectious and environmental dangers. However it is not known whether cytokines influence the presentation of psychotic symptoms. Identification of changes in the serum level of certain cytokines and their correlation with distinct psychopathological symptoms may facilitate the identification of subgroups of patients who are likely to benefit from immunotherapy or anti-inflammatory therapy. Such patients may benefit from tailored immunotherapy designed for modulation of abnormal cytokine levels related to specific positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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26
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Debnath M, Berk M. Th17 pathway-mediated immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia: mechanisms and implications. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1412-21. [PMID: 24711545 PMCID: PMC4193719 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly complex and severe neuropsychiatric disorder with an unknown etiopathology. Evidence for a dysregulated immune system in both the risk for and progression of schizophrenia has recently been overwhelming. Importantly, chronic low-grade inflammation both in the periphery and central nervous system has been shown to contribute predominantly to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia in a subset of individuals. Inflammation in the central nervous system is mediated by a range of proinflammatory cytokines, resident immune cells such as microglia, and brain infiltrating peripheral immunocompetent cells, such as T lymphocytes. Recently, Th17 cells, a subset of T helper cells have emerged as crucial players in mucosal defense against infections. It is linked to atopic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. The risk factors/mechanisms leading to low-grade inflammation in schizophrenia are diverse and include infectious agents, stress, trauma, environmental toxins, genetic vulnerability, physical inactivity, obesity, poor diet, and sleep disruption. Herein, we propose that fetal programming of cellular immune components driven by intrauterine adversity can lead to the generation of long-lasting effector/memory Th17 cells. Th17 cells can disrupt the blood-brain barrier, infiltrate the central nervous system, and, along with other cytokines and microglia, lead to neuroprogression through neuroinflammation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India;
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia;,Department of Psychiatry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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27
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Prete M, Guerriero S, Dammacco R, Fatone MC, Vacca A, Dammacco F, Racanelli V. Autoimmune uveitis: a retrospective analysis of 104 patients from a tertiary reference center. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014; 4:17. [PMID: 25097673 PMCID: PMC4108222 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-014-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify the main features of a cohort of Caucasian patients with idiopathic (I) and systemic disease-associated (SDA) autoimmune uveitis (AU) who were followed up at a single tertiary reference center. The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features and the response to treatment of 104 patients with AU evaluated between 2004 and 2013, with a median follow-up of 4.8 years. The primary outcome measure was the response to systemic treatment after 24 months of therapy. The data are expressed as the range, percentage, or mean ± standard error. Categorical variables were assessed by Fisher's exact test. Results The mean age at diagnosis was 40.1 ± 17.8 years for men and 44.1 ± 15.3 years for women. There was a slight female predominance. Of the 104 patients, 72.1% had I-AU and 27.9% SDA-AU. The most frequent associations were with ankylosing spondyloarthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and Behcet's disease. Symptoms at presentation consisted of eye redness and pain (28.8%), decreased visual acuity (25.9%), and floaters (18.3%). Complications included cataracts (24%), retinal neovascularization (16.3%), chorio-retinal scars (10.6%), cystoid macular edema (8.6%), glaucoma/ocular hypertension (7.7%), epiretinal membranes (4.8%), and retinal detachment (3.8%). The prevalence of autoantibodies, mostly antinuclear antibodies, was comparable between the I-AU and SDA-AU groups. Fisher's exact test showed a direct correlation between patients with class I HLA B27, Cw8, B5 (51, 52), B51, or Cw2 and the presence of AU, whereas among patients with class II HLA, only DQ1 was a predisposing factor for AU. The therapeutic spectrum included corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, given either alone or in various combinations according to the severity of AU and the extent of the clinical response. Among the immunosuppressive drugs, azathioprine was preferentially used for anterior uveitis, and cyclosporine-A for intermediate and posterior uveitis. An assessment of the patients after 24 months of therapy showed a complete remission in 43.3% and a significant clinical improvement in 26.9%. Conclusions At our tertiary reference center, the prevalence in Caucasian patients of I-AU was approximately 2.5-fold higher than that of SDA-AU. Our findings point to the need for a patient-tailored therapeutic approach according to the anatomic site and the severity of AU. Therapy should be prolonged, over a period of months and even up to 1–2 years, in order to achieve stable control of the disease and to prevent severe complications. The outcome of SDA-AU is also influenced by treatment of the underlying systemic disease. Additional controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy and the long-term safety of both the prescribed therapeutic agents and their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Prete
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Silvana Guerriero
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Fatone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Francesco Dammacco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Bari 70124, Italy
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Jenkins BJ. Transcriptional regulation of pattern recognition receptors by Jak/STAT signaling, and the implications for disease pathogenesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:750-8. [PMID: 25051239 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are well known for their pleiotropism, affecting a large number of cellular responses, including proliferation, survival, functional maturation, and immunomodulation. It is, therefore, not surprising that both the deregulated expression of cytokines and the subsequent activation of their downstream signaling pathways is a common feature of many cancers, as well as chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. In this regard, activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is the predominant intracellular signaling event triggered by cytokines, with STAT1 and STAT3 having the greatest diversity of biological functions among the 7 known members of the STAT family of latent transcription factors. Notably, over recent years, it has emerged that STAT1 and STAT3 are employed by various cytokines to manipulate the signal output of heterologous receptors of the innate immune system, namely pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), with both immune and nonimmune (eg, oncogenic, metabolic) cellular processes being affected. This review highlights these pivotal advancements in our understanding of how a cross talk between cytokine and PRR signaling networks can impact on a variety of cellular responses during disease pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic implications of targeting these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan John Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research (formerly Monash Institute of Medical Research) , Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Tierney BJ, McCann GA, Naidu S, Rath KS, Saini U, Wanner R, Kuppusamy P, Suarez A, Goodfellow PJ, Cohn DE, Selvendiran K. Aberrantly activated pSTAT3-Ser727 in human endometrial cancer is suppressed by HO-3867, a novel STAT3 inhibitor. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:133-41. [PMID: 25038288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constitutive activation of STAT3 is a hallmark of various human cancers, however an increased pSTAT3 expression in high grade human endometrial cancer has not been reported. In the present study, we examine the expression of STAT family of proteins in endometrial cancer cell lines and the efficacy of HO-3867, a novel STAT3 inhibitor designed in our lab. METHODS Expression of STAT family proteins was evaluated via Western blot. The cell viability, post-treatment with HO-3867, was assessed using MTT, cell-cycle profile and Annexin assay. In vivo efficacy of HO-3867 was evaluated using xenograft mice. RESULTS Expression of activated STATs was inconsistent among the cell lines and 18 human endometrial cancer specimens tested. While pSTAT3 Tyr705 was not expressed in any of the cell lines, pSTAT3 Ser727 was highly expressed in endometrial cancer cell lines and tumor specimens. HO-3867 decreased the expression of pSTAT3 Ser727 while total STAT3 remained constant; cell viability decreased by 50-80% and induced G2/M arrest in 55% of Ishikawa cells at the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. There was an increase in p53, a decrease in Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, and cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-7 and PARP. HO-3867 mediated a dosage-dependent inhibition of the growth of xenografted endometrial tumors. CONCLUSIONS HO-3867 treatment decreases the high levels of pSTAT3 Ser727 in endometrial cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This suggests a specific role of serine-phosphorylated STAT3, independent of tyrosine phosphorylation in the oncogenesis of endometrial cancer. HO-3867 could potentially serve as an adjunctive targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J Tierney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Georgia A McCann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shan Naidu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kellie S Rath
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Uksha Saini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ross Wanner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Adrian Suarez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul J Goodfellow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David E Cohn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karuppaiyah Selvendiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solid Tumor Biology Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Egwuagu CE, Larkin Iii J. Therapeutic targeting of STAT pathways in CNS autoimmune diseases. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e24134. [PMID: 24058800 PMCID: PMC3670276 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.24134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) transduce extracellular signals that regulate the initiation, duration and intensity of immune responses. However, unbridled activation of STATs by pro-inflammatory cytokines or growth factors contributes to pathogenic autoimmunity. In this review, we briefly discuss STAT pathways that promote the development and expansion of T cells that mediate two CNS inflammatory diseases, multiple sclerosis (MS) and uveitis. Particular focus is on animal models of MS and uveitis and new approaches to the treatment of CNS autoimmune diseases based on therapeutic targeting of Th17 cells and STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section; National Eye Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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Kondo Y, Ninomiya M, Kimura O, Machida K, Funayama R, Nagashima T, Kobayashi K, Kakazu E, Kato T, Nakayama K, Lai MMC, Shimosegawa T. HCV infection enhances Th17 commitment, which could affect the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98521. [PMID: 24905921 PMCID: PMC4048196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various kinds of autoimmune diseases have been reported to have a significant relationship with persistent hepatitis c virus (HCV) infection and Th17 cells. Previously, our group reported that the existence of HCV in T lymphocytes could affect the development of CD4+ helper T cells and their proliferation, in addition to the induction of immunoglobulin hyper-mutation. METHODS Therefore, we analyzed the relationship between persistent infection of HCV and the mechanism of Th17 cell induction ex vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The prevalence of autoimmune-related diseases in chronic hepatitis c patients (CH-C) was significantly higher than in other types of chronic hepatitis (hepatitis B and NASH). A significantly higher frequency of IL6 and TGF-β double-high patients was detected in CH-C than in other liver diseases. Moreover, these double-high patients had significantly higher positivity of anti-nuclear antibody, cryoglobulinemia, and lymphotropic HCV and higher amounts of IL1-β, IL21, IL23. In addition to the previously reported lymphotropic SB-HCV strain, we found a novel, genotype 1b lymphotropic HCV (Ly-HCV), by deep sequencing analysis. Lymphotropic-HCV replication could be detected in the lymphoid cells with various kinds of cytokine-conditions including IL1β, IL23, IL6 and TGF-β in vitro. Infection by HCV could significantly enhance the development of Th17 cells. The HCV protein responsible for inducing the Th17 cells was HCV-Core protein, which could enhance the STAT-3 signaling and up-regulate the expression of RORγt as a Th17 master gene. CONCLUSION Infection by lymphotropic HCV might enhance the Th17 development and contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masashi Ninomiya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagashima
- Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koju Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Eiji Kakazu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michael M. C. Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
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32
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Interleukin-35 induces regulatory B cells that suppress autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2014; 20:633-41. [PMID: 24743305 PMCID: PMC4048323 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 10-producing regulatory B-cells (Breg-cells) suppress autoimmune diseases while aberrant elevation of Breg-cells prevents sterilizing immunity, promotes carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis by converting resting CD4+ T-cells to regulatory T-cells (Tregs). It is therefore of interest to discover factors that induce Breg-cells. Here we show that IL-35 induces Breg-cells in-vivo and promotes their conversion to a unique Breg subset that produces IL-35 (IL-35+Breg). Treatment of mice with IL-35 conferred protection from uveitis and mice lacking IL-35 or defective in IL-35-signaling produced less Breg-cells and developed severe uveitis. Ex-vivo generated Breg-cells also suppressed uveitis by inhibiting pathogenic Th17/Th1 while promoting Tregs expansion. We further show that IL-35 induced the conversion of human B-cells into Breg-cells and suppressed uveitis by activating STAT1/STAT3 through IL-35-Receptor comprising IL-12Rβ2/IL-27Rα subunits. Discovery that IL-35 converts human B-cells into Breg-cells, allows ex-vivo production of autologous Breg-cells for immunotherapy and investigating Breg/IL-35+Breg cells roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Jung YS, Kim DH, Hwang JY, Yun NY, Lee YH, Han SB, Hwang BY, Lee MS, Jeong HS, Hong JT. Anti-inflammatory effect of tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether, a novel flavonolignan compound isolated from Njavara on in RAW264.7 cells and in ear mice edema. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:67-76. [PMID: 24631338 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although recent study has shown tricin 4'-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (TTGE), an isolated compound from Njavara rice, to have the most potent anti-inflammatory effects, the action mechanism has not been fully understood. Here, we examined the effect of TTGE on the inflammation and elucidated the potential mechanism. We demonstrated that TTGE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells, which was correlated with the down-regulating effect of TTGE on the iNOS and COX-2 expression via NF-κB and STAT3. TPA-induced ear edema was also efficiently inhibited by the TTGE treatment. TTGE blocked the induction of iNOS and COX-2 through the regulation of NF-κB and STAT3, which could explain the reduced TPA-induced edema symptoms. Moreover, the introduction of ERK inhibitor abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of TTGE via the recovery of NF-κB and STAT3 signalings. Taken together, these results suggest that TTGE has anti-inflammatory properties through down-regulation of NF-κB and STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Young Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Soon Lee
- College of Agriculture, Life and Environments, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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Weissinger D, Tagscherer KE, Macher-Göppinger S, Haferkamp A, Wagener N, Roth W. The soluble Decoy Receptor 3 is regulated by a PI3K-dependent mechanism and promotes migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:120. [PMID: 24107265 PMCID: PMC3852559 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of Decoy Receptor 3 (DcR3), a soluble member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is a common event in several types of cancer. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), DcR3 overexpression is associated with lymph node and distant metastasis as well as a poor prognosis. However, the functional role and regulation of DcR3 expression in RCC is so far unknown. Methods Modulation of DcR3 expression by siRNA and ectopic gene expression, respectively, was performed in ACHN and 769-P RCC cell lines. Functional effects of a modulated DcR3 expression were analyzed with regard to migration, invasion, adhesion, clonogenicity, and proliferation. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were performed to evaluate the expression of downstream mediators of DcR3. In further experiments, luciferase assays, quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses were applied to study the regulation of DcR3 expression in RCC. Additionally, an ex vivo tissue slice culture technique combined with immunohistochemistry was used to study the regulation of DcR3 expression in human RCC specimens. Results Here, we show that DcR3 promotes adhesion, migration and invasiveness of RCC cells. The DcR3-dependent increase in cellular invasiveness is accompanied with an up-regulation of integrin alpha 4, matrixmetalloproteinase 7 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Further, we identified a signaling pathway regulating DcR3 expression in RCC. Using in vitro experiments as well as an ex vivo RCC tissue slice culture model, we demonstrate that expression of DcR3 is regulated in a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner involving the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). Conclusions Taken together, our results identify DcR3 as a key driver of tumor cell dissemination and suggest DcR3 as a promising target for rational therapy of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weissinger
- Molecular Tumor-Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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35
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STAT3 regulates proliferation and survival of CD8+ T cells: enhances effector responses to HSV-1 infection, and inhibits IL-10+ regulatory CD8+ T cells in autoimmune uveitis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:359674. [PMID: 24204098 PMCID: PMC3800609 DOI: 10.1155/2013/359674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT3 regulates CD4+ T cell survival and differentiation. However, its effects on CD8+ T cells are not well understood. Here, we show that in comparison to WT CD8+ T cells, STAT3-deficient CD8+ T cells exhibit a preactivated memory-like phenotype, produce more IL-2, proliferate faster, and are more sensitive to activation-induced cell death (AICD). The enhanced proliferation and sensitivity to AICD correlated with downregulation of class-O forkhead transcription factors (FoxO1, FoxO3A), p21waf1, p27KIP1, Bcl-2, OX-40, and upregulation of FasL, Bax, and Bad. We examined whether STAT3-deficient CD8+ T cells can mount effective response during herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Compared to WT mice, HSV-1-infected STAT3-deficient mice (STAT3KO) produced less IFN-γ and virus-specific KLRG-1+ CD8+ T cells. STAT3KO mice are also resistant to EAU and produced less IL-17-producing Tc17 cells. Resistance of STAT3KO to EAU correlated with marked expansion of IL-10-producing regulatory CD8+ T cells (CD8-Treg) implicated in recovery from autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, increases of IL-6-induced STAT3 activation observed during inflammation may inhibit expansion of CD8-Tregs, thereby impeding recovery from uveitis. These results suggest that STAT3 is a potential therapeutic target for upregulating CD8+ T cell-mediated responses to viruses and suggest the successful therapeutic targeting of STAT3 as treatment for uveitis, derived, in part, from promoting CD8-Treg expansion.
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Abstract
Uveitis is underappreciated as a sight-threatening cause of blindness. There are two broad causative classes of uveitis: infectious and non-infectious. Non-infectious uveitis is considered a prototypical autoimmune disorder based mainly on data from experimental models in the mouse. Several different experimental models exist that reflect the different types of uveitis in man (anterior, intermediate, and posterior uveitis). These models have demonstrated that uveitis is predominantly a Th1/Th17 mediated disease, although innate immune cells play a significant role both in induction of disease and in tissue damage. Most experimental models of uveitis rely on activation of the innate immune system by use of adjuvants that activate a range of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). This begs the question of the underlying role of initial and/or persistent infection, including latent infection, in immune-mediated uveitis in which active infection cannot be demonstrated. This further raises the possibility of pathogenic mechanisms such as antigenic cross-reactivity and molecular mimicry. Alternatively, residual/latent antigen from infectious agents may act as "endogenous" adjuvants for induction of immune reactions to damaged/altered self antigen, suggesting a commonality in pathogenesis for both infectious and non-infectious uveitis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Escobar T, Yu CR, Muljo SA, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 activates miR-155 in Th17 cells and acts in concert to promote experimental autoimmune uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:4017-25. [PMID: 23674757 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) and STAT3 are implicated in uveitis and pathogenic mechanisms of CNS autoimmune diseases. In our study, we used miR-155(-/-) mice and mice with targeted STAT3 deletion in T cells (CD4-STAT3KO) to investigate roles of miR-155 and STAT3 in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a mouse model of human uveitis. METHODS We induced EAU in WT, miR-155(-/-), or CD4-STAT3KO mice by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein/complete Freund's adjuvant (IRBP/CFA) or adoptive transfer of T cells. EAU was assessed by funduscopy and histology. RNA expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR), while cytokine production was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS We used a combination of genomic and genetic tools to provide the first evidence that STAT3 binds directly to the miR-155 locus and that STAT3 is required for miR-155 expression. Furthermore, STAT3-dependent increase in miR-155 expression in vivo correlated temporally with onset of EAU, and miR-155(-/-) or CD4-STAT3KO mice did not suffer EAU. CD4(+) lymph node cells from IRBP-immunized WT mice transferred EAU to naïve wild-type (WT) and miR-155(-/-) mice, while miR-155(-/-) IRBP-specific T cells did not. CONCLUSIONS Although miR-155 and STAT3 have been implicated in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), uveitis, or rheumatoid arthritis, their exact roles in these diseases are unclear. We show here for the first time to our knowledge that STAT3 regulates miR-155 expression in Th17 cells. We show further that STAT3 and miR-155 form an axis that promotes the expansion of pathogenic Th17 cells that mediate uveitis. Thus, STAT3 and miR-155 may be therapeutic targets for treating uveitis and other Th17-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Escobar
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Oh HM, Yu CR, Dambuza I, Marrero B, Egwuagu CE. STAT3 protein interacts with Class O Forkhead transcription factors in the cytoplasm and regulates nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of FoxO1 and FoxO3a proteins in CD4(+) T cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30436-43. [PMID: 22761423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.359661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An important feature of the adaptive immune response is its remarkable capacity to regulate the duration of inflammatory responses, and effector T cells have been shown to limit excessive immune responses by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-27. However, how anti-inflammatory cytokines mediate their suppressive activities is not well understood. In this study, we show that STAT3 contributes to mechanisms that control the duration of T cell proliferation by regulating the subcellular location of FoxO1 and FoxO3a, two Class O Forkhead transcription factors that mediate lymphocyte quiescence and inhibit T cell activation. We show that active FoxO1 and FoxO3a reside exclusively in the nucleus of naïve T cells whereas inactive pFoxO1 and pFoxO3a were most abundant in activated T cells and sequestered in their cytoplasm in association with unphosphorylated STAT3 (U-STAT3) and 14-3-3. We further show that FoxO1/FoxO3a rapidly relocalized into the nucleus in response to pSTAT3 activation by IL-6 or IL-10, and the accumulation of FoxO1/FoxO3a in their nuclei coincided with increased expression of p27(Kip1) and p21(WAF1). STAT3 inhibitors completely abrogated cytokine-induced translocation of FoxO1/FoxO3a into the nucleus. In naïve or resting STAT3-deficient T cells, expression of pFoxO1/pFoxO3a was predominantly in the cytoplasm and correlated with defects in p27(Kip1) and p21(WAF1) expression, suggesting requirement of STAT3 for importation or retention of FoxO in the nucleus and attenuation of lymphocyte proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that U-STAT3 collaborates with 14-3-3 to sequester pFoxO1/pFoxO3a in cytoplasm and thus prolong T cell activation, whereas pSTAT3 activation by anti-inflammatory cytokines would curtail the duration of TCR activation and re-establish lymphocyte quiescence by inducing nuclear localization of FoxO1/FoxO3a and FoxO-mediated expression of growth-inhibitory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mee Oh
- Molecular Immunology Section, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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