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Leser T, Baker A. Molecular Mechanisms of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, LGG ® Probiotic Function. Microorganisms 2024; 12:794. [PMID: 38674738 PMCID: PMC11051730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To advance probiotic research, a comprehensive understanding of bacterial interactions with human physiology at the molecular and cellular levels is fundamental. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LGG® is a bacterial strain that has long been recognized for its beneficial effects on human health. Probiotic effector molecules derived from LGG®, including secreted proteins, surface-anchored proteins, polysaccharides, and lipoteichoic acids, which interact with host physiological processes have been identified. In vitro and animal studies have revealed that specific LGG® effector molecules stimulate epithelial cell survival, preserve intestinal barrier integrity, reduce oxidative stress, mitigate excessive mucosal inflammation, enhance IgA secretion, and provide long-term protection through epigenetic imprinting. Pili on the cell surface of LGG® promote adhesion to the intestinal mucosa and ensure close contact to host cells. Extracellular vesicles produced by LGG® recapitulate many of these effects through their cargo of effector molecules. Collectively, the effector molecules of LGG® exert a significant influence on both the gut mucosa and immune system, which promotes intestinal homeostasis and immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leser
- Future Labs, Human Health Biosolutions, Novonesis, Kogle Alle 6, 2970 Hoersholm, Denmark;
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2
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Abilkhadirov A, Satenova A, Urazova M, Tuyakova A, Shaikhin S. Search for Influence Factors in Lactobacilli with Probiotic Properties Isolated from Traditional Kazakh Foods. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10246-y. [PMID: 38507032 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the probiotic potential of lactobacilli isolated from traditional Kazakh foods, focusing on the identification and characterisation of multifunctional proteins. The basis of the methodological approach in this scientific study is an empirical, experimental study of the factors of influence produced by lactobacilli, which were obtained from traditional Kazakh foods and have pronounced probiotic properties. In this scientific work, results were obtained indicating that the expressed factors of probiotic action can perform adhesive and signalling functions by analogy with homologous proteins of pathogenic and commensal/probiotic bacteria. This largely determines the usefulness of these factors for studying the mechanisms of their probiotic action. In addition, it was found that potential probiotic strains of lactobacilli, which were isolated from food products traditional for Kazakhstan, contain adhesion proteins to the components of the mammalian organism, namely human plasminogen and porcine mucin. It is going about ENO, GAPDH, and p66/DnaK, which, along with P40 and P75 muramidases, are classified as probiotic factors. They are also called multifunctional proteins and are designated as factors of probiotic action. The practical significance of the results obtained during the implementation of this study lies in the possibility of their application in the planning and implementation of activities in the field of ensuring food security in Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Abilkhadirov
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms, 13/1 Valikhanov Street, 010000, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Akbota Satenova
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms, 13/1 Valikhanov Street, 010000, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Maira Urazova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms, 13/1 Valikhanov Street, 010000, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Altynai Tuyakova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms, 13/1 Valikhanov Street, 010000, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Serik Shaikhin
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Republican Collection of Microorganisms, 13/1 Valikhanov Street, 010000, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Domínguez-Díaz C, Avila-Arrezola KE, Rodríguez JA, del-Toro-Arreola S, Delgado-Rizo V, Fafutis-Morris M. Recombinant p40 Protein Promotes Expression of Occludin in HaCaT Keratinocytes: A Brief Communication. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2913. [PMID: 38138057 PMCID: PMC10745755 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of epithelial barriers to perform as the first defense line against external damage derives from tight junctions, protein complexes that block microorganisms through the paracellular space. Indeed, disturbances of barrier permeability caused by bacterial metabolites and other inflammatory stimuli are the consequence of changes in protein expression in these complexes. Postbiotics, molecules derived from bacteria with beneficial effects on the host, improve barrier function through the activation of survival pathways in epithelial cells. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG secretes the muramidase p40, which protects intestinal barriers through an EGFR-dependent pathway. In this work, we cloned, expressed, and purified the recombinant p40 protein from L. rhamnosus GR-1 to evaluate its effect on cell viability, cell cytotoxicity, TEER, and protein levels of tight junctions, as well as EGFR activation via Western blot on HaCaT keratinocytes subjected to LPS. We found a novel mutation at residue 368 that does not change the structure of p40. Our protein also reduces the LPS-induced increase in cell cytotoxicity when it is added prior to this stimulus. Furthermore, although LPS did not cause changes in barrier function, p40 increased TEER and occludin expression in HaCaT, but unlike previous work with p40 from LGG, we found that recombinant p40 did not activate EGFR. This suggests that recombinant p40 enhances epithelial barrier function through distinct signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Domínguez-Díaz
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
- Immunology and Dermatology Research Center (CIINDE), Zapopan 45190, Mexico;
| | | | - Jorge A. Rodríguez
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico;
| | - Susana del-Toro-Arreola
- Physiology Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (S.d.-T.-A.); (V.D.-R.)
| | - Vidal Delgado-Rizo
- Physiology Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (S.d.-T.-A.); (V.D.-R.)
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Immunology and Dermatology Research Center (CIINDE), Zapopan 45190, Mexico;
- Physiology Department, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (S.d.-T.-A.); (V.D.-R.)
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4
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Kaur H, Ali SA, Short SP, Williams CS, Goettel JA, Washington MK, Peek RM, Acra SA, Yan F. Identification of a functional peptide of a probiotic bacterium-derived protein for the sustained effect on preventing colitis. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2264456. [PMID: 37815528 PMCID: PMC10566403 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2264456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several probiotic-derived factors have been identified as effectors of probiotics for exerting beneficial effects on the host. However, there is a paucity of studies to elucidate mechanisms of their functions. p40, a secretory protein, is originally isolated from a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Thus, this study aimed to apply structure-functional analysis to define the functional peptide of p40 that modulates the epigenetic program in intestinal epithelial cells for sustained prevention of colitis. In silico analysis revealed that p40 is composed of a signal peptide (1-28 residues) followed by a coiled-coil domain with uncharacterized function on the N-terminus, a linker region, and a β-sheet domain with high homology to CHAP on the C-terminus. Based on the p40 three-dimensional structure model, two recombinant p40 peptides were generated, p40N120 (28-120 residues) and p40N180 (28-180 residues) that contain first two and first three coiled coils, respectively. Compared to full-length p40 (p40F) and p40N180, p40N120 showed similar or higher effects on up-regulating expression of Setd1b (encoding a methyltransferase), promoting mono- and trimethylation of histone 3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me1/3), and enhancing Tgfb gene expression and protein production that leads to SMAD2 phosphorylation in human colonoids and a mouse colonic epithelial cell line. Furthermore, supplementation with p40F and p40N120 in early life increased H3K4me1, Tgfb expression and differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the colon, and mitigated disruption of epithelial barrier and inflammation induced by DSS in adult mice. This study reveals the structural feature of p40 and identifies a functional peptide of p40 that could maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cell and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah P. Short
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jeremy A. Goettel
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sari A. Acra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Suissa R, Olender T, Malitsky S, Golani O, Turjeman S, Koren O, Meijler MM, Kolodkin-Gal I. Metabolic inputs in the probiotic bacterium Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus contribute to cell-wall remodeling and increased fitness. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:71. [PMID: 37752249 PMCID: PMC10522624 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a Gram-positive beneficial bacterium that resides in the human intestinal tract and belongs to the family of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This bacterium is a widely used probiotic and was suggested to provide numerous benefits for human health. However, as in most LAB strains, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the competitiveness of probiotics under different diets remain unknown. Fermentation is a fundamental process in LAB, allowing the oxidation of simple carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose) for energy production under oxygen limitation, as in the human gut. Our results indicate that fermentation reshapes the metabolome, volatilome, and proteome architecture of LGG. Furthermore, fermentation alters cell envelope remodeling and peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which leads to altered cell wall thickness, aggregation properties, and cell wall composition. In addition, fermentable sugars induced the secretion of known and novel metabolites and proteins targeting the enteric pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Overall, our results link simple carbohydrates with cell wall remodeling, aggregation to host tissues, and biofilm formation in probiotic strains and connect them with the production of broad-spectrum antimicrobial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Suissa
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofra Golani
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sondra Turjeman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Michael M Meijler
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
- The Scojen Institute for Synthetic Biology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel.
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Griffin ME, Klupt S, Espinosa J, Hang HC. Peptidoglycan NlpC/P60 peptidases in bacterial physiology and host interactions. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:436-456. [PMID: 36417916 PMCID: PMC10192474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is composed of a highly crosslinked matrix of glycopeptide polymers known as peptidoglycan that dictates bacterial cell morphology and protects against environmental stresses. Regulation of peptidoglycan turnover is therefore crucial for bacterial survival and growth and is mediated by key protein complexes and enzyme families. Here, we review the prevalence, structure, and activity of NlpC/P60 peptidases, a family of peptidoglycan hydrolases that are crucial for cell wall turnover and division as well as interactions with antibiotics and different hosts. Understanding the molecular functions of NlpC/P60 peptidases should provide important insight into bacterial physiology, their interactions with different kingdoms of life, and the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven Klupt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juliel Espinosa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Kwan JMC, Qiao Y. Mechanistic Insights into the Activities of Major Families of Enzymes in Bacterial Peptidoglycan Assembly and Breakdown. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200693. [PMID: 36715567 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serving as an exoskeletal scaffold, peptidoglycan is a polymeric macromolecule that is essential and conserved across all bacteria, yet is absent in mammalian cells; this has made bacterial peptidoglycan a well-established excellent antibiotic target. In addition, soluble peptidoglycan fragments derived from bacteria are increasingly recognised as key signalling molecules in mediating diverse intra- and inter-species communication in nature, including in gut microbiota-host crosstalk. Each bacterial species encodes multiple redundant enzymes for key enzymatic activities involved in peptidoglycan assembly and breakdown. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the biochemical activities of major peptidoglycan enzymes, including peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGT) and transpeptidases (TPs) in the final stage of peptidoglycan assembly, as well as peptidoglycan glycosidases, lytic transglycosylase (LTs), amidases, endopeptidases (EPs) and carboxypeptidases (CPs) in peptidoglycan turnover and metabolism. Biochemical characterisation of these enzymes provides valuable insights into their substrate specificity, regulation mechanisms and potential modes of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeric Mun Chung Kwan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, Singapore, 208232, Singapore
| | - Yuan Qiao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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Transcriptional responses of human intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells to spore-displayed p40 derived from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:316. [PMID: 36550414 PMCID: PMC9772600 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The aims of this study were to construct spore-displayed p40, a Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG-derived soluble protein, using spore surface display technology and to evaluate transcriptional responses in human intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS p40 was displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores using spore coat protein CotG as an anchor protein. Effects of spore-displayed p40 (CotG-p40) on gene expression of intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 were evaluated by transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing. As a result of differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, 81 genes were up-regulated and 82 genes were down-regulated in CotG-p40 stimulated cells than in unstimulated cells. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that CotG-p40 affected biological processes such as developmental process, metabolic process, cell surface receptor linked signaling pathway, and retinoic acid metabolic process. Gene-gene network analysis suggested that 10 DEGs (EREG, FOXF1, GLI2, PTGS2, SPP1, MMP19, TNFRSF1B, PTGER4, CLDN18, and ALDH1A3) activated by CotG-p40 were associated with probiotic action. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the regulatory effects of CotG-p40 on proliferation and homeostasis of HT-29 cells. This study provided comprehensive insights into the transcriptional response of human intestinal epithelial cells stimulated by CotG-p40.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Identification of Novel Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1012-1028. [PMID: 34458959 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), an extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), causes colibacillosis in poultry and is also a potential foodborne zoonotic pathogen. Currently, APEC infections in poultry are controlled by antibiotic medication; however, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant APEC strains and increased restrictions on the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals necessitate the development of new antibiotic alternative therapies. Here, we tested the anti-APEC activity of multiple commensal and probiotic bacteria in an agar-well diffusion assay and identified Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 producing strong zone of inhibition against APEC. In co-culture assay, L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 completely inhibited the APEC growth by 24 h. Further investigation revealed that antibacterial product(s) in the culture supernatants of L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 were responsible for the anti-APEC activity. The analysis of culture supernatants using LC-MS/MS identified multiple novel bioactive peptides (VQAAQAGDTKPIEV, AFDNTDTSLDSTFKSA, VTDTSGKAGTTKISNV, and AESSDTNLVNAKAA) in addition to the production of lactic acid. The oral administration (108 CFU/chicken) of L. rhamnosus GG significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the colonization (~ 1.6 logs) of APEC in the cecum of chickens. Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that L. rhamnosus GG moderated the APEC-induced alterations of the microbial community in the cecum of chickens. Further, L. rhamnosus GG decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, particularly those belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia-Shigella) family. These studies indicate that L. rhamnosus GG is a promising probiotic to control APEC infections in chickens. Further studies are needed to optimize the delivery of L. rhamnosus GG in feed or water and in conditions simulating the field to facilitate its development for commercial applications.
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Kaur H, Ali SA, Yan F. Interactions between the gut microbiota-derived functional factors and intestinal epithelial cells - implication in the microbiota-host mutualism. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006081. [PMID: 36159834 PMCID: PMC9492984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutual interactions between the gut microbiota and the host play essential roles in maintaining human health and providing a nutrient-rich environment for the gut microbial community. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) provide the frontline responses to the gut microbiota for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Emerging evidence points to commensal bacterium-derived components as functional factors for the action of commensal bacteria, including protecting intestinal integrity and mitigating susceptibility of intestinal inflammation. Furthermore, IECs have been found to communicate with the gut commensal bacteria to shape the composition and function of the microbial community. This review will discuss the current understanding of the beneficial effects of functional factors secreted by commensal bacteria on IECs, with focus on soluble proteins, metabolites, and surface layer components, and highlight the impact of IECs on the commensal microbial profile. This knowledge provides a proof-of-concept model for understanding of mechanisms underlying the microbiota-host mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Proteomics of Stem Cell and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Fang Yan,
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Hu M, Wang F, Li N, Xing G, Sun X, Zhang Y, Cao S, Cui N, Zhang G. An antigen display system of GEM nanoparticles based on affinity peptide ligands. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:574-584. [PMID: 34699894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) nanoparticles are often used in mucosal immunity, preparation of subunit vaccines or as an immune adjuvant due to its good immunological activities in recent years. Here, we designed and screened out a high affinity peptide ligand PL23, which could specifically target the non-epitope region of Classic Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) E2 protein, by virtual screening technology, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) test. The OD value of PL23 at 450 nm was reached 1.982, and the KD value of it was 90.12 nM. Its binding capacity to protein was verified by SDS-PAGE as well. PL23 was subsequently conjugated to GEM nanoparticles by dehydration synthesis generating GEM-PL23 particles, and the GEM-PL-E2 particles were assembled after incubated with CSFV E2 protein. The cytotoxic test indicated that PL23, CSFV E2 protein, GEM nanoparticles, GEM-PL23 particles and GEM-PL-E2 particles were not toxic to cells and GEM nanoparticles could significantly promote the growth of APCs at high concentration for 1 h, p<0.001. In addition, GEM nanoparticles could promote the uptake of antigen by APCs. The cytokines tests suggested that GEM-PL-E2 particles could promote innate immune responses, regulate adaptive immune responses generated by T cells and APCs, and promote the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells without producing inflammasomes. The results of immunological activity identification showed GEM-PL-E2 particles induced higher levels of both neutralizing antibodies and anti-CSFV antibodies than CSFV E2 protein in mice. This strategy provided a new, simpler, faster and cheaper method for assembling GEM nanoparticles, using an affinity peptide ligand replaced the protein anchor (PA), and provided a better application prospect for the application of GEM particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yunshang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ningning Cui
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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12
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Lei C, Teng Y, He L, Sayed M, Mu J, Xu F, Zhang X, Kumar A, Sundaram K, Sriwastva MK, Zhang L, Chen SY, Feng W, Zhang S, Yan J, Park JW, Merchant ML, Zhang X, Zhang HG. Lemon exosome-like nanoparticles enhance stress survival of gut bacteria by RNase P-mediated specific tRNA decay. iScience 2021; 24:102511. [PMID: 34142028 PMCID: PMC8188359 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and bile play critical roles in shaping gut microbiota, but the molecular mechanism underlying interplay with intestinal microbiota is unclear. Here, we showed that lemon-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (LELNs) enhance lactobacilli toleration to bile. To decipher the mechanism, we used Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as proof of concept to show that LELNs enhance LGG bile resistance via limiting production of Msp1 and Msp3, resulting in decrease of bile accessibility to cell membrane. Furthermore, we found that decline of Msps protein levels was regulated through specific tRNAser UCC and tRNAser UCG decay. We identified RNase P, an essential housekeeping endonuclease, being responsible for LELNs-induced tRNAser UCC and tRNAser UCG decay. We further identified galacturonic acid-enriched pectin-type polysaccharide as the active factor in LELNs to increase bile resistance and downregulate tRNAser UCC and tRNAser UCG level in the LGG. Our study demonstrates a tRNA-based gene expression regulation mechanism among lactobacilli to increase bile resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lei
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yun Teng
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Liqing He
- Kidney Disease Program and Clinical Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mohammed Sayed
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jingyao Mu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Fangyi Xu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Zhang
- Department of ICU, the Affiliated Huaian NO.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Anil Kumar
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kumaran Sundaram
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mukesh K. Sriwastva
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shao-yu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shuangqin Zhang
- Peeples Cancer Institute, 215 Memorial Drive, Dalton, GA 30720, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Juw Won Park
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Michael L. Merchant
- Kidney Disease Program and Clinical Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Kidney Disease Program and Clinical Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, CTRB 309 505 Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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13
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Petrova MI, Reid G, Ter Haar JA. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1, a.k.a. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1: Past and Future Perspectives. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:747-761. [PMID: 33865678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (LGR-1) (previously classified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1) is the most researched probiotic strain for women's health. Its various urogenital health effects, including a reduction in the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis and urinary-tract infection, are well documented. The strain has also been safely used by HIV-positive subjects, a portion of whom have reported reduced diarrhea and increased CD4 counts. Unlike most probiotic strains used for urogenital health, LGR-1 has been extensively studied for its properties, including its genomic and metabolic traits and its surface properties. This review aims to highlight the totality of research performed with LGR-1, to act as a rigorous scientific benchmark for probiotic microbes, especially for application to women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- Microbiome Insights and Probiotics Consultancy, Karlovo, Bulgaria.
| | - Gregor Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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14
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Dadfarma N, Nowroozi J, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M. Identification of the effects of acid-resistant Lactobacillus casei metallopeptidase gene under colon-specific promoter on the colorectal and breast cancer cell lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:506-513. [PMID: 34094033 PMCID: PMC8143706 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.53015.11950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anti-tumor effects of Lactobacilli as normal flora have been described. In a previous study, we identified a protein isolated from the bacterium Lactobacillus casei ATCC 39392 in acidic pH conditions named metallopeptidase. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the effect of the recombinant plasmid coding metallopeptidase protein on the inhibition, proliferation, or apoptosis of the colorectal and breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Identified metallopeptidase gene of L. casei under the specific colon cancer promoter was transferred to the Human SW480 and MDA-MB231 cells. Cell viability was evaluated in these two cancer cell lines via MTT assay, apoptotic changes, and expression level of p53 and MAP2K1 genes in comparison with healthy blood cells as a control group. RESULTS Viability of SW480 and MDA-MB231 cells was identified at 25% and 7%, respectively. An increase in apoptotic cell death in the SW480 cell line was observed as revealed by Tunnel staining. The expression assay of TP53 and MAP2K1 genes showed that MPL protein altered gene expression in a cell type-specific manner. Tunnel analyses showed that the pronounced cytotoxic effect of pEGFP-C2/MPL plasmid on SW480 cells was mediated through apoptosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that endogenous recombinant MPL under colon specific promoter inhibits the proliferation of SW480 colorectal cancer cells by increase in MAP2K1 and P53 activation. L. casei metallopeptidase under the same circumstances could not affect the growth rate and viability of MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dadfarma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Nowroozi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Bechtner J, Ludwig C, Kiening M, Jakob F, Vogel RF. Living the Sweet Life: How Liquorilactobacillus hordei TMW 1.1822 Changes Its Behavior in the Presence of Sucrose in Comparison to Glucose. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091150. [PMID: 32825547 PMCID: PMC7555045 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquorilactobacillus (L.) hordei (formerly Lactobacillus hordei) is one of the dominating lactic acid bacteria within the water kefir consortium, being highly adapted to survive in this environment, while producing high molecular weight dextrans from sucrose. In this work, we extensively studied the physiological response of L. hordei TMW 1.1822 to sucrose compared to glucose, applying label-free, quantitative proteomics of cell lysates and exoproteomes. This revealed the differential expression of 53 proteins within cellular proteomes, mostly associated with carbohydrate uptake and metabolism. Supported by growth experiments, this suggests that L. hordei TMW 1.1822 favors fructose over other sugars. The dextransucrase was expressed irrespectively of the present carbon source, while it was significantly more released in the presence of sucrose (log2FC = 3.09), being among the most abundant proteins within exoproteomes of sucrose-treated cells. Still, L. hordei TMW 1.1822 expressed other sucrose active enzymes, predictively competing with the dextransucrase reaction. While osmolysis appeared to be unlikely, sucrose led to increased release of a multitude of cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting that biofilm formation in L. hordei is not only composed of a polysaccharide matrix but is also of proteinaceous nature. Therefore, our study highlights the intrinsic adaptation of water kefir-borne L. hordei to sucrose-rich habitats and provides fundamental knowledge for its use as a starter culture in plant-based food fermentations with in situ dextran formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bechtner
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany; (J.B.); (F.J.)
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Michael Kiening
- Lehrstuhl für Genomorientierte Bioinformatik, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Frank Jakob
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany; (J.B.); (F.J.)
| | - Rudi F. Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany; (J.B.); (F.J.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kang SJ, Jun JS, Moon JA, Hong KW. Surface display of p75, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG derived protein, on Bacillus subtilis spores and its antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. AMB Express 2020; 10:139. [PMID: 32770428 PMCID: PMC7415045 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus p75 protein with peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) activity is one of the key molecules exhibiting anti-apoptotic and cell-protective activity for human intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, with the goal of developing new probiotics, the p75 protein was displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores using spore coat protein CotG as an anchoring motif. The PGH activity, stability, and the antibacterial activity of the spore-displayed p75 (CotG-p75) protein were also investigated. The PGH activity of the CotG-p75 against peptidoglycan extracted from B. subtilis was confirmed by the ninhydrin test. Under various harsh conditions, compared to the control groups, the PGH activities of CotG-p75 were very stable in the range of pH 3–7 and maintained at 70% at 50 °C. In addition, the antibacterial activity of CotG-p75 against Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated by a time-kill assay. After 6 h incubation in phosphate-buffered saline, CotG-p75 reduced the number of viable cells of L. monocytogenes by up to 2.0 log. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the cell wall of L. monocytogenes was partially damaged by the treatment with CotG-p75. Our preliminary results show that CotG-p75 could be a good candidate for further research to develop new genetically engineered probiotics.
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17
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Abstract
The NlpC/p60-family of peptidoglycan hydrolases are key enzymes that facilitate bacterial cell division and also modulate microbe-host interactions. These endopeptidases utilize conserved Cys-His residues in their active site and are expressed in most bacterial species as well as some eukaryotes. Here we describe methods for biochemical analysis of Enterococcus faecium SagA-NlpC/p60 peptidoglycan hydrolase activity (Kim et al., 2019; Rangan et al., 2016), which includes recombinant protein preparation and biochemical analysis using both gel-based and LC-MS profiling of peptidoglycan fragments. These protocols should also facilitate the biochemical analysis of other NlpC/p60 peptidoglycan hydrolases.
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18
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Adu KT, Wilson R, Baker AL, Bowman J, Britz ML. Prolonged Heat Stress of Lactobacillus paracasei GCRL163 Improves Binding to Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma HT-29 Cells and Modulates the Relative Abundance of Secreted and Cell Surface-Located Proteins. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1824-1846. [PMID: 32108472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei group bacteria improve cheese ripening and may interact with host intestinal cells as probiotics, where surface proteins play a key role. Three complementary methods [trypsin shaving (TS), LiCl-sucrose (LS) extraction, and extracellular culture fluid precipitation] were used to analyze cell surface proteins of Lactobacillus paracasei GCRL163 by label-free quantitative proteomics after culture to the mid-exponential phase in bioreactors at pH 6.5 and temperatures of 30-45 °C. A total of 416 proteins, including 300 with transmembrane, cell wall anchoring, and secretory motifs and 116 cytoplasmic proteins, were quantified as surface proteins. Although LS caused significantly greater cell lysis as growth temperature increased, higher numbers of extracytoplasmic proteins were exclusively obtained by LS treatment. Together with the increased positive surface charge of cells cultured at supra-optimal temperatures, proteins including cell wall hydrolases Msp1/p75 and Msp2/p40, α-fucosidase AlfB, SecA, and a PspC-domain putative adhesin were upregulated in surface or secreted protein fractions, suggesting that cell adhesion may be altered. Prolonged heat stress (PHS) increased binding of L. paracasei GCRL163 to human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, relative to acid-stressed cells. This study demonstrates that PHS influences cell adhesion and relative abundance of proteins located on the surface, which may impact probiotic functionality, and the detected novel surface proteins likely linked to the cell cycle and envelope stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode T Adu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Anthony L Baker
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - John Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Margaret L Britz
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Scornec H, Palud A, Pédron T, Wheeler R, Petitgonnet C, Boneca IG, Cavin JF, Sansonetti PJ, Licandro H. Study of the cwaRS-ldcA Operon Coding a Two-Component System and a Putative L,D-Carboxypeptidase in Lactobacillus paracasei. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:156. [PMID: 32194510 PMCID: PMC7062640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the primary recognition site between the bacterium and the host. An operon of three genes, LSEI_0219 (cwaR), LSEI_0220 (cwaS), and LSEI_0221 (ldcA), has been previously identified as required for the establishment of Lactobacillus paracasei in the gut. The genes cwaR and cwaS encode a predicted two-component system (TCS) and ldcA a predicted D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase which is a peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis enzyme. We explored the functionality and the physiological role of these three genes, particularly their impact on the bacterial cell wall architecture and on the bacterial adaptation to environmental perturbations in the gut. The functionality of CwaS/R proteins as a TCS has been demonstrated by biochemical analysis. It is involved in the transcriptional regulation of several genes of the PG biosynthesis. Analysis of the muropeptides of PG in mutants allowed us to re-annotate LSEI_0221 as a putative L,D-carboxypeptidase (LdcA). The absence of this protein coincided with a decrease of two surface antigens: LSEI_0020, corresponding to p40 or msp2 whose implication in the host epithelial homeostasis has been recently studied, and LSEI_2029 which has never been functionally characterized. The inactivation of each of these three genes induces susceptibility to antimicrobial peptides (hBD1, hBD2, and CCL20), which could be the main cause of the gut establishment deficiency. Thus, this operon is necessary for the presence of two surface antigens and for a suitable cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Scornec
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aurore Palud
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Pédron
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Avenir Group, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Clément Petitgonnet
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Avenir Group, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Cavin
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Licandro
- PAM UMR, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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20
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Cell wall hydrolase as a surface-associated protein target for the specific detection of Lactobacillus rhamnosus using flow cytometry. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Duchêne MC, Rolain T, Knoops A, Courtin P, Chapot-Chartier MP, Dufrêne YF, Hallet BF, Hols P. Distinct and Specific Role of NlpC/P60 Endopeptidases LytA and LytB in Cell Elongation and Division of Lactobacillus plantarum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:713. [PMID: 31031721 PMCID: PMC6473061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential lattice of the bacterial cell wall that needs to be continuously remodeled to allow growth. This task is ensured by the concerted action of PG synthases that insert new material in the pre-existing structure and PG hydrolases (PGHs) that cleave the PG meshwork at critical sites for its processing. Contrasting with Bacillus subtilis that contains more than 35 PGHs, Lactobacillus plantarum is a non-sporulating rod-shaped bacterium that is predicted to possess a minimal set of 12 PGHs. Their role in morphogenesis and cell cycle remains mostly unexplored, except for the involvement of the glucosaminidase Acm2 in cell separation and the NlpC/P60 D, L-endopeptidase LytA in cell shape maintenance. Besides LytA, L. plantarum encodes three additional NlpC/P60 endopeptidases (i.e., LytB, LytC and LytD). The in silico analysis of these four endopeptidases suggests that they could have redundant functions based on their modular organization, forming two pairs of paralogous enzymes. In this work, we investigate the role of each Lyt endopeptidase in cell morphogenesis in order to evaluate their distinct or redundant functions, and eventually their synthetic lethality. We show that the paralogous LytC and LytD enzymes are not required for cell shape maintenance, which may indicate an accessory role such as in PG recycling. In contrast, LytA and LytB appear to be key players of the cell cycle. We show here that LytA is required for cell elongation while LytB is involved in the spatio-temporal regulation of cell division. In addition, both PGHs are involved in the proper positioning of the division site. The absence of LytA activity is responsible for the asymmetrical positioning of septa in round cells while the lack of LytB results in a lateral misplacement of division planes in rod-shaped cells. Finally, we show that the co-inactivation of LytA and LytB is synthetically affecting cell growth, which confirms the key roles played by both enzymes in PG remodeling during the cell cycle of L. plantarum. Based on the large distribution of NlpC/P60 endopeptidases in low-GC Gram-positive bacteria, these enzymes are attractive targets for the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Clémence Duchêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Rolain
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Adrien Knoops
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pascal Courtin
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bernard F Hallet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pascal Hols
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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22
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An Acid Up-Regulated Surface Protein of Lactobacillus paracasei Strain GCRL 46 is Phylogenetically Related to the Secreted Glucan- (GpbB) and Immunoglobulin-Binding (SibA) Protein of Pathogenic Streptococci. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071610. [PMID: 30935131 PMCID: PMC6479570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall hydrolases, including amidases and peptidases, play a critical role in peptidoglycan turnover during growth, impacting daughter cell separation, and cell death, through autolysis. When exploring the regulation of protein expression across the growth cycle of an acid-resistant strain of Lactobacillus paracasei, GCRL 46, we observed temporal up-regulation of proteins in the 40⁻45 kDa molecular weight range for whole-cell extracts when culturing in fermenters at a controlled pH of 4.0 versus optimum growth pH of 6.3. Up-regulation of proteins in this size range was not detected in SDS-PAGE gels of the cytosolic fraction, but was routinely detected following growth at low pH in whole cells and cell debris obtained after bead beating and centrifugation, indicating a cell surface location. N-terminal sequencing and in silico analyses showed sequence similarity with proteins in the L. casei group (L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus) which were variously annotated as uncharacterized proteins, surface antigens, possible TrsG proteins, CHAP (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolases/peptidases)-domain proteins or putative peptidoglycan d,l-endopeptidase due to the presence of a CwlO domain. This protein is a homologue of the p40 (Msp2) secreted protein of L. rhamnosus LGG, which is linked to probiotic functionality in this species, and is phylogenetically related to structurally-similar proteins found in Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium species, including the glucan-binding (GbpB), surface antigen (SagA) proteins detected in pathogenic group A streptococci species as secreted, immunoglobulin-binding (SibA) proteins (also named PcsB). Three-dimensional (3D) modelling predicted structural similarities in the CHAP proteins from the L. casei group and streptococcal species, indicating retention of overall architecture despite sequence divergence, and an implied retention of function during evolution. A phylogenetically-related hydrolase also contained the CwlO domain with a NLPC_P60 domain, and showed similar overall but distinct architecture to the CHAP proteins. We concluded that the surface-located, CHAP protein in L. casei is up-regulated during long-term exposure to acidic conditions during growth but not during acid shock.
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23
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Allonsius CN, Vandenheuvel D, Oerlemans EFM, Petrova MI, Donders GGG, Cos P, Delputte P, Lebeer S. Inhibition of Candida albicans morphogenesis by chitinase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2900. [PMID: 30814593 PMCID: PMC6393446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli have been evaluated as probiotics against Candida infections in several clinical trials, but with variable results. Predicting and understanding the clinical efficacy of Lactobacillus strains is hampered by an overall lack of insights into their modes of action. In this study, we aimed to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of lactobacilli on hyphal morphogenesis, which is a crucial step in C. albicans virulence. Based on a screening of different Lactobacillus strains, we found that the closely related taxa L. rhamnosus, L. casei and L. paracasei showed stronger activity against Candida hyphae formation compared to other Lactobacillus species tested. By exploring the activity of purified compounds and mutants of the model strain L. rhamnosus GG, the major peptidoglycan hydrolase Msp1, conserved in the three closely related taxa, was identified as a key effector molecule. We could show that this activity of Msp1 was due to its ability to break down chitin, the main polymer in the hyphal cell wall of C. albicans. This identification of a Lactobacillus-specific protein with chitinase activity having anti-hyphal activity will assist in better strain selection and improved application in future clinical trials for Lactobacillus-based Candida-management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Nina Allonsius
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline F M Oerlemans
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mariya I Petrova
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilbert G G Donders
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Femicare Clinical Research for Women, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Orlando A, Linsalata M, Bianco G, Notarnicola M, D'Attoma B, Scavo MP, Tafaro A, Russo F. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Protects the Epithelial Barrier of Wistar Rats from the Pepsin-Trypsin-Digested Gliadin (PTG)-Induced Enteropathy. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111698. [PMID: 30405050 PMCID: PMC6265991 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder, characterized by enhanced paracellular permeability across the intestinal epithelium. The complex system of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), seals together the epithelial cells to form a continuous layer. The improvements in barrier integrity have been related to modifications in intercellular junction protein expression. Polyamines (spermidine, spermine, and putrescine) actively participate in the modulation of the AJ expression. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that also probiotics can promote the integrity and the function of the intestinal barrier. On these bases, the present work investigated the protective effects exerted by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) against the pepsin-trypsin-digested gliadin (PTG)-induced enteropathy in jejunal tissue samples of Wistar rats. In particular, the probiotic effects have been evaluated on the intestinal mucosal architecture, polyamine metabolism and intercellular junction protein expression (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, β-catenin and E-cadherin). The results from this study indicate that L.GG protects the intestinal mucosa of rats from PTG-induced damage, by preventing the reduction of the expression of the intercellular junction proteins. Consequently, a role for L.GG in the therapeutic management of the gluten-related disorders in humans could be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Orlando
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Michele Linsalata
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Giusy Bianco
- Animal Facility, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Benedetta D'Attoma
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Angela Tafaro
- Animal Facility, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
| | - Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis" Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Ba), Italy.
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Petrova MI, van den Broek MFL, Spacova I, Verhoeven TLA, Balzarini J, Vanderleyden J, Schols D, Lebeer S. Engineering Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and GR-1 to express HIV-inhibiting griffithsin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:599-607. [PMID: 30040991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are being explored for the in situ delivery of various therapeutic agents. In this study, we aimed to express two HIV-inhibiting lectins, actinohivin (AH) and griffithsin (GRFT), in the probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 for gastrointestinal and vaginal mucosal delivery, respectively. Constructs were generated for the intracellular and extracellular production of AH and GRFT under the control of the promoter of their Major Secreted Protein Msp1. Also, intracellular expression of GRFT was investigated under the control of the nisA promoter from the inducible nisin-controlled expression (NICE) system. For the extracellular localization, the signal leader peptide of Msp1/p75 from L. rhamnosus GG was translationally fused with the genes encoding AH and GRFT. Construction of recombinant strains expressing the AH monomer and dimer was unsuccessful, probably due to the intracellular toxicity of AH for the lactobacilli. On the other hand, recombinant strains for intra- and extracellular production of GRFT by L. rhamnosus GG and GR-1 were successfully constructed. The highest expression levels of recombinant GRFT were observed for the constructs under the control of the inducible nisA promoter and we demonstrated anti-HIV activity against an M-tropic and a T-tropic HIV-1 strain. We can conclude that recombinant Lactobacillus expressing anti-HIV lectins could contribute to the development of enhanced probiotic strains that are able to inhibit HIV transmission and subsequent replication, although further research and development are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marianne F L van den Broek
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine L A Verhoeven
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Escobar CA, Cross TA. False positives in using the zymogram assay for identification of peptidoglycan hydrolases. Anal Biochem 2017; 543:162-166. [PMID: 29246750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zymogram assays have been used extensively to identify novel peptidoglycan hydrolases. In this study it is reported that the zymogram is susceptible to false positive results when highly positively charged proteins are assayed. As an example, we report on the case of the ChiZ membrane protein from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis divisome, which previously was described as a peptidoglycan hydrolase. Even though the full length ChiZ protein was able to produce positive assay results, other direct methods for measuring peptidoglycan hydrolysis do not provide convincing evidence that ChiZ has peptidoglycan hydrolysis activity. We show that the false positive result is produced by the highly positively charged N-terminal region of ChiZ. Thus, we developed a zymogram control that can be used to identify false positives results. This control assay lacks the refolding step in the normal zymogram assay. For lysozyme the control assay shows no activity, while the N-terminal region of ChiZ shows a false positive result. Given the limitations of the zymogram assay to reliably identify peptidoglycan hydrolases, we recommend using the zymogram control assay together with other methods to evaluate possible peptidoglycan hydrolysis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Escobar
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA
| | - Timothy A Cross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA.
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Rangan KJ, Hang HC. Biochemical Mechanisms of Pathogen Restriction by Intestinal Bacteria. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:887-898. [PMID: 28927699 PMCID: PMC6038137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a highly complex ecosystem where many bacterial species interact with each other and host cells to influence animal physiology and susceptibility to pathogens. Genomic methods have provided a broad framework for understanding how alterations in microbial communities are associated with host physiology and infection, but the biochemical mechanisms of specific intestinal bacterial species are only emerging. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have characterized the biochemical mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria interact with other bacteria and host pathways to restrict pathogen infection. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms of intestinal microbiota function should provide new opportunities for therapeutic development towards a variety of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita J Rangan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Changes in paracellular permeability induced by Pepsin-Trypsin digested Gliadin (PTG): Role of polyamines in the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG protective action. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Banna GL, Torino F, Marletta F, Santagati M, Salemi R, Cannarozzo E, Falzone L, Ferraù F, Libra M. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: An Overview to Explore the Rationale of Its Use in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28919861 PMCID: PMC5585742 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the western world. In the era of precision medicine, a significant number of cancer patients can be cured with several anti-cancer therapeutic regimens. However, therapy failure may be caused by treatment side effects, such as diarrhea, especially occurring in patients with gastrointestinal or pelvic malignancies. In particular, diarrhea is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal toxicity during cancer treatment and it can result from nearly bot chemo- and radio-therapeutic strategies currently used. Diarrhea has a serious impact on patients’ quality of life and treatment dosing and schedule modification due to its severity can negatively influence treatment outcomes. In this context, probiotics may play an interesting role in several human diseases with an inflammatory bowel involvement and, among these, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most characterized and utilized. In particular, LGG is able to reverse intestinal dysbiosis and moderate diarrhea. Moreover, preclinical studies have documented its effects in reducing chronic inflammation associated with cancer development. This review summarizes the preclinical results of LGG on cancer cells proliferation and tumor invasion as well as the potential role of LGG use in cancer patients for the prevention and management of diarrhea associated with cancer treatment. Overall, these encouraging data support further investigation on the use of LGG in stratified patients undergoing specific therapeutic protocols, including chemotherapy and pelvic radiotherapy, in order to reduce the development of severe diarrhea and thus improve the adherence to the therapy and patients’ quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata University of RomeRome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Santagati
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Rossella Salemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Elisa Cannarozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferraù
- Division of Medical Oncology, San Vincenzo HospitalTaormina, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, Section of General and Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of CataniaCatania, Italy
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30
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Zhang L, Yu Y, Li X, Li X, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Starch Flocculation by the Sweet Potato Sour Liquid Is Mediated by the Adhesion of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Starch. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1412. [PMID: 28791000 PMCID: PMC5524740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we focused on the mechanism underlying starch flocculation by the sweet potato sour liquid. The traditional microbial techniques and 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that Lactobacillus was dominant flocculating microorganism in sour liquid. In total, 86 bacteria, 20 yeasts, and 10 molds were isolated from the sour liquid and only eight Lactobacillus species exhibited flocculating activity. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L1 strain with a high flocculating activity was isolated and identified, and the mechanism of starch flocculation was examined. L. paracasei subsp. paracasei L1 cells formed chain-like structures on starch granules. Consequently, these cells connected the starch granules to one another, leading to formation of large flocs. The results of various treatments of L1 cells indicated that bacterial surface proteins play a role in flocculation and L1 cells adhered to the surface of starch granules via specific surface proteins. These surface starch-binding proteins were extracted using the guanidine hydrochloride method; 10 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry: three of these proteins were glycolytic enzymes; two were identified as the translation elongation factor Tu; one was a cell wall hydrolase; one was a surface antigen; one was lyzozyme M1; one was a glycoside hydrolase; and one was an uncharacterized proteins. This study will paves the way for future industrial application of the L1 isolate in starch processing and food manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China.,Liaoning Provincial Research Center of Meat Processing and Quality ControlJinzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Huajiang Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China
| | - Yunhe Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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32
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Ettinger G, Burton JP, Gloor GB, Reid G. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Attenuates Induction of Hypertrophy in Cardiomyocytes but Not through Secreted Protein MSP-1 (p75). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168622. [PMID: 28085895 PMCID: PMC5234775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have shown that the administration of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus can provide a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion and necrotic injury to the intestine, liver, and heart, as well as a therapeutic effect to the outcome of ischemic injury to the heart, including cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. We hypothesized that L. rhamnosus GR-1 major secreted protein 1 (MSP-1), also known as p75, plays a major role in this phenomenon. Experiments using neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes showed that live and dead GR-1 bacteria, probiotic-conditioned media, and other probiotic species and strains inhibited the α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy as assessed by markers atrial natriuretic peptide and α-skeletal actin. However, using a mutant strain, we showed that this MSP-1 was not required for the inhibition. The ability of factors produced by lactobacilli to improve cardiac function warrants further study for the management of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ettinger
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Jeremy P. Burton
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Gregory B. Gloor
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Tian Z, Liu X, Dai R, Xiao Y, Wang X, Bi D, Shi D. Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 Protects the Intestinal Epithelium and Attenuates ETEC-Induced IL-8 Secretion in Enterocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7474306. [PMID: 27890970 PMCID: PMC5116501 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7474306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The probiotic Enterococcus faecium HDRsEf1 (Ef1) has been shown to have positive effects on piglet diarrhoea, but the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, using the IPEC-J2 cell line to mimic intestinal epithelial cells and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88ac as a representative intestinal pathogen, the mechanism underlying Ef1 protection against an enteropathogen was investigated. The results demonstrated that Ef1 was effective in displacing K88ac from the IPEC-J2 cell layer. Moreover, Ef1 and its cell-free supernatant (S-Ef1) modulate IL-8 released by IPEC-J2 cells. Ef1 and its cell-free supernatant showed the potential to protect enterocytes from an acute inflammatory response. In addition, Ef1 and its cell-free supernatant increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the enterocyte monolayer, thus strengthening the intestinal barrier against ETEC. These results may contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions using Ef1 in intestinal disorders of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ran Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dingren Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Petrova MI, Imholz NCE, Verhoeven TLA, Balzarini J, Van Damme EJM, Schols D, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S. Lectin-Like Molecules of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Inhibit Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella Biofilm Formation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161337. [PMID: 27537843 PMCID: PMC4990349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Increased antibiotic resistance has catalyzed the research on new antibacterial molecules and alternative strategies, such as the application of beneficial bacteria. Since lectin molecules have unique sugar-recognizing capacities, and pathogens are often decorated with sugars that affect their survival and infectivity, we explored whether lectins from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG have antipathogenic properties. Methods The genome sequence of L. rhamnosus GG was screened for the presence of lectin-like proteins. Two genes, LGG_RS02780 and LGG_RS02750, encoding for polypeptides with an N-terminal conserved L-type lectin domain were detected and designated Llp1 (lectin-like protein 1) and Llp2. The capacity of Llp1 and Llp2 to inhibit biofilm formation of various pathogens was investigated. Sugar specificity was determined by Sepharose beads assays and glycan array screening. Results The isolated lectin domains of Llp1 and Llp2 possess pronounced inhibitory activity against biofilm formation by various pathogens, including clinical Salmonella species and uropathogenic E. coli, with Llp2 being more active than Llp1. In addition, sugar binding assays with Llp1 and Llp2 indicate specificity for complex glycans. Both proteins are also involved in the adhesion capacity of L. rhamnosus GG to gastrointestinal and vaginal epithelial cells. Conclusions Lectins isolated from or expressed by beneficial lactobacilli could be considered promising bio-active ingredients for improved prophylaxis of urogenital and gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya I. Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SL); (MIP)
| | - Nicole C. E. Imholz
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine L. A. Verhoeven
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SL); (MIP)
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35
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Tytgat HLP, Schoofs G, Vanderleyden J, Van Damme EJM, Wattiez R, Lebeer S, Leroy B. Systematic Exploration of the Glycoproteome of the Beneficial Gut Isolate Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26:345-58. [PMID: 27463506 DOI: 10.1159/000447091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins form an interesting class of macromolecules involved in bacterial-host interactions, but they are not yet widely explored in Gram-positive and beneficial species. Here, an integrated and widely applicable approach was followed to identify putative bacterial glycoproteins, combining proteome fractionation with 2D protein and glycostained gels and lectin blots. This approach was validated for the microbiota isolate Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. The approach resulted in a list of putative glycosylated proteins receiving a 'glycosylation score'. Ultimately, we could identify 41 unique glycosylated proteins in L. rhamnosus GG (6 top-confidence, 10 high-confidence and 25 putative hits; classification based on glycosylation score). Most glycoproteins are associated with the cell wall and membrane. Identified glycoproteins include proteins involved in transport, translation, and sugar metabolism processes. A robust screening resulted in a comprehensive mapping of glycoproteins in L. rhamnosus GG. Our results reflect the glycosylation of sugar metabolism enzymes, transporters, and other proteins crucial for cell physiology. We hypothesize that protein glycosylation can confer an extra level of regulation, for example by affecting enzyme functions. This is the first systematic study of the glycoproteome of a probiotic and beneficial gut isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne L P Tytgat
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Xu Y, Wang T, Kong J, Wang HL. Identification and functional characterization of AclB, a novel cell-separating enzyme from Lactobacillus casei. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 203:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Piliation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG promotes adhesion, phagocytosis, and cytokine modulation in macrophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2050-62. [PMID: 25576613 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03949-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, spaCBA-encoded pili on the cell surface of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG were identified to be key molecules for binding to human intestinal mucus and Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we investigated the role of the SpaCBA pilus of L. rhamnosus GG in the interaction with macrophages in vitro by comparing the wild type with surface mutants. Our results show that SpaCBA pili play a significant role in the capacity for adhesion to macrophages and also promote bacterial uptake by these phagocytic cells. Interestingly, our data suggest that SpaCBA pili also mediate anti-inflammatory effects by induction of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA and reduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in a murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. These pili appear to mediate these effects indirectly by promoting close contact with the macrophages, facilitating the exertion of anti-inflammatory effects by other surface molecules via yet unknown mechanisms. Blockage of complement receptor 3 (CR3), previously identified to be a receptor for streptococcal pili, significantly decreased the uptake of pilus-expressing strains in RAW 264.7 cells, while the expression of IL-10 and IL-6 mRNA by these macrophages was not affected by this blocking. On the other hand, blockage of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 mRNA irrespective of the presence of pili.
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Abstract
Probiotics are alive nonpathogenic microorganisms present in the gut microbiota that confer benefits to the host for his health. They act through molecular and cellular mechanisms that contrast pathogen bacteria adhesion, enhance innate immunity, decrease pathogen-induced inflammation, and promote intestinal epithelial cell survival, barrier function, and protective responses. Some of these beneficial effects result to be determined by secreted probiotic-derived factors that recently have been identified as "postbiotic" mediators. They have been reported for several probiotic strains but most available literature concerns Lactobacilli. In this review, we focus on the reported actions of several secretory products of different Lactobacillus species highlighting the available mechanistic data. The identification of soluble factors mediating the beneficial effects of probiotics may present an opportunity not only to understand their fine mechanisms of action, but also to develop effective pharmacological strategies that could integrate the action of treatments with live bacteria.
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Abstract
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex assemblage of glycopolymers and proteins. It consists of a thick peptidoglycan sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and that is decorated with teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. It plays a major role in bacterial physiology since it maintains cell shape and integrity during growth and division; in addition, it acts as the interface between the bacterium and its environment. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are traditionally and widely used to ferment food, and they are also the subject of more and more research because of their potential health-related benefits. It is now recognized that understanding the composition, structure, and properties of LAB cell walls is a crucial part of developing technological and health applications using these bacteria. In this review, we examine the different components of the Gram-positive cell wall: peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. We present recent findings regarding the structure and function of these complex compounds, results that have emerged thanks to the tandem development of structural analysis and whole genome sequencing. Although general structures and biosynthesis pathways are conserved among Gram-positive bacteria, studies have revealed that LAB cell walls demonstrate unique properties; these studies have yielded some notable, fundamental, and novel findings. Given the potential of this research to contribute to future applied strategies, in our discussion of the role played by cell wall components in LAB physiology, we pay special attention to the mechanisms controlling bacterial autolysis, bacterial sensitivity to bacteriophages and the mechanisms underlying interactions between probiotic bacteria and their hosts.
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Segers ME, Lebeer S. Towards a better understanding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG--host interactions. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13 Suppl 1:S7. [PMID: 25186587 PMCID: PMC4155824 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-s1-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most widely used probiotic strains. Various health effects are well documented including the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal infections and diarrhea, and stimulation of immune responses that promote vaccination or even prevent certain allergic symptoms. However, not all intervention studies could show a clinical benefit and even for the same conditions, the results are not univocal. Clearly, the host phenotype governed by age, genetics and environmental factors such as the endogenous microbiota, plays a role in whether individuals are responders or non-responders. However, we believe that a detailed knowledge of the bacterial physiology and the LGG molecules that play a key role in its host-interaction capacity is crucial for a better understanding of its potential health benefits. Molecules that were yet identified as important factors governing host interactions include its adhesive pili or fimbriae, its lipoteichoic acid molecules, its major secreted proteins and its galactose-rich exopolysaccharides, as well as specific DNA motifs. Nevertheless, future studies are needed to correlate specific health effects to these molecular effectors in LGG, and also in other probiotic strains.
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Anzengruber J, Courtin P, Claes IJJ, Debreczeny M, Hofbauer S, Obinger C, Chapot-Chartier MP, Vanderleyden J, Messner P, Schäffer C. Biochemical characterization of the major N-acetylmuramidase from Lactobacillus buchneri. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1807-1819. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.078162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall hydrolases are essential for peptidoglycan remodelling in regard to bacterial cell growth and division. In this study, peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) of different Lactobacillus buchneri strains were investigated. First, the genome sequence of L. buchneri CD034 and L. buchneri NRRL B-30929 was analysed in silico for the presence of PGHs. Of 23 putative PGHs with different predicted hydrolytic specificities, the glycosyl hydrolase family 25 domain-containing homologues LbGH25B and LbGH25N from L. buchneri CD034 and NRRL B-30929, respectively, were selected and characterized in detail. Zymogram analysis confirmed hydrolysing activity on bacterial cell walls for both enzymes. Subsequent reversed-phase HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the peptidoglycan breakdown products from L. buchneri strains CD034 and NRRL B-30929, and from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, which served as a reference, revealed that LbGH25B and LbGH25N have N-acetylmuramidase activity. Both enzymes were identified as cell wall-associated proteins by means of immunofluorescence microscopy and cellular fractionation, as well as by the ability of purified recombinant LbGH25B and LbGH25N to bind to L. buchneri cell walls in vitro. Moreover, similar secondary structures mainly composed of β-sheets and nearly identical thermal stabilities with T
m values around 49 °C were found for the two N-acetylmuramidases by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. The functional and structural data obtained are discussed and compared to related PGHs. In this study, a major N-acetylmuramidase from L. buchneri was characterized in detail for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anzengruber
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal Courtin
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INRA and AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ingmar J. J. Claes
- Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics, K.U. Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monika Debreczeny
- VIBT Imaging Centre, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- INRA and AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- Center of Microbial and Plant Genetics, K.U. Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Messner
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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A comparative pan-genome perspective of niche-adaptable cell-surface protein phenotypes in Lactobacillus rhamnosus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102762. [PMID: 25032833 PMCID: PMC4102537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a ubiquitously adaptable Gram-positive bacterium and as a typical commensal can be recovered from various microbe-accessible bodily orifices and cavities. Then again, other isolates are food-borne, with some of these having been long associated with naturally fermented cheeses and yogurts. Additionally, because of perceived health benefits to humans and animals, numerous L. rhamnosus strains have been selected for use as so-called probiotics and are often taken in the form of dietary supplements and functional foods. At the genome level, it is anticipated that certain genetic variances will have provided the niche-related phenotypes that augment the flexible adaptiveness of this species, thus enabling its strains to grow and survive in their respective host environments. For this present study, we considered it functionally informative to examine and catalogue the genotype-phenotype variation existing at the cell surface between different L. rhamnosus strains, with the presumption that this might be relatable to habitat preferences and ecological adaptability. Here, we conducted a pan-genomic study involving 13 genomes from L. rhamnosus isolates with various origins. In using a benchmark strain (gut-adapted L. rhamnosus GG) for our pan-genome comparison, we had focused our efforts on a detailed examination and description of gene products for certain functionally relevant surface-exposed proteins, each of which in effect might also play a part in niche adaptability among the other strains. Perhaps most significantly of the surface protein loci we had analyzed, it would appear that the spaCBA operon (known to encode SpaCBA-called pili having a mucoadhesive phenotype) is a genomic rarity and an uncommon occurrence in L. rhamnosus. However, for any of the so-piliated L. rhamnosus strains, they will likely possess an increased niche-specific fitness, which functionally might presumably be manifested by a protracted transient colonization of the gut mucosa or some similar microhabitat.
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Hevia A, López P, Suárez A, Jacquot C, Urdaci MC, Margolles A, Sánchez B. Association of levels of antibodies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease with extracellular proteins of food and probiotic bacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:351204. [PMID: 24991549 PMCID: PMC4065772 DOI: 10.1155/2014/351204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa and is related to an abnormal immune response to commensal bacteria. Our aim of the present work has been to explore the levels of antibodies (IgG and IgA) raised against extracellular proteins produced by LAB and its association with IBD. We analyzed, by Western-blot and ELISA, the presence of serum antibodies (IgA and IgG) developed against extracellular protein fractions produced by different food bacteria from the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. We used a sera collection consisting of healthy individuals (HC, n = 50), Crohn's disease patients (CD, n = 37), and ulcerative colitis patients (UC, n = 15). Levels of IgA antibodies developed against a cell-wall hydrolase from Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus GG (CWH) were significantly higher in the IBD group (P < 0.002; n = 52). The specificity of our measurements was confirmed by measuring IgA antibodies developed against the CWH peptide 365-VNTSNQTAAVSAS-377. IBD patients appeared to have different immune response to food bacteria. This paper sets the basis for developing systems for early detection of IBD, based on the association of high levels of antibodies developed against extracellular proteins from food and probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arancha Hevia
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia López
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Functional Biology, Immunology Area, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain
| | - Claudine Jacquot
- UMR 5248 CBMN CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1-ENITAB, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, 33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - María C. Urdaci
- UMR 5248 CBMN CNRS-Université Bordeaux 1-ENITAB, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biochimie Appliquée, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, 33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Chapot-Chartier MP. Interactions of the cell-wall glycopolymers of lactic acid bacteria with their bacteriophages. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:236. [PMID: 24904550 PMCID: PMC4033162 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram positive bacteria widely used in the production of fermented food in particular cheese and yoghurts. Bacteriophage infections during fermentation processes have been for many years a major industrial concern and have stimulated numerous research efforts. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of bacteriophage interactions with their host bacteria is required for the development of efficient strategies to fight against infections. The bacterial cell wall plays key roles in these interactions. First, bacteriophages must adsorb at the bacterial surface through specific interactions with receptors that are cell wall components. At next step, phages must overcome the barrier constituted by cell wall peptidoglycan (PG) to inject DNA inside bacterial cell. Also at the end of the infection cycle, phages synthesize endolysins able to hydrolyze PG and lyse bacterial cells to release phage progeny. In the last decade, concomitant development of genomics and structural analysis of cell wall components allowed considerable advances in the knowledge of their structure and function in several model LAB. Here, we describe the present knowledge on the structure of the cell wall glycopolymers of the best characterized LAB emphasizing their structural variations and we present the available data regarding their role in bacteria-phage specific interactions at the different steps of the infection cycle.
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Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Tytgat HLP, Winderickx J, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S, Marchal K. A network-based approach to identify substrate classes of bacterial glycosyltransferases. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:349. [PMID: 24885406 PMCID: PMC4039749 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial interactions with the environment- and/or host largely depend on the bacterial glycome. The specificities of a bacterial glycome are largely determined by glycosyltransferases (GTs), the enzymes involved in transferring sugar moieties from an activated donor to a specific substrate. Of these GTs their coding regions, but mainly also their substrate specificity are still largely unannotated as most sequence-based annotation flows suffer from the lack of characterized sequence motifs that can aid in the prediction of the substrate specificity. Results In this work, we developed an analysis flow that uses sequence-based strategies to predict novel GTs, but also exploits a network-based approach to infer the putative substrate classes of these predicted GTs. Our analysis flow was benchmarked with the well-documented GT-repertoire of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 and applied to the probiotic model Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to expand our insights in the glycosylation potential of this bacterium. In L. rhamnosus GG we could predict 48 GTs of which eight were not previously reported. For at least 20 of these GTs a substrate relation was inferred. Conclusions We confirmed through experimental validation our prediction of WelI acting upstream of WelE in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides. We further hypothesize to have identified in L. rhamnosus GG the yet undiscovered genes involved in the biosynthesis of glucose-rich glycans and novel GTs involved in the glycosylation of proteins. Interestingly, we also predict GTs with well-known functions in peptidoglycan synthesis to also play a role in protein glycosylation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-349) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Lebeer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, box 2460, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.
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GtfA and GtfB are both required for protein O-glycosylation in Lactobacillus plantarum. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1671-82. [PMID: 24532775 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01401-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acm2, the major autolysin of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, was recently found to be O-glycosylated with N-acetylhexosamine, likely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). In this study, we set out to identify the glycosylation machinery by employing a comparative genomics approach to identify Gtf1 homologues, which are involved in fimbria-associated protein 1 (Fap1) glycosylation in Streptococcus parasanguinis. This in silico approach resulted in the identification of 6 candidate L. plantarum WCFS1 genes with significant homology to Gtf1, namely, tagE1 to tagE6. These candidate genes were targeted by systematic gene deletion, followed by assessment of the consequences on glycosylation of Acm2. We observed a changed mobility of Acm2 on SDS-PAGE in the tagE5E6 deletion strain, while deletion of other tagE genes resulted in Acm2 mobility comparable to that of the wild type. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of excised and in-gel-digested Acm2 confirmed the loss of glycosylation on Acm2 in the tagE5E6 deletion mutant, whereas a lectin blot using GlcNAc-specific succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA) revealed that besides Acm2, tagE5E6 deletion also abolished all but one other sWGA-reactive, protease-sensitive signal. Only complementation of both tagE5 and tagE6 restored those sWGA lectin signals, establishing that TagE5 and TagE6 are both required for the glycosylation of Acm2 as well as the vast majority of other sWGA-reactive proteins. Finally, sWGA lectin blotting experiments using a panel of 8 other L. plantarum strains revealed that protein glycosylation is a common feature in L. plantarum strains. With the establishment of these enzymes as protein glycosyltransferases, we propose to rename TagE5 and TagE6 as GtfA and GtfB, respectively.
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Orlando A, Linsalata M, Notarnicola M, Tutino V, Russo F. Lactobacillus GG restoration of the gliadin induced epithelial barrier disruption: the role of cellular polyamines. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24483336 PMCID: PMC3911798 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Celiac disease is characterized by enhanced intestinal paracellular permeability due to alterations of function and expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins including ZO-1, Claudin-1 and Occludin. Polyamines are pivotal in the control of intestinal barrier function and are also involved in the regulation of intercellular junction proteins. Different probiotic strains may inhibit gliadin-induced toxic effects and the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG) is effective in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Aims of the study were to establish in epithelial Caco-2 cells whether i) gliadin affects paracellular permeability and polyamine profile; ii) co-administration of viable L.GG, heat-killed L.GG (L.GG-HK) or its conditioned medium (L.GG-CM) preserves the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Additionally, the effects of L.GG on TJ protein expression were tested in presence or absence of polyamines. Results Administration of gliadin (1 mg/ml) to Caco-2 cells for 6 h caused a significant alteration of paracellular permeability as demonstrated by the rapid decrease in transepithelial resistance with a concomitant zonulin release. These events were followed by a significant increase in lactulose paracellular transport and a slight lowering in ZO-1 and Occludin expression without affecting Claudin-1. Besides, the single and total polyamine content increased significantly. The co-administration of viable L.GG (108 CFU/ml), L.GG-HK and L.GG-CM with gliadin significantly restored barrier function as demonstrated by transepithelial resistance, lactulose flux and zonulin release. Viable L.GG and L.GG-HK, but not L.GG-CM, led to a significant reduction in the single and total polyamine levels. Additionally, only the co-administration of viable L.GG with gliadin significantly increased ZO-1, Claudin-1 and Occludin gene expression compared to control cells. When Caco-2 cells treated with viable L.GG and gliadin were deprived in the polyamine content by α-Difluoromethylornithine, the expression of TJ protein mRNAs was not significantly different from that in controls or cells treated with gliadin alone. Conclusions Gliadin modifies the intestinal paracellular permeability and significantly increases the polyamine content in Caco-2 cells. Concomitant administration of L.GG is able to counteract these effects. Interestingly, the presence of cellular polyamines is necessary for this probiotic to exert its capability in restoring paracellular permeability by affecting the expression of different TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases I,R,C,C,S, "Saverio de Bellis", via Turi 27, I-70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy.
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Anzengruber J, Pabst M, Neumann L, Sekot G, Heinl S, Grabherr R, Altmann F, Messner P, Schäffer C. Protein O-glucosylation in Lactobacillus buchneri. Glycoconj J 2013; 31:117-31. [PMID: 24162649 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Based on the previous demonstration of surface (S-) layer protein glycosylation in Lactobacillus buchneri 41021/251 and because of general advantages of lactic acid bacteria for applied research, protein glycosylation in this bacterial species was investigated in detail. The cell surface of L. buchneri CD034 is completely covered with an oblique 2D crystalline array (lattice parameters, a = 5.9 nm; b = 6.2 nm; γ ~ 77°) formed by self-assembly of the S-layer protein SlpB. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analyses revealed that SlpB is the most abundant protein and that it is O-glycosylated at four serine residues within the sequence S(152)-A-S(154)-S(155)-A-S(157) with, on average, seven Glc(α1-6) residues, each. Subcellular fractionation of strain CD034 indicated a sequential order of SlpB export and glucosylation as evidenced by lack of glucosylation of cytosolic SlpB. Protein glycosylation analysis was extended to strain L. buchneri NRRL B-30929 where an analogous glucosylation scenario could be detected, with the S-layer glycoprotein SlpN containing an O-glycosylation motif identical to that of SlpB. This corroborates previous data on S-layer protein glucosylation of strain 41021/251 and let us propose a species-wide S-layer protein O-glucosylation in L. buchneri targeted at the sequence motif S-A-S-S-A-S. Search of the L. buchneri genomes for the said glucosylation motif revealed one further ORF, encoding the putative glycosyl-hydrolase LbGH25B and LbGH25N in L. buchneri CD034 and NRRL B-30929, respectively, for which we have indications of a glycosylation comparable to that of the S-layer proteins. These findings demonstrate the presence of a distinct protein O-glucosylation system in Gram-positive and beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Anzengruber
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria,
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Frirdich E, Gaynor EC. Peptidoglycan hydrolases, bacterial shape, and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:767-78. [PMID: 24121030 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial shape has always been hypothesized to play an important role in the biology of a species and in the ability of certain bacteria to influence human health. The recent discovery of peptidoglycan hydrolases that modulate shape has now allowed this hypothesis to be addressed directly. Genetic, biochemical, and phenotypic studies have found that changes in shape and underlying peptidoglycan structure influence many pathogenic attributes including surviving unfavorable conditions, predation, transmission, colonization, and host interactions. The diversity of bacterial shapes, niches, and lifestyles is also reflected in diverse mechanisms of hydrolase regulation, critical for maintaining peptidoglycan integrity and biological properties of the cell. Future studies will build on the current work described and further elucidate the intersection of peptidoglycan hydrolase activity, shape, and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilisa Frirdich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z3
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50
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Yan F, Liu L, Dempsey PJ, Tsai YH, Raines EW, Wilson CL, Cao H, Cao Z, Liu L, Polk DB. A Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived soluble protein, p40, stimulates ligand release from intestinal epithelial cells to transactivate epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30742-30751. [PMID: 24043629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived soluble protein, ameliorates intestinal injury and colitis, reduces apoptosis, and preserves barrier function by transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) in intestinal epithelial cells. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanisms by which p40 transactivates the EGFR in intestinal epithelial cells. Here we show that p40-conditioned medium activates EGFR in young adult mouse colon epithelial cells and human colonic epithelial cell line, T84 cells. p40 up-regulates a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17) catalytic activity, and broad spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitors block EGFR transactivation by p40 in these two cell lines. In ADAM17-deficient mouse colonic epithelial (ADAM17(-/-) MCE) cells, p40 transactivation of EGFR is blocked, but can be rescued by re-expression with WT ADAM17. Furthermore, p40 stimulates release of heparin binding (HB)-EGF, but not transforming growth factor (TGF)α or amphiregulin, in young adult mouse colon cells and ADAM17(-/-) MCE cells overexpressing WT ADAM17. Knockdown of HB-EGF expression by siRNA suppresses p40 effects on transactivating EGFR and Akt, preventing apoptosis, and preserving tight junction function. The effects of p40 on HB-EGF release and ADAM17 activation in vivo are examined after administration of p40-containing pectin/zein hydrogel beads to mice. p40 stimulates ADAM17 activity and EGFR activation in colonic epithelial cells and increases HB-EGF levels in blood from WT mice, but not from mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific ADAM17 deletion. Thus, these data define a mechanism of a probiotic-derived soluble protein in modulating intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis through ADAM17-mediated HB-EGF release, leading to transactivation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yan
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and
| | | | - Peter J Dempsey
- the Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- the Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Elaine W Raines
- the Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Carole L Wilson
- the Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Hailong Cao
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and; the Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - LinShu Liu
- the Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, and
| | - D Brent Polk
- the Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California and Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90089.
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