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Franks NR, Worley A, Fortune GT, Goldstein RE, Sendova-Franks AB. Seeking safety: Movement dynamics after post-contact immobility. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307370. [PMID: 39172761 PMCID: PMC11340899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-contact immobility (PCI) is a final attempt to avoid predation. Here, for the first time, we examine the pattern of movement and immobility when antlion larvae resume activity after PCI. To simulate contact with, and escape from, a predator we dropped the larvae onto three different substrates: Paper, Shallow sand (2.3mm-deep) and Deep sand (4.6mm-deep). The Paper lining a Petri dish represented a hard surface that antlion larvae could not penetrate to hide. The Shallow sand permitted the antlions to dig but not to submerge completely whereas the Deep sand allowed them both to dig and to submerge. We tracked their paths automatically and recorded alternating immobility and movement durations over 90min. On the impenetrable substrate, antlion larvae showed super-diffusive dispersal, their movement durations became longer, their immobility durations became shorter and their instantaneous speeds increased. This is consistent with the antlions needing to leave an area of hard substrate and quickly to find somewhere to hide. On Shallow sand, antlion larvae exhibited a modest increase in movement duration, a modest decrease in immobility duration and a concomitant diffusive dispersal. This is consistent with their use of a spiral search, presumably for a suitable depth of sand, to conceal themselves. On Deep sand, the movement and immobility durations of the antlion larvae did not change and their dispersal was sub-diffusive because they were able to bury themselves. On Paper, the distribution of immobility durations had a long tail, consistent with a log-normal distribution. On Shallow and Deep sand, most of the distribution was fitted better by a power law or a log-normal. Our results suggest that PCI in antlion larvae is a disruptive event and that post-PCI movement and immobility gradually return to the pattern typical of intermittent locomotion, depending on the scope for burying and hiding in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel R. Franks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Worley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George T. Fortune
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond E. Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Gowda SBM, Banu A, Hussain S, Mohammad F. Neuronal mechanisms regulating locomotion in adult Drosophila. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25332. [PMID: 38646942 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The coordinated action of multiple leg joints and muscles is required even for the simplest movements. Understanding the neuronal circuits and mechanisms that generate precise movements is essential for comprehending the neuronal basis of the locomotion and to infer the neuronal mechanisms underlying several locomotor-related diseases. Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model system for investigating the neuronal circuits underlying motor behaviors due to its simple nervous system and genetic accessibility. This review discusses current genetic methods for studying locomotor circuits and their function in adult Drosophila. We highlight recently identified neuronal pathways that modulate distinct forward and backward locomotion and describe the underlying neuronal control of leg swing and stance phases in freely moving flies. We also report various automated leg tracking methods to measure leg motion parameters and define inter-leg coordination, gait and locomotor speed of freely moving adult flies. Finally, we emphasize the role of leg proprioceptive signals to central motor circuits in leg coordination. Together, this review highlights the utility of adult Drosophila as a model to uncover underlying motor circuitry and the functional organization of the leg motor system that governs correct movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha B M Gowda
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayesha Banu
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Sadam Hussain
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Farhan Mohammad
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health and Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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3
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Baatrup E, Toft S. The velocity and quiescence distributions in spontaneous locomotion across animals vary between modes of movement. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Locomotion in animals follows simple mathematical rules: when active, most time is spent at lower velocities and exponentially decreasing time is spent at increasing velocities; when inactive, there is an abundance of short quiescence periods decreasing by an inverse power function towards longer quiescence periods. We investigated whether these mathematical rules are ‘universal’, i.e. followed by all animals independently of their modes of movement (walking, gliding/crawling, swimming) or their habitat (land, water). Using automated video tracking with high temporal and spatial resolution, we investigated the velocity and quiescence period distributions in ten species representing major divisions of the animal kingdom (snails, woodlice, springtail, beetle, fish, reptile, chicken and mouse). We confirm that the two functions are followed by most species, although we also found important exceptions: the snails and woodlice showed uni- or bimodal velocity distributions; the snails did not follow the inverse power law of quiescence periods. Thus, most animals running on legs or swimming follow the expected distributions, while other runners (isopods) and substrate gliders/crawlers (snails) do not. We suggest a difference in velocity distribution between animals that use running to escape predators and those that do not (snails and woodlice).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Baatrup
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Søren Toft
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 116, DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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4
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El Husseiny IM, El Kholy S, Mohamed AZ, Meshrif WS, Elbrense H. Alterations in biogenic amines levels associated with age-related muscular tissue impairment in Drosophila melanogaster. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3739-3748. [PMID: 35844402 PMCID: PMC9280237 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While holding on youth may be a universal wish, aging is a natural process associated with physical and physiological impairment in living organisms. Drosophila provides useful insights into aging-related events. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the age-related changes in muscle function and architecture in relation to the biogenic amine titers. To achieve this aim, visceral and skeletal muscles performance was tested in newly-eclosed, sexually mature and old adult flies using climbing and gut motility assays. In addition, age-related ultrastructural alterations of muscular tissue were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The titer of selected biogenic amines was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that old flies were dramatically slower in upward movement than either newly-eclosed or sexually mature flies. Similarly, gut contraction rate was significantly lower in old flies than the sexually mature, although it was markedly higher than that in the newly-eclosed flies. In TEM examination, there were several ultrastructural changes in the midgut epithelium, legs and thorax muscles of old flies. Regarding biogenic amine titers, the old flies had significantly lower concentrations of octopamine, dopamine and serotonin than the sexually mature. We concluded that aging has adverse effects on muscular system function and ultrastructure, synchronized with biogenic amine titers changes. Our results highlighted the need for more researches on therapeutics that may balance the levels of age-related alterations in biogenic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. El Husseiny
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Samar El Kholy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Wesam S. Meshrif
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Elbrense
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
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5
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Anomalous Stochastic Transport of Particles with Self-Reinforcement and Mittag–Leffler Distributed Rest Times. FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract5040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a persistent random walk model for the stochastic transport of particles involving self-reinforcement and a rest state with Mittag–Leffler distributed residence times. The model involves a system of hyperbolic partial differential equations with a non-local switching term described by the Riemann–Liouville derivative. From Monte Carlo simulations, we found that this model generates superdiffusion at intermediate times but reverts to subdiffusion in the long time asymptotic limit. To confirm this result, we derived the equation for the second moment and find that it is subdiffusive in the long time limit. Analyses of two simpler models are also included, which demonstrate the dominance of the Mittag–Leffler rest state leading to subdiffusion. The observation that transient superdiffusion occurs in an eventually subdiffusive system is a useful feature for applications in stochastic biological transport.
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6
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Hu C, Elbroch M, Meyer T, Pozdnyakov V, Yan J. Moving‐resting process with measurement error in animal movement modeling. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Hu
- Department of Statistics University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | | | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Natural Resources & the Environment University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | | | - Jun Yan
- Department of Statistics University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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7
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Baatrup E, Rasmussen AO, Malte H, Toft S. Exponential distribution of velocities and power distribution of quiescent periods in the spontaneous movement patterns of three hunting spiders. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Here, we investigate the spontaneous locomotor patterns in three spiders with different hunting strategies. The locomotor activity of adult wolf spiders Pardosa amentata, with a sit-and-move hunting strategy, has previously been demonstrated to follow strictly mathematical rules, with most time spent at lower velocities and exponentially decreasing time spent at increasing velocities. Likewise, they have an abundance of short quiescent (resting) periods following a power decay function towards longer quiescent periods. In the present study, we explored whether similar distributions were expressed in juveniles of P. amentata and in two other spider species with different hunting strategies: the sit-and-wait spider Xysticus cristatus and the actively searching sac spider Clubiona phragmitis. We found that all three spider species followed the same two general rules of movement. However, there were differences among the three species. On a logarithmic scale of exponential velocities and a double-logarithmic scale of the rest power decay function, the slopes of the lines for the three species differed. We propose that these differences reflect the behavioural and locomotor differences of the three hunting strategies. Furthermore, we compare our results with similar movement distributions in single cells, fruit flies, mice and even humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Baatrup
- Section for Zoophysiology, C. F. Møllersallé 3, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders O Rasmussen
- Section for Zoophysiology, C. F. Møllersallé 3, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Section for Zoophysiology, C. F. Møllersallé 3, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren Toft
- Section for Ecology, Genetics and Evolution, Ny Munkegade, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Xu X, Yang W, Tian B, Sui X, Chi W, Rao Y, Tang C. Quantitative investigation reveals distinct phases in Drosophila sleep. Commun Biol 2021; 4:364. [PMID: 33742082 PMCID: PMC7979771 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used as a model organism for the molecular and genetic dissection of sleeping behaviors. However, most previous studies were based on qualitative or semi-quantitative characterizations. Here we quantified sleep in flies. We set up an assay to continuously track the activity of flies using infrared camera, which monitored the movement of tens of flies simultaneously with high spatial and temporal resolution. We obtained accurate statistics regarding the rest and sleep patterns of single flies. Analysis of our data has revealed a general pattern of rest and sleep: the rest statistics obeyed a power law distribution and the sleep statistics obeyed an exponential distribution. Thus, a resting fly would start to move again with a probability that decreased with the time it has rested, whereas a sleeping fly would wake up with a probability independent of how long it had slept. Resting transits to sleeping at time scales of minutes. Our method allows quantitative investigations of resting and sleeping behaviors and our results provide insights for mechanisms of falling into and waking up from sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochan Xu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Capital Medical University, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Binghui Tian
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuwen Sui
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilai Chi
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Movement patterns of the grey field slug (Deroceras reticulatum) in an arable field. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17970. [PMID: 33087800 PMCID: PMC7578660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the results of an experiment on radio-tracking of individual grey field slugs in an arable field and associated data modelling designed to investigate the effect of slug population density in their movement. Slugs were collected in a commercial winter wheat field in which a 5x6 trapping grid had been established with 2m distance between traps. The slugs were taken to the laboratory, radio-tagged using a recently developed procedure, and following a recovery period released into the same field. Seventeen tagged slugs were released singly (sparse release) on the same grid node on which they had been caught. Eleven tagged slugs were released as a group (dense release). Each of the slugs was radio-tracked for approximately 10 h during which their position was recorded ten times. The tracking data were analysed using the Correlated Random Walk framework. The analysis revealed that all components of slug movement (mean speed, turning angles and movement/resting times) were significantly different between the two treatments. On average, the slugs released as a group disperse more slowly than slugs released individually and their turning angle has a clear anticlockwise bias. The results clearly suggest that population density is a factor regulating slug movement.
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10
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Covert sleep-related biological processes are revealed by probabilistic analysis in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10024-10034. [PMID: 32303656 PMCID: PMC7211995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917573117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced sleep duration and disrupted sleep quality are correlated with adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Better tools for measuring the internal drives for sleep and wake in model organisms would facilitate understanding the role of sleep quality in health. We defined two conditional probabilities, P(Wake) and P(Doze), that can be calculated from recordings of Drosophila activity without disturbing the animal. We demonstrated that P(Wake) is a measure of sleep depth and that P(Doze) is a measure of sleep pressure. In parallel, we developed an automatic classifier for state-based analysis of Drosophila behavior. These analysis tools will improve our understanding of the pharmacology and neuronal regulation of behavioral drives in the Drosophila brain. Sleep pressure and sleep depth are key regulators of wake and sleep. Current methods of measuring these parameters in Drosophila melanogaster have low temporal resolution and/or require disrupting sleep. Here we report analysis tools for high-resolution, noninvasive measurement of sleep pressure and depth from movement data. Probability of initiating activity, P(Wake), measures sleep depth while probability of ceasing activity, P(Doze), measures sleep pressure. In vivo and computational analyses show that P(Wake) and P(Doze) are largely independent and control the amount of total sleep. We also develop a Hidden Markov Model that allows visualization of distinct sleep/wake substates. These hidden states have a predictable relationship with P(Doze) and P(Wake), suggesting that the methods capture the same behaviors. Importantly, we demonstrate that both the Doze/Wake probabilities and the sleep/wake substates are tied to specific biological processes. These metrics provide greater mechanistic insight into behavior than measuring the amount of sleep alone.
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11
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Howard CE, Chen CL, Tabachnik T, Hormigo R, Ramdya P, Mann RS. Serotonergic Modulation of Walking in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4218-4230.e8. [PMID: 31786064 PMCID: PMC6935052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To navigate complex environments, animals must generate highly robust, yet flexible, locomotor behaviors. For example, walking speed must be tailored to the needs of a particular environment. Not only must animals choose the correct speed and gait, they must also adapt to changing conditions and quickly respond to sudden and surprising new stimuli. Neuromodulators, particularly the small biogenic amine neurotransmitters, have the ability to rapidly alter the functional outputs of motor circuits. Here, we show that the serotonergic system in the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, can modulate walking speed in a variety of contexts and also change how flies respond to sudden changes in the environment. These multifaceted roles of serotonin in locomotion are differentially mediated by a family of serotonergic receptors with distinct activities and expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Howard
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chin-Lin Chen
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanya Tabachnik
- Advanced Instrumentation Group, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rick Hormigo
- Advanced Instrumentation Group, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Pavan Ramdya
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard S Mann
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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12
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Hirayama J, Alifu Y, Hamabe R, Yamaguchi S, Tomita J, Maruyama Y, Asaoka Y, Nakahama KI, Tamaru T, Takamatsu K, Takamatsu N, Hattori A, Nishina S, Azuma N, Kawahara A, Kume K, Nishina H. The clock components Period2, Cryptochrome1a, and Cryptochrome2a function in establishing light-dependent behavioral rhythms and/or total activity levels in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:196. [PMID: 30655599 PMCID: PMC6336812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock generates behavioral rhythms to maximize an organism’s physiological efficiency. Light induces the formation of these rhythms by synchronizing cellular clocks. In zebrafish, the circadian clock components Period2 (zPER2) and Cryptochrome1a (zCRY1a) are light-inducible, however their physiological functions are unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of zPER2 and zCRY1a in regulating locomotor activity and behavioral rhythms. zPer2/zCry1a double knockout (DKO) zebrafish displayed defects in total locomotor activity and in forming behavioral rhythms when briefly exposed to light for 3-h. Exposing DKO zebrafish to 12-h light improved behavioral rhythm formation, but not total activity. Our data suggest that the light-inducible circadian clock regulator zCRY2a supports rhythmicity in DKO animals exposed to 12-h light. Single cell imaging analysis revealed that zPER2, zCRY1a, and zCRY2a function in synchronizing cellular clocks. Furthermore, microarray analysis of DKO zebrafish showed aberrant expression of genes involved regulating cellular metabolism, including ATP production. Overall, our results suggest that zPER2, zCRY1a and zCRY2a help to synchronize cellular clocks in a light-dependent manner, thus contributing to behavioral rhythm formation in zebrafish. Further, zPER2 and zCRY1a regulate total physical activity, likely via regulating cellular energy metabolism. Therefore, these circadian clock components regulate the rhythmicity and amount of locomotor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirayama
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Yikelamu Alifu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rin Hamabe
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Yamaguchi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Asaoka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakahama
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruya Tamaru
- Department of Physiology and Advanced Research Center for Medical Science, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Takamatsu
- Department of Physiology and Advanced Research Center for Medical Science, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Takamatsu
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Nishina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory for Visual Science, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Laboratory for Visual Science, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Education and Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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13
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Cascallares G, Riva S, Franco DL, Risau-Gusman S, Gleiser PM. Role of the circadian clock in the statistics of locomotor activity in Drosophila. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202505. [PMID: 30138403 PMCID: PMC6107170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animals the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock. Using custom made housing and video tracking software in order to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution, we studied the statistical properties of the locomotor activity of wild type and two clock mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. We show here that the distributions of activity and quiescence bouts for the clock mutants in light-dark conditions (LD) are very different from the distributions obtained when there are no external cues from the environment (DD). In the wild type these distributions are very similar, showing that the clock controls this aspect of behavior in both regimes (LD and DD). Furthermore, the distributions are very similar to those reported for Wistar rats. For the timing of events we also observe important differences, quantified by how the event rate distributions scale for increasing time windows. We find that for the wild type these distributions can be rescaled by the same function in DD as in LD. Interestingly, the same function has been shown to rescale the rate distributions in Wistar rats. On the other hand, for the clock mutants it is not possible to rescale the rate distributions, which might indicate that the extent of circadian control depends on the statistical properties of activity and quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Cascallares
- Statistical and Interdisciplinary Physics Group, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Riva
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - D. Lorena Franco
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Risau-Gusman
- Statistical and Interdisciplinary Physics Group, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Pablo M. Gleiser
- Statistical and Interdisciplinary Physics Group, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Medical Physics Department, CONICET and Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. E. Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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14
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Fernandez RW, Akinleye AA, Nurilov M, Feliciano O, Lollar M, Aijuri RR, O'Donnell JM, Simon AF. Modulation of social space by dopamine in Drosophila melanogaster, but no effect on the avoidance of the Drosophila stress odorant. Biol Lett 2017; 13:rsbl.2017.0369. [PMID: 28794277 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate response to others is necessary for social interactions. Yet little is known about how neurotransmitters regulate attractive and repulsive social cues. Using genetic and pharmacological manipulations in Drosophila melanogaster, we show that dopamine is contributing the response to others in a social group, specifically, social spacing, but not the avoidance of odours released by stressed flies (dSO). Interestingly, this dopamine-mediated behaviour is prominent only in the day-time, and its effect varies depending on tissue, sex and type of manipulation. Furthermore, alteration of dopamine levels has no effect on dSO avoidance regardless of sex, which suggests that a different neurotransmitter regulates this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Marat Nurilov
- Department of Biology, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Omar Feliciano
- Department of Biology, York College/CUNY, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Lollar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Rami R Aijuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Janis M O'Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Anne F Simon
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Hasegawa T, Tomita J, Hashimoto R, Ueno T, Kume S, Kume K. Sweetness induces sleep through gustatory signalling independent of nutritional value in a starved fruit fly. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14355. [PMID: 29084998 PMCID: PMC5662574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Starvation reduces sleep in various animal species including humans and fruit flies. Immediate hunger and the following insufficient nutritional status resulting from starvation may affect sleep and arousal differently. In order to clarify the mechanism underlying the relationship between diet and sleep, we analysed the sleep behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster that were either starved or fed with different types of sugars. Starved flies showed longer activity bouts, short sleep bouts and a decreased arousal threshold. Non-nutritive sweeteners such as sucralose and arabinose, which are sweet but not nutritive, induced sleep in starved flies, but sleep bout length and the arousal threshold was short and decreased, respectively. On the other hand, sorbitol, which is not sweet but nutritive, did not induce sleep, but slightly increased the lowered arousal threshold. Activation of sweetness receptor expressing neurons induced sleep in starved flies. These results suggest that sweetness alone is sufficient to induce sleep in starved flies and that the nutritional status affects sleep homeostasis by decreasing the arousal threshold, which resulted in short sleep bouts in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taro Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Toho University, Faculty of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan. .,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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16
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A random acceleration model of individual animal movement allowing for diffusive, superdiffusive and superballistic regimes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14364. [PMID: 29085003 PMCID: PMC5662607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of individual animal movement attracted considerable attention over the last two decades. In particular, question as to whether animal movement is predominantly diffusive or superdiffusive has been a focus of discussion and controversy. We consider this problem using a theory of stochastic motion based on the Langevin equation with non-Wiener stochastic forcing that originates in animal’s response to environmental noise. We show that diffusive and superdiffusive types of motion are inherent parts of the same general movement process that arises as interplay between the force exerted by animals (essentially, by animal’s muscles) and the environmental drag. The movement is superballistic with the mean square displacement growing with time as \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {x}^{2}(t)\rangle \sim {t}^{4}$$\end{document}〈x2(t)〉∼t4 at the beginning and eventually slowing down to the diffusive spread \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\langle {x}^{2}(t)\rangle \sim t$$\end{document}〈x2(t)〉∼t. We show that the duration of the superballistic and superdiffusive stages can be long depending on the properties of the environmental noise and the intensity of drag. Our findings demonstrate theoretically how the movement pattern that includes diffusive and superdiffusive/superballistic motion arises naturally as a result of the interplay between the dissipative properties of the environment and the animal’s biological traits such as the body mass, typical movement velocity and the typical duration of uninterrupted movement.
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17
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Genes and neural circuits for sleep of the fruit fly. Neurosci Res 2017; 118:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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The fractal organization of ultradian rhythms in avian behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:684. [PMID: 28386121 PMCID: PMC5429634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Living systems exhibit non-randomly organized biochemical, physiological, and behavioral processes that follow distinctive patterns. In particular, animal behavior displays both fractal dynamics and periodic rhythms yet the relationship between these two dynamic regimens remain unexplored. Herein we studied locomotor time series of visually isolated Japanese quails sampled every 0.5 s during 6.5 days (>106 data points). These high-resolution, week-long, time series enabled simultaneous evaluation of ultradian rhythms as well as fractal organization according to six different analytical methods that included Power Spectrum, Enright, Empirical Mode Decomposition, Wavelet, and Detrended Fluctuation analyses. Time series analyses showed that all birds exhibit circadian rhythms. Although interindividual differences were detected, animals presented ultradian behavioral rhythms of 12, 8, 6, 4.8, 4 h and/or lower and, irrespective of visual isolation, synchronization between these ultradian rhythms was observed. Moreover, all birds presented similar overall fractal dynamics (for scales ∼30 s to >4.4 h). This is the first demonstration that avian behavior presents fractal organization that predominates at shorter time scales and coexists with synchronized ultradian rhythms. This chronobiological pattern is advantageous for keeping the organism’s endogenous rhythms in phase with internal and environmental periodicities, notably the feeding, light-dark and sleep-wake cycles.
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19
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Tilles PFC, Petrovskii SV, Natti PL. A random walk description of individual animal movement accounting for periods of rest. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160566. [PMID: 28018645 PMCID: PMC5180143 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Animals do not move all the time but alternate the period of actual movement (foraging) with periods of rest (e.g. eating or sleeping). Although the existence of rest times is widely acknowledged in the literature and has even become a focus of increased attention recently, the theoretical approaches to describe animal movement by calculating the dispersal kernel and/or the mean squared displacement (MSD) rarely take rests into account. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap. We consider a composite stochastic process where the periods of active dispersal or 'bouts' (described by a certain baseline probability density function (pdf) of animal dispersal) alternate with periods of immobility. For this process, we derive a general equation that determines the pdf of this composite movement. The equation is analysed in detail in two special but important cases such as the standard Brownian motion described by a Gaussian kernel and the Levy flight described by a Cauchy distribution. For the Brownian motion, we show that in the large-time asymptotics the effect of rests results in a rescaling of the diffusion coefficient. The movement occurs as a subdiffusive transition between the two diffusive asymptotics. Interestingly, the Levy flight case shows similar properties, which indicates a certain universality of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F. C. Tilles
- Departamento de Matematica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Departamento de Matematica, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo L. Natti
- Departamento de Matematica, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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20
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Bearup D, Benefer CM, Petrovskii SV, Blackshaw RP. Revisiting Brownian motion as a description of animal movement: a comparison to experimental movement data. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bearup
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment University of Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Carly M. Benefer
- School of Biological Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth PL4 8AAUK
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21
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Diamond JM. Goodness of fit to a mathematical model for Drosophila sleep behavior is reduced in hyposomnolent mutants. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1533. [PMID: 27004144 PMCID: PMC4800425 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved nature of sleep in Drosophila has allowed the fruit fly to emerge in the last decade as a powerful model organism in which to study sleep. Recent sleep studies in Drosophila have focused on the discovery and characterization of hyposomnolent mutants. One common feature of these animals is a change in sleep architecture: sleep bout count tends to be greater, and sleep bout length lower, in hyposomnolent mutants. I propose a mathematical model, produced by least-squares nonlinear regression to fit the form Y = aX∧b, which can explain sleep behavior in the healthy animal as well as previously-reported changes in total sleep and sleep architecture in hyposomnolent mutants. This model, fit to sleep data, yields coefficient of determination R squared, which describes goodness of fit. R squared is lower, as compared to control, in hyposomnolent mutants insomniac and fumin. My findings raise the possibility that low R squared is a feature of all hyposomnolent mutants, not just insomniac and fumin. If this were the case, R squared could emerge as a novel means by which sleep researchers might assess sleep dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Diamond
- Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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22
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Tomita J, Ueno T, Mitsuyoshi M, Kume S, Kume K. The NMDA Receptor Promotes Sleep in the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128101. [PMID: 26023770 PMCID: PMC4449117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence indicates that sleep is essential for learning and memory. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a novel model for studying sleep. We previously found a short sleeper mutant, fumin (fmn), and identified its mutation in the dopamine transporter gene. We reported similarities in the molecular basis of sleep and arousal regulation between mammals and Drosophila. In aversive olfactory learning tasks, fmn mutants demonstrate defective memory retention, which suggests an association between sleep and memory. In an attempt to discover additional sleep related genes in Drosophila, we carried out a microarray analysis comparing mRNA expression in heads of fmn and control flies and found that 563 genes are differentially expressed. Next, using the pan-neuronal Gal4 driver elav-Gal4 and UAS-RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown individual genes, we performed a functional screen. We found that knockdown of the NMDA type glutamate receptor channel gene (Nmdar1) (also known as dNR1) reduced sleep. The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) plays an important role in learning and memory both in Drosophila and mammals. The application of the NMDAR antagonist, MK-801, reduced sleep in control flies, but not in fmn. These results suggest that NMDAR promotes sleep regulation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tomita
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taro Ueno
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Mitsuyoshi
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Reynolds AM, Jones HBC, Hill JK, Pearson AJ, Wilson K, Wolf S, Lim KS, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW. Evidence for a pervasive 'idling-mode' activity template in flying and pedestrian insects. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150085. [PMID: 26064664 PMCID: PMC4453252 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex movement patterns of animals in natural environments is a key objective of 'movement ecology'. Complexity results from behavioural responses to external stimuli but can also arise spontaneously in their absence. Drawing on theoretical arguments about decision-making circuitry, we predict that the spontaneous patterns will be scale-free and universal, being independent of taxon and mode of locomotion. To test this hypothesis, we examined the activity patterns of the European honeybee, and multiple species of noctuid moth, tethered to flight mills and exposed to minimal external cues. We also reanalysed pre-existing data for Drosophila flies walking in featureless environments. Across these species, we found evidence of common scale-invariant properties in their movement patterns; pause and movement durations were typically power law distributed over a range of scales and characterized by exponents close to 3/2. Our analyses are suggestive of the presence of a pervasive scale-invariant template for locomotion which, when acted on by environmental cues, produces the movements with characteristic scales observed in nature. Our results indicate that scale-finite complexity as embodied, for instance, in correlated random walk models, may be the result of environmental cues overriding innate behaviour, and that scale-free movements may be intrinsic and not limited to 'blind' foragers as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley B. C. Jones
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Aislinn J. Pearson
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Stephan Wolf
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK
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24
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Ueno T, Kume K. [Sleep research with fruit fly]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2015; 145:134-9. [PMID: 25765495 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.145.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Hanna ME, Bednářová A, Rakshit K, Chaudhuri A, O'Donnell JM, Krishnan N. Perturbations in dopamine synthesis lead to discrete physiological effects and impact oxidative stress response in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 73:11-19. [PMID: 25585352 PMCID: PMC4699656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of mutations in four essential genes involved in dopamine (DA) synthesis and transport on longevity, motor behavior, and resistance to oxidative stress was monitored in Drosophila melanogaster. The fly lines used for this study were: (i) a loss of function mutation in Catecholamines up (Catsup(26)), which is a negative regulator of the rate limiting enzyme for DA synthesis, (ii) a mutant for the gene pale (ple(2)) that encodes for the rate limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), (iii) a mutant for the gene Punch (Pu(Z22)) that encodes guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, required for TH activity, and (iv) a mutant in the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT(Δ14)), which is required for packaging of DA as vesicles inside DA neurons. Median lifespans of ple(2), Pu(Z22) and VMAT(Δ14) mutants were significantly decreased compared to Catsup(26) and wild type controls that did not significantly differ between each other. Catsup(26) flies survived longer when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (80 μM) or paraquat (10mM) compared to ple(2), Pu(Z22) or VMAT(Δ14) and controls. These flies also exhibited significantly higher negative geotaxis activity compared to ple(2), Pu(Z22), VMAT(Δ14) and controls. All mutant flies demonstrated rhythmic circadian locomotor activity in general, albeit Catsup(26) and VMAT(Δ14) flies had slightly weaker rhythms. Expression analysis of some key antioxidant genes revealed that glutathione S-transferase Omega-1 (GSTO1) expression was significantly up-regulated in all DA synthesis pathway mutants and especially in Catsup(26) and VMAT(Δ14) flies at both mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, we hypothesize that DA could directly influence GSTO1 transcription and thus play a significant role in the regulation of response to oxidative stress. Additionally, perturbations in DA synthesis do not appear to have a significant impact on circadian locomotor activity rhythms per se, but do have an influence on general locomotor activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley E Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anathbandhu Chaudhuri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Stinson Mathematics and Science Building, 3601 Stillman Blvd, Stillman College, Tuscaloosa, AL 35043, USA
| | - Janis M O'Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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26
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Yamamoto S, Seto ES. Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms. Exp Anim 2014; 63:107-19. [PMID: 24770636 PMCID: PMC4160991 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in dopamine (DA) signaling have been implicated in a number of human neurologic
and psychiatric disorders. Similarly, defects in DA signaling in the fruit fly,
Drosophila melanogaster, have also been associated with several
behavioral defects. As most genes involved in DA synthesis, transport, secretion, and
signaling are conserved between species, Drosophila is a powerful genetic
model organism to study the regulation of DA signaling in vivo. In this
review, we will provide an overview of the genes and drugs that regulate DA biology in
Drosophila. Furthermore, we will discuss the behavioral paradigms that
are regulated by DA signaling in flies. By analyzing the genes and neuronal circuits that
govern such behaviors using sophisticated genetic, pharmacologic, electrophysiologic, and
imaging approaches in Drosophila, we will likely gain a better
understanding about how this neuromodulator regulates motor tasks and cognition in
humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston,TX77030, USA
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27
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Ueno T, Kume K. Functional characterization of dopamine transporter in vivo using Drosophila melanogaster behavioral assays. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:303. [PMID: 25232310 PMCID: PMC4153294 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine mediates diverse functions such as motivation, reward, attention, learning/memory and sleep/arousal. Recent studies using model organisms including the fruit fly, have elucidated various physiological functions of dopamine, and identified specific neural circuits for these functions. Flies with mutations in the Drosophila dopamine transporter (dDAT) gene show enhanced dopamine signaling, and short sleep and memory impairment phenotypes. However, understanding the mechanism by which dopamine signaling causes these phenotypes requires an understanding of the dynamics of dopamine release. Here we report the effects of dDAT expression on behavioral traits. We show that dDAT expression in a subset of dopaminergic neurons is sufficient for normal sleep. dDAT expression in other cell types such as Kenyon cells and glial cells can also rescue the short sleep phenotype of dDAT mutants. dDAT mutants also show a down-regulation of the D1-like dopamine receptor dDA1, and this phenotype is rescued when dDAT is expressed in the same cell types in which it rescues sleep. On the other hand, dDAT overexpression in mushroom bodies, which are the target of memory forming dopamine neurons, abolishes olfactory aversive memory. Our data demonstrate that expression of extrasynaptic dopamine transporters can rescue some aspects of dopamine signaling in dopamine transporter mutants. These results provide novel insights into regulatory systems that modulate dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan ; Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Mizuho, Nagoya, Japan
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28
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Wearmouth VJ, McHugh MJ, Humphries NE, Naegelen A, Ahmed MZ, Southall EJ, Reynolds AM, Sims DW. Scaling laws of ambush predator 'waiting' behaviour are tuned to a common ecology. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132997. [PMID: 24619440 PMCID: PMC3973260 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The decisions animals make about how long to wait between activities can determine the success of diverse behaviours such as foraging, group formation or risk avoidance. Remarkably, for diverse animal species, including humans, spontaneous patterns of waiting times show random 'burstiness' that appears scale-invariant across a broad set of scales. However, a general theory linking this phenomenon across the animal kingdom currently lacks an ecological basis. Here, we demonstrate from tracking the activities of 15 sympatric predator species (cephalopods, sharks, skates and teleosts) under natural and controlled conditions that bursty waiting times are an intrinsic spontaneous behaviour well approximated by heavy-tailed (power-law) models over data ranges up to four orders of magnitude. Scaling exponents quantifying ratios of frequent short to rare very long waits are species-specific, being determined by traits such as foraging mode (active versus ambush predation), body size and prey preference. A stochastic-deterministic decision model reproduced the empirical waiting time scaling and species-specific exponents, indicating that apparently complex scaling can emerge from simple decisions. Results indicate temporal power-law scaling is a behavioural 'rule of thumb' that is tuned to species' ecological traits, implying a common pattern may have naturally evolved that optimizes move-wait decisions in less predictable natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Wearmouth
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Matthew J. McHugh
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Nicolas E. Humphries
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Aurore Naegelen
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
- European Institute of Marine Studies (IUEM), University of Western Britanny, Place Nicolas Copernic 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Mohammed Z. Ahmed
- School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Emily J. Southall
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | | | - David W. Sims
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Kawabata M, Ueno T, Tomita J, Kawatani J, Tomoda A, Kume S, Kume K. Temporal organization of rest defined by actigraphy data in healthy and childhood chronic fatigue syndrome children. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:281. [PMID: 24188379 PMCID: PMC4228315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has shown a universality in the temporal organization of activity and rest among animals ranging from mammals to insects. Previous reports in both humans and mice showed that rest bout durations followed long-tailed (i.e., power-law) distributions, whereas activity bouts followed exponential distributions. We confirmed similar results in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Conversely, another report showed that the awakening bout durations, which were defined by polysomnography in bed, followed power-law distributions, while sleeping periods, which may correspond to rest, followed exponential distributions. This apparent discrepancy has been left to be resolved. METHODS Actigraphy data from healthy and disordered children were analyzed separately for two periods: time out of bed (UP period) and time in bed (DOWN period). RESULTS When data over a period of 24 h were analyzed as a whole, rest bouts showed a power law distribution as previously reported. However, when UP and DOWN period data were analyzed separately, neither showed power law properties. Using a newly developed strict method, only 30% of individuals satisfied the power law criteria, even when the 24 h data were analyzed. The human results were in contrast to the Drosophila results, which revealed clear power-law distributions for both day time and night time rest through the use of a strict method. In addition, we analyzed the actigraphy data from patients with childhood type chronic fatigue syndrome (CCFS), and found that they showed differences from healthy controls when their UP and DOWN data were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the DOWN sleep, the bout distribution of which showed exponential properties, contributes to the production of long-tail distributions in human rest periods. We propose that separate analysis of UP and DOWN period data is important for understanding the temporal organization of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Kawabata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taro Ueno
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Kuwamizu Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Tomita
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junko Kawatani
- Department of Child Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Department of Child Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Fukui University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Ueno T, Tomita J, Tanimoto H, Endo K, Ito K, Kume S, Kume K. Identification of a dopamine pathway that regulates sleep and arousal in Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1516-23. [PMID: 23064381 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is required to maintain physiological functions, including memory, and is regulated by monoamines across species. Enhancement of dopamine signals by a mutation in the dopamine transporter (DAT) decreases sleep, but the underlying dopamine circuit responsible for this remains unknown. We found that the D1 dopamine receptor (DA1) in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFSB) mediates the arousal effect of dopamine in Drosophila. The short sleep phenotype of the DAT mutant was completely rescued by an additional mutation in the DA1 (also known as DopR) gene, but expression of wild-type DA1 in the dFSB restored the short sleep phenotype. We found anatomical and physiological connections between dopamine neurons and the dFSB neuron. Finally, we used mosaic analysis with a repressive marker and found that a single dopamine neuron projecting to the FSB activated arousal. These results suggest that a local dopamine pathway regulates sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ueno
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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