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Hoellerbauer P, Kufeld M, Arora S, Mitchell K, Girard E, Herman J, Olson J, Paddison P. FBXO42 activity is required to prevent mitotic arrest, spindle assembly checkpoint activation and lethality in glioblastoma and other cancers. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae021. [PMID: 38774470 PMCID: PMC11106029 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults. To identify genes differentially required for the viability of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs), we performed functional genomic lethality screens comparing GSCs and control human neural stem cells. Among top-scoring hits in a subset of GBM cells was the F-box-containing gene FBXO42, which was also predicted to be essential in ∼15% of cell lines derived from a broad range of cancers. Mechanistic studies revealed that, in sensitive cells, FBXO42 activity prevents chromosome alignment defects, mitotic cell cycle arrest and cell death. The cell cycle arrest, but not the cell death, triggered by FBXO42 inactivation could be suppressed by brief exposure to a chemical inhibitor of Mps1, a key spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase. FBXO42's cancer-essential function requires its F-box and Kelch domains, which are necessary for FBXO42's substrate recognition and targeting by SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex. However, none of FBXO42's previously proposed targets, including ING4, p53 and RBPJ, were responsible for the observed phenotypes. Instead, our results suggest that FBOX42 alters the activity of one or more proteins that perturb chromosome-microtubule dynamics in cancer cells, which in turn leads to induction of the SAC and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Hoellerbauer
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
| | - Megan Kufeld
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
| | - Kelly Mitchell
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
| | - Emily J Girard
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101 USA
| | - Jacob A Herman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
| | - James M Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101 USA
| | - Patrick J Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
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2
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Li J, Zhang D, Liu H, Wang D, Pan C, Biachi de Castria T, Mok SRS, Zhou Z, Yan C. Identification of potential prognostic biomarkers among gene models for coiled-coil domain-containing family members in hepatocellular carcinoma elucidates their influence on the hypoxia pathway and immune microenvironment. J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 14:2559-2573. [PMID: 38196528 PMCID: PMC10772702 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-23-652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The family of coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC) proteins participates in a wide range of physiological functions and plays a pivotal role in governing the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor cells. Nonetheless, the precise mechanism governing the interaction among the immune microenvironment, hypoxia pathway, and proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, our objective was to identify the prognostic significance of CCDC family genes in HCC. Methods We conducted an analysis of RNA-seq data from HCC patients sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Our analysis involved comparing the expression profiles of 168 CCDC family genes between tumor and normal tissues to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The prognostic value of these genes was verified using overall survival (OS) data from TCGA-LIHC patients, employing Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan-Meier plots. Subsequently, we constructed a prognostic signature known as the CCDC score and validated it using additional datasets (ICGC-LIRI-JP and GSE14520). Additionally, we performed functional enrichment analysis and conducted an assessment of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Results We identified 34 DEGs of the CCDC family. Among them, six DEGs (CCDC6/22/51/59/132/134) were upregulated and associated with poor prognosis. Higher CCDC score was an independent predictor of poor OS in TCGA-HCC patients (P<0.001, HR =2.37), which was validated in the ICGC-LIRI-JP (P=0.021, HR =2.15) and GSE14520 (P=0.002, HR =2.23) datasets. Functional enrichment analysis showed that hypoxia pathway genes were enriched in the high CCDC score group. Furthermore, immune microenvironment analysis demonstrated that high CCDC score was associated with a suppressed TIME caused by the extrinsic immune escape. Conclusions The CCDC score, derived from six CCDC genes, exhibits remarkable expression levels in liver cancer and holds promise as an independent prognostic indicator. Our bioinformatics analysis revealed a high CCDC score is strongly associated with activation of the hypoxia pathway and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in HCC. This profound finding may serve as a cornerstone for innovative targeted drug therapies and pave the way for further investigations into the underlying mechanisms of CCDC-related carcinogenesis in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dafang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | | | - Tiago Biachi de Castria
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shaffer R. S. Mok
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zegao Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Changqing Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Herken BW, Wong GT, Norman TM, Gilbert LA. Environmental challenge rewires functional connections among human genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.09.552346. [PMID: 37609173 PMCID: PMC10441384 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.552346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how a limited number of genes combinatorially govern cellular responses to environmental changes. While the prevailing hypothesis is that relationships between genes, processes, and ontologies could be plastic to achieve this adaptability, quantitatively comparing human gene functional connections between specific environmental conditions at scale is very challenging. Therefore, it remains unclear whether and how human genetic interaction networks are rewired in response to changing environmental conditions. Here, we developed a framework for mapping context-specific genetic interactions, enabling us to measure the plasticity of human genetic architecture upon environmental challenge for ~250,000 interactions, using cell cycle interruption, genotoxic perturbation, and nutrient deprivation as archetypes. We discover large-scale rewiring of human gene relationships across conditions, highlighted by dramatic shifts in the functional connections of epigenetic regulators (TIP60), cell cycle regulators (PP2A), and glycolysis metabolism. Our study demonstrates that upon environmental perturbation, intra-complex genetic rewiring is rare while inter-complex rewiring is common, suggesting a modular and flexible evolutionary genetic strategy that allows a limited number of human genes to enable adaptation to a large number of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Herken
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco 94518, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94518, USA
| | - Garrett T. Wong
- Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco 94518, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94518, USA
| | | | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94518, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94518, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94518, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94305, USA
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The disruption of the CCDC6 – PP4 axis induces a BRCAness like phenotype and sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:245. [PMID: 35964058 PMCID: PMC9375931 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) is primarily effective against high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) with BRCA1/2 mutations or other deficiencies in homologous recombination (HR) repair mechanisms. However, resistance to PARPi frequently develops, mostly as a result of BRCA1/2 reversion mutations. The tumour suppressor CCDC6 is involved in HR repair by regulating the PP4c phosphatase activity on γH2AX. In this work, we reported that in ovarian cancer cells, a physical or functional loss of CCDC6 results synthetic lethal with the PARP-inhibitors drugs, by affecting the HR repair. We also unravelled a role for CCDC6 as predictive marker of PARPi sensitivity in ovarian cancer, and the impact of CCDC6 downregulation in overcoming PARPi resistance in these tumours. Methods A panel of HGSOC cell lines (either BRCA-wild type or mutant) were treated with PARPi after CCDC6 was attenuated by silencing or by inhibiting USP7, a CCDC6-deubiquitinating enzyme, and the effects on cell survival were assessed. At the cellular and molecular levels, the processes underlying the CCDC6-dependent modification of drugs’ sensitivity were examined. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were immunostained for CCDC6, and the expression of the protein was analysed statistically after digital or visual means. Results HGSOC cells acquired PARPi sensitivity after CCDC6 depletion. Notably, CCDC6 downregulation restored the PARPi sensitivity in newly generated or spontaneously resistant cells containing either wild type- or mutant-BRCA2. When in an un-phosphorylated state, the CCDC6 residue threonine 427 is crucial for effective CCDC6-PP4 complex formation and PP4 sequestration, which maintains high γH2AX levels and effective HR. Remarkably, the PP4-dependent control of HR repair is influenced by the CCDC6 constitutively phosphorylated mutant T427D or by the CCDC6 loss, favouring PARPi sensitivity. As a result, the PP4 regulatory component PP4R3α showed to be essential for both the activity of the PP4 complex and the CCDC6 dependent PARPi sensitivity. It's interesting to note that immunohistochemistry revealed an intense CCDC6 protein staining in olaparib-resistant HGSOC cells and PDXs. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the physical loss or the functional impairment of CCDC6 enhances the PP4c complex activity, which causes BRCAness and PARPi sensitivity in HGSOC cells. Moreover, CCDC6 downregulation might overcome PARPi resistance in HGSOCs, thus supporting the potential of targeting CCDC6 by USP7 inhibitors to tackle PARPi resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02459-2.
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Osmotic Stress Interferes with DNA Damage Response and H2AX Phosphorylation in Human Keratinocytes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060959. [PMID: 35326410 PMCID: PMC8946833 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin and in particular its outermost layer, the epidermis, protects the body from potentially harmful substances, radiation as well as excessive water loss. However, the interference between the various stress responses of the epidermal keratinocytes, which often occur simultaneously, is largely unknown. The focus of this study was to investigate the interference between osmotic stress and DNA damage response. In addition to revealing the already well-described regulation of diverse gene sets, for example, cellular processes such as transcription, translation, and metabolic pathways (e.g., the KEGG citrate cycle and Reactome G2/M checkpoints), gene expression analysis of osmotically stressed keratinocytes revealed an influence on the transcription of genes also related to UV-induced DNA damage response. A gene network regulating the H2AX phosphorylation was identified to be regulated by osmotic stress. To analyze and test the interference between osmotic stress and DNA damage response, which can be triggered by UV stress on the one hand and oxidative stress on the other, in more detail, primary human keratinocytes were cultured under osmotic stress conditions and subsequently exposed to UV light and H2O2, respectively. γH2AX measurements revealed lower γH2AX levels in cells previously cultured under osmotic stress conditions.
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Morra F, Merolla F, Zito Marino F, Catalano R, Franco R, Chieffi P, Celetti A. The tumour suppressor CCDC6 is involved in ROS tolerance and neoplastic transformation by evading ferroptosis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08399. [PMID: 34841108 PMCID: PMC8605351 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil domain containing 6 (CCDC6) is a tumour suppressor gene involved in apoptosis and DNA damage response. CCDC6 is known to be functionally impaired upon gene fusions, somatic mutations, and altered protein turnover in several tumours. Testicular germ cell tumours are among the most common malignancies in young males. Despite the high cure rate, achieved through chemotherapy and/or surgery, drug resistance can still occur. In a human cellular model of testis Embryonal Carcinoma, the deficiency of CCDC6 was associated with defects in DNA repair via homologous recombination and sensitivity to PARP1/2 inhibitors. Same data were obtained in a panel of murine testicular cell lines, including Sertoli, Spermatogonia and Spermatocytes. In these cells, upon oxidative damage exposure, the absence of CCDC6 conferred tolerance to reactive oxygen species affecting regulated cell death pathways by apoptosis and ferroptosis. At molecular level, the loss of CCDC6 was associated with an enhancement of the xCT/SLC7A11 cystine antiporter expression which, by promoting the accumulation of ROS, interfered with the activation of ferroptosis pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that the CCDC6 downregulation could aid the testis germ cells to be part of a pro-survival pathway that helps to evade the toxic effects of endogenous oxidants contributing to testicular neoplastic growth. Novel therapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morra
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Catalano
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
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Priyanka PP, Yenugu S. Coiled-Coil Domain-Containing (CCDC) Proteins: Functional Roles in General and Male Reproductive Physiology. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2725-2734. [PMID: 33942254 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC) proteins have been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Their functional roles vary from their interaction with molecular components of signaling pathways to determining the physiological functions at the cellular and organ level. Thus, they govern important functions like gametogenesis, embryonic development, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and ciliary development. Further, they are implicated in the pathogenesis of a large number of cancers. Polymorphisms in CCDC genes are associated with the risk of lifetime diseases. Because of their role in many biological processes, they have been extensively studied. This review concisely presents the functional role of CCDC proteins that have been studied in the last decade. Studies on CCDC proteins continue to be an active area of investigation because of their indispensable functions. However, there is ample opportunity to further understand the involvement of CCDC proteins in many more functions. It is anticipated that basing on the available literature, the functional role of CCDC proteins will be explored much further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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8
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Liu Y, Li K, Zhu WB, Zhang H, Huang WT, Liu XC, Lin Y, Cai J, Yan GM, Qiu JG, Peng L, Liang JK, Hu C. Suppression of CCDC6 sensitizes tumor to oncolytic virus M1. Neoplasia 2020; 23:158-168. [PMID: 33338804 PMCID: PMC7749300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus is an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, which exploits natural or manipulated viruses to selectively target and kill cancer cells. However, the innate antiviral system of cancer cells may resistant to the treatment of oncolytic virus. M1 virus is a newly identified oncolytic virus belonging to alphavirus species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its anticancer activity are largely unknown. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. RNA seq analysis was used to analyze the gene alternation after M1 virus infection. Small interfering RNAs transfection for gene knockdown was used for gene functional tests. Caspase-3/7 activity was detected by Caspase-Glo Assay Systems. A mice model of orthotopic bladder tumor was established to determine the oncolytic effectiveness of the M1 virus. The expression of cleaved-Caspase 3 as well as Ki-67 in tumor cells were detected by immunohistochemical analysis. To further define the molecular factors involved in M1 virus-mediated biological function, we knocked down genes related to alphavirus’ activity and found that CCDC6 plays an important role in the oncolytic activity of M1 virus. Moreover, knocked down of CCDC6 augments the reproduction of M1 virus and resulted in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cell apoptosis in vitro as well as in vivo orthotopic bladder cancer model. Our research provides a rational new target for developing new compounds to promote the efficacy of oncolytic virus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Cheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Mei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Guang Qiu
- Department of Urology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Kai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Hoff AM, Kraggerud SM, Alagaratnam S, Berg KCG, Johannessen B, Høland M, Nilsen G, Lingjærde OC, Andrews PW, Lothe RA, Skotheim RI. Frequent copy number gains of SLC2A3 and ETV1 in testicular embryonal carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:457-468. [PMID: 32580154 PMCID: PMC7424350 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) appear as different histological subtypes or mixtures of these. They show similar, multiple DNA copy number changes, where gain of 12p is pathognomonic. However, few high-resolution analyses have been performed and focal DNA copy number changes with corresponding candidate target genes remain poorly described for individual subtypes. We present the first high-resolution DNA copy number aberration (CNA) analysis on the subtype embryonal carcinomas (ECs), including 13 primary ECs and 5 EC cell lines. We identified recurrent gains and losses and allele-specific CNAs. Within these regions, we nominate 30 genes that may be of interest to the EC subtype. By in silico analysis of data from 150 TGCTs from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we further investigated CNAs, RNA expression, somatic mutations and fusion transcripts of these genes. Among primary ECs, ploidy ranged between 2.3 and 5.0, and the most common aberrations were DNA copy number gains at chromosome (arm) 7, 8, 12p, and 17, losses at 4, 10, 11, and 18, replicating known TGCT genome characteristics. Gain of whole or parts of 12p was found in all samples, including a highly amplified 100 kbp segment at 12p13.31, containing SLC2A3. Gain at 7p21, encompassing ETV1, was the second most frequent aberration. In conclusion, we present novel CNAs and the genes located within these regions, where the copy number gain of SLC2A3 and ETV1 are of interest, and which copy number levels also correlate with expression in TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Hoff
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid M Kraggerud
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sharmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaja C G Berg
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Johannessen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Høland
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Nilsen
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole C Lingjærde
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter W Andrews
- The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence should be addressed to R A Lothe or R I Skotheim: or
| | - Rolf I Skotheim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence should be addressed to R A Lothe or R I Skotheim: or
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Campos A, Freitas M, de Almeida AM, Martins JC, Domínguez-Pérez D, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, Reis Costa P. OMICs Approaches in Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins Research. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E493. [PMID: 32752012 PMCID: PMC7472309 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most prevalent marine toxins in Europe's and in other temperate coastal regions. These toxins are produced by several dinoflagellate species; however, the contamination of the marine trophic chain is often attributed to species of the genus Dinophysis. This group of toxins, constituted by okadaic acid (OA) and analogous molecules (dinophysistoxins, DTXs), are highly harmful to humans, causing severe poisoning symptoms caused by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Knowledge on the mode of action and toxicology of OA and the chemical characterization and accumulation of DSTs in seafood species (bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans) has significantly contributed to understand the impacts of these toxins in humans. Considerable information is however missing, particularly at the molecular and metabolic levels involving toxin uptake, distribution, compartmentalization and biotransformation and the interaction of DSTs with aquatic organisms. Recent contributions to the knowledge of DSTs arise from transcriptomics and proteomics research. Indeed, OMICs constitute a research field dedicated to the systematic analysis on the organisms' metabolisms. The methodologies used in OMICs are also highly effective to identify critical metabolic pathways affecting the physiology of the organisms. In this review, we analyze the main contributions provided so far by OMICs to DSTs research and discuss the prospects of OMICs with regard to the DSTs toxicology and the significance of these toxins to public health, food safety and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Marisa Freitas
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
- ESS-P.Porto, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto. Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. de Almeida
- LEAF-Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Dany Domínguez-Pérez
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Ipatimup—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Cerrato A, Morra F, Di Domenico I, Celetti A. NSCLC Mutated Isoforms of CCDC6 Affect the Intracellular Distribution of the Wild Type Protein Promoting Cisplatinum Resistance and PARP Inhibitors Sensitivity in Lung Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010044. [PMID: 31877762 PMCID: PMC7016757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CCDC6 is implicated in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage repair by homologous recombination (HR). In NSCLC, CCDC6 is barely expressed in about 30% of patients and CCDC6 gene rearrangements with RET and ROS kinases are detected in about 1% of patients. Recently, CCDC6 point-mutations naming E227K, S351Y, N394Y, and T462A have been identified in primary NSCLC. In this work, we analyze the effects exerted by the CCDC6 mutated isoforms on lung cancer cells. By pull-down experiments and immunofluorescence, we evaluated the biochemical and morphological effects of CCDC6 lung-mutants on the CCDC6 wild type protein. By using two HR-reporter assays, we analyzed the effect of CCDC6 lung-mutants in perturbing CCDC6 physiology in the HR process. Finally, by cell-titer assay, we evaluated the response to the treatment with different drugs in lung cancer cells expressing CCDC6 mutants. This work shows that the CCDC6 mutated and truncated isoforms, identified so far in NSCLC, affected the intracellular distribution of the wild type protein and impaired the CCDC6 function in the HR process, ultimately inducing cisplatinum resistance and PARP-inhibitors sensitivity in lung cancer cells. The identification of selected molecular alterations involving CCDC6 gene product might define predictive biomarkers for personalized treatment in NSCLC.
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12
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Morra F, Merolla F, D’Abbiero D, Ilardi G, Campione S, Monaco R, Guggino G, Ambrosio F, Staibano S, Cerrato A, Visconti R, Celetti A. Analysis of CCDC6 as a novel biomarker for the clinical use of PARP1 inhibitors in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Lung Cancer 2019; 135:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Laxmi A, Gupta P, Gupta J. CCDC6, a gene product in fusion with different protoncogenes, as a potential chemotherapeutic target. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:383-393. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Laxmi
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
- Department of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
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14
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Criscuolo D, Morra F, Giannella R, Visconti R, Cerrato A, Celetti A. New combinatorial strategies to improve the PARP inhibitors efficacy in the urothelial bladder Cancer treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:91. [PMID: 30791940 PMCID: PMC6385418 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for the treatment of metastatic Urothelial Bladder Cancer. DNA damaging repair (DDR) targeting has been introduced in cinical trials for bladder cancer patients that carry alterations in homologous DNA repair genes, letting to envisage susceptibility to the Poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. MAIN BODY PARP inhibition, by amplifying the DNA damage, augments the mutational burden and promotes the immune priming of the tumor by increasing the neoantigen exposure and determining upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Thus, the combination of PARP-inhibition and the PD/PD-L1 targeting may represent a compelling strategy to treat bladder cancer and has been introduced in recent clinical trials. The targeting of DDR has been also used in combination with epigenetic drugs able to modulate the expression of genes involved in DDR, and also able to act as immunomodulator agents suggesting their use in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it may be envisaged the combination of three classes of drugs to treat bladder cancer, by targeting the DDR process in a tumor context of DDR defect, together with epigenetic agents and immune-checkpoint inhibitors, whose association may amplify the effects and reduce the doses and the toxicity of each single drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Criscuolo
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Morra
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Visconti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Cerrato
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, CNR, Naples, Italy
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15
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Cerrato A, Visconti R, Celetti A. The rationale for druggability of CCDC6-tyrosine kinase fusions in lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:46. [PMID: 29455670 PMCID: PMC5817729 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions occur in up to 17% of solid tumours. Oncogenic kinases are often involved in such fusions. In lung cancer, almost 30% of patients carrying an activated oncogene show the fusion of a tyrosine kinase to an heterologous gene. Several genes are partner in the fusion with the three kinases ALK, ROS1 and RET in lung. The impaired function of the partner gene, in combination with the activation of the kinase, may alter the cell signaling and promote the cancer cell addiction to the oncogene. Moreover, the gene that is partner in the fusion to the kinase may affect the response to therapeutics and/or promote resistance in the cancer cells. Few genes are recurrent partners in tyrosine kinase fusions in lung cancer, including CCDC6, a recurrent partner in ROS1 and RET fusions, that can be selected as possible target for new strategies of combined therapy including TKi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Cerrato
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", Italian National Council of Research, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Visconti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", Italian National Council of Research, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", Italian National Council of Research, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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16
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Cerrato A, Merolla F, Morra F, Celetti A. CCDC6: the identity of a protein known to be partner in fusion. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1300-1308. [PMID: 29044514 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coiled Coil Domain Containing 6 gene, CCDC6, was initially isolated as part of a tumorigenic DNA originated by the fusion of CCDC6 with the tyrosine kinase of RET receptor, following a paracentric inversion of chromosome 10. For a long time, CCDC6 has been considered as an accidental partner of the RET protooncogene, providing the promoter and the first 101 aa necessary for the constitutive activation of the oncogenic Tyrosine Kinase (TK) RET in thyroid cells. With the advent of more refined diagnostic tools and bioinformatic algorithms, an exponential growth in fusion genes discoveries has allowed the identification of CCDC6 as partner of genes other than RET in different tumor types. CCDC6 gene product has a proper role in sustaining the DNA damage checkpoints in response to DNA damage. The inactivation of CCDC6 secondary to chromosomal rearrangements or gene mutations could enhance tumor progression by impairing the apoptotic response upon the DNA damage exposure, contributing to the generation of radio- and chemoresistance. Preclinical studies indicate that the attenuation of CCDC6 in cancer, while conferring a resistance to cisplatinum, sensitizes the cancer cells to the small molecule inhibitors of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1/2) with a synthetic lethal effect. Several CCDC6 mutations and gene rearrangements have been described so far in different types of cancer and CCDC6 may represent a possible predictive biomarker of tumor resistance to the conventional anticancer treatments. Nevertheless, the detection of a CCDC6 impairment in cancer patients may help to select, in future clinical trials, those patients who could benefit of PARP-inhibitors treatment alone or in combination with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Cerrato
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Morra
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
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17
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The between Now and Then of Lung Cancer Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071374. [PMID: 28653990 PMCID: PMC5535867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. Disappointingly, despite great effort in encouraging screening or, at least, a close surveillance of high-risk individuals, most of lung cancers are diagnosed when already surgically unresectable because of local advancement or metastasis. In these cases, the treatment of choice is chemotherapy, alone or in combination with radiotherapy. Here, we will briefly review the most successful and recent advances in the identification of novel lung cancer genetic lesions and in the development of new drugs specifically targeting them. However, lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related mortality also because, despite impressive initial responses, the patients often develop resistance to novel target therapies after a few months of treatment. Thus, it is literally vital to continue the search for new therapeutic options. So, here, on the basis of our recent findings on the role of the tumor suppressor CCDC6 protein in lung tumorigenesis, we will also discuss novel therapeutic approaches we envision for lung cancer.
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18
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Morra F, Merolla F, Napolitano V, Ilardi G, Miro C, Paladino S, Staibano S, Cerrato A, Celetti A. The combined effect of USP7 inhibitors and PARP inhibitors in hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:31815-31829. [PMID: 28415632 PMCID: PMC5458250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Reduced levels of the tumor suppressor protein CCDC6 sensitize cancer cells to the treatment with PARP-inhibitors. The turnover of CCDC6 protein is regulated by the de-ubiquitinase USP7, which also controls the androgen receptor (AR) stability. Here, we correlated the expression levels of CCDC6 and USP7 proteins in primary prostate cancers (PC). Moreover, we tested the efficacy of the USP7 inhibitors, in combination with PARP-inhibitors as a novel therapeutic option in advanced prostate cancer.Experimental techniques: PC cells were exposed to USP7 inhibitor, P5091, together with cycloheximide, to investigate the turnover of the USP7 substrates, AR and CCDC6. As outcome of the AR downregulation, transcription targets of AR and its variant V7 were examined by qPCR. As a result of CCDC6 degradation, the induction of PARP inhibitors sensitivity was evaluated by analyzing PC cells viability and foci formation. We scored and correlated CCDC6 and USP7 expression levels in a prostate cancer tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS P5091 accelerated the degradation of AR and V7 isoform affecting PSA, UBE2C, CDC20 transcription and PC cells proliferation. Moreover, P5091 accelerated the degradation of CCDC6 sensitizing the cells to PARP-inhibitors, that acted sinergistically with genotoxic agents. The immunohistochemical analysis of both CCDC6 and USP7 proteins exhibited significant correlation for the intensity of staining (p ≤ 0.05).Data interpretation: Thus, CCDC6 and USP7 represent predictive markers for the combined treatment of the USP7-inhibitors and PARP-inhibitors in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morra
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Virginia Napolitano
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Miro
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Cerrato
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
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Yadav L, Tamene F, Göös H, van Drogen A, Katainen R, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M, Varjosalo M. Systematic Analysis of Human Protein Phosphatase Interactions and Dynamics. Cell Syst 2017; 4:430-444.e5. [PMID: 28330616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated activities of protein kinases and phosphatases ensure phosphorylation homeostasis, which, when perturbed, can instigate diseases, including cancer. Yet, in contrast to kinases, much less is known about protein phosphatase functions and their interactions and complexes. Here, we used quantitative affinity proteomics to assay protein-protein interactions for 54 phosphatases distributed across the three major protein phosphatase families, with additional analysis of their 12 co-factors. We identified 838 high-confidence interactions, of which 631, to our knowledge, have not been reported before. We show that inhibiting the activity of phosphatases PP1 and PP2A by okadaic acid disrupts their specific interactions, supporting the potential of therapeutics that target these proteins. Additional analyses revealed candidate physical and functional interaction links to phosphatase-based regulation of several signaling pathways and to human cancer. Our study provides an initial glimpse of the protein interaction landscape of phosphatases and their functions in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Yadav
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Fitsum Tamene
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Helka Göös
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Riku Katainen
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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20
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Cerrato A, Morra F, Celetti A. Use of poly ADP-ribose polymerase [PARP] inhibitors in cancer cells bearing DDR defects: the rationale for their inclusion in the clinic. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:179. [PMID: 27884198 PMCID: PMC5123312 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage response (DDR) defects imply genomic instability and favor tumor progression but make the cells vulnerable to the pharmacological inhibition of the DNA repairing enzymes. Targeting cellular proteins like PARPs, which cooperate and complement molecular defects of the DDR process, induces a specific lethality in DDR defective cancer cells and represents an anti-cancer strategy. Normal cells can tolerate the DNA damage generated by PARP inhibition because of an efficient homologous recombination mechanism (HR); in contrast, cancer cells with a deficient HR are unable to manage the DSBs and appear especially sensitive to the PARP inhibitors (PARPi) effects. MAIN BODY In this review we discuss the proof of concept for the use of PARPi in different cancer types and the success and failure of their inclusion in clinical trials. The PARP inhibitor Olaparib [AZD2281] has been approved by the FDA for use in pretreated ovarian cancer patients with defective BRCA1/2 genes, and by the EMEA for maintenance therapy in platinum sensitive ovarian cancer patients with defective BRCA1/2 genes. BRCA mutations are now recognised as the molecular targets for PARPi sensitivity in several tumors. However, it is noteworthy that the use of PARPi has shown its efficacy also in non-BRCA related tumors. Several trials are ongoing to test different PARPi in different cancer types. Here we review the concept of BRCAness and the functional loss of proteins involved in DDR/HR mechanisms in cancer, including additional molecules that can influence the cancer cells sensitivity to PARPi. Given the complexity of the existing crosstalk between different DNA repair pathways, it is likely that a single biomarker may not be sufficient to predict the benefit of PARP inhibitors therapies. Novel general assays able to predict the DDR/HR proficiency in cancer cells and the PARPi sensitivity represent a challenge for a personalized therapy. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibition is a potentially important strategy for managing a significant subset of tumors. The discovery of both germline and somatic DNA repair deficiencies in different cancer patients, together with the development of new PARP inhibitors that can kill selectively cancer cells is a potent example of targeting therapy to molecularly defined tumor subtypes.
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21
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Malapelle U, Morra F, Ilardi G, Visconti R, Merolla F, Cerrato A, Napolitano V, Monaco R, Guggino G, Monaco G, Staibano S, Troncone G, Celetti A. USP7 inhibitors, downregulating CCDC6, sensitize lung neuroendocrine cancer cells to PARP-inhibitor drugs. Lung Cancer 2016; 107:41-49. [PMID: 27372520 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CCDC6 gene product is a tumor-suppressor pro-apoptotic protein, substrate of ATM, involved in DNA damage response and repair. Altered levels of CCDC6 expression are dependent on post-translational modifications, being the de-ubiquitinating enzyme USP7 responsible of the fine tuning of the CCDC6 stability. Thus, our aim was to investigate CCDC6 and USP7 expression levels in Lung-Neuroendocrine Tumors (L-NETs) to verify if they correlate and may be exploited as novel predictive therapeutic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor tissues from 29 L-NET patients were investigated on tissue microarrays. CCDC6 levels were scored and correlated with immunoreactivity for USP7. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of a homogenous group of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) (N=8) was performed by Ion AmpliSeq NGS platform and the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2. The inhibition of USP7, using P5091, was assayed in vitro to accelerate CCDC6 turnover in order to sensitize the neuroendocrine cancer cells to PARP-inhibitors, alone or in association with cisplatinum. RESULTS The immunostaining of 29 primary L-NETs showed that the intensity of CCDC6 staining correlated with the levels of USP7 expression (p≤0.05). The NGS analysis of 8 LCNEC revealed mutations in the hot spot regions of the p53 gene (in 6 out of 8). Moreover, gene polymorphisms were identified in the druggable STK11, MET and ALK genes. High intensity of p53 immunostaining was reported in the 6 tissues carrying the TP53 mutations. The inhibition of USP7 by P5091 accelerated the degradation of CCDC6 versus control in cycloheximide treated L-NET cells in vitro and sensitized the cells to PARP-inhibitors alone and in combination with cisplatinum. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CCDC6 and USP7 have a predictive value for the clinical usage of USP7 inhibitors in combination with the PARP-inhibitors in L-NET in addition to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Morra
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ilardi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Visconti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Cerrato
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Napolitano
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Institute for the Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, Research National Council, Naples, Italy.
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FBXW7 and USP7 regulate CCDC6 turnover during the cell cycle and affect cancer drugs susceptibility in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12697-709. [PMID: 25885523 PMCID: PMC4494967 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CCDC6 gene product is a pro-apoptotic protein substrate of ATM, whose loss or inactivation enhances tumour progression. In primary tumours, the impaired function of CCDC6 protein has been ascribed to CCDC6 rearrangements and to somatic mutations in several neoplasia. Recently, low levels of CCDC6 protein, in NSCLC, have been correlated with tumor prognosis. However, the mechanisms responsible for the variable levels of CCDC6 in primary tumors have not been described yet. We show that CCDC6 turnover is regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner. CCDC6 undergoes a cyclic variation in the phosphorylated status and in protein levels that peak at G2 and decrease in mitosis. The reduced stability of CCDC6 in the M phase is dependent on mitotic kinases and on degron motifs that are present in CCDC6 and direct the recruitment of CCDC6 to the FBXW7 E3 Ubl. The de-ubiquitinase enzyme USP7 appears responsible of the fine tuning of the CCDC6 stability, affecting cells behaviour and drug response. Thus, we propose that the amount of CCDC6 protein in primary tumors, as reported in lung, may depend on the impairment of the CCDC6 turnover due to altered protein-protein interaction and post-translational modifications and may be critical in optimizing personalized therapy.
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Leone V, Langella C, Esposito F, Arra C, Palma G, Rea D, Paciello O, Merolla F, De Biase D, Papparella S, Celetti A, Fusco A. Ccdc6 knock-in mice develop thyroid hyperplasia associated to an enhanced CREB1 activity. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15628-38. [PMID: 25970781 PMCID: PMC4558175 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CCDC6 was originally identified upon rearrangement with RET in human thyroid papillary carcinomas generating the RET/PTC1 oncogene. We have previously reported that CCDC6 interacts with CREB1 and represses its transcriptional activity. Since the function of at least one allele of CCDC6 is lost following RET/PTC1 rearrangements, we aimed at the generation of mice, carrying a CCDC6 mutant gene. Previous studies suggested that the coiled-coil domain of CCDC6, mainly encoded by human exon 2, is required for the protein function. Therefore, we engineered a murine Ccdc6 construct, carrying a deletion of the exon 2, that was able to exert only a mild repression on CREB1 transcriptional activity, with respect to the wild type Ccdc6. Subsequently, we generated Ccdc6-ex2 knock-in mice. These mice developed thyroid hyperplasia associated with an enhanced CREB1 activity and an increased expression of the CREB-1 regulated genes. These results strongly support a CCDC6 promoting role, ascribed to its functional impairment, in the development of thyroid papillary carcinomas harboring the RET/PTC1 oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Leone
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR e/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Langella
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR e/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR e/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Rea
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR e/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR e/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR e/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer - INCA, Rua André Cavalcanti, Rio de Janeiro, CEP RJ, Brazil
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24
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Duggimpudi S, Larsson E, Nabhani S, Borkhardt A, Hoell JI. The cell cycle regulator CCDC6 is a key target of RNA-binding protein EWS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119066. [PMID: 25751255 PMCID: PMC4353705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic translocation of EWSR1 to ETS transcription factor coding region is considered as primary cause for Ewing sarcoma. Previous studies focused on the biology of chimeric transcription factors formed due to this translocation. However, the physiological consequences of heterozygous EWSR1 loss in these tumors have largely remained elusive. Previously, we have identified various mRNAs bound to EWS using PAR-CLIP. In this study, we demonstrate CCDC6, a known cell cycle regulator protein, as a novel target regulated by EWS. siRNA mediated down regulation of EWS caused an elevated apoptosis in cells in a CCDC6-dependant manner. This effect was rescued upon re-expression of CCDC6. This study provides evidence for a novel functional link through which wild-type EWS operates in a target-dependant manner in Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Duggimpudi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Schafiq Nabhani
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica I Hoell
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Morra F, Luise C, Visconti R, Staibano S, Merolla F, Ilardi G, Guggino G, Paladino S, Sarnataro D, Franco R, Monaco R, Zitomarino F, Pacelli R, Monaco G, Rocco G, Cerrato A, Linardopoulos S, Muller MT, Celetti A. New therapeutic perspectives in CCDC6 deficient lung cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2146-57. [PMID: 25302833 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. In this study, we have characterized a panel of NSC lung cancer cell lines for the expression of coiled-coil-domain containing 6 (CCDC6), a tumor suppressor gene involved in apoptosis and DNA damage response. We show that low CCDC6 protein levels are associated with a weak response to DNA damage and a low number of Rad51 positive foci. Moreover, CCDC6 deficient lung cancer cells show defects in DNA repair via homologous recombination. In accordance with its role in the DNA damage response, CCDC6 attenuation confers resistance to cisplatinum, the current treatment of choice for NSCLC, but sensitizes the cells to olaparib, a small molecule inhibitor of the repair enzymes PARP1/2. Remarkably, the combination of the two drugs is more effective than each agent individually, as demonstrated by a combination index <1. Finally, CCDC6 is expressed at low levels in about 30% of the NSCL tumors we analyzed by TMA immunostaining. The weak CCDC6 protein staining is significatively correlated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (p ≤ 0.02) and negatively correlated to the disease free survival (p ≤ 0.01) and the overall survival (p ≤ 0.05). Collectively, the data indicate that CCDC6 levels provide valuable insight for OS. CCDC6 could represent a predictive biomarker of resistance to conventional single mode therapy and yield insight on tumor sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Morra
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale "Gaetano Salvatore", CNR, Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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26
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Smith S, Fox J, Mejia M, Ruangpradit W, Saberi A, Kim S, Choi Y, Oh S, Wang Y, Choi K, Li L, Hendrickson EA, Takeda S, Muller M, Myung K. Histone deacetylase inhibitors selectively target homology dependent DNA repair defective cells and elevate non-homologous endjoining activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87203. [PMID: 24466340 PMCID: PMC3900704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously used the ATAD5-luciferase high-throughput screening assay to identify genotoxic compounds with potential chemotherapeutic capabilities. The successful identification of known genotoxic agents, including the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA), confirmed the specificity of the screen since TSA has been widely studied for its ability to cause apoptosis in cancer cells. Because many cancers have acquired mutations in DNA damage checkpoints or repair pathways, we hypothesized that these cancers may be susceptible to treatments that target compensatory pathways. Here, we used a panel of isogenic chicken DT40 B lymphocyte mutant and human cell lines to investigate the ability of TSA to define selective pathways that promote HDACi toxicity. Results HDACi induced a DNA damage response and reduced viability in all repair deficient DT40 mutants although ATM-nulls were least affected. The most dramatic sensitivity was observed in mutants lacking the homology dependent repair (HDR) factor BLM or the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and HDR factors, KU/RAD54, suggesting an involvement of either HDR or NHEJ in HDACi-induced cell death. To extend these findings, we measured the frequencies of HDR and NHEJ after HDACi treatment and monitored viability in human cell lines comparably deficient in HDR or NHEJ. Although no difference in HDR frequency was observed between HDACi treated and untreated cells, HDR-defective human cell lines were clearly more sensitive than wild type. Unexpectedly, cells treated with HDACis showed a significantly elevated NHEJ frequency. Conclusions HDACi targeting drugs induced significant increases in NHEJ activity in human cell lines but did not alter HDR frequency. Moreover, HDR is required for cellular resistance to HDACi therapy; therefore, NHEJ does not appear to be a critical axis for HDACi resistance. Rather, HDACi compounds induced DNA damage, most likely double strand breaks (DSBs), and HDR proficiency is correlated with cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Smith
- Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Fox
- Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marco Mejia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wanvipa Ruangpradit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alihossein Saberi
- Department of Radiation Genetics Kyoto University, Medical School, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Genetics Kyoto University, Medical School, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Environmental Health School of Public Hearth, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sehyun Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston Texas, United States of America
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health School of Public Hearth, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics Kyoto University, Medical School, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Mark Muller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Genome Instability Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Staibano S, Ilardi G, Leone V, Luise C, Merolla F, Esposito F, Morra F, Siano M, Franco R, Fusco A, Chieffi P, Celetti A. Critical role of CCDC6 in the neoplastic growth of testicular germ cell tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:433. [PMID: 24059746 PMCID: PMC3849521 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage response has been clearly described as an anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Moreover, interestingly, testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) have been reported to lack the DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathway activation. CCDC6 is a pro-apoptotic phosphoprotein substrate of the kinase ataxia telangectasia mutated (ATM) able to sustain DNA damage checkpoint in response to genotoxic stress and is commonly rearranged in malignancies upon fusion with different partners. In our study we sought to determine whether CCDC6 could have a role in the patho-genesis of testicular germ cell tumors. Methods To achieve this aim, analysis for CCDC6 expression has been evaluated on serial sections of the mouse testis by immunohistochemistry and on separate populations of murine testicular cells by western blot. Next, the resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species has been investigated in GC1 cells, derived from immortalized type B murine germ cells, following CCDC6 silencing. Finally, the CCDC6 expression in normal human testicular cells, in Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia Unclassified (IGCNU), in a large series of male germ cell tumours and in the unique human seminoma TCam2 cell line has been evaluated by immunohistochemistry and by Western Blot analyses. Results The analysis of the CCDC6 expression revealed its presence in Sertoli cells and in spermatogonial cells. CCDC6 loss was the most consistent feature among the primary tumours and TCam2 cells. Interestingly, following treatment with low doses of H2O2, the silencing of CCDC6 in GC1 cells caused a decrease in the oxidized form of cytochrome c and low detection of Bad, PARP-1 and Caspase 3 proteins. Moreover, in the silenced cells, upon oxidative damage, the cell viability was protected, the γH2AX activation was impaired and the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) release was decreased. Conclusions Therefore, our results suggest that the loss of CCDC6 could aid the spermatogonial cells to be part of a pro-survival pathway that helps to evade the toxic effects of endogenous oxidants and contributes to testicular neoplastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Staibano
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNRz, via S Pansini, 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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28
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Tu WZ, Li B, Huang B, Wang Y, Liu XD, Guan H, Zhang SM, Tang Y, Rang WQ, Zhou PK. γH2AX foci formation in the absence of DNA damage: mitotic H2AX phosphorylation is mediated by the DNA-PKcs/CHK2 pathway. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3437-43. [PMID: 24021642 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated H2AX is considered to be a biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), but recent evidence suggests that γH2AX does not always indicate the presence of DSB. Here we demonstrate the bimodal dynamic of H2AX phosphorylation induced by ionizing radiation, with the second peak appearing when G2/M arrest is induced. An increased level of γH2AX occurred in mitotic cells, and this increase was attenuated by DNA-PKcs inactivation or Chk2 depletion, but not by ATM inhibition. The phosphorylation-mimic CHK2-T68D abrogated the attenuation of mitotic γH2AX induced by DNA-PKcs inactivation. Thus, the DNA-PKcs/CHK2 pathway mediates the mitotic phosphorylation of H2AX in the absence of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhi Tu
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Hygiene, The College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province 421000, PR China; Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
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29
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Luise C, Merolla F, Leone V, Paladino S, Sarnataro D, Fusco A, Celetti A. Identification of sumoylation sites in CCDC6, the first identified RET partner gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma, uncovers a mode of regulating CCDC6 function on CREB1 transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49298. [PMID: 23145146 PMCID: PMC3492267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CCDC6 was originally identified in chimeric genes as caused by chromosomal translocation involving the RET protooncogene in some thyroid tumors. Recognised as a 65 kDa pro-apoptotic phosphoprotein, CCDC6 has been enrolled as an ATM substrate that contribute to protect genome integrity by modulating PP4c activity in response to genotoxic stress. Recently, CCDC6 has been identified as a repressor of CREB1-dependent transcription. Sumoylation has emerged as an important mechanism in transcriptional control. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three sites of sumoylation in CCDC6 (K74, K266 and K424) which are highly conserved in vertebrates. We demonstrate that the post-translational modifications by SUMO2 constrain most of the CCDC6 protein in the cytosol and affect its functional interaction with CREB1 with a decrease of CCDC6 repressive function on CREB1 transcriptional activity. Indeed, the impairment of functional outcome of sumoylated CCDC6 is obtained knocking down all three the sumoylation sites. Interestingly, in thyroid cells the SUMO2-mediated CCDC6 post-translational modifications are induced by Forskolin, a cAMP analog. Signal transduction via the cAMP pathway is known to be ubiquitous and represents a major line of communication between many organisms and their environment. We believe that CCDC6 could be an important player in the dynamics of cAMP signaling by fine regulating CREB1 transcriptional activity in normal and transformed thyroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Luise
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Leone
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Celetti
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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30
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Zhao J, Tang J, Men W, Ren K. FBXW7-mediated degradation of CCDC6 is impaired by ATM during DNA damage response in lung cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4257-63. [PMID: 23108047 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CCDC6 is rearranged in approximately 20% of papillary thyroid carcinomas and some lung cancers participating in the formation of PTC1/ret proto-oncogene oncogene. CCDC6 is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and is stabilized by ATM-mediated phosphorylation at Thr434. However, the E3 ligase that targets CCDC6 for destruction is unknown. Here, we show that FBXW7 interacts with and targets CCDC6 for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Moreover, FBXW7-mediated CCDC6 degradation is impaired in response to DNA damage. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of CCDC6 at Thr434 by ATM during DNA damage response prevents FBXW6-CCDC6 interaction and FBXW7-mediated CCDC6 degradation. Our results suggest that the involvement of FBXW7 in targeting CCDC6 for destruction will be useful for the establishment of new therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunGang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China.
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