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Pratt EC, Shaffer TM, Bauer D, Lewis JS, Grimm J. Radiances of Cerenkov-Emitting Isotopes on the IVIS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524625. [PMID: 36711894 PMCID: PMC9882406 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov (or Cherenkov) luminescence occurs when charged particles exceed the phase velocity of a given medium. Cerenkov has gained interest in preclinical space as well as in clinical trials for optical visualization of numerous radionuclides. However, Cerenkov intensity has to be inferred from alternative databases with energy emission spectra, or theoretical fluence estimates. Here we present the largest experimental dataset of Cerenkov emitting isotopes recorded using the IVIS optical imaging system. We report Cerenkov measurements spanning orders of magnitude normalized to the activity concentration for 21 Cerenkov emitting isotopes, covering electron, alpha, beta minus, and positron emissions. Isotopes measured include Carbon-11, Fluorine-18, Phosphorous-32, Scandium-47, Copper-64, Copper-67, Gallium-68, Arsenic-72, Bromine-76, Yttrium-86, Zirconium-89, Yttrium-90, Iodine-124, Iodine-131, Cerium-134, Lutetium-177, Lead-203, Lead-212, Radium-223, Actinium-225, and Thorium-227. We hope this updating resource will serve as a rank ordering for comparing isotopes for Cerenkov luminescence in the visible window and serve as a rule of thumb for comparing Cerenkov intensities in vitro and in vivo. Methods All Cerenkov emitting radionuclides were either produced at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Carbon-11, 11 C; Fluorine-18, 18 F; Iodine-124, 124 I), from commercial sources such as Perkin Elmer (Phosphorous-32, 32 P; Yttrium-90, 90 Y), Bayer (Radium-223, 223 Ra, Xofigo), 3D-Imaging (Zirconium-89, 89 Zr), Nuclear Diagnostic Products (Iodine-131, 131 I), or from academic collaborators at Washington University at St. Louis (Copper-64, 64 Cu), University of Wisconsin (Bromine-76, 76 Br), MD Anderson Cancer Center (Yttrium-86, 86 Y), Brookhaven National Laboratory (Arsenic-72, 72 As; Thorium-227, 227 Th), or Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Cerium-134, 134 Ce, Actinium-225, 225 Ac), and Viewpoint Molecular Targeting (Lead-203, 203 Pb; Lead 212, 212 Pb). All isotopes were diluted in triplicate on a black bottomed corning 96 well plate to several activity concentrations ranging from 0.1-250 μCi in 100-200 μL of Phosphate Buffered Saline. Cerenkov imaging was acquired on a single Perkin-Elmer Spectrum In-Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) at field of view c with exposures ranging up to 15 minutes or lower provided no part of the image intensity was saturated, or that the activity significantly changed during the exposure. Experimental radiances on the IVIS were calculated from regions of interest drown over each 96 well, and then normalized for the activity present in the well, and the volume the isotope was diluted into.
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Mc Larney BE, Zhang Q, Pratt EC, Skubal M, Isaac E, Hsu HT, Ogirala A, Grimm J. Detection of Shortwave-Infrared Cerenkov Luminescence from Medical Isotopes. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:177-182. [PMID: 35738902 PMCID: PMC9841262 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.264079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical radioisotopes produce Cerenkov luminescence (CL) from charged subatomic particles (β+/-) traveling faster than light in dielectric media (e.g., tissue). CL is a blue-weighted and continuous emission, decreasing proportionally to increasing wavelength. CL imaging (CLI) provides an economic PET alternative with the advantage of also being able to image β- and α emitters. Like any optical modality, CLI is limited by the optical properties of tissue (scattering, absorption, and ambient photon removal). Shortwave-infrared (SWIR, 900-1700 nm) CL has been detected from MeV linear accelerators but not yet from keV medical radioisotopes. Methods: Indium-gallium-arsenide sensors and SWIR lenses were mounted onto an ambient light-excluding preclinical enclosure. An exposure and processing pipeline was developed for SWIR CLI and then performed across 6 radioisotopes at in vitro and in vivo conditions. Results: SWIR CL was detected from the clinical radioisotopes 90Y, 68Ga, 18F, 89Zr, 131I, and 32P (biomedical research). SWIR CLI's advantage over visible-wavelength (VIS) CLI (400-900 nm) was shown via increased light penetration and decreased scattering at depth. The SWIR CLI radioisotope sensitivity limit (8.51 kBq/μL for 68Ga), emission spectrum, and ex vivo and in vivo examples are reported. Conclusion: This work shows that radioisotope SWIR CLI can be performed with unmodified commercially available components. SWIR CLI has significant advantages over VIS CLI, with preserved VIS CLI features such as radioisotope radiance levels and dose response linearity. Further improvements in SWIR optics and technology are required to enable widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict E Mc Larney
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Qize Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edwin C Pratt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Isaac
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hsiao-Ting Hsu
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anuja Ogirala
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
- Molecular Imaging Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
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Malone CD, Egbulefu C, Zheleznyak A, Polina J, Karmakar P, Black K, Shokeen M, Achilefu S. Activation of nano-photosensitizers by Y-90 microspheres to enhance oxidative stress and cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12748. [PMID: 35882949 PMCID: PMC9325688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While radioembolization with yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres is a promising treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lower responses in advanced and high-grade tumors present an urgent need to augment its tumoricidal efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether clinically used Y-90 microspheres activate light-responsive nano-photosensitizers to enhance hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell oxidative stress and cytotoxicity over Y-90 alone in vitro. Singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical production was enhanced when Y-90 microspheres were in the presence of several nano-photosensitizers compared to either alone in cell-free conditions. Both the SNU-387 and HepG2 human HCC cells demonstrated significantly lower viability when treated with low activity Y-90 microspheres (0.1-0.2 MBq/0.2 mL) and a nano-photosensitizer consisting of both titanium dioxide (TiO2) and titanocene (TC) labelled with transferrin (TiO2-Tf-TC) compared to Y-90 microspheres alone or untreated cells. Cellular oxidative stress and cell death demonstrated a linear dependence on Y-90 at higher activities (up to 0.75 MBq/0.2 mL), but was significantly more accentuated in the presence of increasing TiO2-Tf-TC concentrations in the poorly differentiated SNU-387 HCC cell line (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002 respectively) but not the well-differentiated HepG2 cell line. Addition of TiO2-Tf-TC to normal human hepatocyte THLE-2 cells did not increase cellular oxidative stress or cell death in the presence of Y-90. The enhanced tumoricidal activity of nano-photosensitizers with Y-90 microspheres is a potentially promising adjunctive treatment strategy for certain patient subsets. Applications in clinically relevant in vivo HCC models are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Malone
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Christopher Egbulefu
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Zheleznyak
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jahnavi Polina
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kvar Black
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Ave., Floor 2, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Pratt EC, Skubal M, Mc Larney B, Causa-Andrieu P, Das S, Sawan P, Araji A, Riedl C, Vyas K, Tuch D, Grimm J. Prospective testing of clinical Cerenkov luminescence imaging against standard-of-care nuclear imaging for tumour location. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:559-568. [PMID: 35411113 PMCID: PMC9149092 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In oncology, the feasibility of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) has been assessed by imaging superficial lymph nodes in a few patients undergoing diagnostic 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). However, the weak luminescence signal requires the removal of ambient light. Here we report the development of a clinical CLI fiberscope with a lightproof enclosure, and the clinical testing of the setup using five different radiotracers. In an observational prospective trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03484884 ) involving 96 patients with existing or suspected tumours, scheduled for routine clinical FDG PET or 131I therapy, the level of agreement of CLI with standard-of-care imaging (PET or planar single-photon emission CT) for tumour location was 'acceptable' or higher (≥3 in the 1-5 Likert scale) for 90% of the patients. CLI correlated with the concentration of radioactive activity, and captured therapeutically relevant information from patients undergoing targeted radiotherapy or receiving the alpha emitter 223Ra, which cannot be feasibly imaged clinically. CLI could supplement radiological scans, especially when scanner capacity is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Pratt
- Pharmacology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Benedict Mc Larney
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Pamela Causa-Andrieu
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sudeep Das
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peter Sawan
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abdallah Araji
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Christopher Riedl
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kunal Vyas
- Lightpoint Medical Ltd., Waterside, Chesham, HP5 1PE, UK
| | - David Tuch
- Lightpoint Medical Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Pharmacology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Weill, Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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225Ac-rHDL Nanoparticles: A Potential Agent for Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy of Tumors Overexpressing SR-BI Proteins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072156. [PMID: 35408554 PMCID: PMC9000893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Actinium-225 and other alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides have shown high potential for cancer treatment. Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) specifically recognize the scavenger receptor B type I (SR-BI) overexpressed in several types of cancer cells. Furthermore, after rHDL-SR-BI recognition, the rHDL content is injected into the cell cytoplasm. This research aimed to prepare a targeted 225Ac-delivering nanosystem by encapsulating the radionuclide into rHDL nanoparticles. The synthesis of rHDL was performed in two steps using the microfluidic synthesis method for the subsequent encapsulation of 225Ac, previously complexed to a lipophilic molecule (225Ac-DOTA-benzene-p-SCN, CLog P = 3.42). The nanosystem (13 nm particle size) showed a radiochemical purity higher than 99% and stability in human serum. In vitro studies in HEP-G2 and PC-3 cancer cells (SR-BI positive) demonstrated that 225Ac was successfully internalized into the cytoplasm of cells, delivering high radiation doses to cell nuclei (107 Gy to PC-3 and 161 Gy to HEP-G2 nuclei at 24 h), resulting in a significant decrease in cell viability down to 3.22 ± 0.72% for the PC-3 and to 1.79 ± 0.23% for HEP-G2 at 192 h after 225Ac-rHDL treatment. After intratumoral 225Ac-rHDL administration in mice bearing HEP-G2 tumors, the biokinetic profile showed significant retention of radioactivity in the tumor masses (90.16 ± 2.52% of the injected activity), which generated ablative radiation doses (649 Gy/MBq). The results demonstrated adequate properties of rHDL as a stable carrier for selective deposition of 225Ac within cancer cells overexpressing SR-BI. The results obtained in this research justify further preclinical studies, designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the 225Ac-rHDL system for targeted alpha-particle therapy of tumors that overexpress the SR-BI receptor.
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In situ lymphoma imaging in a spontaneous mouse model using the Cerenkov Luminescence of F-18 and Ga-67 isotopes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24002. [PMID: 34907289 PMCID: PMC8671545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a promising approach to image-guided surgery and pathological sampling. It could offer additional advantages when combined to whole-body isotope tomographies. We aimed to obtain evidence of its applicability in lymphoma patho-diagnostics, thus we decided to investigate the radiodiagnostic potential of combined PET or SPECT/CLI in an experimental, novel spontaneous high-grade B-cell lymphoma mouse model (Bc.DLFL1). We monitored the lymphoma dissemination at early stage, and at clinically relevant stages such as advanced stage and terminal stage with in vivo 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 67Ga-citrate single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/MRI. In vivo imaging was combined with ex vivo high resolution CLI. The use of CLI with 18F-Fluorine (F-18) and 67Ga-Gallium isotopes in the selection of infiltrated lymph nodes for tumor staging and pathology was thus tested. At advanced stage, FDG PET/MRI plus ex vivo CLI allowed accurate detection of FDG accumulation in lymphoma-infiltrated tissues. At terminal stage we detected tumorous lymph nodes with SPECT/MRI and we could report in vivo detection of the Cerenkov light emission of 67Ga. CLI with 67Ga-citrate revealed lymphoma accumulation in distant lymph node locations, unnoticeable with only MRI. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry confirmed these imaging results. Our study promotes the combined use of PET and CLI in preclinical studies and clinical practice. Heterogeneous FDG distribution in lymph nodes, detected at sampling surgery, has implications for tissue pathology processing and it could direct therapy. The results with 67Ga also point to the opportunities to further apply suitable SPECT radiopharmaceuticals for CLI.
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Mc Larney B, Skubal M, Grimm J. A review of recent and emerging approaches for the clinical application of Cerenkov luminescence imaging. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:684196. [PMID: 36845872 PMCID: PMC9957555 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.684196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) is a blue-weighted emission of light produced by a vast array of clinically approved radioisotopes and LINAC accelerators. When β particles (emitted during the decay of radioisotopes) are present in a medium such as water or tissue, they are able to travel faster than the speed of light in that medium and in doing so polarize the molecules around them. Once the particle has left the local area, the polarized molecules relax and return to their baseline state releasing the additional energy as light (luminescence). This blue glow has commonly been used to determine the output of nuclear power plant cores and, in recent years, has found traction in the preclinical and clinical imaging field. This brief review will discuss the technology which has enabled the emergence of the biomedical Cerenkov imaging field, recent pre-clinical studies with potential clinical translation of Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) and the current clinical implementations of the method. Finally, an outlook is given as to the direction in which the field is heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Mc Larney
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Skubal
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Pretze M, Kunkel F, Runge R, Freudenberg R, Braune A, Hartmann H, Schwarz U, Brogsitter C, Kotzerke J. Ac-EAZY! Towards GMP-Compliant Module Syntheses of 225Ac-Labeled Peptides for Clinical Application. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:652. [PMID: 34358076 PMCID: PMC8308848 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of 225Ac (half-life T1/2 = 9.92 d) dramatically reduces the activity used for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy by a factor of 1000 in comparison to 90Y, 177Lu or 188Re while maintaining the therapeutic outcome. Additionally, the range of alpha particles of 225Ac and its daughter nuclides in tissue is much lower (47-85 μm for alpha energies Eα = 5.8-8.4 MeV), which results in a very precise dose deposition within the tumor. DOTA-conjugated commercially available peptides used for endoradiotherapy, which can readily be labeled with 177Lu or 90Y, can also accommodate 225Ac. The benefits are lower doses in normal tissue for the patient, dose reduction of the employees and environment and less shielding material. The low availability of 225Ac activity is preventing its application in clinical practice. Overcoming this barrier would open a broad field of 225Ac therapy. Independent which production pathway of 225Ac proves the most feasible, the use of automated synthesis and feasible and reproducible patient doses are needed. The Modular-Lab EAZY is one example of a GMP-compliant system, and the cassettes used for synthesis are small. Therefore, also the waste after the synthesis can be minimized. In this work, two different automated setups with different purification systems are presented. In its final configuration, three masterbatches were performed on the ML EAZY for DOTA-TATE and PSMA-I&T, respectively, fulfilling all quality criteria with final radiochemical yields of 80-90% for the 225Ac-labeled peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pretze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Falk Kunkel
- Eckert & Ziegler Eurotope, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Roswitha Runge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Robert Freudenberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Anja Braune
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Holger Hartmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Uwe Schwarz
- Eckert & Ziegler Radiopharma, 38110 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Claudia Brogsitter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (R.R.); (R.F.); (A.B.); (H.H.); (C.B.)
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Pratt EC, Tamura R, Grimm J. Cerenkov Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lioret V, Bellaye PS, Arnould C, Collin B, Decréau RA. Dual Cherenkov Radiation-Induced Near-Infrared Luminescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy toward Tumor Resection. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9446-9456. [PMID: 32706253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation (CR), the blue light seen in nuclear reactors, is emitted by some radiopharmaceuticals. This study showed that (1) a portion of CR could be transferred in the region of the optical spectrum, where biological tissues are most transparent: as a result, upon radiance amplification in the near-infrared window, the detection of light could occur twice deeper in tissues than during classical Cherenkov luminescence imaging and (2) Cherenkov-photodynamic therapy (CR-PDT) on cells could be achieved under conditions mimicking unlimited depth using the CR-embarked light source, which is unlike standard PDT, where light penetration depth is limited in biological tissues. Both results are of utmost importance for simultaneous applications in tumor resection and post-resection treatment of remaining unresected margins, thanks to a molecular construct designed to raise its light collection efficiency (i.e., CR energy transfer) by conjugation with multiple CR-absorbing (water-soluble) antenna followed by intramolecular-FRET/TBET energy transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lioret
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
| | | | | | - Bertrand Collin
- Centre George François Leclerc, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, Dijon 21079, France
| | - Richard A Decréau
- ICMUB Institute (Chemistry Department) Sciences Mirande, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21078, France
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Huo D, Jiang X, Hu Y. Recent Advances in Nanostrategies Capable of Overcoming Biological Barriers for Tumor Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904337. [PMID: 31663198 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials have been extensively employed as therapeutics for tumor management. Meanwhile, the complex tumor niche along with multiple barriers at the cellular level collectively hinders the action of nanomedicines. Here, the advanced strategies that hold promise for overcoming the numerous biological barriers facing nanomedicines are summarized. Starting from tumor entry, methods that promote tissue penetration of nanomedicine and address the hypoxia issue are also highlighted. Then, emphasis is given to the significance of overcoming both physical barriers, such as membrane-associated efflux pumps, and biological features, such as resistance to apoptosis. The pros and cons for an individual approach are presented. In addition, the associated technical problems are discussed, along with the importance of balancing the therapeutic merits and the additional cost of sophisticated nanomedicine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Yong Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
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68Ga-PSMA Cerenkov luminescence imaging in primary prostate cancer: first-in-man series. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020; 47:2624-2632. [PMID: 32242253 PMCID: PMC7515945 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-04783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Currently, approximately 11–38% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radical prostatectomy have a positive surgical margin (PSM) on histopathology. Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) using 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) is a novel technique for intraoperative margin assessment. The aim of this first-in-man study was to investigate the feasibility of intraoperative 68Ga-PSMA CLI. In this study, feasibility was defined as the ability to distinguish between a positive and negative surgical margin, imaging within 45 min and low radiation exposure to staff. Methods Six patients were included in this ongoing study. Following perioperative i.v. injection of ~ 100 MBq 68Ga-PSMA, the prostate was excised and immediately imaged ex vivo. Different acquisition protocols were tested, and hotspots on CLI images from the intact prostate were marked for comparison with histopathology. Results By using an acquisition protocol with 150 s exposure time, 8 × 8 binning and a 550 nm shortpass filter, PSMs and negative surgical margins (NSMs) were visually correctly identified on CLI in 3 of the 5 patients. Two patients had a hotspot on CLI from cancer < 0.1 mm from the excision margin. Conclusion Overall, the study showed that 68Ga-PSMA CLI is a feasible and low-risk technique for intraoperative margin assessment in PCa. The remaining patients in this ongoing study will be used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the technique. Trial registration: NL8256 registered at www.trialregister.nl on 04/11/20109.
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Pashazadeh A, Friebe M. Radioguided surgery: physical principles and an update on technological developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:1-10. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRadioguided surgery (RGS) is the use of radiation detection probes and handheld gamma cameras in surgery rooms to identify radioactively labeled lesions inside the body with an aim to improve surgical outcome. In today’s surgery, application of these devices is a well-established practice, which provides surgeons with real-time information to guide them to the site of a lesion. In recent years, there have been several major improvements in the technology and design of gamma probes and handheld gamma cameras, enhancing their applications in surgical practices. Handheld gamma cameras, for example, are now moving from single-modality to dual-modality scanners that add anatomical data to the physiologic data, and with that provide more clinical information of the tissue under study. Also, in the last decade, a radioguided surgical technique based on the Cerenkov radiation was introduced, with more improved sensitivity in identifying radioactively labeled lesions. Additionally, recent advances in hybrid tracers have led to more efficient detection of lesions labeled with these tracers. Besides, it seems that combining medical robotics and augmented reality technology with current radioguided surgical practices potentially will change the delivery and performance of RGS in the near future. The current paper aims to give an overview of the physics of RGS and summarizes recent advances in this field that have a potential to improve the application of radioguided surgical procedures in the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pashazadeh
- Chair for Catheter Technologies and Image Guided Procedures, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, INKA, Building 53, Rotgerstrasse 9, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Friebe
- Chair for Catheter Technologies and Image Guided Procedures, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Tafreshi NK, Doligalski ML, Tichacek CJ, Pandya DN, Budzevich MM, El-Haddad G, Khushalani NI, Moros EG, McLaughlin ML, Wadas TJ, Morse DL. Development of Targeted Alpha Particle Therapy for Solid Tumors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234314. [PMID: 31779154 PMCID: PMC6930656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha-particle therapy (TAT) aims to selectively deliver radionuclides emitting α-particles (cytotoxic payload) to tumors by chelation to monoclonal antibodies, peptides or small molecules that recognize tumor-associated antigens or cell-surface receptors. Because of the high linear energy transfer (LET) and short range of alpha (α) particles in tissue, cancer cells can be significantly damaged while causing minimal toxicity to surrounding healthy cells. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated the remarkable efficacy of TAT in the treatment of metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current consensus regarding the properties of the α-particle-emitting radionuclides that are potentially relevant for use in the clinic; the TAT-mediated mechanisms responsible for cell death; the different classes of targeting moieties and radiometal chelators available for TAT development; current approaches to calculating radiation dosimetry for TATs; and lead optimization via medicinal chemistry to improve the TAT radiopharmaceutical properties. We have also summarized the use of TATs in pre-clinical and clinical studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges K. Tafreshi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Michael L. Doligalski
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Christopher J. Tichacek
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
| | - Darpan N. Pandya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (D.N.P.); (T.J.W.)
| | - Mikalai M. Budzevich
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ghassan El-Haddad
- Depts. of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Nikhil I. Khushalani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Eduardo G. Moros
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mark L. McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV & Modulation Therapeutics Inc., 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Thaddeus J. Wadas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (D.N.P.); (T.J.W.)
| | - David L. Morse
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.T.); (M.L.D.); (C.J.T.); (E.G.M.)
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Small Animal Imaging Laboratory, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-745-8948; Fax: +1-813-745-8375
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15
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Olde Heuvel J, de Wit-van der Veen BJ, Vyas KN, Tuch DS, Grootendorst MR, Stokkel MPM, Slump CH. Performance evaluation of Cerenkov luminescence imaging: a comparison of 68Ga with 18F. EJNMMI Phys 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 31650365 PMCID: PMC6813407 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-019-0255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) is an emerging technology for intraoperative margin assessment. Previous research only evaluated radionuclide 18-Fluorine (18F); however, for future applications in prostate cancer, 68-Gallium (68Ga) seems more suitable, given its higher positron energy. Theoretical calculations predict that 68Ga should offer a higher signal-to-noise ratio than 18F; this is the first experimental confirmation. The aim of this study is to investigate the technical performance of CLI by comparing 68Ga to 18F. RESULTS The linearity of the system, detection limit, spatial resolution, and uniformity were determined with the LightPath imaging system. All experiments were conducted with clinically relevant activity levels in vitro, using dedicated phantoms. For both radionuclides, a linear relationship between the activity concentration and detected light yield was observed (R2 = 0.99). 68Ga showed approximately 22 times more detectable Cerenkov signal compared to 18F. The detectable activity concentration after a 120 s exposure time and 2 × 2 binning of 18F was 23.7 kBq/mL and 1.2 kBq/mL for 68Ga. The spatial resolution was 1.31 mm for 18F and 1.40 mm for 68Ga. The coefficient of variance of the uniformity phantom was 0.07 for the central field of view. CONCLUSION 68Ga was superior over 18F in terms of light yield and minimal detection limit. However, as could be expected, the resolution was 0.1 mm less for 68Ga. Given the clinical constraints of an acquisition time less than 120 s and a spatial resolution < 2 mm, CLI for intraoperative margin assessment using 68Ga could be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Olde Heuvel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Robotics and Mechatronics , Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | - K N Vyas
- Lightpoint Medical Ltd, Misbourne Works, Waterside, Chesham, HP5 1PE, UK
| | - D S Tuch
- Lightpoint Medical Ltd, Misbourne Works, Waterside, Chesham, HP5 1PE, UK
| | - M R Grootendorst
- Lightpoint Medical Ltd, Misbourne Works, Waterside, Chesham, HP5 1PE, UK
| | - M P M Stokkel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H Slump
- Robotics and Mechatronics , Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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16
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Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Radionuclide-Activated Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13232-13252. [PMID: 30779286 PMCID: PMC6698437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radio-nanomedicine, or the use of radiolabeled nanoparticles in nuclear medicine, has attracted much attention in the last few decades. Since the discovery of Cerenkov radiation and its employment in Cerenkov luminescence imaging, the combination of nanomaterials and Cerenkov radiation emitters has been revolutionizing the way nanomaterials are perceived in the field: from simple inert carriers of radioactivity to activatable nanomaterials for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the types of nanomaterials that have been used to interact with Cerenkov radiation and the gamma and beta scintillation of radionuclides, as well as on their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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17
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Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Radionuklidaktivierte Nanomaterialien und ihre biomedizinische Anwendung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Ferreira
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Dalong Ni
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Zachary T. Rosenkrans
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Medical PhysicsUniversity of Wisconsin – Madison Madison Wisconsin 53705 USA
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18
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Jiménez-Mancilla NP, Isaac-Olivé K, Torres-García E, Camacho-López MA, Ramírez-Nava GJ, Mendoza-Nava HJ. Theoretical and experimental characterization of emission and transmission spectra of Cerenkov radiation generated by 177Lu in tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-10. [PMID: 31313539 PMCID: PMC6995956 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.076002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov radiation (CR) is the emission of UV-vis light generated by the de-excitation of the molecules in the medium, after being polarized by an excited particle traveling faster than the speed of light. When β particles travel through tissue with energies greater than 219 keV, CR occurs. Tissues possess a spectral optical window of 600 to 1100 nm. The CR within this range can be useful for quantitative preclinical studies using optical imaging and for the in-vivo evaluation of Lu177-radiopharmaceuticals (β-particle emitters). The objective of our research was to determine the experimental emission light spectrum of Lu177-CR and evaluate its transmission properties in tissue as well as the feasibility to applying CR imaging in the preclinical studies of Lu177-radiopharmaceuticals. The theoretical and experimental characterizations of the emission and transmission spectra of Lu177-CR in tissue, in the vis-NIR region (350 to 900 nm), were performed using Monte Carlo simulation and UV-vis spectroscopy. Mice Lu177-CR images were acquired using a charge-coupled detector camera and were quantitatively analyzed. The results demonstrated good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental Lu177-CR emission spectra. Preclinical CR imaging demonstrated that the biokinetics of Lu177-radiopharmaceuticals in the main organs of mice can be acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nallely P. Jiménez-Mancilla
- CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México, Mexico
- Address all correspondence to Nallely P. Jiménez-Mancilla, E-mail:
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Fotomedicina, Biofotónica y Espectroscopía Láser de Pulsos Ultracortos, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Simulación Monte Carlo y Dosimetría, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Camacho-López
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Fotomedicina, Biofotónica y Espectroscopía Láser de Pulsos Ultracortos, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Abstract
The electromagnetic spectrum contains different frequency bands useful for medical imaging and therapy. Short wavelengths (ionizing radiation) are commonly used for radiological and radionuclide imaging and for cancer radiation therapy. Intermediate wavelengths (optical radiation) are useful for more localized imaging and for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Finally, longer wavelengths are the basis for magnetic resonance imaging and for hyperthermia treatments. Recently, there has been a surge of interest for new biomedical methods that synergize optical and ionizing radiation by exploiting the ability of ionizing radiation to stimulate optical emissions. These physical phenomena, together known as radioluminescence, are being used for applications as diverse as radionuclide imaging, radiation therapy monitoring, phototherapy, and nanoparticle-based molecular imaging. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of the physics of radioluminescence and includes simple analytical models to estimate the luminescence yield of scintillators and nanoscintillators, Cherenkov radiation, air fluorescence, and biologically endogenous radioluminescence. Examples of methods that use radioluminescence for diagnostic or therapeutic applications are reviewed and analyzed in light of these quantitative physical models of radioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Klein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Conroy Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201
| | - Guillem Pratx
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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20
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Komarov S, Liu Y, Tai YC. Cherenkov luminescence imaging of shallow sources in semitransparent media. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 30724042 PMCID: PMC6988091 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.2.026001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigated the Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) of the isotopes with different beta particles energies (Cu64, F18, Au198, P32, and Br76) in semitransparent biological equivalent media. The main focus of this work is to characterize the CLI when the sources are at the depth comparable with the range of beta particles. The experimental results were compared with Monte Carlo (MC) simulation results to fine tune the simulation parameters to better model the phantom materials. This approach can be applied to estimate the CLI performance for different phantom materials and isotopes. This work also demonstrates some unique properties of high energy beta particles that can be beneficial for CLI, including the possibility to utilize the betas escaped from the object for imaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Komarov
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yongjian Liu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yuan-Chuan Tai
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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21
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Habte F, Natarajan A, Paik DS, Gambhir SS. Quantification of Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) Comparable With 3-D PET Standard Measurements. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118788637. [PMID: 30043654 PMCID: PMC6077879 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118788637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is commonly performed using two-dimensional (2-D) conventional optical imaging systems for its cost-effective solution. However, quantification of CLI comparable to conventional three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET) is challenging using these systems due to both the high attenuation of Cerenkov radiation (CR) on mouse tissue and nonexisting depth resolution of CLI using 2-D imaging systems (2-D CLI). In this study, we developed a model that estimates effective tissue attenuation coefficient and corrects the tissue attenuation of CLI signal intensity independent of tissue depth and size. To evaluate this model, we used several thin slices of ham as a phantom and placed a radionuclide (89Zr and 64Cu) inside the phantom at different tissue depths and sizes (2, 7, and 12 mm). We performed 2-D CLI and MicroPET/CT (Combined small animal PET and Computed Tomography (CT)) imaging of the phantom and in vivo mouse model after administration of 89Zr tracer. Estimates of the effective tissue attenuation coefficient (μeff) for 89Zr and 64Cu were ∼2.4 and ∼2.6 cm−1, respectively. The computed unit conversion factor to %ID/g from 2-D CLI signal was 2.74 × 10−3 μCi/radiance estimated from phantom study. After applying tissue attenuation correction and unit conversion to the in vivo animal study, an average quantification difference of 10% for spleen and 35% for liver was obtained compared to PET measurements. The proposed model provides comparable quantification accuracy to standard PET system independent of deep tissue CLI signal attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frezghi Habte
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David S Paik
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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22
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Kavadiya S, Biswas P. Design of Cerenkov Radiation-Assisted Photoactivation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation for Cancer Treatment. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:702-709. [PMID: 30291195 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.215608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Cerenkov radiation to activate nanoparticles in situ was recently shown to control cancerous tumor growth. Although the methodology has been demonstrated to work, to better understand the mechanistic steps, we developed a mathematic model that integrates Cerenkov physics, light interaction with matter, and photocatalytic reaction engineering. Methods: The model describes a detailed pathway for localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from the Cerenkov radiation-assisted photocatalytic activity of TiO2 The model predictions were verified by comparison to experimental reports in the literature. The model was then used to investigate the effects of various parameters-the size of TiO2 nanoparticles, the concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles, and the activity of the radionuclide 18F-FDG-on the number of photons and ROS generation. Results: The importance of nanoparticle size in ROS generation for cancerous tumor growth control was elucidated, and an optimal size was proposed. Conclusion: The model described here can be used for other radionuclides and nanoparticles and can provide guidance on the concentration and size of TiO2 nanoparticles and the radionuclide activity needed for efficient cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalinee Kavadiya
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Center of Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Pratim Biswas
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Center of Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
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23
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Ciarrocchi E, Vanhove C, Descamps B, De Lombaerde S, Vandenberghe S, Belcari N. Performance evaluation of the LightPath imaging system for intra-operative Cerenkov luminescence imaging. Phys Med 2018; 52:122-128. [PMID: 30139600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The performances of an intra-operative optical imaging system for Cerenkov luminescence imaging of resected tumor specimens were evaluated with phantom studies. The spatial resolution, the linearity of the measured signal with the activity concentration and the minimum detectable activity concentration were considered. A high linearity was observed over a broad range of activity concentration (R2⩾0.99 down to ∼40 kBq/ml of 18F-FDG). For 18F-FDG activity distributions 2 mm deep in biological tissue, the measured detection limit was 8 kBq/ml and a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm was obtained. The detection limit of the imaging system is comparable with clinical activity concentrations in tumor specimens, and the spatial resolution is compatible with clinical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ciarrocchi
- University of Pisa, Department of Physics, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| | - Christian Vanhove
- University of Ghent, IBiTech-MEDISIP, C. Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- University of Ghent, IBiTech-MEDISIP, C. Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Stef De Lombaerde
- University of Ghent, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | | | - Nicola Belcari
- University of Pisa, Department of Physics, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, Pisa 56127, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) is blue glow light produced by charged subatomic particles travelling faster than the phase velocity of light in a dielectric medium such as water or tissue. CL was first discovered in 1934, but for biomedical research it was recognized only in 2009 after advances in optical camera sensors brought the required high sensitivity. Recently, applications of CL from clinical radionuclides have been rapidly expanding to include not only preclinical and clinical biomedical imaging but also an approach to therapy. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) utilizes CL generated from clinically relevant radionuclides alongside optical imaging instrumentation. CLI is advantageous over traditional nuclear imaging methods in terms of infrastructure cost, resolution, and imaging time. Furthermore, CLI is a truly multimodal imaging method where the same agent can be detected by two independent modalities, with optical (CL) imaging and with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. CL has been combined with small molecules, biomolecules and nanoparticles to improve diagnosis and therapy in cancer research. Here, we cover the fundamental breakthroughs and recent advances in reagents and instrumentation methods for CLI as well as therapeutic application of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Edwin C Pratt
- Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY; Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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25
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Lewis DY, Mair R, Wright A, Allinson K, Lyons SK, Booth T, Jones J, Bielik R, Soloviev D, Brindle KM. [ 18F]fluoroethyltyrosine-induced Cerenkov Luminescence Improves Image-Guided Surgical Resection of Glioma. Theranostics 2018; 8:3991-4002. [PMID: 30083276 PMCID: PMC6071532 DOI: 10.7150/thno.23709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of surgical resection is significantly correlated with outcome in glioma; however, current intraoperative navigational tools are useful only in a subset of patients. We show here that a new optical intraoperative technique, Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) following intravenous injection of O‑(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET), can be used to accurately delineate glioma margins, performing better than the current standard of fluorescence imaging with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Methods: Rats implanted orthotopically with U87, F98 and C6 glioblastoma cells were injected with FET and 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Positive and negative tumor regions on histopathology were compared with CL and fluorescence images. The capability of FET CLI and 5-ALA fluorescence imaging to detect tumor was assessed using receptor operator characteristic curves and optimal thresholds (CLIOptROC and 5-ALAOptROC) separating tumor from healthy brain tissue were determined. These thresholds were used to guide prospective tumor resections, where the presence of tumor cells in the resected material and in the remaining brain were assessed by Ki-67 staining. Results: FET CLI signal was correlated with signal in preoperative PET images (y = 1.06x - 0.01; p < 0.0001) and with expression of the amino acid transporter SLC7A5 (LAT1). FET CLI (AUC = 97%) discriminated between glioblastoma and normal brain in human and rat orthografts more accurately than 5-ALA fluorescence (AUC = 91%), with a sensitivity >92% and specificity >91%, and resulted in a more complete tumor resection. Conclusion: FET CLI can be used to accurately delineate glioblastoma tumor margins, performing better than the current standard of fluorescence imaging following 5-ALA administration, and is therefore a promising technique for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Lewis
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Current address: Cancer Research UK - Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Mair
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Wright
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kieren Allinson
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Scott K. Lyons
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom Booth
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Jones
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Bielik
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitry Soloviev
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Current address: Cancer Research UK - Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Karaman DŞ, Sarparanta MP, Rosenholm JM, Airaksinen AJ. Multimodality Imaging of Silica and Silicon Materials In Vivo. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1703651. [PMID: 29388264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of silica- and silicon-based multimodality imaging nanoprobes has advanced their use in image-guided drug delivery, and the development of novel systems for nanotheranostic and diagnostic applications. As biocompatible and flexibly tunable materials, silica and silicon provide excellent platforms with high clinical potential in nanotheranostic and diagnostic probes with well-defined morphology and surface chemistry, yielding multifunctional properties. In vivo imaging is of great value in the exploration of methods for improving site-specific nanotherapeutic delivery by silica- and silicon-based drug-delivery systems. Multimodality approaches are essential for understanding the biological interactions of nanotherapeutics in the physiological environment in vivo. The aim here is to describe recent advances in the development of in vivo imaging tools based on nanostructured silica and silicon, and their applications in single and multimodality imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Şen Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirkka P Sarparanta
- Department of Chemistry-Radiochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, POB 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, BioCity, Tykistökatu 6A, FI, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu J Airaksinen
- Department of Chemistry-Radiochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, POB 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Boschi F, De Sanctis F, Spinelli AE. Optical emission of 223 Radium: in vitro and in vivo preclinical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700209. [PMID: 29055100 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
223 Radium (223 Ra) is widely used in nuclear medicine to treat patients with osseous metastatic prostate cancer. In clinical practice 223 Ra cannot be imaged directly; however, gamma photons produced by its short-lived daughter nuclides can be captured by conventional gamma cameras. In this work, we show that 223 Ra and its short-lived daughter nuclides can be detected with optical imaging techniques. The light emission of 223 Ra was investigated in vitro using different setups in order to clarify the mechanism of light production. The results demonstrate that the luminescence of the 223 Ra chloride solution, usually employed in clinical treatments, is compatible with Cerenkov luminescence having an emission spectrum that is almost indistinguishable from CR one. This study proves that luminescence imaging can be successfully employed to detect 223 Ra in vivo in mice by imaging whole body 223 Ra biodistribution and more precisely its uptake in bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Ackerman NL, Boschi F, Spinelli AE. Monte Carlo simulations support non-Cerenkov radioluminescence production in tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-11. [PMID: 28819962 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.8.086002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is experimental evidence for the production of non-Cerenkov radioluminescence in a variety of materials, including tissue. We constructed a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation of the radiation from P32 and Tc99m interacting in chicken breast and used experimental imaging data to model a scintillation-like emission. The same radioluminescence spectrum is visible from both isotopes and cannot otherwise be explained through fluorescence or filter miscalibration. We conclude that chicken breast has a near-infrared scintillation-like response with a light yield three orders of magnitude smaller than BGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Ackerman
- Agnes Scott College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Federico Boschi
- University of Verona, Department of Computer Science, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonello E Spinelli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Centre for Experimental Imaging, Department of Medical Physics, M, Italy
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29
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Nakamura Y, Nagaya T, Sato K, Okuyama S, Ogata F, Wong K, Adler S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Cerenkov Radiation-Induced Photoimmunotherapy with 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1395-1400. [PMID: 28408528 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.188789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that combines the specificity of antibodies for targeting tumors with toxicity induced by photoabsorbers after irradiation with NIR light. A limitation of NIR-PIT is the inability to deliver NIR light to a tumor located deep inside the body. Cerenkov radiation (CR) is the ultraviolet and blue light that is produced by a charged particle traveling through a dielectric medium faster than the speed of light in that medium and is commonly produced during radioactive decay. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of using CR generated by 18F-FDG accumulated in tumors to induce photoimmunotherapy. Methods: Using A431-luc cells, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of CR-PIT in vitro and in vivo using bioluminescence imaging. Results: CR-PIT showed significant suppression of tumor size, but the decrease of bioluminescence after CR-PIT was not observed consistently over the entire time course. Conclusion: Although CR-PIT can induce tumor killing deep within body, it is less effective than NIR-PIT, possibly related to the relatively lower efficiency of short wavelength light than NIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Fusa Ogata
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Karen Wong
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Stephen Adler
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and
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30
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Bernhard Y, Collin B, Decréau RA. Redshifted Cherenkov Radiation for in vivo Imaging: Coupling Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer to multiple Förster Resonance Energy Transfers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45063. [PMID: 28338043 PMCID: PMC5364485 DOI: 10.1038/srep45063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cherenkov Radiation (CR), this blue glow seen in nuclear reactors, is an optical light originating from energetic β-emitter radionuclides. CR emitter 90Y triggers a cascade of energy transfers in the presence of a mixed population of fluorophores (which each other match their respective absorption and emission maxima): Cherenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET) first, followed by multiple Förster Resonance Energy transfers (FRET): CRET ratios were calculated to give a rough estimate of the transfer efficiency. While CR is blue-weighted (300–500 nm), such cascades of Energy Transfers allowed to get a) fluorescence emission up to 710 nm, which is beyond the main CR window and within the near-infrared (NIR) window where biological tissues are most transparent, b) to amplify this emission and boost the radiance on that window: EMT6-tumor bearing mice injected with both a radionuclide and a mixture of fluorophores having a good spectral overlap, were shown to have nearly a two-fold radiance boost (measured on a NIR window centered on the emission wavelength of the last fluorophore in the Energy Transfer cascade) compared to a tumor injected with the radionuclide only. Some CR embarked light source could be converted into a near-infrared radiation, where biological tissues are most transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bernhard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France.,Centre George-François Leclerc (CGFL), 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079, Dijon, France
| | - Richard A Decréau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire, ICMUB CNRS UMR6302, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
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31
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Ciarrocchi E, Belcari N. Cerenkov luminescence imaging: physics principles and potential applications in biomedical sciences. EJNMMI Phys 2017; 4:14. [PMID: 28283990 PMCID: PMC5346099 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-017-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a novel imaging modality to study charged particles with optical methods by detecting the Cerenkov luminescence produced in tissue. This paper first describes the physical processes that govern the production and transport in tissue of Cerenkov luminescence. The detectors used for CLI and their most relevant specifications to optimize the acquisition of the Cerenkov signal are then presented, and CLI is compared with the other optical imaging modalities sharing the same data acquisition and processing methods. Finally, the scientific work related to CLI and the applications for which CLI has been proposed are reviewed. The paper ends with some considerations about further perspectives for this novel imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ciarrocchi
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics "E. Fermi", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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32
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Shaffer TM, Pratt EC, Grimm J. Utilizing the power of Cerenkov light with nanotechnology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:106-117. [PMID: 28167827 PMCID: PMC5540309 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic blue glow of Cerenkov luminescence (CL) arises from the interaction between a charged particle travelling faster than the phase velocity of light and a dielectric medium, such as water or tissue. As CL emanates from a variety of sources, such as cosmic events, particle accelerators, nuclear reactors and clinical radionuclides, it has been used in applications such as particle detection, dosimetry, and medical imaging and therapy. The combination of CL and nanoparticles for biomedicine has improved diagnosis and therapy, especially in oncological research. Although radioactive decay itself cannot be easily modulated, the associated CL can be through the use of nanoparticles, thus offering new applications in biomedical research. Advances in nanoparticles, metamaterials and photonic crystals have also yielded new behaviours of CL. Here, we review the physics behind Cerenkov luminescence and associated applications in biomedicine. We also show that by combining advances in nanotechnology and materials science with CL, new avenues for basic and applied sciences have opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M. Shaffer
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Edwin C. Pratt
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to J.G.
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33
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Zhao Y, Shaffer TM, Das S, Pérez-Medina C, Mulder WJM, Grimm J. Near-Infrared Quantum Dot and 89Zr Dual-Labeled Nanoparticles for in Vivo Cerenkov Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:600-608. [PMID: 28026929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence (CL) is an emerging imaging modality that utilizes the light generated during the radioactive decay of many clinical used isotopes. Although it is increasingly used for background-free imaging and deep tissue photodynamic therapy, in vivo applications of CL suffer from limited tissue penetration. Here, we propose to use quantum dots (QDs) as spectral converters that can transfer the CL UV-blue emissions to near-infrared light that is less scattered or absorbed in vivo. Experiments on tissue phantoms showed enhanced penetration depth and increased transmitted intensity for CL in the presence of near-infrared (NIR) QDs. To realize this concept for in vivo imaging applications, we developed three types of NIR QDs and 89Zr dual-labeled nanoparticles based on lipid micelles, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoplatforms, which enable codelivery of the radionuclide and the QDs for maximized spectral conversion efficiency. We finally demonstrated the application of these self-illuminating nanoparticles for imaging of lymph nodes and tumors in a prostate cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhao
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Travis M Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Grimm
- Pharmacology Program & Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University , New York, New York 10065, United States
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34
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Wood V, Ackerman NL. Cherenkov light production from the α-emitting decay chains of 223Ra, 212Pb, and 149Tb for Cherenkov Luminescence Imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 118:354-360. [PMID: 27771446 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cherenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) is a new method to image radioactive therapeutic and diagnostic agents, primarily in preclinical studies. This study used Geant4 and Python to generate the predicted Cherenkov light production as a function of time for a set of isotopic chains of interest for targeted alpha therapy: 223Ra, 212Pb, and 149Tb. All are shown to produce substantial Cherenkov light, though time delays between initial decays and the production of Cherenkov light requires caution in interpreting CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Agnes Scott College, 141 E College Ave, Decatur, GA, 30030 United States
| | - N L Ackerman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Agnes Scott College, 141 E College Ave, Decatur, GA, 30030 United States.
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35
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Opoku-Damoah Y, Wang R, Zhou J, Ding Y. Versatile Nanosystem-Based Cancer Theranostics: Design Inspiration and Predetermined Routing. Theranostics 2016; 6:986-1003. [PMID: 27217832 PMCID: PMC4876623 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of personalized medicine, aimed at a more individualized drug therapy, has inspired research into nano-based concerted diagnosis and therapeutics (theranostics). As the intention is to "kill two birds with one stone", scientists have already described the emerging concept as a treasured tailor for the future of cancer therapy, wherein the main idea is to design "smart" nanosystems to concurrently discharge both therapeutic and diagnostic roles. These nanosystems are expected to offer a relatively clearer view of the ingenious cellular trafficking pathway, in-situ diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy. We herein present a detailed review of versatile nanosystems, with prominent examples of recently developed intelligent delivery strategies which have gained attention in the field of theranostics. These nanotheranostics include various mechanisms programmed in novel platforms to enable predetermined delivery of cargo to specific sites, as well as techniques to overcome the notable challenges involved in the efficacy of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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36
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Pandya DN, Hantgan R, Budzevich MM, Kock ND, Morse DL, Batista I, Mintz A, Li KC, Wadas TJ. Preliminary Therapy Evaluation of (225)Ac-DOTA-c(RGDyK) Demonstrates that Cerenkov Radiation Derived from (225)Ac Daughter Decay Can Be Detected by Optical Imaging for In Vivo Tumor Visualization. Theranostics 2016; 6:698-709. [PMID: 27022417 PMCID: PMC4805664 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The theranostic potential of 225Ac-based radiopharmaceuticals continues to increase as researchers seek innovative ways to harness the nuclear decay of this radioisotope for therapeutic and imaging applications. This communication describes the evaluation of 225Ac-DOTA-c(RGDyK) in both biodistribution and Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) studies. Initially, La-DOTA-c(RGDyK) was prepared as a non-radioactive surrogate to evaluate methodologies that would contribute to an optimized radiochemical synthetic strategy and estimate the radioactive conjugate's affinity for αvβ3, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy studies revealed the IC50 and Ki of La-DOTA-c(RGDyK) to be 33 ± 13 nM and 26 ± 11 nM, respectively, and suggest that the complexation of the La3+ ion to the conjugate did not significantly alter integrin binding. Furthermore, use of this surrogate allowed optimization of radiochemical synthesis strategies to prepare 225Ac-DOTA-c(RGDyK) with high radiochemical purity and specific activity similar to other 225Ac-based radiopharmaceuticals. This radiopharmaceutical was highly stable in vitro. In vivo biodistribution studies confirmed the radiotracer's ability to target αvβ3 integrin with specificity; specificity was detected in tumor-bearing animals using Cerenkov luminescence imaging. Furthermore, tumor growth control was achieved using non-toxic doses of the radiopharmaceutical in U87mg tumor-bearing nude mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the CLI of αvβ3+ tumors in live animals using the daughter products derived from 225Ac decay in situ. This concept holds promise to further enhance development of targeted alpha particle therapy.
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37
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Ciarrocchi E, Belcari N, Guerra AD, Cherry SR, Lehnert A, Hunter WCJ, McDougald W, Miyaoka RS, Kinahan PE. Cherenkov luminescence measurements with digital silicon photomultipliers: a feasibility study. EJNMMI Phys 2015; 2:32. [PMID: 26572784 PMCID: PMC4646894 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-015-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A feasibility study was done to assess the capability of digital silicon photomultipliers to measure the Cherenkov luminescence emitted by a β source. Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is possible with a charge coupled device (CCD) based technology, but a stand-alone technique for quantitative activity measurements based on Cherenkov luminescence has not yet been developed. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are photon counting devices with a fast impulse response and can potentially be used to quantify β-emitting radiotracer distributions by CLI. Methods In this study, a Philips digital photon counting (PDPC) silicon photomultiplier detector was evaluated for measuring Cherenkov luminescence. The PDPC detector is a matrix of avalanche photodiodes, which were read one at a time in a dark count map (DCM) measurement mode (much like a CCD). This reduces the device active area but allows the information from a single avalanche photodiode to be preserved, which is not possible with analog SiPMs. An algorithm to reject the noisiest photodiodes and to correct the measured count rate for the dark current was developed. Results The results show that, in DCM mode and at (10–13) °C, the PDPC has a dynamic response to different levels of Cherenkov luminescence emitted by a β source and transmitted through an opaque medium. This suggests the potential for this approach to provide quantitative activity measurements. Interestingly, the potential use of the PDPC in DCM mode for direct imaging of Cherenkov luminescence, as a opposed to a scalar measurement device, was also apparent. Conclusions We showed that a PDPC tile in DCM mode is able to detect and image a β source through its Cherenkov radiation emission. The detector’s dynamic response to different levels of radiation suggests its potential quantitative capabilities, and the DCM mode allows imaging with a better spatial resolution than the conventional event-triggered mode. Finally, the same acquisition procedure and data processing could be employed also for other low light levels applications, such as bioluminescence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40658-015-0134-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ciarrocchi
- Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Nicola Belcari
- Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alberto Del Guerra
- Department of Physics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. .,INFN, section of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simon R Cherry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Adrienne Lehnert
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Wendy McDougald
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Robert S Miyaoka
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Paul E Kinahan
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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38
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Glaser AK, Zhang R, Andreozzi JM, Gladstone DJ, Pogue BW. Cherenkov radiation fluence estimates in tissue for molecular imaging and therapy applications. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:6701-18. [PMID: 26270125 PMCID: PMC5145313 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/17/6701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cherenkov radiation has recently emerged as an interesting phenomenon for a number of applications in the biomedical sciences. Its unique properties, including broadband emission spectrum, spectral weight in the ultraviolet and blue wavebands, and local generation of light within a given tissue, have made it an attractive new source of light within tissue for molecular imaging and phototherapy applications. While several studies have investigated the total Cherenkov light yield from radionuclides in units of [photons/decay], further consideration of the light propagation in tissue is necessary to fully consider the utility of this signal in vivo. Therefore, to help further guide the development of this novel field, quantitative estimates of the light fluence rate of Cherenkov radiation from both radionuclides and radiotherapy beams in a biological tissue are presented for the first time. Using Monte Carlo simulations, these values were found to be on the order of 0.01-1 nW cm(-2) per MBq g(-1) for radionuclides, and 1-100 μW cm(-2) per Gy s(-1) for external radiotherapy beams, dependent on the given waveband, optical properties, and radiation source. For phototherapy applications, the total light fluence was found to be on the order of nJ cm(-2) for radionuclides, and mJ cm(-2) for radiotherapy beams. The results indicate that diagnostic potential is reasonable for Cherenkov excitation of molecular probes, but phototherapy may remain elusive at such exceedingly low fluence values. The results of this study are publicly available for distribution online at www.dartmouth.edu/optmed/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. Glaser
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Rongxiao Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - David J. Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Tanha K, Pashazadeh AM, Pogue BW. Review of biomedical Čerenkov luminescence imaging applications. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3053-65. [PMID: 26309766 PMCID: PMC4541530 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Čerenkov radiation is a fascinating optical signal, which has been exploited for unique diagnostic biological sensing and imaging, with significantly expanded use just in the last half decade. Čerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) has desirable capabilities for niche applications, using specially designed measurement systems that report on radiation distributions, radiotracer and nanoparticle concentrations, and are directly applied to procedures such as medicine assessment, endoscopy, surgery, quality assurance and dosimetry. When compared to the other imaging tools such as PET and SPECT, CLI can have the key advantage of lower cost, higher throughput and lower imaging time. CLI can also provide imaging and dosimetry information from both radioisotopes and linear accelerator irradiation. The relatively short range of optical photon transport in tissue means that direct Čerenkov luminescence imaging is restricted to small animals or near surface human use. Use of Čerenkov-excitation for additional molecular probes, is now emerging as a key tool for biosensing or radiosensitization. This review evaluates these new improvements in CLI for both medical value and biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Tanha
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Mahmoud Pashazadeh
- Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Department of Surgery in the Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH 03755 USA
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Abou DS, Pickett JE, Thorek DLJ. Nuclear molecular imaging with nanoparticles: radiochemistry, applications and translation. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150185. [PMID: 26133075 PMCID: PMC4730968 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging provides considerable insight into biological processes for greater understanding of health and disease. Numerous advances in medical physics, chemistry and biology have driven the growth of this field in the past two decades. With exquisite sensitivity, depth of detection and potential for theranostics, radioactive imaging approaches have played a major role in the emergence of molecular imaging. At the same time, developments in materials science, characterization and synthesis have led to explosive progress in the nanoparticle (NP) sciences. NPs are generally defined as particles with a diameter in the nanometre size range. Unique physical, chemical and biological properties arise at this scale, stimulating interest for applications as diverse as energy production and storage, chemical catalysis and electronics. In biomedicine, NPs have generated perhaps the greatest attention. These materials directly interface with life at the subcellular scale of nucleic acids, membranes and proteins. In this review, we will detail the advances made in combining radioactive imaging and NPs. First, we provide an overview of the NP platforms and their properties. This is followed by a look at methods for radiolabelling NPs with gamma-emitting radionuclides for use in single photon emission CT and planar scintigraphy. Next, utilization of positron-emitting radionuclides for positron emission tomography is considered. Finally, recent advances for multimodal nuclear imaging with NPs and efforts for clinical translation and ongoing trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Abou
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Pickett
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D L J Thorek
- 1 Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,2 Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gill RK, Mitchell GS, Cherry SR. Computed Cerenkov luminescence yields for radionuclides used in biology and medicine. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:4263-80. [PMID: 25973972 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/11/4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence imaging is an emerging biomedical imaging modality that takes advantage of the optical Cerenkov photons emitted following the decay of radionuclides in dielectric media such as tissue. Cerenkov radiation potentially allows many biomedically-relevant radionuclides, including all positron-emitting radionuclides, to be imaged in vivo using sensitive CCD cameras. Cerenkov luminescence may also provide a means to deliver light deep inside tissue over a sustained period of time using targeted radiotracers. This light could be used for photoactivation, including photorelease of therapeutics, photodynamic therapy and photochemical internalization. Essential to assessing the feasibility of these concepts, and the design of instrumentation designed for detecting Cerenkov radiation, is an understanding of the light yield of different radionuclides in tissue. This is complicated by the dependence of the light yield on refractive index and the volume of the sample being interrogated. Using Monte Carlo simulations, in conjunction with step-wise use of the Frank-Tamm equation, we studied forty-seven different radionuclides and show that Cerenkov light yields in tissue can be as high as a few tens of photons per nuclear decay for a wavelength range of 400-800 nm. The dependency on refractive index and source volume is explored, and an expression for the scaling factor necessary to compute the Cerenkov yield in any arbitrary spectral band is given. This data will be of broad utility in guiding the application of Cerenkov radiation emitted from biomedical radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby K Gill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Lohrmann C, Zhang H, Thorek DLJ, Desai P, Zanzonico PB, O'Donoghue J, Irwin CP, Reiner T, Grimm J, Weber WA. Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging for Radiation Dose Calculation of a ⁹⁰Y-Labeled Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonist. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:805-11. [PMID: 25840974 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.149054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (90)Y has been used to label various new therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. However, measuring the radiation dose delivered by (90)Y is challenging because of the absence of suitable γ emissions and its low abundance of positron emissions. For the treatment of prostate cancer, radiolabeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPr) antagonists have yielded promising results in mouse models. In this study, we evaluated whether Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) could be used to determine radiation doses of a (90)Y-labeled GRPr antagonist in nude mice. METHODS Mice bearing subcutaneous prostate cancer xenografts were injected with 0.74-18.5 MBq of the (90)Y-labeled GRPr antagonist DOTA-AR and underwent in vivo and ex vivo CLI at 1-48 h after injection. After imaging, animals were sacrificed, their tumors and organs were harvested, and the activity concentration was measured by liquid scintillation counting. In a second set of experiments, Cerenkov photon counts for tumor and kidney on in vivo CLI were converted to activity concentrations using conversion factors determined from the first set of experiments. RESULTS (90)Y-DOTA-AR concentration in the 3 tumor models ranged from 0.5% to 4.8% of the injected activity per gram at 1 h after injection and decreased to 0.05%-0.15 injected activity per gram by 48 h after injection. A positive correlation was found between tumor activity concentrations and in vivo CLI signal (r(2) = 0.94). A similar correlation was found for the renal activity concentration and in vivo Cerenkov luminescence (r(2) = 0.98). Other organs were not distinctly visualized on the in vivo images, but ex vivo CLI was also correlated with the radioactivity concentration (r(2) = 0.35-0.94). Using the time-activity curves from the second experiment, we calculated radiation doses to tumor and kidney of 0.33 ± 0.12 (range, 0.21-0.66) and 0.06 ± 0.01 (range, 0.05-0.08) Gy/MBq, respectively. CONCLUSION CLI is a promising, low-cost modality to measure individual radiation doses of (90)Y-labeled compounds noninvasively. The use of Cerenkov imaging is expected to facilitate the development and comparison of (90)Y-labeled compounds for targeted radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lohrmann
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pooja Desai
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pat B Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Joseph O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Christopher P Irwin
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Radiochemistry and Imaging Sciences Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jan Grimm
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Nedrow JR, White AG, Modi J, Nguyen K, Chang AJ, Anderson CJ. Positron emission tomographic imaging of copper 64- and gallium 68-labeled chelator conjugates of the somatostatin agonist tyr3-octreotate. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25060207 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The bifunctional chelator and radiometal have been shown to have a direct effect on the pharmacokinetics of somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted imaging agents. We evaluated three Y3-TATE analogues conjugated to NOTA-based chelators for radiolabeling with 64Cu and 68Ga for small-animal positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic (PET/CT) imaging. Two commercially available NOTA analogues, p-SCN-Bn-NOTA and NODAGA, were evaluated. The p-SCN-Bn-NOTA analogues were conjugated to Y3-TATE through β-Ala and PEG8 linkages. The NODAGA chelator was directly conjugated to Y3-TATE. The analogues labeled with 64Cu or 68Ga were analyzed in vitro for binding affinity and internalization and in vivo by PET/CT imaging, biodistribution, and Cerenkov imaging (68Ga analogues). We evaluated the effects of the radiometals, chelators, and linkers on the performance of the SSTR subtype 2--targeted imaging agents and also compared them to a previously reported agent, 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE. We found that the method of conjugation, particularly the length of the linkage between the chelator and the peptide, significantly impacted tumor and nontarget tissue uptake and clearance. Among the 64Cu- and 68Ga-labeled NOTA analogues, NODAGA-Y3-TATE had the most optimal in vivo behavior and was comparable to 64Cu-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE. An advantage of NODAGA-Y3-TATE is that it allows labeling with 64Cu and 68Ga, providing a versatile PET probe for imaging SSTr subtype 2-positive tumors.
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Timmermand OV, Tran TA, Strand SE, Axelsson J. Intratherapeutic biokinetic measurements, dosimetry parameter estimates, and monitoring of treatment efficacy using cerenkov luminescence imaging in preclinical radionuclide therapy. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:444-9. [PMID: 25655628 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.148544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In recent years, there has been increasing interest in noninvasive Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) of in vivo radionuclide distribution in small animals, a method proven to be a high-throughput modality for confirmation of tracer uptake. 11B6 is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody that is specific to free human kallikrein-related peptidase 2, an antigen abundant in malignant prostatic tissue. Free human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 was targeted in prostate cancer xenografts using (177)Lu-labeled 11B6 in either murine or humanized forms for radionuclide therapy. In this setting, CLI was investigated as a tool for providing parameters of dosimetric importance during radionuclide therapy. First, longitudinal imaging of biokinetics using CLI and SPECT was compared. Second, the CLI signal was correlated to quantitative ex vivo tumor activity measurements. Finally, CLI was used to monitor the radionuclide treatment, and the integrated CLI radiance was found to correlate well with subject-specific tumor volume reduction. METHODS 11B6 was radiolabeled with (177)Lu through the CHX-A″-DTPA chelator. In vivo CLI and SPECT imaging of (177)Lu-DTPA-11B6 uptake was performed on NMRI and BALB/c nude mice with subcutaneous LNCaP xenografts up to 14 d after injection. Tumor size was measured to assess response to radionuclide therapy. RESULTS CLI correlated well with SPECT imaging and could be applied up to 14 d after injection of 20 MBq with the specific tracer used. Through integration of the CLI radiance as a function of time, a dose metric for the tumors could be formed that correlated exponentially with tumor volume reduction. CONCLUSION CLI provided valuable intratherapeutic biokinetic measurements for treatment monitoring and could be used as a tool for subject-specific absorbed dose estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuy A Tran
- Lund University Bioimaging Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Sven-Erik Strand
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Lund University Bioimaging Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Johan Axelsson
- Division of Atomic Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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45
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Spinelli AE, Boschi F. Novel biomedical applications of Cerenkov radiation and radioluminescence imaging. Phys Med 2014; 31:120-9. [PMID: 25555905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goals of this review is to provide an up-to-date account of the different uses of Cerenkov radiation (CR) and radioluminescence imaging for pre-clinical small animal imaging. We will focus on new emerging applications such as the use of Cerenkov imaging for monitoring radionuclide and external radiotherapy in humans. Another novel application that will be described is the monitoring of radiochemical synthesis using microfluidic chips. Several pre-clinical aspects of CR will be discussed such as the development of 3D reconstruction methods for Cerenkov images and the use of CR as excitation source for nanoparticles or for endoscopic imaging. We will also include a discussion on radioluminescence imaging that is a more general method than Cerenkov imaging for the detection using optical methods of alpha and gamma emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello E Spinelli
- Medical Physics Department, Centre for Experimental Imaging, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20182, Italy.
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona 37134, Italy
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Wadas TJ, Pandya DN, Solingapuram Sai KK, Mintz A. Molecular targeted α-particle therapy for oncologic applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 203:253-60. [PMID: 25055256 PMCID: PMC4490786 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant challenge facing traditional cancer therapies is their propensity to significantly harm normal tissue. The recent clinical success of targeting therapies by attaching them to antibodies that are specific to tumor-restricted biomarkers marks a new era of cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In this article, we highlight the recent developments in α-particle therapy that have enabled investigators to exploit this highly potent form of therapy by targeting tumor-restricted molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus J Wadas
- 1 Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Ding X, Wang K, Jie B, Luo Y, Hu Z, Tian J. Probability method for Cerenkov luminescence tomography based on conformance error minimization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2091-2112. [PMID: 25071951 PMCID: PMC4102351 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cerenkov luminescence tomography (CLT) was developed to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of radioactive probes inside a living animal. Reconstruction methods are generally performed within a unique framework by searching for the optimum solution. However, the ill-posed aspect of the inverse problem usually results in the reconstruction being non-robust. In addition, the reconstructed result may not match reality since the difference between the highest and lowest uptakes of the resulting radiotracers may be considerably large, therefore the biological significance is lost. In this paper, based on the minimization of a conformance error, a probability method is proposed that consists of qualitative and quantitative modules. The proposed method first pinpoints the organ that contains the light source. Next, we developed a 0-1 linear optimization subject to a space constraint to model the CLT inverse problem, which was transformed into a forward problem by employing a region growing method to solve the optimization. After running through all of the elements used to grow the sources, a source sequence was obtained. Finally, the probability of each discrete node being the light source inside the organ was reconstructed. One numerical study and two in vivo experiments were conducted to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, and comparisons were carried out using the hp-finite element method (hp-FEM). The results suggested that our proposed probability method was more robust and reasonable than hp-FEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Ding
- School of Territorial Resources and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Biao Jie
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Yonglong Luo
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Steinberg JD, Raju A, Chandrasekharan P, Yang CT, Khoo K, Abastado JP, Robins EG, Townsend DW. Negative contrast Cerenkov luminescence imaging of blood vessels in a tumor mouse model using [68Ga]gallium chloride. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:15. [PMID: 24606872 PMCID: PMC3974015 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-4-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is an emerging imaging technique where visible light emitted from injected beta-emitting radionuclides is detected with an optical imaging device. CLI research has mostly been focused on positive contrast imaging for ascertaining the distribution of the radiotracer in a way similar to other nuclear medicine techniques. Rather than using the conventional technique of measuring radiotracer distribution, we present a new approach of negative contrast imaging, where blood vessel attenuation of Cerenkov light emitted by [68Ga]GaCl3 is used to image vasculature. Methods BALB/c nude mice were injected subcutaneously in the right flank with HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells 14 to 21 days prior to imaging. On the imaging day, [68Ga]GaCl3 was injected and the mice were imaged from 45 to 90 min after injection using an IVIS Spectrum in vivo imaging system. The mice were imaged one at a time, and manual focus was used to bring the skin into focus. The smallest view with pixel size around 83 μm was used to achieve a sufficiently high image resolution for blood vessel imaging. Results The blood vessels in the tumor were clearly visible, attenuating 7% to 18% of the light. Non-tumor side blood vessels had significantly reduced attenuation of 2% to 4%. The difference between the attenuation of light of tumor vessels (10% ± 4%) and the non-tumor vessels (3% ± 1%) was significant. Moreover, a necrotic core confirmed by histology was clearly visible in one of the tumors with a 21% reduction in radiance. Conclusions The negative contrast CLI technique is capable of imaging vasculature using [68Ga]GaCl3. Since blood vessels smaller than 50 μm in diameter could be imaged, CLI is able to image structures that conventional nuclear medicine techniques cannot. Thus, the negative contrast imaging technique shows the feasibility of using CLI to perform angiography on superficial blood vessels, demonstrating an advantage over conventional nuclear medicine techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Steinberg
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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Webb JA, Bardhan R. Emerging advances in nanomedicine with engineered gold nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2502-30. [PMID: 24445488 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostructures possess unique characteristics that enable their use as contrast agents, as therapeutic entities, and as scaffolds to adhere functional molecules, therapeutic cargo, and targeting ligands. Due to their ease of synthesis, straightforward surface functionalization, and non-toxicity, gold nanostructures have emerged as powerful nanoagents for cancer detection and treatment. This comprehensive review summarizes the progress made in nanomedicine with gold nanostructures (1) as probes for various bioimaging techniques including dark-field, one-photon and two-photon fluorescence, photothermal optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic tomography, positron emission tomography, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering based imaging, (2) as therapeutic components for photothermal therapy, gene and drug delivery, and radiofrequency ablation, and (3) as a theranostic platform to simultaneously achieve both cancer detection and treatment. Distinct from other published reviews, this article also discusses the recent advances of gold nanostructures as contrast agents and therapeutic actuators for inflammatory diseases including atherosclerotic plaque and arthritis. For each of the topics discussed above, the fundamental principles and progress made in the past five years are discussed. The review concludes with a detailed future outlook discussing the challenges in using gold nanostructures, cellular trafficking, and translational considerations that are imperative for rapid clinical viability of plasmonic nanostructures, as well as the significance of emerging technologies such as Fano resonant gold nanostructures in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Webb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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50
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Pagliazzi M, Boschi F, Spinelli AE. Imaging of luminescence induced by beta and gamma emitters in conventional non-scintillating materials. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting radioluminescence in tissues in the optical and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has recently emerged as a new research field for preclinical bioluminescent imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pagliazzi
- Medical Physics Department and Centre for Experimental Imaging
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Sciences
- University of Verona
- 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonello E. Spinelli
- Medical Physics Department and Centre for Experimental Imaging
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute
- Milan, Italy
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