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Lo JO, D’Mello RJ, Watch L, Schust DJ, Murphy SK. An epigenetic synopsis of parental substance use. Epigenomics 2023; 15:453-473. [PMID: 37282544 PMCID: PMC10308258 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of substance use is rising, especially among reproductive-age individuals. Emerging evidence suggests that paternal pre-conception and maternal prenatal substance use may alter offspring epigenetic regulation (changes to gene expression without modifying DNA) and outcomes later in life, including neurodevelopment and mental health. However, relatively little is known due to the complexities and limitations of existing studies, making causal interpretations challenging. This review examines the contributions and influence of parental substance use on the gametes and potential transmissibility to the offspring's epigenome as possible areas to target public health warnings and healthcare provider counseling of individuals or couples in the pre-conception and prenatal periods to ultimately mitigate short- and long-term offspring morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O Lo
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rahul J D’Mello
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lester Watch
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Division of Environmental Sciences & Policy, Duke Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. UMs are usually initiated by a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, unlike cutaneous melanomas, which usually harbour a BRAF or NRAS mutation. The annual incidence in Europe and the USA is ~6 per million population per year. Risk factors include fair skin, light-coloured eyes, congenital ocular melanocytosis, ocular melanocytoma and the BAP1-tumour predisposition syndrome. Ocular treatment aims at preserving the eye and useful vision and, if possible, preventing metastases. Enucleation has largely been superseded by various forms of radiotherapy, phototherapy and local tumour resection, often administered in combination. Ocular outcomes are best with small tumours not extending close to the optic disc and/or fovea. Almost 50% of patients develop metastatic disease, which usually involves the liver, and is usually fatal within 1 year. Although UM metastases are less responsive than cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, encouraging results have been reported with partial hepatectomy for solitary metastases, with percutaneous hepatic perfusion with melphalan or with tebentafusp. Better insight into tumour immunology and metabolism may lead to new treatments.
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Khajavi M, Zhou Y, Birsner AE, Bazinet L, Rosa Di Sant A, Schiffer AJ, Rogers MS, Krishnaji ST, Hu B, Nguyen V, Zon L, D’Amato RJ. Identification of Padi2 as a novel angiogenesis-regulating gene by genome association studies in mice. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006848. [PMID: 28617813 PMCID: PMC5491319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that growth factor-driven angiogenesis is markedly influenced by genetic variation. This variation in angiogenic responsiveness may alter the susceptibility to a number of angiogenesis-dependent diseases. Here, we utilized the genetic diversity available in common inbred mouse strains to identify the loci and candidate genes responsible for differences in angiogenic response. The corneal micropocket neovascularization assay was performed on 42 different inbred mouse strains using basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) pellets. We performed a genome-wide association study utilizing efficient mixed-model association (EMMA) mapping using the induced vessel area from all strains. Our analysis yielded five loci with genome-wide significance on chromosomes 4, 8, 11, 15 and 16. We further refined the mapping on chromosome 4 within a haplotype block containing multiple candidate genes. These genes were evaluated by expression analysis in corneas of various inbred strains and in vitro functional assays in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). Of these, we found the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase type II (Padi2), known to be involved in metabolic pathways, to have a strong correlation with a haplotype shared by multiple high angiogenic strains. In addition, inhibition of Padi2 demonstrated a dosage-dependent effect in HMVECs. To investigate its role in vivo, we knocked down Padi2 in transgenic kdrl:zsGreen zebrafish embryos using morpholinos. These embryos had disrupted vessel formation compared to control siblings. The impaired vascular pattern was partially rescued by human PADI2 mRNA, providing evidence for the specificity of the morphant phenotype. Taken together, our study is the first to indicate the potential role of Padi2 as an angiogenesis-regulating gene. The characterization of Padi2 and other genes in associated pathways may provide new understanding of angiogenesis regulation and novel targets for diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Khajavi
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Birsner
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bazinet
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Rosa Di Sant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Schiffer
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Rogers
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Subrahmanian Tarakkad Krishnaji
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bella Hu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard Zon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert J. D’Amato
- The Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Mining for genes related to choroidal neovascularization based on the shortest path algorithm and protein interaction information. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2740-9. [PMID: 26987808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a serious eye disease that may cause visual loss, especially for older people. Many factors have been proven to induce this disease including age, gender, obesity, and so on. However, until now, we have had limited knowledge on CNV's pathogenic mechanism. Discovering the genes that underlie this disease and performing extensive studies on them can help us to understand how CNV occurs and design effective treatments. METHODS In this study, we designed a computational method to identify novel CNV-related genes in a large protein network constructed using the protein-protein interaction information in STRING. The candidate genes were first extracted from the shortest paths connecting any two known CNV-related genes and then filtered by a permutation test and using knowledge of their linkages to known CNV-related genes. RESULTS A list of putative CNV-related candidate genes was accessed by our method. These genes are deemed to have strong relationships with CNV. CONCLUSIONS Extensive analyses of several of the putative genes such as ANK1, ITGA4, CD44 and others indicate that they are related to specific biological processes involved in CNV, implying they may be novel CNV-related genes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The newfound putative CNV-related genes may provide new insights into CNV and help design more effective treatments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Lucitti JL, Tarte NJ, Faber JE. Chloride intracellular channel 4 is required for maturation of the cerebral collateral circulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1141-50. [PMID: 26276819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00451.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The number and diameter of native collaterals in tissues of healthy mice vary widely, resulting in large differences in tissue injury in occlusive diseases. Recent studies suggest similar variation may exist in humans. Collateral variation in mice is determined by genetic background-dependent differences in embryonic collateral formation, by variation in maturation of the nascent collaterals, and by environmental factors such as aging that cause collateral rarefaction in the adult. Recently, formation of the collateral circulation in the brain was found to involve a unique VEGF-A-dependent "arteriolar" angiogenic sprouting-like mechanism. Elsewhere, chloride intracellular protein 4 (CLIC4) was implicated but not investigated directly, prompting the present study. Deletion of Clic4 had no effect on embryonic collaterogenesis. However, during collateral maturation from embryonic day 18.5 to postnatal day 7, reduced mural cell investment was observed and excessive pruning of collaterals occurred. Growth in collateral diameter was reduced. This resulted in 50% fewer collaterals of smaller diameter in the adult and thus larger infarct volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion. During collateral maturation, CLIC4 deficiency resulted in reduced expression of Vegfr2, Vegfr1, Vegfc, and mural cell markers, but not notch-pathway genes. Overexpression of VEGF-A in Clic4(-/-) mice had no effect on collaterogenesis, but rescued the above defects in collateral maturation by preventing mural cell loss and collateral pruning, thus restoring collateral number and diameter and reducing stroke severity in the adult. CLIC4 is not required for collaterogenesis but is essential for perinatal maturation of nascent collaterals through a mechanism that supports VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Lucitti
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natalie J Tarte
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Faber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and the McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Vanden Berghe T, Hulpiau P, Martens L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Wonterghem E, Perry SW, Bruggeman I, Divert T, Choi SM, Vuylsteke M, Shestopalov VI, Libert C, Vandenabeele P. Passenger Mutations Confound Interpretation of All Genetically Modified Congenic Mice. Immunity 2015; 43:200-9. [PMID: 26163370 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted mutagenesis in mice is a powerful tool for functional analysis of genes. However, genetic variation between embryonic stem cells (ESCs) used for targeting (previously almost exclusively 129-derived) and recipient strains (often C57BL/6J) typically results in congenic mice in which the targeted gene is flanked by ESC-derived passenger DNA potentially containing mutations. Comparative genomic analysis of 129 and C57BL/6J mouse strains revealed indels and single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in alternative or aberrant amino acid sequences in 1,084 genes in the 129-strain genome. Annotating these passenger mutations to the reported genetically modified congenic mice that were generated using 129-strain ESCs revealed that nearly all these mice possess multiple passenger mutations potentially influencing the phenotypic outcome. We illustrated this phenotypic interference of 129-derived passenger mutations with several case studies and developed a Me-PaMuFind-It web tool to estimate the number and possible effect of passenger mutations in transgenic mice of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seth W Perry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester NY 14627, USA
| | - Inge Bruggeman
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tatyana Divert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sze Men Choi
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Methusalem Program, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent.
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Smith J, Liu F, Beyer B, Morales K, Reilly A, Cole R, Herron BJ. Angiogenesis QTL on Mouse Chromosome 8 Colocalizes with Differential β-Defensin Expression. J Biomol Tech 2015; 26:45-53. [PMID: 25802489 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.15-2602-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of genetic factors that modify complex traits is often complicated by gene-environment interactions that contribute to the observed phenotype. In model systems, the phenotypic outcomes quantified are typically traits that maximize observed variance, which in turn, should maximize the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in subsequent mapping studies. However, when the observed trait is dependent on multiple interacting factors, it can complicate genetic analysis, reducing the likelihood that the modifying mutation will ultimately be found. Alternatively, by focusing on intermediate phenotypes of a larger condition, we can reduce a model's complexity, which will, in turn, limit the number of QTL that contribute to variance. We used a novel method to follow angiogenesis in mice that reduces environmental variance by measuring endothelial cell growth from culture of isolated skin biopsies that varies depending on the genetic source of the tissue. This method, in combination with a backcross breeding strategy, is intended to reduce genetic complexity and limit the phenotypic effects to fewer modifier loci. We determined that our approach was an efficient means to generate recombinant progeny and used this cohort to map a novel s.c. angiogenesis QTL to proximal mouse chromosome (Chr.) 8 with suggestive QTL on Chr. 2 and 7. Global mRNA expression analysis of samples from parental reference strains revealed β-defensins as potential candidate genes for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Smith
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Beyer
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Krista Morales
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Reilly
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Richard Cole
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Bruce J Herron
- 1 Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA; and 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in humans, mice and other mammals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:576-86. [PMID: 23583561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of the pleiotropic effects of coat colour-associated mutations in mammals illustrates that sensory organs and nerves are particularly affected by disorders because of the shared origin of melanocytes and neurocytes in the neural crest; e.g. the eye-colour is a valuable indicator of disorders in pigment production and eye dysfunctions. Disorders related to coat colour-associated alleles also occur in the skin (melanoma), reproductive tract and immune system. Additionally, the coat colour phenotype of an individual influences its general behaviour and fitness. Mutations in the same genes often produce similar coat colours and pleiotropic effects in different species (e.g., KIT [reproductive disorders, lethality], EDNRB [megacolon] and LYST [CHS]). Whereas similar disorders and similar-looking coat colour phenotypes sometimes have a different genetic background (e.g., deafness [EDN3/EDNRB, MITF, PAX and SNAI2] and visual diseases [OCA2, RAB38, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TRPM1 and TYR]). The human predilection for fancy phenotypes that ignore disorders and genetic defects is a major driving force for the increase of pleiotropic effects in domestic species and laboratory subjects since domestication has commenced approximately 18,000 years ago.
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Key Words
- AS
- ASIP
- ATRN
- Agouti signalling protein
- Albino
- Angelman syndrome
- Attractin (mahogany)
- BLOC
- Biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex
- CCSD
- CHS
- CSD
- CSNB
- Canine congenital sensorineural deafness
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Coat colour gene
- Congenital sensorineural deafness
- Congenital stationary night blindness
- Disorder
- EDN3
- EDNRB
- Endothelin 3
- Endothelin receptor type B
- Epistasis
- Fitness
- GS
- Griscelli syndrome (type 1 or 2)
- HPS
- HSCR
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with different types
- Hirschsprung disease
- IPE
- Iris pigment epithelium
- KIT
- KIT ligand (steel factor)
- KITLG
- LFS
- LYST
- Lavender foal syndrome
- Lethal
- Leucism
- Lysosomal trafficking regulator
- MC1R
- MCOA
- MCOLN3
- MGRN1
- MITF
- MYO5A
- Mahogunin ring finger 1 (E3 ubiquitin protein ligase)
- Melanocortin 1 receptor
- Melanoma
- Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
- Mucolipin 3 (TRPML3)
- Multiple congenital ocular anomalies
- Myosin VA (heavy chain 12, myoxin)
- OA
- OCA
- OCA2
- OLWS
- OSTM1
- Ocular albinism
- Oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution homolog)
- Oculocutaneous albinism type 1–4
- Osteopetrosis associated transmembrane protein 1 (Grey lethal osteopetrosis)
- Overo lethal white syndrome
- PAX3
- PMEL
- PWS
- Paired box 3
- Pleiotropy
- Prader-Willi syndrome
- Premelanosome protein (Pmel17, SILV)
- RAB27A
- RAB27A member RAS oncogene family
- RAB38
- RAB38 member RAS oncogene family
- RPE
- Reproduction
- Retinal pigmented epithelium
- SLC24A5
- SLC2A9
- SLC45A2
- SNAI2
- STX17
- Snail homolog 2 (Drosophila), (SLUG), SOX10, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10
- Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 9
- Solute carrier family 24, member 5
- Solute carrier family 45, member 2, MATP
- Syntaxin 17
- TRPM1
- TYR
- Tameness
- Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 1 (melastatin-1)
- Tyrosinase, TYRP1, Tyrosinase-related protein 1
- V-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, tyrosine kinase receptor (c-kit)
- WS
- Waardenburg syndrome (type 1, type 2 combined with Tietz syndrome type 3 Klein-Waardenburg syndrome, type 4 Waardenburg-Shah syndrome)
- alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- αMSH
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reissmann
- Humboldt University Berlin, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
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The albino mutation of tyrosinase alters ocular angiogenic responsiveness. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:639-46. [PMID: 23423728 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have observed substantial differences in angiogenic responsiveness in mice and have mapped the genetic loci responsible for these differences. We have found that the albino mutation is one of the loci responsible for such differences. Using B6.A consomic strains, we determined that chromosome 7 bears a locus that inhibits VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization. F2 crosses between B6.A<Chromosome 7> consomic mice and C57BL/6J parents along with AXB and BXA recombinant inbred strains demonstrated highest linkage near the tyrosinase gene. This region was named AngVq4. Congenic animals confirmed this locus, but could not demonstrate that the classical tyrosinase albino (c) mutation was causative because of the existence of additional linked loci in the congenic region. However, in 1970, a second tyrosinase albino mutation (c-2J) arose in the C57BL/6J background at Jackson Labs. Testing this strain (C57BL/6J<c-2J>) demonstrated that the albino mutation is sufficient to completely explain the alteration in angiogenic response that we observed in congenic animals. Thus, we conclude that the classical tyrosinase mutation is responsible for AngVq4. In contrast to the cornea, where pigmented animals exhibit increased angiogenic responsiveness, iris neovascularization was inhibited in pigmented animals. These results may partially explain increased aggressiveness in amelanotic melanoma, as well as ethnic differences in diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.
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