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Tadokoro S, Shinji Y, Yamanaka T, Hirata Y. Learning capabilities to resolve tilt-translation ambiguity in goldfish. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1304496. [PMID: 38774058 PMCID: PMC11106485 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1304496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spatial orientation refers to the perception of relative location and self-motion in space. The accurate formation of spatial orientation is essential for animals to survive and interact safely with their environment. The formation of spatial orientation involves the integration of sensory inputs from the vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive systems. Vestibular organs function as specialized head motion sensors, providing information regarding angular velocity and linear acceleration via the semicircular canals and otoliths, respectively. However, because forces arising from the linear acceleration (translation) and inclination relative to the gravitational axis (tilt) are equivalent, they are indistinguishable by accelerometers, including otoliths. This is commonly referred to as the tilt - translation ambiguity, which can occasionally lead to the misinterpretation of translation as a tilt. The major theoretical frameworks addressing this issue have proposed that the interpretation of tilt versus translation may be contingent on an animal's previous experiences of motion. However, empirical confirmation of this hypothesis is lacking. Methods In this study, we conducted a behavioral experiment using goldfish to investigate how an animal's motion experience influences its interpretation of tilt vs. translation. We examined a reflexive eye movement called the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which compensatory-rotates the eyes in response to head motion and is known to reflect an animal's three-dimensional head motion estimate. Results We demonstrated that the VORs of naïve goldfish do not differentiate between translation and tilt at 0.5 Hz. However, following prolonged visual-translation training, which provided appropriate visual stimulation in conjunction with translational head motion, the VORs were capable of distinguishing between the two types of head motion within 3 h. These results were replicated using the Kalman filter model of spatial orientation, which incorporated the variable variance of process noise corresponding to the accumulated motion experience. Discussion Based on these experimental and computational findings, we discuss the neural mechanism underlying the resolution of tilt-translation ambiguity within a context analogous to, yet distinct from, previous cross-axis VOR adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Tadokoro
- Department of Robotic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Japan Air Self-Defense Force, Ichigaya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shinji
- Department of Computer Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Toshimi Yamanaka
- Department of Robotic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hirata
- Department of Robotic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- Center for Mathematical Science and Artificial Intelligence, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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Cullen KE. Internal models of self-motion: neural computations by the vestibular cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:986-1002. [PMID: 37739815 PMCID: PMC10591839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular cerebellum plays an essential role in maintaining our balance and ensuring perceptual stability during activities of daily living. Here I examine three key regions of the vestibular cerebellum: the floccular lobe, anterior vermis (lobules I-V), and nodulus and ventral uvula (lobules X-IX of the posterior vermis). These cerebellar regions encode vestibular information and combine it with extravestibular signals to create internal models of eye, head, and body movements, as well as their spatial orientation with respect to gravity. To account for changes in the external environment and/or biomechanics during self-motion, the neural mechanisms underlying these computations are continually updated to ensure accurate motor behavior. To date, studies on the vestibular cerebellum have predominately focused on passive vestibular stimulation, whereas in actuality most stimulation is the result of voluntary movement. Accordingly, I also consider recent research exploring these computations during active self-motion and emerging evidence establishing the cerebellum's role in building predictive models of self-generated movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Choi JY, Koo YJ, Song JM, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Effect of a False Inertial Cue in the Velocity-Storage Circuit on Head Posture and Inertia Perception. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1530-1539. [PMID: 36669887 PMCID: PMC10008054 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1148-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The velocity-storage circuit participates in the vestibulopostural reflex, but its role in the postural reflex requires further elucidation. The velocity-storage circuit differentiates gravitoinertial information into gravitational and inertial cues using rotational cues. This implies that a false rotational cue can cause an erroneous estimation of gravity and inertial cues. We hypothesized the velocity-storage circuit is a common gateway for all vestibular reflex pathways and tested that hypothesis by measuring the postural and perceptual responses from a false inertial cue estimated in the velocity-storage circuit. Twenty healthy human participants (40.5 ± 8.2 years old, 6 men) underwent two different sessions of earth-vertical axis rotations at 120°/s for 60 s. During each session, the participants were rotated clockwise and then counterclockwise with two different starting head positions (head-down and head-up). During the first (control) session, the participants kept a steady head position at the end of rotation. During the second (test) session, the participants changed their head position at the end of rotation, from head-down to head-up or vice versa. The head position and inertial motion perception at the end of rotation were aligned with the inertia direction anticipated by the velocity-storage model. The participants showed a significant correlation between postural and perceptual responses. The velocity-storage circuit appears to be a shared neural integrator for the vestibulopostural reflex and vestibular perception. Because the postural responses depended on the inertial direction, the postural instability in vestibular disorders may be the consequence of the vestibulopostural reflex responding to centrally estimated false vestibular cues.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The velocity-storage circuit appears to participate in the vestibulopostural reflex, which stabilizes the head and body position in space. However, it is still unclear whether the velocity-storage circuit for the postural reflex is in common with that involved in eye movement and perception. We evaluated the postural and perceptual responses to a false inertial cue estimated by the velocity-storage circuit. The postural and perceptual responses were consistent with the inertia direction predicted in the velocity-storage model and were correlated closely with each other. These results show that the velocity-storage circuit is a shared neural integrator for vestibular-driven responses and suggest that the vestibulopostural response to a false vestibular cue is the pathomechanism of postural instability clinically observed in vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yoon Choi
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620 South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Koo
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620 South Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Song
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620 South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620 South Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13620 South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
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Chen A, Kuo C, Blouin JS. A portable and low-cost solution for real-time manipulation of the vestibular sense. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 382:109709. [PMID: 36116537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vestibular system encodes head motion in space which is naturally accompanied by other sensory cues. Electrical stimuli, applied across the mastoid processes, selectively activate primary vestibular afferents which has spurred clinical and biomedical applications of electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS). When properly matched to head motion, EVS may also manipulate the closed-loop relationship between actions and vestibular feedback to reveal the mechanisms of sensorimotor recalibration and learning. NEW METHOD We designed a portable, low-cost real-time EVS system using an Arduino microcontroller programmed through Simulink that provides electrical currents based on head angular motion. We used well-characterized vestibular afferent physiological responses to head angular velocity and electrical current to compute head-motion equivalent of real-time modulatory EVS currents. We also examined if our system induced recalibration of the vestibular system during human balance control. RESULTS Our system operated at 199.997 Hz ( ± 0.005 Hz) and delivered head-motion-equivalent electrical currents with ∼10 ms delay. The output driving the current stimulator matched the implemented linear model for physiological vestibular afferent dynamics with minimal background noise (<0.2% of ± 10 V range). Participants recalibrated to the modulated closed-loop vestibular feedback using visual cues during standing balance, replicating earlier findings. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS EVS is typically used to impose external perturbations that are independent of one's own movement. We provided a solution using open-source hardware to implement a real-time, physiology based, and task-relevant vestibular modulations using EVS. CONCLUSIONS Our portable, low-cost vestibular modulation system will make physiological closed-loop vestibular manipulations more accessible thus encouraging novel investigations and biomedical applications of EVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Chen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Calvin Kuo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Jean-Sébastien Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Computing, Information and Cognitive Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Ruehl RM, Flanagin VL, Ophey L, Raiser TM, Seiderer K, Ertl M, Conrad J, Zu Eulenburg P. The human egomotion network. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119715. [PMID: 36334557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
All volitional movement in a three-dimensional space requires multisensory integration, in particular of visual and vestibular signals. Where and how the human brain processes and integrates self-motion signals remains enigmatic. Here, we applied visual and vestibular self-motion stimulation using fast and precise whole-brain neuroimaging to delineate and characterize the entire cortical and subcortical egomotion network in a substantial cohort (n=131). Our results identify a core egomotion network consisting of areas in the cingulate sulcus (CSv, PcM/pCi), the cerebellum (uvula), and the temporo-parietal cortex including area VPS and an unnamed region in the supramarginal gyrus. Based on its cerebral connectivity pattern and anatomical localization, we propose that this region represents the human homologue of macaque area 7a. Whole-brain connectivity and gradient analyses imply an essential role of the connections between the cingulate sulcus and the cerebellar uvula in egomotion perception. This could be via feedback loops involved updating visuo-spatial and vestibular information. The unique functional connectivity patterns of PcM/pCi hint at central role in multisensory integration essential for the perception of self-referential spatial awareness. All cortical egomotion hubs showed modular functional connectivity with other visual, vestibular, somatosensory and higher order motor areas, underlining their mutual function in general sensorimotor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Maxine Ruehl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Virginia L Flanagin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology II and Neurobiology, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82151 Planegg-Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Leoni Ophey
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Marie Raiser
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Seiderer
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Ertl
- Institute of Psychology and Inselspital, Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julian Conrad
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Theodor-Kutze Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Zu Eulenburg
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, IFB-LMU, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Department of Biology II and Neurobiology, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82151 Planegg-Martinsried, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; Institute for Neuroradiology, University Hospital Munich, Marchionini Str. 15, 81377 Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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Kwon E, Lee JY, Song JM, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Choi JY, Kim JS. Impaired Duration Perception in Patients With Unilateral Vestibulopathy During Whole-Body Rotation. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:818775. [PMID: 35719188 PMCID: PMC9204839 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.818775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate vestibular perception in patients with unilateral vestibulopathy. We recruited 14 patients (9 women, mean age = 59.3 ± 14.3) with unilateral vestibulopathy during the subacute or chronic stage (disease duration = 6 days to 25 years). For the evaluation of position perception, the patients had to estimate the position after whole-body rotation in the yaw plane. The velocity/acceleration perception was evaluated by acquiring decisions of patients regarding which direction would be the faster rotation after a pair of ipsi- and contra-lesional rotations at various velocity/acceleration settings. The duration perception was assessed by collecting decisions of patients for longer rotation directions at each pair of ipsi- and contra-lesional rotations with various velocities and amplitudes. Patients with unilateral vestibulopathy showed position estimates and velocity/acceleration discriminations comparable to healthy controls. However, in duration discrimination, patients had a contralesional bias such that they had a longer perception period for the healthy side during the equal duration and same amplitude rotations. For the complex duration task, where a longer duration was assigned to a smaller rotation amplitude, the precision was significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group. These results indicate persistent impairments of duration perception in unilateral vestibulopathy and favor the intrinsic and distributed timing mechanism of the vestibular system. Complex perceptual tasks may be helpful to disclose hidden perceptual disturbances in unilateral vestibular hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Song
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Kim
- Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- Dizziness Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yoon Choi
- Dizziness Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong-Yoon Choi,
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Dizziness Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, South Korea
- Ji-Soo Kim,
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Lawn T, Dipasquale O, Vamvakas A, Tsougos I, Mehta MA, Howard MA. Differential contributions of serotonergic and dopaminergic functional connectivity to the phenomenology of LSD. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1797-1808. [PMID: 35322297 PMCID: PMC9166846 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE LSD is the prototypical psychedelic. Despite a clear central role of the 5HT2a receptor in its mechanism of action, the contributions of additional receptors for which it shows affinity and agonist activity remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We employed receptor-enriched analysis of functional connectivity by targets (REACT) to explore differences in functional connectivity (FC) associated with the distributions of the primary targets of LSD-the 5HT1a, 5HT1b, 5HT2a, D1 and D2 receptors. METHODS We performed secondary analyses of an openly available dataset (N = 15) to estimate the LSD-induced alterations in receptor-enriched FC maps associated with these systems. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed as a dimension reduction strategy for subjective experiences associated with LSD captured by the Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire. Correlations between these principal components as well as VAS ratings of subjective effects with receptor-enriched FC were explored. RESULTS Compared to placebo, LSD produced differences in FC when the analysis was enriched with each of the primary serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors. Altered receptor-enriched FC showed relationships with the subjective effects of LSD on conscious experience, with serotonergic and dopaminergic systems being predominantly associated with perceptual effects and perceived selfhood as well as cognition respectively. These relationships were dissociable, with different receptors showing the same relationships within, but not between, the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. CONCLUSIONS These exploratory findings provide new insights into the pharmacology of LSD and highlight the need for additional investigation of non-5HT2a-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lawn
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandros Vamvakas
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsougos
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Mitul A. Mehta
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Alcantara-Thome M, Miguel-Puga JA, Jauregui-Renaud K. Anxiety and Motion Sickness Susceptibility May Influence the Ability to Update Orientation in the Horizontal Plane of Healthy Subjects. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:742100. [PMID: 34594190 PMCID: PMC8477903 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.742100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated the influence of idiosyncrasies that may influence the judgment of space-time orientation after passive motion. We designed a study to assess the influence of anxiety/depression (which may distort time perception), motion sickness susceptibility (which has been related to vestibular function, disorientation, and to the velocity storage mechanism), and personal habits on the ability to update orientation, after passive rotations in the horizontal plane. Eighty-one healthy adults (22–64 years old) accepted to participate. After they completed an in-house general health/habits questionnaire, the short Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the short International Physical Activity Questionnaire, they were exposed to 10 manually driven whole-body rotations (45°, 90°, or 135°), in a square room, with distinctive features on the walls, while seated in the normal upright position, unrestrained, with noise-attenuating headphones and blindfolded. After each rotation, they were asked to report which wall or corner they were facing. To calculate the error of estimation of orientation, the perceived rotation was subtracted from the actual rotation. Multivariate analysis showed that the estimation error of the first rotation was strongly related to the results of the orientation test. The magnitude and the frequency of estimation errors of orientation were independently related to HADS anxiety sub-score and to adult motion sickness susceptibility, with no influence of age, but a contribution from the interaction of the use of spectacles, the quality of sleep and sex. The results suggest that idiosyncrasies may contribute to the space-time estimation of passive self-motion, with influence from emotional traits, adult motion sickness susceptibility, experience, and possibly sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alcantara-Thome
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Otoneurología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José A Miguel-Puga
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Otoneurología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Kathrine Jauregui-Renaud
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Otoneurología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Beylergil SB, Noecker AM, Petersen M, Gupta P, Ozinga S, Walker MF, Kilbane C, McIntyre CC, Shaikh AG. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation affects heading perception in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2021; 269:253-268. [PMID: 34003373 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents with visuospatial impairment and falls. It is critical to understand how subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) modulates visuospatial perception. We hypothesized that DBS has different effects on visual and vestibular perception of linear motion (heading), a critical aspect of visuospatial navigation; and such effects are specific to modulated STN location. Two-alternative forced-choice experiments were performed in 14 PD patients with bilateral STN DBS and 19 age-matched healthy controls (HC) during passive en bloc linear motion and 3D optic-flow in immersive virtual reality measured vestibular and visual heading. Objective measure of perception with Weibull psychometric function revealed that PD has significantly lower accuracy [L: 60.71 (17.86)%, R: 74.82 (17.44)%] and higher thresholds [L: 16.68 (12.83), R: 10.09 (7.35)] during vestibular task in both directions compared to HC (p < 0.05). DBS significantly improved vestibular discrimination accuracy [81.40 (14.36)%] and threshold [4.12 (5.87), p < 0.05] in the rightward direction. There were no DBS effects on the slopes of vestibular psychometric curves. Visual heading perception was better than vestibular and it was comparable to HC. There was no significant effect of DBS on visual heading response accuracy or discrimination threshold (p > 0.05). Patient-specific DBS models revealed an association between change in vestibular heading perception and the modulation of the dorsal STN. In summary, DBS may have different effects on vestibular and visual heading perception in PD. These effects may manifest via dorsal STN putatively by its effects on the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Angela M Noecker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mikkel Petersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine-Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Palak Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Ozinga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark F Walker
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA
| | - Camilla Kilbane
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cameron C McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA.
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Vestibular Perception in Time and Space During Whole-Body Rotation in Humans. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:509-517. [PMID: 33443711 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the vestibular perception of position, velocity, and time (duration) in humans with rotational stimuli including low velocities and small amplitudes. The participants were categorized into young, middle, and old age groups, and each consisted of 10 subjects. Position perception was assessed after yaw rotations ranged from 30 to 180° in both clockwise and counterclockwise directions. For each position, the rotation was delivered at two or more different velocities ranging from 15 to 120°/s. Position perception tended to underestimate the actual position and was similar during the slow and fast rotations. However, the trends of underestimation disappeared in the old age group. Velocity perception was evaluated by forcing the selection of the faster direction in each pair of rotations toward two positions (30° and 60°) with velocity differences from 0 to 20°/s. Velocity discrimination was similar between the rotation amplitudes or among the age groups. For duration perception, participants chose the rotation of longer duration for three test paradigms with different amplitudes (small vs. large) and durations (short vs. long) of rotation. The accuracy of discriminating duration was similar across the test paradigms or age groups, but the precision was lower in the older group and altered significantly according to the test paradigm. In conclusion, vestibular perception can be assessed using rotations of low velocities and small amplitudes. The perception of position and duration is affected by aging. The precision of duration perception can be influenced by the interactions between the amplitude and duration of motion.
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Maruta J. The Scientific Contributions of Bernard Cohen (1929-2019). Front Neurol 2021; 11:624243. [PMID: 33510708 PMCID: PMC7835511 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.624243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout Bernard Cohen's active career at Mount Sinai that lasted over a half century, he was involved in research on vestibular control of the oculomotor, body postural, and autonomic systems in animals and humans, contributing to our understanding of such maladies as motion sickness, mal de débarquement syndrome, and orthostatic syncope. This review is an attempt to trace and connect Cohen's varied research interests and his approaches to them. His influence was vast. His scientific contributions will continue to drive research directions for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Maruta
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Beylergil SB, Petersen M, Gupta P, Elkasaby M, Kilbane C, Shaikh AG. Severity‐Dependent Effects of Parkinson's Disease on Perception of Visual and Vestibular Heading. Mov Disord 2020; 36:360-369. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.28352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff‐Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Mikkel Petersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Palak Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff‐Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Mohamed Elkasaby
- Department of Neurology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Camilla Kilbane
- Department of Neurology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Aasef G. Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff‐Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA
- Department of Neurology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio USA
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute University Hospitals Cleveland Ohio USA
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Beylergil SB, Shaikh AG. Visual Perception of Heading in the Syndrome of Oculopalatal Tremor. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:788-795. [PMID: 32740743 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01176-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perception of our linear motion, heading, relies on convergence from multiple sensory systems utilizing visual and vestibular signals. Multisensory convergence takes place in the visuo-vestibular areas of the cerebral cortex and posterior cerebellar vermis. Latter closely connected with the inferior olive may malfunction in disorders of olivo-cerebellar hypersynchrony, such as the syndrome of oculopalatal tremor (OPT). We had recently shown an impairment in vestibular heading perception in the subjects with OPT. Here we asked whether the hypersynchrony in the inferior-olive cerebellar circuit also affects the visual perception of heading, and the impairment is coupled with the deficits in vestibular heading perception. Three subjects with OPT and 11 healthy controls performed a two-alternative forced-choice task in two separate experiments; one when they were moved en bloc in a straight-ahead forward direction or at multiple heading angles to the right or the left; and second when under virtual reality goggle they experienced the movement of star cloud leading to the percept of heading straight, left or to the right at the heading angles similar to those utilized in the vestibular task. The resultant psychometric function curves, derived from the two-alternative-forced-choice task, revealed abnormal threshold to perceive heading direction, abnormal sensitivity to the change in heading direction compared to straight ahead, and a bias towards one side. Although the impairment was present in both visual and vestibular heading perception, the deficits were not coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell' Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell' Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA. .,Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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14
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Lessons learned from the syndrome of oculopalatal tremor. J Comput Neurosci 2020; 49:309-318. [PMID: 32683665 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-020-00757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The syndrome of oculopalatal tremor (OPT) featuring the olivo-cerebellar hypersychrony leads to disabling pendular nystagmus and palatal myoclonus. This rare disorder provides valuable information about the motor physiology and offers insights into the mechanistic underpinning of common movement disorders. This focused review summarizes the last decade of OPT research from our laboratory and addresses three critical questions: 1) How the disease of inferior olive affects the physiology of motor learning? We discovered that our brain's ability to compensate for the impaired motor command and implement errors to correct future movements could be affected if the cerebellum is occupied in receiving and transmitting the meaningless signal. A complete failure of OPT patients to adapt to change in rapid eye movements (saccades) provided proof of this principle. 2) Whether maladaptive olivo-cerebellar circuit offers insight into the mechanistic underpinning of the common movement disorder, dystonia, characterized by abnormal twisting and turning of the body part. We discovered that the subgroup of patients who had OPT also had dystonia affecting the neck, trunk, limbs, and face. We also found that the subjects who had tremor predominant neck dystonia (without OPT) also had impaired motor learning on a long and short timescale, just like those with OPT. Altogether, our studies focused on dystonia suggested the evidence for the maladaptive olive-cerebellar system. 3) We discovered that the OPT subjects had difficulty in perceiving the direction of their linear forward motion, i.e., heading, suggesting that olivo-cerebellar hypersynchrony also affects perception.
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Beylergil SB, Gupta P, Shaikh AG. Does Inferior-Olive Hypersynchrony Affect Vestibular Heading Perception? THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 20:744-750. [PMID: 31939030 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory integration is critical for resolving ambiguities in isolated sensory systems assuring accurate perception of one's own linear motion, i.e., heading. The vestibular signal, a critical source of information for heading perception, is transformed in appropriate coordinates suitable for multisensory integration-such transformation takes place under cerebellar supervision. Deficiency in cerebellar function due to Purkinje cell loss results in inaccurate multisensory integration and impaired heading perception. Here, we predict that a classic movement disorder, the syndrome of oculopalatal tremor (OPT), also presents with inaccurate heading direction perception. The characteristic feature of oculopalatal tremor is pseudohypertrophic inferior olive that constantly sends spontaneous, hypersynchronous, abnormal, and meaningless signals to the cerebellum. Such malicious olive signal can impair heading perception. We examined vestibular heading perception in 6 individuals with OPT and 9 age-matched healthy controls (HC). We used a two-alternative forced choice task performed during passive en bloc translation. Compared with age-matched HC, OPT group had significantly higher heading direction perception threshold indicating a less sensitive vestibular system to variations in heading direction. Using computational simulations, we show that the addition of the abnormal noise into the cerebellar system results in decreased spatiotemporal tuning behavior of the cerebellar output. Such impairment in spatiotemporal tuning causes reduced ability to perceive heading direction. Hyperactivity in the inferior-olive cerebellar pathway impairs the heading direction perception. We suggest that this impairment stems from abnormal noise into the cerebellum due to hypersynchronized inferior olive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Palak Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA. .,Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Chen A, Khosravi-Hashemi N, Kuo C, Kramer JK, Blouin JS. Development of a conversion model between mechanical and electrical vestibular stimuli. J Neurophysiol 2019; 123:548-559. [PMID: 31851563 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00276.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular end-organs encode for linear and angular head accelerations in space contributing to our internal representation of self-motion. Activation of the vestibular system with transmastoid electrical current has recently grown in popularity; however, a direct relationship between electrically evoked and mechanically evoked vestibular responses remains elusive in humans. We have developed and tested a mechanical-to-electrical vestibular stimulus conversion model incorporating physiological activation of primary vestibular afferents identified in nonhuman primates. We compared ocular torsional responses between mechanical (chair rotation) and model-derived electrical (binaural-bipolar) stimuli in separate experiments for an angular velocity step change (±10 deg/s over 1 s, ±4-mA peak amplitude; n = 10) and multisine angular velocities (±10 deg/s, 9.7 mA peak to peak, 0.05-1 Hz; n = 5), respectively. Perception of whole body rotation (n = 18) to our step-change stimuli was also evaluated. Ocular torsional slow-phase velocity responses between stimulation types were similar (paired two one-sided tests of equivalence: multiple P < 0.002; one-sample t test: P = 0.178) and correlated (Pearson's coefficient: multiple P < 0.001). Bootstrap analysis of perceived angular velocity likewise showed similarity in perceptual decay dynamics. These data suggest that central processing between stimuli was similar, and our vestibular stimulus conversion model with a conversion factor of ∼0.4 mA per deg/s for an angular velocity step change can generate electrical stimuli that replicates dynamic vestibular activation elicited by mechanical whole body rotations. This proposed vestibular conversion model represents an initial framework for using electrical stimuli to generate mechanically equivalent activation of primary vestibular afferents for use in biomedical applications and immersive reality technologies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY With the growing popularity of electrical vestibular stimulation in biomedical and immersive reality applications, a direct conversion model between electrical and mechanical vestibular stimuli is needed. We developed a model to generate electrical stimuli mimicking the physiological activation of vestibular afferents evoked by mechanical rotations. Ocular and perceptual responses evoked by mechanical and model-derived electrical stimuli were similar, thus providing a critical first step toward generation of electrically induced vestibular responses that have a realistic mechanical equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - N Khosravi-Hashemi
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Kuo
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J K Kramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J-S Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Beylergil SB, Ozinga S, Walker MF, McIntyre CC, Shaikh AG. Vestibular heading perception in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:307-319. [PMID: 31325990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postural instability and falls are common causes of morbidity and mortality in the second most prevalent neurodegenerative condition, Parkinson's disease (PD). Poor understanding of balance dysfunction in PD has hampered the development of novel therapeutic measures for postural instability and balance dysfunction. We aimed to determine how the ability to perceive one's own linear motion in the absence of visual cues, i.e., vestibular heading, is affected in PD. We examined vestibular heading function using a two-alternative forced choice task performed on a six-degree-of-freedom motion platform. Sensitivity of the vestibular system to subtle variations in heading direction and systematic errors in accuracy of responses were assessed for each subject using a Gaussian cumulative distribution psychometric function. Compared to healthy subjects, PD presented with higher angular thresholds to detect vestibular heading direction. These results confirm the potential of our study to provide valuable insight to the vestibular system's role in spatial navigation deficits in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Balta Beylergil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Ozinga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark F Walker
- National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cameron C McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; National VA Parkinson Consortium Center, Neurology Service, Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility and Vestibular Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Movement Disorders Center, Neurological Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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18
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Britton Z, Arshad Q. Vestibular and Multi-Sensory Influences Upon Self-Motion Perception and the Consequences for Human Behavior. Front Neurol 2019; 10:63. [PMID: 30899238 PMCID: PMC6416181 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we comprehensively review both the human and animal literature regarding vestibular and multi-sensory contributions to self-motion perception. This covers the anatomical basis and how and where the signals are processed at all levels from the peripheral vestibular system to the brainstem and cerebellum and finally to the cortex. Further, we consider how and where these vestibular signals are integrated with other sensory cues to facilitate self-motion perception. We conclude by demonstrating the wide-ranging influences of the vestibular system and self-motion perception upon behavior, namely eye movement, postural control, and spatial awareness as well as new discoveries that such perception can impact upon numerical cognition, human affect, and bodily self-consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelie Britton
- Department of Neuro-Otology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Department of Neuro-Otology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
The cerebellum is known to support motor behaviors, including postural stability, but new research supports the view that cerebellar function is also critical for perception of spatial orientation, particularly because of its role in vestibular processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R MacNeilage
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
| | - Stefan Glasauer
- Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, Germany.
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Mucci V, Jacquemyn Y, Van Ombergen A, Van de Heyning PH, Browne CJ. A new theory on GABA and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide involvement in Mal de Debarquement Syndrome predisposition factors and pathophysiology. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:128-134. [PMID: 30220332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a condition characterized by a sensation of motion in the absence of a stimulus, which presents with two subtypes depending on the onset: Motion-Triggered, and Spontaneous or Non-Motion Triggered. MdDS predominantly affects women around 40-50 years of age and a high number of patients report associated disorders, such as migraine and depression. The pathophysiology of MdDS is unclear, as is whether there are predisposing factors that make individuals more vulnerable to developing the condition. Hormonal changes in women similarly to what observed in migraineous patients, as well as depression disorder, have been examined as potential key factors for developing MdDS. Studies on migraine and depression have revealed correlations with hormonal fluctuations in females as well as aberrant levels of some key neurotransmitters such as Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and inflammatory neuropeptides like Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP). Consequently, this manuscript aims to propose a new hypothesis on the predisposing factors for MdDS and a new concept that could contribute to the understanding of its pathophysiology. NEW HYPOTHESIS Recent findings have demonstrated a role for hormonal influences in MdDS patients, similar to previous observations in patients with depression and migraine. We hypothesize the involvement of gonadal hormones and aberrant neurotransmitter levels, including the GABAergic and serotonergic systems, in MdDS pathophysiology. Our theory is that certain individuals are more vulnerable to develop MdDS during specific gonadal hormonal phases. Furthermore, we hypothesize that it may be possible to identify these individuals by measurement of an existing imbalance of these neurotransmitters or inflammatory neuropeptides like CGRP. FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS According to one theory, MdDS is considered as a maladaptation of the Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR) and velocity storage. When considering this theory, it is essential to highlight that the brainstem nuclei involved in the VOR and the velocity storage include GABAb sensitive neurons, which appear to produce inhibitory control of velocity storage. Responses of these GABAb sensitive neurons are also modulated by CGRP. Thus an alteration of the GABAergic network by imbalances of inhibitory neurotransmitters or CGRP could influence signal integration in the velocity storage system and therefore be directly involved in MdDS pathophysiology. CONSEQUENCE OF THE HYPOTHESIS AND FUTURE STUDIES A hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalance may act to predispose individuals in developing MdDS. Future studies should focus on the hormonal influences on neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA) and on the trial of CGRP antagonist drugs for the treatment of MdDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mucci
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (D.T.430), 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp University, Wilrijkstraat 10 (route 71 - 125), 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Yves Jacquemyn
- Department of Gynaecology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angelique Van Ombergen
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (D.T.430), 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp University, Wilrijkstraat 10 (route 71 - 125), 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul H Van de Heyning
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1 (D.T.430), 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp University, Wilrijkstraat 10 (route 71 - 125), 2650 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cherylea J Browne
- School of Science and Health, (Room 21.1.12), Campbelltown Campus, Western Sydney University, NSW 2560, Australia; Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building (Room 316, Level 3), UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Shaikh AG, Antoniades C, Fitzgerald J, Ghasia FF. Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Eye Movements and Vestibular Function. Front Neurol 2018; 9:444. [PMID: 29946295 PMCID: PMC6005881 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of inter-latching circuits in the basal ganglia and invention of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for their modulation is a breakthrough in basic and clinical neuroscience. The DBS not only changes the quality of life of hundreds of thousands of people with intractable movement disorders, but it also offers a unique opportunity to understand how the basal ganglia interacts with other neural structures. An attractive yet less explored area is the study of DBS on eye movements and vestibular function. From the clinical perspective such studies provide valuable guidance in efficient programming of stimulation profile leading to optimal motor outcome. From the scientific standpoint such studies offer the ability to assess the outcomes of basal ganglia stimulation on eye movement behavior in cognitive as well as in motor domains. Understanding the influence of DBS on ocular motor function also leads to analogies to interpret its effects on complex appendicular and axial motor function. This review focuses on the influence of globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and thalamus DBS on ocular motor and vestibular functions. The anatomy and physiology of basal ganglia, pertinent to the principles of DBS and ocular motility, is discussed. Interpretation of the effects of electrical stimulation of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease requires understanding of baseline ocular motor function in the diseased brain. Therefore we have also discussed the baseline ocular motor deficits in these patients and how the DBS changes such functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chrystalina Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Fitzgerald
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fatema F Ghasia
- Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Shaikh AG, Straumann D, Palla A. Motion Illusion-Evidence towards Human Vestibulo-Thalamic Projections. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 16:656-663. [PMID: 28127679 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary studies speculated that cerebellar network responsible for motion perception projects to the cerebral cortex via vestibulo-thalamus. Here, we sought for the physiological properties of vestibulo-thalamic pathway responsible for the motion perception. Healthy subjects and the patient with focal vestibulo-thalamic lacunar stroke spun a hand-held rheostat to approximate the value of perceived angular velocity during whole-body passive earth-vertical axis rotations in yaw plane. Vestibulo-ocular reflex was simultaneously measured with high-resolution search coils (paradigm 1). In primates, the vestibulo-thalamic projections remain medial and then dorsomedial to the subthalamus. Therefore, the paradigm 2 assessed the effects of high-frequency subthalamic nucleus electrical stimulation through the medial and caudal deep brain stimulation electrode in five subjects with Parkinson's disease. Paradigm 1 discovered directional mismatch of perceived rotation in a patient with vestibulo-thalamic lacune. There was no such mismatch in vestibulo-ocular reflex. Healthy subjects did not have such directional discrepancy of perceived motion. The results confirmed that perceived angular motion is relayed through the thalamus. Stimulation through medial and caudal-most electrode of subthalamic deep brain stimulator in paradigm 2 resulted in perception of rotational motion in the horizontal semicircular canal plane. One patient perceived riding a swing, a complex motion, possibly the combination of vertical canal and otolith-derived signals representing pitch and fore-aft motion, respectively. The results examined physiological properties of the vestibulo-thalamic pathway that passes in proximity to the subthalamic nucleus conducting pure semicircular canal signals and convergent signals from the semicircular canals and the otoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Neurology Service, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Daroff-DelOsso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44110, USA.
| | - Dominik Straumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Palla
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Mucci V, Cha YH, Wuyts FL, Van Ombergen A. Perspective: Stepping Stones to Unraveling the Pathophysiology of Mal de Debarquement Syndrome with Neuroimaging. Front Neurol 2018; 9:42. [PMID: 29483889 PMCID: PMC5816028 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS) is a neurological condition typically characterized by a sensation of motion, which in most cases manifests after disembarking from a vehicle (e.g., boat, plane, and car). However, the same symptoms can also occur spontaneously. Two main theories of the pathophysiology of MdDS are briefly summarized here. In this perspective, we aimed to report the most recent findings on neuroimaging studies related to MdDS, as well as to suggest further potential research questions that could be addressed with the use of neuroimaging techniques. A detailed analysis of previous work on MdDS has led to five main research questions that could be addressed in new neuroimaging studies. Furthermore, in this perspective, we propose new stepping-stones to addressing critical research questions related to MdDS and its pathophysiology. We propose considerations for new studies, as well as a detailed analysis of the current limitations and challenges present when studying MdDS patients. We hope that our examination of the nuances of MdDS as a neurological disorder will contribute to more directed research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mucci
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yoon-Hee Cha
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Floris L Wuyts
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace, Department of Biomedical Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angelique Van Ombergen
- E.N.T., Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
The cerebellum plays an integral role in the control of limb and ocular movements, balance, and walking. Cerebellar disorders may be classified as sporadic or hereditary with clinical presentation varying with the extent and site of cerebellar damage and extracerebellar signs. Deficits in balance and walking reflect the cerebellum's proposed role in coordination, sensory integration, coordinate transformation, motor learning, and adaptation. Cerebellar dysfunction results in increased postural sway, hypermetric postural responses to perturbations and optokinetic stimuli, and postural responses that are poorly coordinated with volitional movement. Gait variability is characteristic and may arise from a combination of balance impairments, interlimb incoordination, and incoordination between postural activity and leg movement. Intrinsic problems with balance lead to a high prevalence of injurious falls. Evidence for pharmacologic management is limited, although aminopyridines reduce attacks in episodic ataxias and may have a role in improving gait ataxia in other conditions. Intensive exercises targeting balance and coordination lead to improvements in balance and walking but require ongoing training to maintain/maximize any effects. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the cerebellum may become a useful adjunct to therapy in the future. Walking aids, orthoses, specialized footwear and seating may be required for more severe cases of cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Marsden
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health Professions, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
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Ronconi L, Casartelli L, Carna S, Molteni M, Arrigoni F, Borgatti R. When one is Enough: Impaired Multisensory Integration in Cerebellar Agenesis. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2041-2051. [PMID: 26946125 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, an intriguing shift in the understanding of the cerebellum has led to consider the nonmotor functions of this structure. Although various aspects of perceptual and sensory processing have been linked to the cerebellar activity, whether the cerebellum is essential for binding information from different sensory modalities remains uninvestigated. Multisensory integration (MSI) appears very early in the ontogenesis and is critical in several perceptual, cognitive, and social domains. For the first time, we investigated MSI in a rare case of cerebellar agenesis without any other associated brain malformations. To this aim, we measured reaction times (RTs) after the presentation of visual, auditory, and audiovisual stimuli. A group of neurotypical age-matched individuals was used as controls. Although we observed the typical advantage of the auditory modality relative to the visual modality in our patient, a clear impairment in MSI was found. Beyond the obvious prudence necessary for inferring definitive conclusions from this single-case picture, this finding is of interest in the light of reduced MSI abilities reported in several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders-such as autism, dyslexia, and schizophrenia-in which the cerebellum has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ronconi
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy.,Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - L Casartelli
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.,Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - S Carna
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy.,Developmental Psychopathology Unit, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - M Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | | | - R Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCSEugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
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Abstract
We investigated whether the perceived angular velocity following velocity steps of 80°/s in the dark decreased with the repetition of the stimulation in the same direction. The perceptual response to velocity steps in the opposite direction was also compared before and after this unidirectional habituation training. Participants indicated their perceived angular velocity by clicking on a wireless mouse every time they felt that they had rotated by 90°. The prehabituation perceptual response decayed exponentially with a time constant of 23.9 s. After 100 velocity steps in the same direction, this time constant was 12.9 s. The time constant after velocity steps in the opposite direction was 13.4 s, indicating that the habituation of the sensation of rotation is not direction specific. The peak velocity of the perceptual response was not affected by the habituation training. The differences between the habituation characteristics of self-motion perception and eye movements confirm that different velocity storage mechanisms mediate ocular and perceptual responses.
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28
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Dahlem K, Valko Y, Schmahmann JD, Lewis RF. Cerebellar contributions to self-motion perception: evidence from patients with congenital cerebellar agenesis. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2280-5. [PMID: 26888100 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00763.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum was historically considered a brain region dedicated to motor control, but it has become clear that it also contributes to sensory processing, particularly when sensory discrimination is required. Prior work, for example, has demonstrated a cerebellar contribution to sensory discrimination in the visual and auditory systems. The cerebellum also receives extensive inputs from the motion and gravity sensors in the vestibular labyrinth, but its role in the perception of head motion and orientation has received little attention. Drawing on the lesion-deficit approach to understanding brain function, we evaluated the contributions of the cerebellum to head motion perception by measuring perceptual thresholds in two subjects with congenital agenesis of the cerebellum. We used a set of passive motion paradigms that activated the semicircular canals or otolith organs in isolation or combination, and compared results of the agenesis patients with healthy control subjects. Perceptual thresholds for head motion were elevated in the agenesis subjects for all motion protocols, most prominently for paradigms that only activated otolith inputs. These results demonstrate that the cerebellum increases the sensitivity of the brain to the motion and orientation signals provided by the labyrinth during passive head movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Dahlem
- Rijksuniversity Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands; Jenks Vestibular Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yulia Valko
- Jenks Vestibular Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich/University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Richard F Lewis
- Jenks Vestibular Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bertolini G, Straumann D. Moving in a Moving World: A Review on Vestibular Motion Sickness. Front Neurol 2016; 7:14. [PMID: 26913019 PMCID: PMC4753518 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness is a common disturbance occurring in healthy people as a physiological response to exposure to motion stimuli that are unexpected on the basis of previous experience. The motion can be either real, and therefore perceived by the vestibular system, or illusory, as in the case of visual illusion. A multitude of studies has been performed in the last decades, substantiating different nauseogenic stimuli, studying their specific characteristics, proposing unifying theories, and testing possible countermeasures. Several reviews focused on one of these aspects; however, the link between specific nauseogenic stimuli and the unifying theories and models is often not clearly detailed. Readers unfamiliar with the topic, but studying a condition that may involve motion sickness, can therefore have difficulties to understand why a specific stimulus will induce motion sickness. So far, this general audience struggles to take advantage of the solid basis provided by existing theories and models. This review focuses on vestibular-only motion sickness, listing the relevant motion stimuli, clarifying the sensory signals involved, and framing them in the context of the current theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bertolini
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dominik Straumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Soyka F, Bülthoff HH, Barnett-Cowan M. Integration of Semi-Circular Canal and Otolith Cues for Direction Discrimination during Eccentric Rotations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136925. [PMID: 26322782 PMCID: PMC4555836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are capable of moving about the world in complex ways. Every time we move, our self-motion must be detected and interpreted by the central nervous system in order to make appropriate sequential movements and informed decisions. The vestibular labyrinth consists of two unique sensory organs the semi-circular canals and the otoliths that are specialized to detect rotation and translation of the head, respectively. While thresholds for pure rotational and translational self-motion are well understood surprisingly little research has investigated the relative role of each organ on thresholds for more complex motion. Eccentric (off-center) rotations during which the participant faces away from the center of rotation stimulate both organs and are thus well suited for investigating integration of rotational and translational sensory information. Ten participants completed a psychophysical direction discrimination task for pure head-centered rotations, translations and eccentric rotations with 5 different radii. Discrimination thresholds for eccentric rotations reduced with increasing radii, indicating that additional tangential accelerations (which increase with radius length) increased sensitivity. Two competing models were used to predict the eccentric thresholds based on the pure rotation and translation thresholds: one assuming that information from the two organs is integrated in an optimal fashion and another assuming that motion discrimination is solved solely by relying on the sensor which is most strongly stimulated. Our findings clearly show that information from the two organs is integrated. However the measured thresholds for 3 of the 5 eccentric rotations are even more sensitive than predictions from the optimal integration model suggesting additional non-vestibular sources of information may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Soyka
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (FS); (HHB)
| | - Heinrich H. Bülthoff
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anamdong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (FS); (HHB)
| | - Michael Barnett-Cowan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department: Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Lehnen N, Heuser F, Sağlam M, Schulz CM, Wagner KJ, Taki M, Kochs EF, Jahn K, Brandt T, Glasauer S, Schneider E. Opioid-Induced Nausea Involves a Vestibular Problem Preventable by Head-Rest. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135263. [PMID: 26313751 PMCID: PMC4551845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Opioids are indispensable for pain treatment but may cause serious nausea and vomiting. The mechanism leading to these complications is not clear. We investigated whether an opioid effect on the vestibular system resulting in corrupt head motion sensation is causative and, consequently, whether head-rest prevents nausea. Methods Thirty-six healthy men (26.6±4.3 years) received an opioid remifentanil infusion (45 min, 0.15 μg/kg/min). Outcome measures were the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain determined by video-head-impulse-testing, and nausea. The first experiment (n = 10) assessed outcome measures at rest and after a series of five 1-Hz forward and backward head-trunk movements during one-time remifentanil administration. The second experiment (n = 10) determined outcome measures on two days in a controlled crossover design: (1) without movement and (2) with a series of five 1-Hz forward and backward head-trunk bends 30 min after remifentanil start. Nausea was psychophysically quantified (scale from 0 to 10). The third controlled crossover experiment (n = 16) assessed nausea (1) without movement and (2) with head movement; isolated head movements consisting of the three axes of rotation (pitch, roll, yaw) were imposed 20 times at a frequency of 1 Hz in a random, unpredictable order of each of the three axes. All movements were applied manually, passively with amplitudes of about ± 45 degrees. Results The VOR gain decreased during remifentanil administration (p<0.001), averaging 0.92±0.05 (mean±standard deviation) before, 0.60±0.12 with, and 0.91±0.05 after infusion. The average half-life of VOR recovery was 5.3±2.4 min. 32/36 subjects had no nausea at rest (nausea scale 0.00/0.00 median/interquartile range). Head-trunk and isolated head movement triggered nausea in 64% (p<0.01) with no difference between head-trunk and isolated head movements (nausea scale 4.00/7.25 and 1.00/4.5, respectively). Conclusions Remifentanil reversibly decreases VOR gain at a half-life reflecting the drug’s pharmacokinetics. We suggest that the decrease in VOR gain leads to a perceptual mismatch of multisensory input with the applied head movement, which results in nausea, and that, consequently, vigorous head movements should be avoided to prevent opioid-induced nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lehnen
- Centre for Sensorimotor Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Heuser
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Murat Sağlam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Gediz University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Christian M. Schulz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus J. Wagner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Masakatsu Taki
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eberhard F. Kochs
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Jahn
- German Centre for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Schön Klinik Bad Aibling, Bad Aibling, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandt
- German Centre for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Neurosciences, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Glasauer
- Centre for Sensorimotor Research, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Erich Schneider
- German Centre for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Neurosciences, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Technology, Brandenburg Institute of Technology, Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany
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Baumann O, Borra RJ, Bower JM, Cullen KE, Habas C, Ivry RB, Leggio M, Mattingley JB, Molinari M, Moulton EA, Paulin MG, Pavlova MA, Schmahmann JD, Sokolov AA. Consensus paper: the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 14:197-220. [PMID: 25479821 PMCID: PMC4346664 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence accumulated over the past 30 years indicate that the cerebellum, long recognized as essential for motor control, also has considerable influence on perceptual processes. In this paper, we bring together experts from psychology and neuroscience, with the aim of providing a succinct but comprehensive overview of key findings related to the involvement of the cerebellum in sensory perception. The contributions cover such topics as anatomical and functional connectivity, evolutionary and comparative perspectives, visual and auditory processing, biological motion perception, nociception, self-motion, timing, predictive processing, and perceptual sequencing. While no single explanation has yet emerged concerning the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes, this consensus paper summarizes the impressive empirical evidence on this problem and highlights diversities as well as commonalities between existing hypotheses. In addition to work with healthy individuals and patients with cerebellar disorders, it is also apparent that several neurological conditions in which perceptual disturbances occur, including autism and schizophrenia, are associated with cerebellar pathology. A better understanding of the involvement of the cerebellum in perceptual processes will thus likely be important for identifying and treating perceptual deficits that may at present go unnoticed and untreated. This paper provides a useful framework for further debate and empirical investigations into the influence of the cerebellum on sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baumann
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia,
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Beh SC, Frohman TC, Frohman EM. Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Cerebellar Disease. Neurol Clin 2014; 32:1009-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin C Beh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Teresa C Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Shinder ME, Taube JS. Resolving the active versus passive conundrum for head direction cells. Neuroscience 2014; 270:123-38. [PMID: 24704515 PMCID: PMC4067261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Head direction (HD) cells have been identified in a number of limbic system structures. These cells encode the animal's perceived directional heading in the horizontal plane and are dependent on an intact vestibular system. Previous studies have reported that the responses of vestibular neurons within the vestibular nuclei are markedly attenuated when an animal makes a volitional head turn compared to passive rotation. This finding presents a conundrum in that if vestibular responses are suppressed during an active head turn how is a vestibular signal propagated forward to drive and update the HD signal? This review identifies and discusses four possible mechanisms that could resolve this problem. These mechanisms are: (1) the ascending vestibular signal is generated by more than just vestibular-only neurons, (2) not all vestibular-only neurons contributing to the HD pathway have firing rates that are attenuated by active head turns, (3) the ascending pathway may be spared from the affects of the attenuation in that the HD system receives information from other vestibular brainstem sites that do not include vestibular-only cells, and (4) the ascending signal is affected by the inhibited vestibular signal during an active head turn, but the HD circuit compensates and uses the altered signal to accurately update the current HD. Future studies will be needed to decipher which of these possibilities is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Shinder
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, United States
| | - J S Taube
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, United States.
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35
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The importance of stimulus noise analysis for self-motion studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94570. [PMID: 24755871 PMCID: PMC3995671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion simulators are widely employed in basic and applied research to study the neural mechanisms of perception and action during inertial stimulation. In these studies, uncontrolled simulator-introduced noise inevitably leads to a disparity between the reproduced motion and the trajectories meticulously designed by the experimenter, possibly resulting in undesired motion cues to the investigated system. Understanding actual simulator responses to different motion commands is therefore a crucial yet often underestimated step towards the interpretation of experimental results. In this work, we developed analysis methods based on signal processing techniques to quantify the noise in the actual motion, and its deterministic and stochastic components. Our methods allow comparisons between commanded and actual motion as well as between different actual motion profiles. A specific practical example from one of our studies is used to illustrate the methodologies and their relevance, but this does not detract from its general applicability. Analyses of the simulator’s inertial recordings show direction-dependent noise and nonlinearity related to the command amplitude. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio is one order of magnitude higher for the larger motion amplitudes we tested, compared to the smaller motion amplitudes. Simulator-introduced noise is found to be primarily of deterministic nature, particularly for the stronger motion intensities. The effect of simulator noise on quantification of animal/human motion sensitivity is discussed. We conclude that accurate recording and characterization of executed simulator motion are a crucial prerequisite for the investigation of uncertainty in self-motion perception.
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36
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Direction detection thresholds of passive self-motion in artistic gymnasts. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1249-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Human yaw rotation aftereffects with brief duration rotations are inconsistent with velocity storage. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2014; 15:305-17. [PMID: 24408345 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-013-0438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many sensory systems, perception of stimuli is influenced by previous stimulus exposure such that subsequent stimuli may be perceived as more neutral. This phenomenon is known as an aftereffect and has been studied for vision, audition, and some vestibular stimuli including roll and translation. Previous data on yaw rotation perception has focused on low-frequency stimuli on the order of a minute which may not be directly applicable to frequencies during ambulation. The aim of the current study is to look at the influence of yaw rotation on subsequent perception near 1 Hz, the predominant frequency of yaw rotation during human ambulation. Humans were rotated with 12 ° whole body adapting stimulus over 1 or 1.5 s. After an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 3 s, a test stimulus the same duration as the adapting stimulus was presented, and subjects pushed a button to identify the direction of the test stimulus as right or left. The direction and magnitude of the test stimulus was adjusted based on prior responses to find the stimulus at which no rotation was perceived. Experiments were conducted both in darkness and with a visual fixation point. The presence of a fixation point did not influence the aftereffect which was largest at 0.5 s with an average size of 0.78 ± 0.18°/s (mean ± SE). The aftereffect diminished with a time constant of ~1 s. Thresholds were elevated after the adapting stimulus and also decreased with a time constant of ~1 s. These findings demonstrate that short adapting stimuli can induce significant aftereffects in yaw rotation perception and that these aftereffects are independent from the previously described velocity storage.
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Tremblay L, Kennedy A, Paleressompoulle D, Borel L, Mouchnino L, Blouin J. Biases in the perception of self-motion during whole-body acceleration and deceleration. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:90. [PMID: 24379764 PMCID: PMC3864246 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated whether vestibular signals can be processed to determine the magnitude of passive body motions. Many of them required subjects to report their perceived displacements offline, i.e., after being submitted to passive displacements. Here, we used a protocol that allowed us to complement these results by asking subjects to report their introspective estimation of their displacement continuously, i.e., during the ongoing body rotation. To this end, participants rotated the handle of a manipulandum around a vertical axis to indicate their perceived change of angular position in space at the same time as they were passively rotated in the dark. The rotation acceleration (Acc) and deceleration (Dec) lasted either 1.5 s (peak of 60°/s2, referred to as being “High”) or 3 s (peak of 33°/s2, referred to as being “Low”). The participants were rotated either counter-clockwise or clockwise, and all combinations of acceleration and deceleration were tested (i.e., AccLow-DecLow; AccLow-DecHigh; AccHigh-DecLow; AccHigh-DecHigh). The participants’ perception of body rotation was assessed by computing the gain, i.e., ratio between the amplitude of the perceived rotations (as measured by the rotating manipulandum’s handle) and the amplitude of the actual chair rotations. The gain was measured at the end of the rotations, and was also computed separately for the acceleration and deceleration phases. Three salient findings resulted from this experiment: (i) the gain was much greater during body acceleration than during body deceleration, (ii) the gain was greater during High compared to Low accelerations and (iii) the gain measured during the deceleration was influenced by the preceding acceleration (i.e., Low or High). These different effects of the angular stimuli on the perception of body motion can be interpreted in relation to the consequences of body acceleration and deceleration on the vestibular system and on higher-order cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Tremblay
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Kennedy
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dany Paleressompoulle
- Fédération de Recherche 3C Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France
| | - Liliane Borel
- Fédération de Recherche 3C Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Fédération de Recherche 3C Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France
| | - Jean Blouin
- Fédération de Recherche 3C Comportement-Cerveau-Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France
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Shaikh AG. Motion perception without Nystagmus--a novel manifestation of cerebellar stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 23:1148-56. [PMID: 24268101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The motion perception and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) each serve distinct functions. The VOR keeps the gaze steady on the target of interest, whereas vestibular perception serves a number of tasks, including awareness of self-motion and orientation in space. VOR and motion perception might abide the same neurophysiological principles, but their distinct anatomical correlates were proposed. In patients with cerebellar stroke in distribution of medial division of posterior inferior cerebellar artery, we asked whether specific location of the focal lesion in vestibulocerebellum could cause impaired perception of motion but normal eye movements. METHODS/RESULTS Thirteen patients were studied, 5 consistently perceived spinning of surrounding environment (vertigo), but the eye movements were normal. This group was called "disease model." Remaining 8 patients were also symptomatic for vertigo, but they had spontaneous nystagmus. The latter group was called "disease control." Magnetic resonance imaging in both groups consistently revealed focal cerebellar infarct affecting posterior cerebellar vermis (lobule IX). In the "disease model" group, only part of lobule IX was affected. In the disease control group, however, complete lobule IX was involved. CONCLUSIONS This study discovered a novel presentation of cerebellar stroke where only motion perception was affected, but there was an absence of objective neurologic signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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40
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Nigmatullina Y, Hellyer PJ, Nachev P, Sharp DJ, Seemungal BM. The neuroanatomical correlates of training-related perceptuo-reflex uncoupling in dancers. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:554-62. [PMID: 24072889 PMCID: PMC4380084 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory input evokes low-order reflexes and higher-order perceptual responses. Vestibular stimulation elicits vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) and self-motion perception (e.g., vertigo) whose response durations are normally equal. Adaptation to repeated whole-body rotations, for example, ballet training, is known to reduce vestibular responses. We investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of vestibular perceptuo-reflex adaptation in ballet dancers and controls. Dancers' vestibular-reflex and perceptual responses to whole-body yaw-plane step rotations were: (1) Briefer and (2) uncorrelated (controls' reflex and perception were correlated). Voxel-based morphometry showed a selective gray matter (GM) reduction in dancers' vestibular cerebellum correlating with ballet experience. Dancers' vestibular cerebellar GM density reduction was related to shorter perceptual responses (i.e. positively correlated) but longer VOR duration (negatively correlated). Contrastingly, controls' vestibular cerebellar GM density negatively correlated with perception and VOR. Diffusion-tensor imaging showed that cerebral cortex white matter (WM) microstructure correlated with vestibular perception but only in controls. In summary, dancers display vestibular perceptuo-reflex dissociation with the neuronatomical correlate localized to the vestibular cerebellum. Controls' robust vestibular perception correlated with a cortical WM network conspicuously absent in dancers. Since primary vestibular afferents synapse in the vestibular cerebellum, we speculate that a cerebellar gating of perceptual signals to cortical regions mediates the training-related attenuation of vestibular perception and perceptuo-reflex uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Nigmatullina
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
| | - Peter J Hellyer
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK and
| | | | - David J Sharp
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK and
| | - Barry M Seemungal
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
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Tarnutzer AA, Lasker AG, Zee DS. Continuous theta-burst stimulation of the right superior temporal gyrus impairs self-motion perception. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:359-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Soyka F, Bülthoff HH, Barnett-Cowan M. Temporal processing of self-motion: modeling reaction times for rotations and translations. Exp Brain Res 2013; 228:51-62. [PMID: 23665749 PMCID: PMC3677981 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we show that differences in reaction times (RT) to self-motion depend not only on the duration of the profile, but also on the actual time course of the acceleration. We previously proposed models that described direction discrimination thresholds for rotational and translational motions based on the dynamics of the vestibular sensory organs (otoliths and semi-circular canals). As these models have the potential to describe RT for different motion profiles (e.g., trapezoidal versus triangular acceleration profiles or varying profile durations), we validated these models by measuring RTs in human observers for a direction discrimination task using both translational and rotational motions varying in amplitude, duration and acceleration profile shape in a within-subjects design. In agreement with previous studies, amplitude and duration were found to affect RT, and importantly, we found an influence of the profile shape on RT. The models are able to fit the measured RTs with an accuracy of around 5 ms, and the best-fitting parameters are similar to those found from identifying the models based on threshold measurements. This confirms the validity of the modeling approach and links perceptual thresholds to RT. By establishing a link between vestibular thresholds for self-motion and RT, we show for the first time that RTs to purely inertial motion stimuli can be used as an alternative to threshold measurements for identifying self-motion perception models. This is advantageous, since RT tasks are less challenging for participants and make assessment of vestibular function less fatiguing. Further, our results provide strong evidence that the perceived timing of self-motion stimulation is largely influenced by the response dynamics of the vestibular sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Soyka
- Department of Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstraße 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinrich H. Bülthoff
- Department of Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstraße 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anamdong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713 Korea
| | - Michael Barnett-Cowan
- Department of Human Perception, Cognition and Action, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstraße 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, The Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7 Canada
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Maex R, Steuber V. An integrator circuit in cerebellar cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2917-32. [PMID: 23731348 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain builds dynamic models of the body and the outside world to predict the consequences of actions and stimuli. A well-known example is the oculomotor integrator, which anticipates the position-dependent elasticity forces acting on the eye ball by mathematically integrating over time oculomotor velocity commands. Many models of neural integration have been proposed, based on feedback excitation, lateral inhibition or intrinsic neuronal nonlinearities. We report here that a computational model of the cerebellar cortex, a structure thought to implement dynamic models, reveals a hitherto unrecognized integrator circuit. In this model, comprising Purkinje cells, molecular layer interneurons and parallel fibres, Purkinje cells were able to generate responses lasting more than 10 s, to which both neuronal and network mechanisms contributed. Activation of the somatic fast sodium current by subthreshold voltage fluctuations was able to maintain pulse-evoked graded persistent activity, whereas lateral inhibition among Purkinje cells via recurrent axon collaterals further prolonged the responses to step and sine wave stimulation. The responses of Purkinje cells decayed with a time-constant whose value depended on their baseline spike rate, with integration vanishing at low (< 1 per s) and high rates (> 30 per s). The model predicts that the apparently fast circuit of the cerebellar cortex may control the timing of slow processes without having to rely on sensory feedback. Thus, the cerebellar cortex may contain an adaptive temporal integrator, with the sensitivity of integration to the baseline spike rate offering a potential mechanism of plasticity of the response time-constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Maex
- Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
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Cousins S, Kaski D, Cutfield N, Seemungal B, Golding JF, Gresty M, Glasauer S, Bronstein AM. Vestibular perception following acute unilateral vestibular lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61862. [PMID: 23671577 PMCID: PMC3650015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the vestibulo-perceptual (VP) system, particularly after a unilateral vestibular lesion. We investigated vestibulo-ocular (VO) and VP function in 25 patients with vestibular neuritis (VN) acutely (2 days after onset) and after compensation (recovery phase, 10 weeks). Since the effect of VN on reflex and perceptual function may differ at threshold and supra-threshold acceleration levels, we used two stimulus intensities, acceleration steps of 0.5°/s(2) and velocity steps of 90°/s (acceleration 180°/s(2)). We hypothesised that the vestibular lesion or the compensatory processes could dissociate VO and VP function, particularly if the acute vertiginous sensation interferes with the perceptual tasks. Both in acute and recovery phases, VO and VP thresholds increased, particularly during ipsilesional rotations. In signal detection theory this indicates that signals from the healthy and affected side are still fused, but result in asymmetric thresholds due to a lesion-induced bias. The normal pattern whereby VP thresholds are higher than VO thresholds was preserved, indicating that any 'perceptual noise' added by the vertigo does not disrupt the cognitive decision-making processes inherent to the perceptual task. Overall, the parallel findings in VO and VP thresholds imply little or no additional cortical processing and suggest that vestibular thresholds essentially reflect the sensitivity of the fused peripheral receptors. In contrast, a significant VO-VP dissociation for supra-threshold stimuli was found. Acutely, time constants and duration of the VO and VP responses were reduced - asymmetrically for VO, as expected, but surprisingly symmetrical for perception. At recovery, VP responses normalised but VO responses remained shortened and asymmetric. Thus, unlike threshold data, supra-threshold responses show considerable VO-VP dissociation indicative of additional, higher-order processing of vestibular signals. We provide evidence of perceptual processes (ultimately cortical) participating in vestibular compensation, suppressing asymmetry acutely in unilateral vestibular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Cousins
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Kaski
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cutfield
- Neurology, Dunedin Hospital, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barry Seemungal
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Golding
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Gresty
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Glasauer
- Sensorimotor Research and German Vertigo Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Adolfo M. Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Hartmann M, Furrer S, Herzog MH, Merfeld DM, Mast FW. Self-motion perception training: thresholds improve in the light but not in the dark. Exp Brain Res 2013; 226:231-40. [PMID: 23392475 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated perceptual learning in self-motion perception. Blindfolded participants were displaced leftward or rightward by means of a motion platform and asked to indicate the direction of motion. A total of eleven participants underwent 3,360 practice trials, distributed over twelve (Experiment 1) or 6 days (Experiment 2). We found no improvement in motion discrimination in both experiments. These results are surprising since perceptual learning has been demonstrated for visual, auditory, and somatosensory discrimination. Improvements in the same task were found when visual input was provided (Experiment 3). The multisensory nature of vestibular information is discussed as a possible explanation of the absence of perceptual learning in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Muesmattstrasse 45, 3000 Bern, Switzerland.
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