1
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Yin K, Büttner M, Deligiannis IK, Strzelecki M, Zhang L, Talavera-López C, Theis F, Odom DT, Martinez-Jimenez CP. Polyploidisation pleiotropically buffers ageing in hepatocytes. J Hepatol 2024; 81:289-302. [PMID: 38583492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polyploidy in hepatocytes has been proposed as a genetic mechanism to buffer against transcriptional dysregulation. Here, we aim to demonstrate the role of polyploidy in modulating gene regulatory networks in hepatocytes during ageing. METHODS We performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing in hepatocyte nuclei of different ploidy levels isolated from young and old wild-type mice. Changes in the gene expression and regulatory network were compared to three independent strains that were haploinsufficient for HNF4A, CEBPA or CTCF, representing non-deleterious perturbations. Phenotypic characteristics of the liver section were additionally evaluated histologically, whereas the genomic allele composition of hepatocytes was analysed by BaseScope. RESULTS We observed that ageing in wild-type mice results in nuclei polyploidy and a marked increase in steatosis. Haploinsufficiency of liver-specific master regulators (HFN4A or CEBPA) results in the enrichment of hepatocytes with tetraploid nuclei at a young age, affecting the genomic regulatory network, and dramatically suppressing ageing-related steatosis tissue wide. Notably, these phenotypes are not the result of subtle disruption to liver-specific transcriptional networks, since haploinsufficiency in the CTCF insulator protein resulted in the same phenotype. Further quantification of genotypes of tetraploid hepatocytes in young and old HFN4A-haploinsufficient mice revealed that during ageing, tetraploid hepatocytes lead to the selection of wild-type alleles, restoring non-deleterious genetic perturbations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a model whereby polyploidisation leads to fundamentally different cell states. Polyploid conversion enables pleiotropic buffering against age-related decline via non-random allelic segregation to restore a wild-type genome. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The functional role of hepatocyte polyploidisation during ageing is poorly understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing and BaseScope approaches, we have studied ploidy dynamics during ageing in murine livers with non-deleterious genetic perturbations. We have identified that hepatocytes present different cellular states and the ability to buffer ageing-associated dysfunctions. Tetraploid nuclei exhibit robust transcriptional networks and are better adapted to genomically overcome perturbations. Novel therapeutic interventions aimed at attenuating age-related changes in tissue function could be exploited by manipulation of ploidy dynamics during chronic liver conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yin
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maren Büttner
- Institute of Computational Biology, Computational Health Department, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Liwei Zhang
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Talavera-López
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität Klinikum, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Computational Health Department, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Department of Mathematics, 85748 Garching. Munich, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Duncan T Odom
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Regulatory Genomics and Cancer Evolution (B270), Heidelberg, Germany; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB20RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Celia P Martinez-Jimenez
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus (HPC), Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
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2
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Chiu K, Berrada Y, Eskndir N, Song D, Fong C, Naughton S, Chen T, Moy S, Gyurmey S, James L, Ezeiruaku C, Capistran C, Lowey D, Diwanji V, Peterson S, Parakh H, Burgess AR, Probert C, Zhu A, Anderson B, Levi N, Gerlitz G, Packard MC, Dorfman KA, Bahiru MS, Stephens AD. CTCF is essential for proper mitotic spindle structure and anaphase segregation. Chromosoma 2024; 133:183-194. [PMID: 37728741 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process in which the duplicated genome is segregated equally into two daughter cells. CTCF has been reported to be present in mitosis and has a role in localizing CENP-E, but its importance for mitotic fidelity remains to be determined. To evaluate the importance of CTCF in mitosis, we tracked mitotic behaviors in wild-type and two different CTCF CRISPR-based genetic knockdowns. We find that knockdown of CTCF results in prolonged mitoses and failed anaphase segregation via time-lapse imaging of SiR-DNA. CTCF knockdown did not alter cell cycling or the mitotic checkpoint, which was activated upon nocodazole treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging of the mitotic spindle in CTCF knockdowns revealed disorganization via tri/tetrapolar spindles and chromosomes behind the spindle pole. Imaging of interphase nuclei showed that nuclear size increased drastically, consistent with failure to divide the duplicated genome in anaphase. Long-term inhibition of CNEP-E via GSK923295 recapitulates CTCF knockdown abnormal mitotic spindles with polar chromosomes and increased nuclear sizes. Population measurements of nuclear shape in CTCF knockdowns do not display decreased circularity or increased nuclear blebbing relative to wild-type. However, failed mitoses do display abnormal nuclear morphologies relative to successful mitoses, suggesting that population images do not capture individual behaviors. Thus, CTCF is important for both proper metaphase organization and anaphase segregation which impacts the size and shape of the interphase nucleus likely through its known role in recruiting CENP-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nebiyat Eskndir
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Dasol Song
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Claire Fong
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Naughton
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Savanna Moy
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Gyurmey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Liam James
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Chimere Ezeiruaku
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Caroline Capistran
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel Lowey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Vedang Diwanji
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Samantha Peterson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Harshini Parakh
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ayanna R Burgess
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cassandra Probert
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Annie Zhu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Bryn Anderson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nehora Levi
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mary C Packard
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Katherine A Dorfman
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael Seifu Bahiru
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Andrew D Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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3
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Wang B, Bian Q. Regulation of 3D genome organization during T cell activation. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38944686 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Within the three-dimensional (3D) nuclear space, the genome organizes into a series of orderly structures that impose important influences on gene regulation. T lymphocytes, crucial players in adaptive immune responses, undergo intricate transcriptional remodeling upon activation, leading to differentiation into specific effector and memory T cell subsets. Recent evidence suggests that T cell activation is accompanied by dynamic changes in genome architecture at multiple levels, providing a unique biological context to explore the functional relevance and molecular mechanisms of 3D genome organization. Here, we summarize recent advances that link the reorganization of genome architecture to the remodeling of transcriptional programs and conversion of cell fates during T cell activation and differentiation. We further discuss how various chromatin architecture regulators, including CCCTC-binding factor and several transcription factors, collectively modulate the genome architecture during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Wang
- Shanghai lnstitute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Qian Bian
- Shanghai lnstitute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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4
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Mensah IK, Gowher H. Epigenetic Regulation of Mammalian Cardiomyocyte Development. EPIGENOMES 2024; 8:25. [PMID: 39051183 PMCID: PMC11270418 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes8030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ formed during mammalian development and functions to distribute nutrients and oxygen to other parts of the developing embryo. Cardiomyocytes are the major cell types of the heart and provide both structural support and contractile function to the heart. The successful differentiation of cardiomyocytes during early development is under tight regulation by physical and molecular factors. We have reviewed current studies on epigenetic factors critical for cardiomyocyte differentiation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodelers, and noncoding RNAs. This review also provides comprehensive details on structural and morphological changes associated with the differentiation of fetal and postnatal cardiomyocytes and highlights their differences. A holistic understanding of all aspects of cardiomyocyte development is critical for the successful in vitro differentiation of cardiomyocytes for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Humaira Gowher
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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5
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Do C, Jiang G, Cova G, Katsifis CC, Narducci DN, Yang J, Sakellaropoulos T, Vidal R, Lhoumaud P, Tsirigos A, Regis FFD, Kakabadze N, Nora EP, Noyes M, Cheng X, Hansen AS, Skok JA. Brain and cancer associated binding domain mutations provide insight into CTCF's relationship with chromatin and its ability to act as a chromatin organizer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575070. [PMID: 38370764 PMCID: PMC10871189 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Although only a fraction of CTCF motifs are bound in any cell type, and approximately half of the occupied sites overlap cohesin, the mechanisms underlying cell-type specific attachment and ability to function as a chromatin organizer remain unknown. To investigate the relationship between CTCF and chromatin we applied a combination of imaging, structural and molecular approaches, using a series of brain and cancer associated CTCF mutations that act as CTCF perturbations. We demonstrate that binding and the functional impact of WT and mutant CTCF depend not only on the unique properties of each protein, but also on the genomic context of bound sites. Our studies also highlight the reciprocal relationship between CTCF and chromatin, demonstrating that the unique binding properties of WT and mutant proteins have a distinct impact on accessibility, TF binding, cohesin overlap, chromatin interactivity and gene expression programs, providing insight into their cancer and brain related effects. Graphical abstract
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6
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Crewe M, Segev A, Rueda R, Madabhushi R. Atypical Modes of CTCF Binding Facilitate Tissue-Specific and Neuronal Activity-Dependent Gene Expression States. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3240-3257. [PMID: 37979036 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Multivalent binding of CTCF to variable DNA sequences is thought to underlie its ability to mediate diverse cellular functions. CTCF typically binds a 20 base-pair consensus DNA sequence, but the full diversity of CTCF binding sites (CBS) within the genome has not been interrogated. We assessed CTCF occupancy in cultured cortical neurons and observed surprisingly that ~ 22% of CBS lack the consensus CTCF motif. We report here that sequence diversity at most of these atypical CBS involves degeneracy at specific nucleotide positions within the consensus CTCF motif, which likely affect the binding of CTCF zinc fingers 6 and 7. This mode of atypical CTCF binding defines most CBS at gene promoters, as well as CBS that are dynamically altered during neural differentiation and following neuronal stimulation, revealing how atypical CTCF binding could influence gene activity. Dynamic CBS are distributed both within and outside loop anchors and TAD boundaries, suggesting both looping-dependent and independent roles for CTCF. Finally, we describe a second mode of atypical CTCF binding to DNA sequences that are completely unrelated to the consensus CTCF motif, which are enriched within the bodies of tissue-specific genes. These tissue-specific atypical CBS are also enriched in H3K27ac, which marks cis-regulatory elements within chromatin, including enhancers. Overall, these results indicate how atypical CBS could dynamically regulate gene activity patterns during differentiation, development, and in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Crewe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Amir Segev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard Rueda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ram Madabhushi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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7
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Tang X, Zeng P, Liu K, Qing L, Sun Y, Liu X, Lu L, Wei C, Wang J, Jiang S, Sun J, Chang W, Yu H, Chen H, Zhou J, Xu C, Fan L, Miao YL, Ding J. The PTM profiling of CTCF reveals the regulation of 3D chromatin structure by O-GlcNAcylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2813. [PMID: 38561336 PMCID: PMC10985093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved protein, is known to play a critical role in chromatin structure. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) diversify the functions of protein to regulate numerous cellular processes. However, the effects of PTMs on the genome-wide binding of CTCF and the organization of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure have not been fully understood. In this study, we uncovered the PTM profiling of CTCF and demonstrated that CTCF can be O-GlcNAcylated and arginine methylated. Functionally, we demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation inhibits CTCF binding to chromatin. Meanwhile, deficiency of CTCF O-GlcNAcylation results in the disruption of loop domains and the alteration of chromatin loops associated with cellular development. Furthermore, the deficiency of CTCF O-GlcNAcylation increases the expression of developmental genes and negatively regulates maintenance and establishment of stem cell pluripotency. In conclusion, these results provide key insights into the role of PTMs for the 3D chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiao Tang
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Pengguihang Zeng
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Kezhi Liu
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li Qing
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lizi Lu
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chao Wei
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia Wang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Shaoshuai Jiang
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Sun
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wakam Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Haopeng Yu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hebing Chen
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiaguo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiac & Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chengfang Xu
- The obstetric and gynecology Department of The third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lili Fan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Junjun Ding
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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8
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Monteagudo-Sánchez A, Noordermeer D, Greenberg MVC. The impact of DNA methylation on CTCF-mediated 3D genome organization. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:404-412. [PMID: 38499830 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Cytosine DNA methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic mark in eukaryotes. Although the role of DNA methylation at gene promoters and repetitive elements has been extensively studied, the function of DNA methylation in other genomic contexts remains less clear. In the nucleus of mammalian cells, the genome is spatially organized at different levels, and strongly influences myriad genomic processes. There are a number of factors that regulate the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the genome, with the CTCF insulator protein being among the most well-characterized. Pertinently, CTCF binding has been reported as being DNA methylation-sensitive in certain contexts, perhaps most notably in the process of genomic imprinting. Therefore, it stands to reason that DNA methylation may play a broader role in the regulation of chromatin architecture. Here we summarize the current understanding that is relevant to both the mammalian DNA methylation and chromatin architecture fields and attempt to assess the extent to which DNA methylation impacts the folding of the genome. The focus is in early embryonic development and cellular transitions when the epigenome is in flux, but we also describe insights from pathological contexts, such as cancer, in which the epigenome and 3D genome organization are misregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daan Noordermeer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Kretschmer M, Fischer V, Gapp K. When Dad's Stress Gets under Kid's Skin-Impacts of Stress on Germline Cargo and Embryonic Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1750. [PMID: 38136621 PMCID: PMC10742275 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that paternal psychological stress contributes to an increased prevalence of neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases in the progeny. While altered paternal care certainly plays a role in such transmitted disease risk, molecular factors in the germline might additionally be at play in humans. This is supported by findings on changes to the molecular make up of germ cells and suggests an epigenetic component in transmission. Several rodent studies demonstrate the correlation between paternal stress induced changes in epigenetic modifications and offspring phenotypic alterations, yet some intriguing cases also start to show mechanistic links in between sperm and the early embryo. In this review, we summarise efforts to understand the mechanism of intergenerational transmission from sperm to the early embryo. In particular, we highlight how stress alters epigenetic modifications in sperm and discuss the potential for these modifications to propagate modified molecular trajectories in the early embryo to give rise to aberrant phenotypes in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kretschmer
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, ETH Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.K.); (V.F.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Fischer
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, ETH Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.K.); (V.F.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Gapp
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Neuroscience, ETH Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.K.); (V.F.)
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Puri D, Maaßen C, Varona Baranda M, Zeevaert K, Hahnfeld L, Hauser A, Fornero G, Elsafi Mabrouk MH, Wagner W. CTCF deletion alters the pluripotency and DNA methylation profile of human iPSCs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1302448. [PMID: 38099298 PMCID: PMC10720430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by their differentiation potential toward endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. However, it is still largely unclear how these cell-fate decisions are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we explored the relevance of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a zinc finger-containing DNA-binding protein, which mediates long-range chromatin organization, for directed cell-fate determination. We generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines with deletions in the protein-coding region in exon 3 of CTCF, resulting in shorter transcripts and overall reduced protein expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed a considerable loss of CTCF binding to target sites. The CTCF deletions resulted in slower growth and modest global changes in gene expression, with downregulation of a subset of pluripotency-associated genes and neuroectodermal genes. CTCF deletion also evoked DNA methylation changes, which were moderately associated with differential gene expression. Notably, CTCF-deletions lead to upregulation of endo-mesodermal associated marker genes and epigenetic signatures, whereas ectodermal differentiation was defective. These results indicate that CTCF plays an important role in the maintenance of pluripotency and differentiation, especially towards ectodermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Puri
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Catharina Maaßen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Monica Varona Baranda
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Zeevaert
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Hahnfeld
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Hauser
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giulia Fornero
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed H. Elsafi Mabrouk
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Liu Y, Wan X, Li H, Chen Y, Hu X, Chen H, Zhu D, Li C, Zhang Y. CTCF coordinates cell fate specification via orchestrating regulatory hubs with pioneer transcription factors. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113259. [PMID: 37851578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a ubiquitously expressed architectural protein, has emerged as a key regulator of cell identity gene transcription. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying specialized functions of CTCF remains elusive. Here, we investigate the mechanism through integrative analyses of primary hepatocytes, myocytes, and B cells from mouse and human. We demonstrate that CTCF cooperates with lineage-specific pioneer transcription factors (TFs), including MyoD, FOXA, and PU.1, to control cell identity at 1D and 3D levels. At the 1D level, pioneer TFs facilitate lineage-specific CTCF occupancy via opening chromatin. At the 3D level, CTCF and pioneer TFs form regulatory hubs to govern the expression of cell identity genes. This mechanism is validated using MyoD-null mice, CTCF knockout mice, and CRISPR editing during myogenic differentiation. Collectively, these findings uncover a general mechanism whereby CTCF acts as a cell identity cofactor to control cell identity genes via orchestrating regulatory hubs with pioneer TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Hu Li
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Yingxi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Hebing Chen
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Taiping Road 27TH, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dahai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Disease, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510320, China.
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12
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Yu R, Roseman S, Siegenfeld AP, Nguyen SC, Joyce EF, Liau BB, Krantz ID, Alexander KA, Berger SL. CTCF/cohesin organize the ground state of chromatin-nuclear speckle association. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.22.550178. [PMID: 37961560 PMCID: PMC10634669 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.22.550178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The interchromatin space in the cell nucleus contains various membrane-less nuclear bodies. Recent findings indicate that nuclear speckles, comprising a distinct nuclear body, exhibit interactions with certain chromatin regions in a ground state. Key questions are how this ground state of chromatin-nuclear speckle association is established and what are the gene regulatory roles of this layer of nuclear organization. We report here that chromatin structural factors CTCF and cohesin are required for full ground state association between DNA and nuclear speckles. Disruption of ground state DNA-speckle contacts via either CTCF depletion or cohesin depletion had minor effects on basal level expression of speckle-associated genes, however we show strong negative effects on stimulus-dependent induction of speckle-associated genes. We identified a putative speckle targeting motif (STM) within cohesin subunit RAD21 and demonstrated that the STM is required for chromatin-nuclear speckle association. In contrast to reduction of CTCF or RAD21, depletion of the cohesin releasing factor WAPL stabilized cohesin on chromatin and DNA-speckle contacts, resulting in enhanced inducibility of speckle-associated genes. In addition, we observed disruption of chromatin-nuclear speckle association in patient derived cells with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), a congenital neurodevelopmental diagnosis involving defective cohesin pathways, thus revealing nuclear speckles as an avenue for therapeutic inquiry. In summary, our findings reveal a mechanism to establish the ground organizational state of chromatin-speckle association, to promote gene inducibility, and with relevance to human disease.
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13
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Watanabe K, Fujita M, Okamoto K, Yoshioka H, Moriwaki M, Tagashira H, Awazu A, Yamamoto T, Sakamoto N. The crucial role of CTCF in mitotic progression during early development of sea urchin. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:395-407. [PMID: 37421304 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), an insulator protein with 11 zinc fingers, is enriched at the boundaries of topologically associated domains (TADs) in eukaryotic genomes. In this study, we isolated and analyzed the cDNAs encoding HpCTCF, the CTCF homolog in the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, to investigate its expression patterns and functions during the early development of sea urchin. HpCTCF contains nine zinc fingers corresponding to fingers 2-10 of the vertebrate CTCF. Expression pattern analysis revealed that HpCTCF mRNA was detected at all developmental stages and in the entire embryo. Upon expressing the HpCTCF-GFP fusion protein in early embryos, we observed its uniform distribution within interphase nuclei. However, during mitosis, it disappeared from the chromosomes and subsequently reassembled on the chromosome during telophase. Moreover, the morpholino-mediated knockdown of HpCTCF resulted in mitotic arrest during the morula to blastula stage. Most of the arrested chromosomes were not phospholylated at serine 10 of histone H3, indicating that mitosis was arrested at the telophase by HpCTCF depletion. Furthermore, impaired sister chromatid segregation was observed using time-lapse imaging of HpCTCF-knockdown embryos. Thus, HpCTCF is essential for mitotic progression during the early development of sea urchins, especially during the telophase-to-interphase transition. However, the normal development of pluteus larvae in CRISPR-mediated HpCTCF-knockout embryos suggests that disruption of zygotic HpCTCF expression has little effect on embryonic and larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichi Watanabe
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Fujita
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuko Okamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Yoshioka
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miki Moriwaki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Tagashira
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akinori Awazu
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakamoto
- Division of Integrated Sciences for Life, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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Price E, Fedida LM, Pugacheva EM, Ji YJ, Loukinov D, Lobanenkov VV. An updated catalog of CTCF variants associated with neurodevelopmental disorder phenotypes. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1185796. [PMID: 37324587 PMCID: PMC10264798 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1185796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction CTCF-related disorder (CRD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) caused by monoallelic pathogenic variants in CTCF. The first CTCF variants in CRD cases were documented in 2013. To date, 76 CTCF variants have been further described in the literature. In recent years, due to the increased application of next-generation sequencing (NGS), growing numbers of CTCF variants are being identified, and multiple genotype-phenotype databases cataloging such variants are emerging. Methods In this study, we aimed to expand the genotypic spectrum of CRD, by cataloging NDD phenotypes associated with reported CTCF variants. Here, we systematically reviewed all known CTCF variants reported in case studies and large-scale exome sequencing cohorts. We also conducted a meta-analysis using public variant data from genotype-phenotype databases to identify additional CTCF variants, which we then curated and annotated. Results From this combined approach, we report an additional 86 CTCF variants associated with NDD phenotypes that have not yet been described in the literature. Furthermore, we describe and explain inconsistencies in the quality of reported variants, which impairs the reuse of data for research of NDDs and other pathologies. Discussion From this integrated analysis, we provide a comprehensive and annotated catalog of all currently known CTCF mutations associated with NDD phenotypes, to aid diagnostic applications, as well as translational and basic research.
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15
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Phanindhar K, Mishra RK. Auxin-inducible degron system: an efficient protein degradation tool to study protein function. Biotechniques 2023; 74:186-198. [PMID: 37191015 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation, with its rapid protein depletion kinetics, allows the measurement of acute changes in the cell. The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system, rapidly degrades AID-tagged proteins only in the presence of auxin. The AID system being inducible makes the study of essential genes and dynamic processes like cell differentiation, cell cycle and genome organization feasible. The AID degradation system has been adapted to yeast, protozoans, C. elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse and mammalian cell lines. Using the AID system, researchers have unveiled novel functions for essential proteins at developmental stages that were previously difficult to investigate due to early lethality. This comprehensive review discusses the development, advancements, applications and drawbacks of the AID system and compares it with other available protein degradation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundurthi Phanindhar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics & Society (TIGS), Bangalore, 560065, India
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16
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Quon S, Yu B, Russ BE, Tsyganov K, Nguyen H, Toma C, Heeg M, Hocker JD, Milner JJ, Crotty S, Pipkin ME, Turner SJ, Goldrath AW. DNA architectural protein CTCF facilitates subset-specific chromatin interactions to limit the formation of memory CD8 + T cells. Immunity 2023; 56:959-978.e10. [PMID: 37040762 PMCID: PMC10265493 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of genome organization for transcriptional regulation of cell-fate decisions and function is clear, the changes in chromatin architecture and how these impact effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation remain unknown. Using Hi-C, we studied how genome configuration is integrated with CD8+ T cell differentiation during infection and investigated the role of CTCF, a key chromatin remodeler, in modulating CD8+ T cell fates through CTCF knockdown approaches and perturbation of specific CTCF-binding sites. We observed subset-specific changes in chromatin organization and CTCF binding and revealed that weak-affinity CTCF binding promotes terminal differentiation of CD8+ T cells through the regulation of transcriptional programs. Further, patients with de novo CTCF mutations had reduced expression of the terminal-effector genes in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Therefore, in addition to establishing genome architecture, CTCF regulates effector CD8+ T cell heterogeneity through altering interactions that regulate the transcription factor landscape and transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Quon
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bingfei Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kirill Tsyganov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Bioinformatics Platform, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hongtuyet Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Clara Toma
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James D Hocker
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Justin Milner
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunity Theme, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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17
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Torres-Flores U, Díaz-Espinosa F, López-Santaella T, Rebollar-Vega R, Vázquez-Jiménez A, Taylor IJ, Ortiz-Hernández R, Echeverría OM, Vázquez-Nin GH, Gutierrez-Ruiz MC, De la Rosa-Velázquez IA, Resendis-Antonio O, Hernández-Hernandez A. Spermiogenesis alterations in the absence of CTCF revealed by single cell RNA sequencing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1119514. [PMID: 37065848 PMCID: PMC10097911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1119514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CTCF is an architectonic protein that organizes the genome inside the nucleus in almost all eukaryotic cells. There is evidence that CTCF plays a critical role during spermatogenesis as its depletion produces abnormal sperm and infertility. However, defects produced by its depletion throughout spermatogenesis have not been fully characterized. In this work, we performed single cell RNA sequencing in spermatogenic cells with and without CTCF. We uncovered defects in transcriptional programs that explain the severity of the damage in the produced sperm. In the early stages of spermatogenesis, transcriptional alterations are mild. As germ cells go through the specialization stage or spermiogenesis, transcriptional profiles become more altered. We found morphology defects in spermatids that support the alterations in their transcriptional profiles. Altogether, our study sheds light on the contribution of CTCF to the phenotype of male gametes and provides a fundamental description of its role at different stages of spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Torres-Flores
- Graduate Program in Experimental Biology, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México City, Mexico
- Biología de Células Individuales (BIOCELIN), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantíl de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Díaz-Espinosa
- Biología de Células Individuales (BIOCELIN), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantíl de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - Tayde López-Santaella
- Biología de Células Individuales (BIOCELIN), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantíl de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Rebollar-Vega
- Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas yNutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Aarón Vázquez-Jiménez
- Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-Red de Apoyo a la Investigación-Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ian J. Taylor
- BD Life Sciences Informatics, Ashland, OR, United States
| | - Rosario Ortiz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olga M. Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo H. Vázquez-Nin
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gutierrez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular y Medicina Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-I, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Inti Alberto De la Rosa-Velázquez
- Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas yNutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio
- Coordinación de la Investigación Científica-Red de Apoyo a la Investigación-Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico
- Human Systems Biology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, ; Abrahan Hernández-Hernandez,
| | - Abrahan Hernández-Hernandez
- Biología de Células Individuales (BIOCELIN), Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantíl de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Osbaldo Resendis-Antonio, ; Abrahan Hernández-Hernandez,
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18
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de Vos J, Crooijmans RP, Derks MF, Kloet SL, Dibbits B, Groenen MA, Madsen O. Detailed molecular and epigenetic characterization of the pig IPEC-J2 and chicken SL-29 cell lines. iScience 2023; 26:106252. [PMID: 36936794 PMCID: PMC10018572 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig IPEC-J2 and chicken SL-29 cell lines are of interest because of their untransformed nature and wide use in functional studies. Molecular characterization of these cell lines is important to gain insight into possible molecular aberrations. The aim of this paper is to provide a molecular and epigenetic characterization of the IPEC-J2 and SL-29 cell lines, a cell-line reference for the FAANG community, and future biomedical research. Whole genome sequencing, gene expression, DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, and ChIP-seq of four histone marks (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3) and an insulator (CTCF) are used to achieve these aims. Heteroploidy (aneuploidy) of various chromosomes was observed from whole genome sequencing analysis in both cell lines. Furthermore, higher gene expression for genes located on chromosomes with aneuploidy in comparison to diploid chromosomes was observed. Regulatory complexity of gene expression, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility was investigated through an integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani de Vos
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
| | | | - Martijn F.L. Derks
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Susan L. Kloet
- Human Genetics, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden 2333ZC, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Dibbits
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Martien A.M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708PB, the Netherlands
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19
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Chiu K, Berrada Y, Eskndir N, Song D, Fong C, Naughton S, Chen T, Moy S, Gyurmey S, James L, Ezeiruaku C, Capistran C, Lowey D, Diwanji V, Peterson S, Parakh H, Burgess AR, Probert C, Zhu A, Anderson B, Levi N, Gerlitz G, Packard MC, Dorfman KA, Bahiru MS, Stephens AD. CTCF is essential for proper mitotic spindle structure and anaphase segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523293. [PMID: 36712070 PMCID: PMC9881978 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis is an essential process in which the duplicated genome is segregated equally into two daughter cells. CTCF has been reported to be present in mitosis but its importance for mitotic fidelity remains to be determined. To evaluate the importance of CTCF in mitosis, we tracked mitotic behaviors in wild type and two different CTCF CRISPR-based genetic knockdowns. We find that knockdown of CTCF results in prolonged mitoses and failed anaphase segregation via time lapse imaging of SiR-DNA. CTCF knockdown did not alter cell cycling or the mitotic checkpoint, which was activated upon nocodazole treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging of the mitotic spindle in CTCF knockdowns revealed disorganization via tri/tetrapolar spindles and chromosomes behind the spindle pole. Imaging of interphase nuclei showed that nuclear size increased drastically, consistent with failure to divide the duplicated genome in anaphase. Population measurements of nuclear shape in CTCF knockdowns do not display decreased circularity or increased nuclear blebbing relative to wild type. However, failed mitoses do display abnormal nuclear morphologies relative to successful mitoses, suggesting population images do not capture individual behaviors. Thus, CTCF is important for both proper metaphase organization and anaphase segregation which impacts the size and shape of the interphase nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chiu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasmin Berrada
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Nebiyat Eskndir
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Dasol Song
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Claire Fong
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Naughton
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Savanna Moy
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Gyurmey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Liam James
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chimere Ezeiruaku
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Caroline Capistran
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Daniel Lowey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vedang Diwanji
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Samantha Peterson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Harshini Parakh
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ayanna R. Burgess
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Cassandra Probert
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Annie Zhu
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bryn Anderson
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Nehora Levi
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Biology Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mary C. Packard
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew D. Stephens
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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20
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Aryal S, Zhang Y, Wren S, Li C, Lu R. Molecular regulators of HOXA9 in acute myeloid leukemia. FEBS J 2023; 290:321-339. [PMID: 34743404 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the oncogenic transcription factor HOXA9 is a prominent feature for most aggressive acute myeloid leukemia cases and a strong indicator of poor prognosis in patients. Leukemia subtypes with hallmark overexpression of HOXA9 include those carrying MLL gene rearrangements, NPM1c mutations, and other genetic alternations. A growing body of evidence indicates that HOXA9 dysregulation is both sufficient and necessary for leukemic transformation. The HOXA9 mRNA and protein regulation includes multilayered controls by transcription factors (such as CDX2/4 and USF2/1), epigenetic factors (such as MLL-menin-LEDGF, DOT1L, ENL, HBO1, NPM1c-XPO1, and polycomb proteins), microRNAs (such as miR-126 and miR-196b), long noncoding RNAs (such as HOTTIP), three-dimensional chromatin interactions, and post-translational protein modifications. Recently, insights into the dynamic regulation of HOXA9 have led to an advanced understanding of the HOXA9 regulome and provided new cancer therapeutic opportunities, including developing inhibitors targeting DOT1L, menin, and ENL proteins. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling HOXA9 regulation and the pharmacological approaches that target HOXA9 regulators to treat HOXA9-driven acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajesan Aryal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology & O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology & Cancer Biology Program/Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Spencer Wren
- Division of Hematology and Oncology & O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology & Cancer Biology Program/Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rui Lu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology & O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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21
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A Tremendous Reorganization Journey for the 3D Chromatin Structure from Gametes to Embryos. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101864. [PMID: 36292750 PMCID: PMC9602195 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D chromatin structure within the nucleus is important for gene expression regulation and correct developmental programs. Recently, the rapid development of low-input chromatin conformation capture technologies has made it possible to study 3D chromatin structures in gametes, zygotes and early embryos in a variety of species, including flies, vertebrates and mammals. There are distinct 3D chromatin structures within the male and female gametes. Following the fertilization of male and female gametes, fertilized eggs undergo drastic epigenetic reprogramming at multi levels, including the 3D chromatin structure, to convert the terminally differentiated gamete state into the totipotent state, which can give rise to an individual. However, to what extent the 3D chromatin structure reorganization is evolutionarily conserved and what the underlying mechanisms are for the tremendous reorganization in early embryos remain elusive. Here, we review the latest findings on the 3D chromatin structure reorganization during embryogenesis, and discuss the convergent and divergent reprogramming patterns and key molecular mechanisms for the 3D chromatin structure reorganization from gametes to embryos in different species. These findings shed light on how the 3D chromatin structure reorganization contribute to embryo development in different species. The findings also indicate the role of the 3D chromatin structure on the acquisition of totipotent developmental potential.
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22
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Andreu MJ, Alvarez-Franco A, Portela M, Gimenez-Llorente D, Cuadrado A, Badia-Careaga C, Tiana M, Losada A, Manzanares M. Establishment of 3D chromatin structure after fertilization and the metabolic switch at the morula-to-blastocyst transition require CTCF. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Gong S, Hu G, Guo R, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ji B, Li G, Yao H. CTCF acetylation at lysine 20 is required for the early cardiac mesoderm differentiation of embryonic stem cells. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:34. [PMID: 36117192 PMCID: PMC9482892 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) protein and its modified forms regulate gene expression and genome organization. However, information on CTCF acetylation and its biological function is still lacking. Here, we show that CTCF can be acetylated at lysine 20 (CTCF-K20) by CREB-binding protein (CBP) and deacetylated by histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). CTCF-K20 is required for the CTCF interaction with CBP. A CTCF point mutation at lysine 20 had no effect on self-renewal but blocked the mesoderm differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). The CTCF-K20 mutation reduced CTCF binding to the promoters and enhancers of genes associated with early cardiac mesoderm differentiation, resulting in diminished chromatin accessibility and decreased enhancer-promoter interactions, impairing gene expression. In summary, this study reveals the important roles of CTCF-K20 in regulating CTCF genomic functions and mESC differentiation into mesoderm.
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24
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Cohesin is required for long-range enhancer action at the Shh locus. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:891-897. [PMID: 36097291 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory landscapes of developmental genes in mammals can be complex, with enhancers spread over many hundreds of kilobases. It has been suggested that three-dimensional genome organization, particularly topologically associating domains formed by cohesin-mediated loop extrusion, is important for enhancers to act over such large genomic distances. By coupling acute protein degradation with synthetic activation by targeted transcription factor recruitment, here we show that cohesin, but not CTCF, is required for activation of the target gene Shh by distant enhancers in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cohesin is not required for activation directly at the promoter or by an enhancer located closer to the Shh gene. Our findings support the hypothesis that chromatin compaction via cohesin-mediated loop extrusion allows for genes to be activated by enhancers that are located many hundreds of kilobases away in the linear genome and suggests that cohesin is dispensable for enhancers located more proximally.
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25
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3D chromatin remodeling potentiates transcriptional programs driving cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203452119. [PMID: 36037342 PMCID: PMC9457068 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203452119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of deregulated chromatin architecture, including topologically associated domains (TADs), to cancer progression remains ambiguous. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a central regulator of higher-order chromatin structure that undergoes copy number loss in over half of all breast cancers, but the impact of this defect on epigenetic programming and chromatin architecture remains unclear. We find that under physiological conditions, CTCF organizes subTADs to limit the expression of oncogenic pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and cell adhesion networks. Loss of a single CTCF allele potentiates cell invasion through compromised chromatin insulation and a reorganization of chromatin architecture and histone programming that facilitates de novo promoter-enhancer contacts. However, this change in the higher-order chromatin landscape leads to a vulnerability to inhibitors of mTOR. These data support a model whereby subTAD reorganization drives both modification of histones at de novo enhancer-promoter contacts and transcriptional up-regulation of oncogenic transcriptional networks.
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26
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Bauer M, Payer B, Filion GJ. Causality in transcription and genome folding: Insights from X inactivation. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200105. [PMID: 36028473 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The spatial organization of genomes is becoming increasingly understood. In mammals, where it is most investigated, this organization ties in with transcription, so an important research objective is to understand whether gene activity is a cause or a consequence of genome folding in space. In this regard, the phenomena of X-chromosome inactivation and reactivation open a unique window of investigation because of the singularities of the inactive X chromosome. Here we focus on the cause-consequence nexus between genome conformation and transcription and explain how recent results about the structural changes associated with inactivation and reactivation of the X chromosome shed light on this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bauer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Payer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume J Filion
- Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Tan SYX, Zhang J, Tee WW. Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling and Inflammation-Induced Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:931493. [PMID: 35757000 PMCID: PMC9213816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.931493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics comprise a diverse array of reversible and dynamic modifications to the cell’s genome without implicating any DNA sequence alterations. Both the external environment surrounding the organism, as well as the internal microenvironment of cells and tissues, contribute to these epigenetic processes that play critical roles in cell fate specification and organismal development. On the other hand, dysregulation of epigenetic activities can initiate and sustain carcinogenesis, which is often augmented by inflammation. Chronic inflammation, one of the major hallmarks of cancer, stems from proinflammatory cytokines that are secreted by tumor and tumor-associated cells in the tumor microenvironment. At the same time, inflammatory signaling can establish positive and negative feedback circuits with chromatin to modulate changes in the global epigenetic landscape. In this review, we provide an in-depth discussion of the interconnected crosstalk between epigenetics and inflammation, specifically how epigenetic mechanisms at different hierarchical levels of the genome control inflammatory gene transcription, which in turn enact changes within the cell’s epigenomic profile, especially in the context of inflammation-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Ying Xuan Tan
- Chromatin Dynamics and Disease Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieqiong Zhang
- Chromatin Dynamics and Disease Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Wei Tee
- Chromatin Dynamics and Disease Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental questions in developmental biology is how one fertilized cell can give rise to a fully mature organism and how gene regulation governs this process. Precise spatiotemporal gene expression is required for development and is believed to be achieved through a complex interplay of sequence-specific information, epigenetic modifications, trans-acting factors, and chromatin folding. Here we review the role of chromatin folding during development, the mechanisms governing 3D genome organization, and how it is established in the embryo. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances and debated questions regarding the contribution of the 3D genome to gene regulation during organogenesis. Finally, we describe the mechanisms that can reshape the 3D genome, including disease-causing structural variations and the emerging view that transposable elements contribute to chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Glaser
- RG Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- RG Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT - Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, 10178 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Segueni J, Noordermeer D. CTCF: a misguided jack-of-all-trades in cancer cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2685-2698. [PMID: 35685367 PMCID: PMC9166472 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and progression of cancers is accompanied by a dysregulation of transcriptional programs. The three-dimensional (3D) organization of the human genome has emerged as an important multi-level mediator of gene transcription and regulation. In cancer cells, this organization can be restructured, providing a framework for the deregulation of gene activity. The CTCF protein, initially identified as the product from a tumor suppressor gene, is a jack-of-all-trades for the formation of 3D genome organization in normal cells. Here, we summarize how CTCF is involved in the multi-level organization of the human genome and we discuss emerging insights into how perturbed CTCF function and DNA binding causes the activation of oncogenes in cancer cells, mostly through a process of enhancer hijacking. Moreover, we highlight non-canonical functions of CTCF that can be relevant for the emergence of cancers as well. Finally, we provide guidelines for the computational identification of perturbed CTCF binding and reorganized 3D genome structure in cancer cells.
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30
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Stow EC, Simmons JR, An R, Schoborg TA, Davenport NM, Labrador M. A Drosophila insulator interacting protein suppresses enhancer-blocking function and modulates replication timing. Gene 2022; 819:146208. [PMID: 35092858 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulators play important roles in genome structure and function in eukaryotes. Interactions between a DNA binding insulator protein and its interacting partner proteins define the properties of each insulator site. The different roles of insulator protein partners in the Drosophila genome and how they confer functional specificity remain poorly understood. The Suppressor of Hairy wing [Su(Hw)] insulator is targeted to the nuclear lamina, preferentially localizes at euchromatin/heterochromatin boundaries, and is associated with the gypsy retrotransposon. Insulator activity relies on the ability of the Su(Hw) protein to bind the DNA at specific sites and interact with Mod(mdg4)67.2 and CP190 partner proteins. HP1 and insulator partner protein 1 (HIPP1) is a partner of Su(Hw), but how HIPP1 contributes to the function of Su(Hw) insulator complexes is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that HIPP1 colocalizes with the Su(Hw) insulator complex in polytene chromatin and in stress-induced insulator bodies. We find that the overexpression of either HIPP1 or Su(Hw) or mutation of the HIPP1 crotonase-like domain (CLD) causes defects in cell proliferation by limiting the progression of DNA replication. We also show that HIPP1 overexpression suppresses the Su(Hw) insulator enhancer-blocking function, while mutation of the HIPP1 CLD does not affect Su(Hw) enhancer blocking. These findings demonstrate a functional relationship between HIPP1 and the Su(Hw) insulator complex and suggest that the CLD, while not involved in enhancer blocking, influences cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Stow
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - James R Simmons
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Ran An
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Todd A Schoborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Nastasya M Davenport
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mariano Labrador
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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31
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Davis L, Rayi PR, Getselter D, Kaphzan H, Elliott E. CTCF in parvalbumin-expressing neurons regulates motor, anxiety and social behavior and neuronal identity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:30. [PMID: 35379308 PMCID: PMC8981645 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a regulator of chromatin organization and has direct effects on gene transcription. Mutations in CTCF have been identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. There are wide range of behaviors associated with these mutations, including intellectual disabilities, changes in temperament, and autism. Previous mice-model studies have identified roles for CTCF in excitatory neurons in specific behaviors, particularly in regards to learning and memory. However, the role of CTCF in inhibitory neurons is less well defined. In the current study, specific knockout of CTCF in parvalbumin-expressing neurons, a subset of inhibitory neurons, induced a specific behavioral phenotype, including locomotor abnormalities, anxiolytic behavior, and a decrease in social behavior. The anxiolytic and social abnormalities are detected before the onset of locomotor abnormalities. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a disbalance in parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing cells in these mice. Single nuclei RNA sequencing identified changes in gene expression in parvalbumin-expressing neurons that are specific to inhibitory neuronal identity and function. Electrophysiology analysis revealed an enhanced inhibitory tone in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons in knockout mice. These findings indicate that CTCF in parvalbumin-expressing neurons has a significant role in the overall phenotype of CTCF-associated neurodevelopmental deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Davis
- Bar Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Hanrietta Sold 8, 13215, Safed, Israel
| | - Prudhvi Raj Rayi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dmitriy Getselter
- Bar Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Hanrietta Sold 8, 13215, Safed, Israel
| | - Hanoch Kaphzan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Evan Elliott
- Bar Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Hanrietta Sold 8, 13215, Safed, Israel.
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32
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The Chromatin Architectural Protein CTCF Is Critical for Cell Survival upon Irradiation-Induced DNA Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073896. [PMID: 35409255 PMCID: PMC8999573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CTCF is a nuclear protein initially discovered for its role in enhancer-promoter insulation. It has been shown to play a role in genome architecture and in fact, its DNA binding sites are enriched at the borders of chromatin domains. Recently, we showed that depletion of CTCF impairs the DNA damage response to ionizing radiation. To investigate the relationship between chromatin domains and DNA damage repair, we present here clonogenic survival assays in different cell lines upon CTCF knockdown and ionizing irradiation. The application of a wide range of ionizing irradiation doses (0–10 Gy) allowed us to investigate the survival response through a biophysical model that accounts for the double-strand breaks’ probability distribution onto chromatin domains. We demonstrate that the radiosensitivity of different cell lines is increased upon lowering the amount of the architectural protein. Our model shows that the deficiency in the DNA repair ability is related to the changes in the size of chromatin domains that occur when different amounts of CTCF are present in the nucleus.
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33
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Cummings CT, Rowley MJ. Implications of Dosage Deficiencies in CTCF and Cohesin on Genome Organization, Gene Expression, and Human Neurodevelopment. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:583. [PMID: 35456389 PMCID: PMC9030571 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Properly organizing DNA within the nucleus is critical to ensure normal downstream nuclear functions. CTCF and cohesin act as major architectural proteins, working in concert to generate thousands of high-intensity chromatin loops. Due to their central role in loop formation, a massive research effort has been dedicated to investigating the mechanism by which CTCF and cohesin create these loops. Recent results lead to questioning the direct impact of CTCF loops on gene expression. Additionally, results of controlled depletion experiments in cell lines has indicated that genome architecture may be somewhat resistant to incomplete deficiencies in CTCF or cohesin. However, heterozygous human genetic deficiencies in CTCF and cohesin have illustrated the importance of their dosage in genome architecture, cellular processes, animal behavior, and disease phenotypes. Thus, the importance of considering CTCF or cohesin levels is especially made clear by these heterozygous germline variants that characterize genetic syndromes, which are increasingly recognized in clinical practice. Defined primarily by developmental delay and intellectual disability, the phenotypes of CTCF and cohesin deficiency illustrate the importance of architectural proteins particularly in neurodevelopment. We discuss the distinct roles of CTCF and cohesin in forming chromatin loops, highlight the major role that dosage of each protein plays in the amplitude of observed effects on gene expression, and contrast these results to heterozygous mutation phenotypes in murine models and clinical patients. Insights highlighted by this comparison have implications for future research into these newly emerging genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Cummings
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - M. Jordan Rowley
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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34
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Kaczmarczyk LS, Levi N, Segal T, Salmon-Divon M, Gerlitz G. CTCF supports preferentially short lamina-associated domains. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:123-136. [PMID: 35239049 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
More than one third of the mammalian genome is in a close association with the nuclear lamina, thus these genomic regions were termed lamina-associated domains (LADs). This association is fundamental for many aspects of chromatin biology including transcription, replication, and DNA damage repair. LADs association with the nuclear envelope is thought to be dependent on two major mechanisms: The first mechanism is the interaction between nuclear membrane proteins such as LBR with heterochromatin modifications that are enriched in LADs chromatin. The second mechanism is based on proteins that bind the borders of the LADs and support the association of the LADs with the nuclear envelope. Two factors were suggested to support the second mechanism: CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and YY1 based on their enriched binding to LADs borders. However, this mechanism has not been proven yet at a whole genome level. Here, to test if CTCF supports the LADs landscape, we generated melanoma cells with a partial loss of function (pLoF) of CTCF by the CRISPR-Cas9 system and determined the LADs landscape by lamin B ChIP-seq analysis. We found that under regular growth conditions, CTCF pLoF led to modest changes in the LADs landscape that included an increase in the signal of 2% of the LADs and a decrease in the signal of 8% of the LADs. However, CTCF importance for the LADs landscape was much higher upon induction of a chromatin stress. We induced chromatin stress by inhibiting RNA polymerase II, an intervention that is known to alter chromatin compaction and supercoiling. Notably, only in CTCF pLoF cells, the chromatin stress led to the dissociation of 7% of the LADs from the lamina. The CTCF-dependent LADs had almost three times shorter median length than the non-affected LADs, were enriched in CTCF binding at their borders, and were higher in their facultative-status (cell-type specific). Thus, it appears that CTCF is a key factor in facilitating the association of short facultative LADs with the nuclear lamina upon chromatin stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Stanislaw Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nehora Levi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tamar Segal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel.
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Gabi Gerlitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel.
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35
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See YX, Chen K, Fullwood MJ. MYC overexpression leads to increased chromatin interactions at superenhancers and MYC binding sites. Genome Res 2022; 32:629-642. [PMID: 35115371 PMCID: PMC8997345 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276313.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The MYC oncogene encodes for the MYC protein and is frequently dysregulated across multiple cancer cell types, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. MYC overexpression leads to MYC binding at active enhancers, resulting in a global transcriptional amplification of active genes. Because super-enhancers are frequently dysregulated in cancer, we hypothesized that MYC preferentially invades into super-enhancers and alters the cancer genome organization. To that end, we performed ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, circular chromosome conformation capture (4C-seq), and Spike-in Quantitative Hi-C (SIQHiC) on the U2OS osteosarcoma cell line with tetracycline-inducible MYC. MYC overexpression in U2OS cells modulated histone acetylation and increased MYC binding at super-enhancers. SIQHiC analysis revealed increased global chromatin contact frequency, particularly at chromatin interactions connecting MYC binding sites at promoters and enhancers. Immunofluorescence staining showed that MYC molecules formed punctate foci at these transcriptionally active domains after MYC overexpression. These results demonstrate the accumulation of overexpressed MYC at promoter–enhancer hubs and suggest that MYC invades into enhancers through spatial proximity. At the same time, the increased protein–protein interactions may strengthen these chromatin interactions to increase chromatin contact frequency. CTCF siRNA knockdown in MYC-overexpressed U2OS cells demonstrated that removal of architectural proteins can disperse MYC and abrogate the increase in chromatin contacts. By elucidating the chromatin landscape of MYC-driven cancers, we can potentially target MYC-associated chromatin interactions for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiang See
- Nanyang Technological University, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Kaijing Chen
- Nanyang Technological University, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore
| | - Melissa J Fullwood
- Nanyang Technological University, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
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36
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Emerging mechanisms and dynamics of three-dimensional genome organisation at zygotic genome activation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 74:37-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Schall PZ, Latham KE. Cross-species meta-analysis of transcriptome changes during the morula-to-blastocyst transition: metabolic and physiological changes take center stage. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C913-C931. [PMID: 34669511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00318.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The morula-to-blastocyst transition (MBT) culminates with formation of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineages. Recent studies identified signaling pathways driving lineage specification, but some features of these pathways display significant species divergence. To better understand evolutionary conservation of the MBT, we completed a meta-analysis of RNA sequencing data from five model species and ICMTE differences from four species. Although many genes change in expression during the MBT within any given species, the number of shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) is comparatively small, and the number of shared ICMTE DEGs is even smaller. DEGs related to known lineage determining pathways (e.g., POU5F1) are seen, but the most prominent pathways and functions associated with shared DEGs or shared across individual species DEG lists impact basic physiological and metabolic activities, such as TCA cycle, unfolded protein response, oxidative phosphorylation, sirtuin signaling, mitotic roles of polo-like kinases, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress, estrogen receptor signaling, apoptosis, necrosis, lipid and fatty acid metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, endocytosis, AMPK signaling, homeostasis, transcription, and cell death. We also observed prominent differences in transcriptome regulation between ungulates and nonungulates, particularly for ICM- and TE-enhanced mRNAs. These results extend our understanding of shared mechanisms of the MBT and formation of the ICM and TE and should better inform the selection of model species for particular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Z Schall
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Keith E Latham
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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38
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Bend family proteins mark chromatin boundaries and synergistically promote early germ cell differentiation. Protein Cell 2021; 13:721-741. [PMID: 34731408 PMCID: PMC9233729 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory networks for germ cell fate specification is necessary to developing strategies for improving the efficiency of germ cell production in vitro. In this study, we developed a coupled screening strategy that took advantage of an arrayed bi-molecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) platform for protein-protein interaction screens and epiblast-like cell (EpiLC)-induction assays using reporter mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Investigation of candidate interaction partners of core human pluripotent factors OCT4, NANOG, KLF4 and SOX2 in EpiLC differentiation assays identified novel primordial germ cell (PGC)-inducing factors including BEN-domain (BEND/Bend) family members. Through RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and ATAC-seq analyses, we showed that Bend5 worked together with Bend4 and helped mark chromatin boundaries to promote EpiLC induction in vitro. Our findings suggest that BEND/Bend proteins represent a new family of transcriptional modulators and chromatin boundary factors that participate in gene expression regulation during early germline development.
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40
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CTCF knockout in zebrafish induces alterations in regulatory landscapes and developmental gene expression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5415. [PMID: 34518536 PMCID: PMC8438036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated chromatin interactions between enhancers and promoters are critical for gene regulation. The architectural protein CTCF mediates chromatin looping and is enriched at the boundaries of topologically associating domains (TADs), which are sub-megabase chromatin structures. In vitro CTCF depletion leads to a loss of TADs but has only limited effects over gene expression, challenging the concept that CTCF-mediated chromatin structures are a fundamental requirement for gene regulation. However, how CTCF and a perturbed chromatin structure impacts gene expression during development remains poorly understood. Here we link the loss of CTCF and gene regulation during patterning and organogenesis in a ctcf knockout zebrafish model. CTCF absence leads to loss of chromatin structure and affects the expression of thousands of genes, including many developmental regulators. Our results demonstrate the essential role of CTCF in providing the structural context for enhancer-promoter interactions, thus regulating developmental genes.
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41
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Pericentromeric noncoding RNA changes DNA binding of CTCF and inflammatory gene expression in senescence and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025647118. [PMID: 34426493 PMCID: PMC8536346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025647118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence causes a dramatic alteration of chromatin organization and changes the gene expression profile of proinflammatory factors, thereby contributing to various age-related pathologies through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Chromatin organization and global gene expression are maintained by the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF); however, the molecular mechanism underlying CTCF regulation and its association with SASP gene expression remains unclear. We discovered that noncoding RNA (ncRNA) derived from normally silenced pericentromeric repetitive sequences directly impairs the DNA binding of CTCF. This CTCF disturbance increases the accessibility of chromatin and activates the transcription of SASP-like inflammatory genes, promoting malignant transformation. Notably, pericentromeric ncRNA was transferred into surrounding cells via small extracellular vesicles acting as a tumorigenic SASP factor. Because CTCF blocks the expression of pericentromeric ncRNA in young cells, the down-regulation of CTCF during cellular senescence triggers the up-regulation of this ncRNA and SASP-related inflammatory gene expression. In this study, we show that pericentromeric ncRNA provokes chromosomal alteration by inhibiting CTCF, leading to a SASP-like inflammatory response in a cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner and thus may contribute to the risk of tumorigenesis during aging.
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42
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Xu B, Wang H, Wright S, Hyle J, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Niu M, Fan Y, Rosikiewicz W, Djekidel MN, Peng J, Lu R, Li C. Acute depletion of CTCF rewires genome-wide chromatin accessibility. Genome Biol 2021; 22:244. [PMID: 34429148 PMCID: PMC8386078 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor CTCF appears indispensable in defining topologically associated domain boundaries and maintaining chromatin loop structures within these domains, supported by numerous functional studies. However, acute depletion of CTCF globally reduces chromatin interactions but does not significantly alter transcription. RESULTS Here, we systematically integrate multi-omics data including ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, WGBS, Hi-C, Cut&Run, and CRISPR-Cas9 survival dropout screens, and time-solved deep proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses in cells carrying auxin-induced degron at endogenous CTCF locus. Acute CTCF protein degradation markedly rewires genome-wide chromatin accessibility. Increased accessible chromatin regions are frequently located adjacent to CTCF-binding sites at promoter regions and insulator sites associated with enhanced transcription of nearby genes. In addition, we use CTCF-associated multi-omics data to establish a combinatorial data analysis pipeline to discover CTCF co-regulatory partners. We successfully identify 40 candidates, including multiple established partners. Interestingly, many CTCF co-regulators that have alterations of their respective downstream gene expression do not show changes of their own expression levels across the multi-omics measurements upon acute CTCF loss, highlighting the strength of our system to discover hidden co-regulatory partners associated with CTCF-mediated transcription. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that CTCF loss rewires genome-wide chromatin accessibility, which plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beisi Xu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shaela Wright
- Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Judith Hyle
- Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mingming Niu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Wojciech Rosikiewicz
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mohamed Nadhir Djekidel
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rui Lu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Ave S WTI 510G, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Ave S WTI 510G, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Chunliang Li
- Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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43
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Kojima T, Maeda T, Suzuki A, Yamamori T, Kato Y. Intracellular zinc-dependent TAS2R8 gene expression through CTCF activation. Biomed Res 2021; 41:217-225. [PMID: 33071257 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.41.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Taste-2 receptors (TAS2Rs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, are receptors for bitter taste perception. The aim of this study was to investigate whether zinc deficiency affects the expression of TAS2R genes. The promoter activity of the TAS2R7, TAS2R8, and TAS2R42 genes were determined in Ca9-22 oral squamous cell carcinoma cells cultured in the presence or absence of zinc. Luciferase reporter assays showed that zinc deprivation inhibited TAS2R8 promoter activity, but not the promoter activity of the other two genes. Treatment of the cells with N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (TPEN), an intracellular chelator of Zn2+, in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum reduced TAS2R8 promoter activity. Truncation/deletion mutants of TAS2R8 promoter-luciferase constructs showed that the region from nucleotide -1152 to nucleotide -925 was critical for intracellular zinc dependency and contained a CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding motif. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChiP) assay showed that CTCF bound specifically to this region, a binding abrogated by zinc deficiency, suggesting that CTCF plays a critical role in zinc-dependent bitter taste perception through TAS2R8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kojima
- Departments of Oral Rehabilitation, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Toyonobu Maeda
- Departments of Oral Rehabilitation, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Departments of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry
| | - Atsuko Suzuki
- Departments of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Departments of Oral Rehabilitation, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Departments of Prosthetic Dentistry, Ohu University School of Dentistry
| | - Yasumasa Kato
- Departments of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry.,Departments of Oral Physiology and Biochemistry, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry
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44
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Dynamic CTCF binding directly mediates interactions among cis-regulatory elements essential for hematopoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:1327-1339. [PMID: 33512425 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While constitutive CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-binding sites are needed to maintain relatively invariant chromatin structures, such as topologically associating domains, the precise roles of CTCF to control cell-type-specific transcriptional regulation remain poorly explored. We examined CTCF occupancy in different types of primary blood cells derived from the same donor to elucidate a new role for CTCF in gene regulation during blood cell development. We identified dynamic, cell-type-specific binding sites for CTCF that colocalize with lineage-specific transcription factors. These dynamic sites are enriched for single-nucleotide polymorphisms that are associated with blood cell traits in different linages, and they coincide with the key regulatory elements governing hematopoiesis. CRISPR-Cas9-based perturbation experiments demonstrated that these dynamic CTCF-binding sites play a critical role in red blood cell development. Furthermore, precise deletion of CTCF-binding motifs in dynamic sites abolished interactions of erythroid genes, such as RBM38, with their associated enhancers and led to abnormal erythropoiesis. These results suggest a novel, cell-type-specific function for CTCF in which it may serve to facilitate interaction of distal regulatory emblements with target promoters. Our study of the dynamic, cell-type-specific binding and function of CTCF provides new insights into transcriptional regulation during hematopoiesis.
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45
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Anania C, Lupiáñez DG. Order and disorder: abnormal 3D chromatin organization in human disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 19:128-138. [PMID: 32025693 PMCID: PMC7115703 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A precise three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromatin is central to achieve the intricate transcriptional patterns that are required to form complex organisms. Growing evidence supports an important role of 3D chromatin architecture in development and delineates its alterations as prominent causes of disease. In this review, we discuss emerging concepts on the fundamental forces shaping genomes in space and on how their disruption can lead to pathogenic phenotypes. We describe the molecular mechanisms underlying a wide range of diseases, from the systemic effects of coding mutations on 3D architectural factors, to the more tissue-specific phenotypes resulting from genetic and epigenetic modifications at specific loci. Understanding the connection between the 3D organization of the genome and its underlying biological function will allow a better interpretation of human pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Anania
- Epigenetics and Sex Development Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darío G Lupiáñez
- Epigenetics and Sex Development Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Tena JJ, Santos-Pereira JM. Topologically Associating Domains and Regulatory Landscapes in Development, Evolution and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702787. [PMID: 34295901 PMCID: PMC8290416 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal genomes are folded in topologically associating domains (TADs) that have been linked to the regulation of the genes they contain by constraining regulatory interactions between cis-regulatory elements and promoters. Therefore, TADs are proposed as structural scaffolds for the establishment of regulatory landscapes (RLs). In this review, we discuss recent advances in the connection between TADs and gene regulation, their relationship with gene RLs and their dynamics during development and differentiation. Moreover, we describe how restructuring TADs may lead to pathological conditions, which explains their high evolutionary conservation, but at the same time it provides a substrate for the emergence of evolutionary innovations that lay at the origin of vertebrates and other phylogenetic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Tena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José M. Santos-Pereira
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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47
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Kwak JH, Lee K. Forebrain glutamatergic neuron-specific Ctcf deletion induces reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis with neuronal loss in adult mouse hippocampus. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33612151 PMCID: PMC8249879 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a zinc finger protein, is a transcription factor and regulator of chromatin structure. Forebrain excitatory neuron-specific CTCF deficiency contributes to inflammation via enhanced transcription of inflammation-related genes in the cortex and hippocampus. However, little is known about the long-term effect of CTCF deficiency on postnatal neurons, astrocytes, or microglia in the hippocampus of adult mice. To address this, we knocked out the Ctcf gene in forebrain glutamatergic neurons (Ctcf cKO) by crossing Ctcf-floxed mice with Camk2a-Cre mice and examined the hippocampi of 7.5-10-month-old male mice using immunofluorescence microscopy. We found obvious neuronal cell death and reactive gliosis in the hippocampal cornu ammonis (CA)1 in 7.5-10-month-old cKO mice. Prominent rod-shaped microglia that participate in immune surveillance were observed in the stratum pyramidale and radiatum layer, indicating a potential increase in inflammatory mediators released by hippocampal neurons. Although neuronal loss was not observed in CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) CTCF depletion induced a significant increase in the number of microglia in the stratum oriens of CA3 and reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis in the molecular layer and hilus of the DG in 7.5-10-month-old cKO mice. These results suggest that long-term Ctcf deletion from forebrain excitatory neurons may contribute to reactive gliosis induced by neuronal damage and consequent neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1, DG, and CA3 in sequence over 7 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kwak
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neural Circuitry and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neural Circuitry and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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48
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Rivero-Hinojosa S, Pugacheva EM, Kang S, Méndez-Catalá CF, Kovalchuk AL, Strunnikov AV, Loukinov D, Lee JT, Lobanenkov VV. The combined action of CTCF and its testis-specific paralog BORIS is essential for spermatogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3846. [PMID: 34158481 PMCID: PMC8219828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CTCF is a key organizer of the 3D genome. Its specialized paralog, BORIS, heterodimerizes with CTCF but is expressed only in male germ cells and in cancer states. Unexpectedly, BORIS-null mice have only minimal germ cell defects. To understand the CTCF-BORIS relationship, mouse models with varied CTCF and BORIS levels were generated. Whereas Ctcf+/+Boris+/+, Ctcf+/-Boris+/+, and Ctcf+/+Boris-/- males are fertile, Ctcf+/-Boris-/- (Compound Mutant; CM) males are sterile. Testes with combined depletion of both CTCF and BORIS show reduced size, defective meiotic recombination, increased apoptosis, and malformed spermatozoa. Although CM germ cells exhibit only 25% of CTCF WT expression, chromatin binding of CTCF is preferentially lost from CTCF-BORIS heterodimeric sites. Furthermore, CM testes lose the expression of a large number of spermatogenesis genes and gain the expression of developmentally inappropriate genes that are "toxic" to fertility. Thus, a combined action of CTCF and BORIS is required to both repress pre-meiotic genes and activate post-meiotic genes for a complete spermatogenesis program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rivero-Hinojosa
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Elena M Pugacheva
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sungyun Kang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Oncology, Building A4, Faculty of Higher Studies (FES) Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Alexander L Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander V Strunnikov
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dmitri Loukinov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeannie T Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor V Lobanenkov
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Timmerman DM, Remmers TL, Hillenius S, Looijenga LHJ. Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105377. [PMID: 34065345 PMCID: PMC8161298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.
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Agrawal P, Rao S. Super-Enhancers and CTCF in Early Embryonic Cell Fate Decisions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653669. [PMID: 33842482 PMCID: PMC8027350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate decisions are the backbone of many developmental and disease processes. In early mammalian development, precise gene expression changes underly the rapid division of a single cell that leads to the embryo and are critically dependent on autonomous cell changes in gene expression. To understand how these lineage specifications events are mediated, scientists have had to look past protein coding genes to the cis regulatory elements (CREs), including enhancers and insulators, that modulate gene expression. One class of enhancers, termed super-enhancers, is highly active and cell-type specific, implying their critical role in modulating cell-type specific gene expression. Deletion or mutations within these CREs adversely affect gene expression and development and can cause disease. In this mini-review we discuss recent studies describing the potential roles of two CREs, enhancers and binding sites for CTCF, in early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Agrawal
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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