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Ellmers TJ, Durkin M, Sriranganathan K, Harris DJ, Bronstein AM. The influence of postural threat-induced anxiety on locomotor learning and updating. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:562-575. [PMID: 38324891 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00364.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt our locomotion in a feedforward (i.e., "predictive") manner is crucial for safe and efficient walking behavior. Equally important is the ability to quickly deadapt and update behavior that is no longer appropriate for the given context. It has been suggested that anxiety induced via postural threat may play a fundamental role in disrupting such deadaptation. We tested this hypothesis, using the "broken escalator" phenomenon: Fifty-six healthy young adults walked onto a stationary walkway ("BEFORE" condition, 5 trials), then onto a moving walkway akin to an airport travelator ("MOVING" condition, 10 trials), and then again onto the stationary walkway ("AFTER" condition, 5 trials). Participants completed all trials while wearing a virtual reality headset, which was used to induce postural threat-related anxiety (raised clifflike drop at the end of the walkway) during different phases of the paradigm. We found that performing the locomotor adaptation phase in a state of increased threat disrupted subsequent deadaptation during AFTER trials: These participants displayed anticipatory muscular activity as if expecting the platform to move and exhibited inappropriate anticipatory forward trunk movement that persisted during multiple AFTER trials. In contrast, postural threat induced during AFTER trials did not affect behavioral or neurophysiological outcomes. These findings highlight that actions learned in the presence of postural threat-induced anxiety are strengthened, leading to difficulties in deadapting these behaviors when no longer appropriate. Given the associations between anxiety and persistent maladaptive gait behaviors (e.g., "overly cautious" gait, functional gait disorders), the findings have implications for the understanding of such conditions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Safe and efficient locomotion frequently requires movements to be adapted in a feedforward (i.e., "predictive") manner. These adaptations are not always correct, and thus inappropriate behavior must be quickly updated. Here we showed that increased threat disrupts this process. We found that locomotor actions learned in the presence of postural threat-induced anxiety are strengthened, subsequently impairing one's ability to update (or "deadapt") these actions when they are no longer appropriate for the current context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Ellmers
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Durkin
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karthigan Sriranganathan
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Harris
- Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bronstein AM, Kattah J. Vascular neuro-otology: vestibular transient ischemic attacks and chronic dizziness in the elderly. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:59-65. [PMID: 38032270 PMCID: PMC10779463 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa transient ischemic attacks (TIA) associated with vertigo and/or imbalance.To review the contribution of cerebral small vessel (SVD) disease to balance dysfunction and dizziness in the elderly. MAIN FINDINGS TIAs involving vestibular structures that mediate the vestibulo-ocular and vestibulospinal reflexes remain a diagnostic challenge because they overlap with causes of benign episodic vertigo. Here, we summarize the results of multidisciplinary specialty efforts to improve timely recognition and intervention of peripheral and central vestibular ischemia. More papers confirm that SVD is a major cause of gait disability, falls and cognitive disorder in the elderly. Recent work shows that early stages of SVD may also be responsible for dizziness in the elderly. The predominant location of the white matter changes, in the frontal deep white matter and genu of the corpus callosum, explains the association between cognitive and balance dysfunction in SVD related symptoms. SUMMARY The evaluation of patients with intermittent vascular vertigo represent a major diagnostic challenge, recent reviews explore the ideal design approach for a multidisciplinary study to increase early recognition and intervention. Hemispheric white matter microvascular ischemia has been the subject of research progress - advanced stages are known to cause gait disorder and dementia but early stages are associated with "idiopathic" dizziness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo M. Bronstein
- Centre for Vestibular Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jorge Kattah
- University of Illinois at Chicago | UIC Department of Neurology (Peoria), Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Moore AIG, Golding JF, Alenova A, Castro P, Bronstein AM. Sense of direction in vestibular disorders. J Vestib Res 2024; 34:113-123. [PMID: 38489201 DOI: 10.3233/ves-230082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our sense of direction (SOD) ability relies on the sensory integration of both visual information and self-motion cues from the proprioceptive and vestibular systems. Here, we assess how dysfunction of the vestibular system impacts perceived SOD in varying vestibular disorders, and secondly, we explore the effects of dizziness, migraine and psychological symptoms on SOD ability in patient and control groups. METHODS 87 patients with vestibular disorder and 69 control subjects were assessed with validated symptom and SOD questionnaires (Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale and the Object Perspective test). RESULTS While patients with vestibular disorders performed significantly worse than controls at the group level, only central and functional disorders (vestibular migraine and persistent postural perceptual dizziness), not peripheral disorders (benign-paroxysmal positional vertigo, bilateral vestibular failure and Meniere's disease) showed significant differences compared to controls on the level of individual vestibular groups. Additionally, orientational abilities associated strongly with spatial anxiety and showed clear separation from general dizziness and psychological factors in both patient and control groups. CONCLUSIONS SOD appears to be less affected by peripheral vestibular dysfunction than by functional and/or central diagnoses, indicating that higher level disruptions to central vestibular processing networks may impact SOD more than reductions in sensory peripheral inputs. Additionally, spatial anxiety is highly associated with orientational abilities in both patients and control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I G Moore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John F Golding
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Alenova
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Escuela de Fonoaudiologia, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ibitoye RT, Castro P, Ellmers TJ, Kaski DN, Bronstein AM. Vestibular loss disrupts visual reactivity in the alpha EEG rhythm. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103469. [PMID: 37459699 PMCID: PMC10368920 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The alpha rhythm is a dominant electroencephalographic oscillation relevant to sensory-motor and cognitive function. Alpha oscillations are reactive, being for example enhanced by eye closure, and suppressed following eye opening. The determinants of inter-individual variability in reactivity in the alpha rhythm (e.g. changes with amplitude following eye closure) are not fully understood despite the physiological and clinical applicability of this phenomenon, as indicated by the fact that ageing and neurodegeneration reduce reactivity. Strong interactions between visual and vestibular systems raise the theoretical possibility that the vestibular system plays a role in alpha reactivity. To test this hypothesis, we applied electroencephalography in sitting and standing postures in 15 participants with reduced vestibular function (bilateral vestibulopathy, median age = 70 years, interquartile range = 51-77 years) and 15 age-matched controls. We found participants with reduced vestibular function showed less enhancement of alpha electroencephalography power on eye closure in frontoparietal areas, compared to controls. In participants with reduced vestibular function, video head impulse test gain - as a measure of residual vestibulo-ocular reflex function - correlated with reactivity in alpha power across most of the head. Greater reliance on visual input for spatial orientation ('visual dependence', measured with the rod-and-disc test) correlated with less alpha enhancement on eye closure only in participants with reduced vestibular function, and this was partially moderated by video head impulse test gain. Our results demonstrate for the first time that vestibular function influences alpha reactivity. The results are partly explained by the lack of ascending peripheral vestibular input but also by central reorganisation of processing relevant to visuo-vestibular judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Ibitoye
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Gloucestershire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester GL1 3NN, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Castro
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom; Universidad del Desarrollo, Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Toby J Ellmers
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom
| | - Diego N Kaski
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Centre for Vestibular Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Aims of the present article are: 1) assessing vestibular contribution to spatial navigation, 2) exploring how age, global positioning systems (GPS) use, and vestibular navigation contribute to subjective sense of direction (SOD), 3) evaluating vestibular navigation in patients with lesions of the vestibular-cerebellum (patients with downbeat nystagmus, DBN) that could inform on the signals carried by vestibulo-cerebellar-cortical pathways. We applied two navigation tasks on a rotating chair in the dark: return-to-start (RTS), where subjects drive the chair back to the origin after discrete angular displacement stimuli (path reversal), and complete-the-circle (CTC) where subjects drive the chair on, all the way round to origin (path completion). We examined 24 normal controls (20-83 yr), five patients with DBN (62-77 yr) and, as proof of principle, two patients with early dementia (84 and 76 yr). We found a relationship between SOD, assessed by Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale, and subject's age (positive), GPS use (negative), and CTC-vestibular-navigation-task (positive). Age-related decline in vestibular navigation was observed with the RTS task but not with the complex CTC task. Vestibular navigation was normal in patients with vestibulo-cerebellar dysfunction but abnormal, particularly CTC, in the demented patients. We conclude that vestibular navigation skills contribute to the build-up of our SOD. Unexpectedly, perceived SOD in the elderly is not inferior, possibly explained by increased GPS use by the young. Preserved vestibular navigation in cerebellar patients suggests that ascending vestibular-cerebellar projections carry velocity (not position) signals. The abnormalities in the cognitively impaired patients suggest that their vestibulo-spatial navigation is disrupted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our subjective sense-of-direction is influenced by how good we are at spatial navigation using vestibular cues. Global positioning systems (GPS) may inhibit sense of direction. Increased use of GPS by the young may explain why the elderly's sense of direction is not worse than the young's. Patients with vestibulo-cerebellar dysfunction (downbeat nystagmus syndrome) display normal vestibular navigation, suggesting that ascending vestibulo-cerebellar-cortical pathways carry velocity rather than position signals. Pilot data indicate that dementia disrupts vestibular navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Zachou
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Ibitoye RT, Castro P, Cooke J, Allum J, Arshad Q, Murdin L, Wardlaw J, Kaski D, Sharp DJ, Bronstein AM. A link between frontal white matter integrity and dizziness in cerebral small vessel disease. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103098. [PMID: 35772195 PMCID: PMC9253455 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic dizziness in older people is associated with more vascular risk. Idiopathic dizziness is also associated with impaired balance and cognition. These findings co-occur with more frontal markers of cerebral small vessel disease. Small vessel disease may contribute to dizziness through its effects on balance.
One in three older people (>60 years) complain of dizziness which often remains unexplained despite specialist assessment. We investigated if dizziness was associated with vascular injury to white matter tracts relevant to balance or vestibular self-motion perception in sporadic cerebral small vessel disease (age-related microangiopathy). We prospectively recruited 38 vestibular clinic patients with idiopathic (unexplained) dizziness and 36 age-matched asymptomatic controls who underwent clinical, cognitive, balance, gait and vestibular assessments, and structural and diffusion brain MRI. Patients had more vascular risk factors, worse balance, worse executive cognitive function, and worse ankle vibration thresholds in association with greater white matter hyperintensity in frontal deep white matter, and lower fractional anisotropy in the genu of the corpus callosum and the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus. A large bihemispheric white matter network had less structural connectivity in patients. Reflex and perceptual vestibular function was similar in patients and controls. Our results suggest cerebral small vessel disease is involved in the genesis of dizziness through its effect on balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Ibitoye
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK; The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Josie Cooke
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Allum
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Louisa Murdin
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Sharp
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Imperial College London, London, UK
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7
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Cooke JI, Guven O, Abarca PC, Ibitoye RT, Pettorossi VE, Bronstein AM. Electroencephalographic response to transient adaptation of vestibular perception. J Physiol 2022; 600:3517-3535. [PMID: 35713975 PMCID: PMC9544486 DOI: 10.1113/jp282470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract When given a series of sinusoidal oscillations in which the two hemicycles have equal amplitude but asymmetric velocity, healthy subjects lose perception of the slower hemicycle (SHC), reporting a drift towards the faster hemicycle (FHC). This response is not reflected in the vestibular–ocular reflex, suggesting that the adaptation is of higher order. This study aimed to define EEG correlates of this adaptive response. Twenty‐five subjects underwent a series of symmetric or asymmetric oscillations and reported their perceived head orientation at the end using landmarks in the testing room; this was converted into total position error (TPE). Thirty‐two channel EEG was recorded before, during and after adaptation. Spectral power and coherence were calculated for the alpha, beta, delta and theta frequency bands. Linear mixed models were used to determine a region‐by‐condition effect of the adaptation. TPE was significantly greater in the asymmetric condition and reported error was always in the direction of the FHC. Regardless of condition, alpha desynchronised in response to stimulation, then rebounded back toward baseline values. This pattern was accelerated and attenuated in the prefrontal and occipital regions, respectively, in the asymmetric condition. Functional connectivity networks were identified in the beta and delta frequency bands; these networks, primarily comprising frontoparietal connections, were more coherent during asymmetric stimulation. These findings suggest that the temporary vestibulo‐perceptual ‘neglect’ induced by asymmetric vestibular stimulation may be mediated by alpha rhythms and frontoparietal attentional networks. The results presented further our understanding of brain rhythms and cortical networks involved in vestibular perception and adaptation.
![]() Key points Whole‐body asymmetric sinusoidal oscillations, which consist of hemicycles with equal amplitude but differing velocities, can induce transient ‘neglect’ of the slower hemicycle in the vestibular perception of healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to elucidate EEG correlates of this ‘neglect’, thereby identifying a cortical role in vestibular perception and adaptation. We identified a desynchronisation–resynchronisation response in the alpha frequency band (8–14 Hz) that was accelerated in the prefrontal region and attenuated in the occipital region when exposed to asymmetric, as compared to symmetric, rotations. We additionally identified functional connectivity networks in the beta (14–30 Hz) and delta (1–4 Hz) frequency bands consisting primarily of frontoparietal connections. These results suggest a prominent role of alpha rhythms and frontoparietal attentional networks in vestibular perception and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine I Cooke
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Onur Guven
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patricia Castro Abarca
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.,Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard T Ibitoye
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vito E Pettorossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Biochemica, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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Ibitoye RT, Mallas EJ, Bourke NJ, Kaski D, Bronstein AM, Sharp DJ. The human vestibular cortex: functional anatomy of OP2, its connectivity and the effect of vestibular disease. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:567-582. [PMID: 35235642 PMCID: PMC9890474 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Area OP2 in the posterior peri-sylvian cortex has been proposed to be the core human vestibular cortex. We investigated the functional anatomy of OP2 and adjacent areas (OP2+) using spatially constrained independent component analysis (ICA) of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the Human Connectome Project. Ten ICA-derived subregions were identified. OP2+ responses to vestibular and visual motion were analyzed in 17 controls and 17 right-sided vestibular neuritis patients who had previously undergone caloric and optokinetic stimulation during fMRI. In controls, a posterior part of right OP2+ showed: (i) direction-selective responses to visual motion and (ii) activation during caloric stimulation that correlated positively with perceived self-motion, and negatively with visual dependence and peak slow-phase nystagmus velocity. Patients showed abnormal OP2+ activity, with an absence of visual or caloric activation of the healthy ear and no correlations with vertigo or visual dependence-despite normal slow-phase nystagmus responses to caloric stimulation. Activity in a lateral part of right OP2+ correlated with chronic visually induced dizziness in patients. In summary, distinct functional subregions of right OP2+ show strong connectivity to other vestibular areas and a profile of caloric and visual responses, suggesting a central role for vestibular function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Ibitoye
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom,Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom
| | - Emma-Jane Mallas
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall J Bourke
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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9
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Castro Abarca P, Hussain S, Mohamed OG, Kaski D, Arshad Q, Bronstein AM, Kheradmand A. Visuospatial orientation: Differential effects of head and body positions. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136548. [PMID: 35227775 PMCID: PMC8930610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To orientate in space, the brain must integrate sensory information that encodes the position of the body with the visual cues from the surrounding environment. In this process, the extent of reliance on visual information is known as the visual dependence. Here, we asked whether the relative positions of the head and body can modulate such visual dependence (VD). We used the effect of optokinetic stimulation (30°/s) on subjective visual vertical (SVV) to quantify VD as the average optokinetic-induced SVV bias in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. The VD bias was measured in eight subjects with a head-on-body tilt (HBT) where only the head was tilted on the body, and also with a whole-body tilt (WBT) where the head and body were tilted together. The VD bias with HBT of 20° was in the same direction of the head tilt position (left tilt VD -1.35 ± 0.1.2°; right VD 1.60 ± 0.9°), whereas the VD bias with WBT of 20° was in a direction away from the body tilt position (left tilt VD 2.5 ± 1.1°; right tilt VD -2.1 ± 0.9°). These findings show differential effects of relative head and body positions on visual cue integration, a process which could facilitate optimal interaction with the surrounding environment for spatial orientation.
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Bonsu AN, Britton Z, Asif Z, Sharif M, Kaski D, Kheradmand A, Bronstein AM, Arshad Q. Migraine phenotype differentially modulates the attentional network: A cross sectional observation study. Cephalalgia Reports 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/25158163221124264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Signs of distinct brain dysfunction in patients where migraine intersects with vertigo (i.e. vestibular migraine (VM)), remain elusive. As migraine and vertigo can both independently modulate attentional processes, here we seek the utility of the attentional network to functionally differentiate patients. Methods: We used the Attentional Network Task (ANT) to elucidate three separate functional networks: Alerting, orienting and resolving conflict. 120 participants had to attend to the direction of a target visual stimulus, while other parameters were simultaneously manipulated. Reaction times across the networks were assessed in, (i) 30 healthy controls, (ii) 30 VM patients, (iii) 30 patients with migraine without vertigo, and (iv) 30 patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) but no migraine. Results: Patients with VM (mean = 737.1 ms, SEM = 28), migraine (mean = 735.3 ms, SEM = 36.4), and BPPV (mean = 720.3 ms SEM = 24.3) all exhibited significantly delayed ANT reaction times compared to healthy controls (mean = 661.3 ms, SEM = 23.4). Specific attentional network deficits were observed for resolving conflict in VM, alerting in migraine and orienting in BPPV. Conclusion: VM patients displayed deficits in executive function characterized by an inability to focus attentional resources and suppress peripheral distractors, whereas migraineurs without vertigo exhibited changes in the alerting network that reflects hypervigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Bonsu
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Zelie Britton
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zara Asif
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mishaal Sharif
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, UCL, UK
| | - Amir Kheradmand
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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11
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Ibitoye RT, Castro P, Desowska A, Cooke J, Edwards AE, Guven O, Arshad Q, Murdin L, Kaski D, Bronstein AM. Small vessel disease disrupts EEG postural brain networks in 'unexplained dizziness in the elderly'. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2751-2762. [PMID: 34583117 PMCID: PMC8559782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unexplained dizziness in the elderly may result from
cerebral small vessel disease. Dizzy elderly patients differed from controls in EEG
power when standing. EEG power when standing correlated with subjective
(perceived) instability.
Objective To examine the hypothesis that small vessel disease
disrupts postural networks in older adults with unexplained dizziness in the
elderly (UDE). Methods Simultaneous electroencephalography and postural sway
measurements were undertaken in upright, eyes closed standing, and sitting
postures (as baseline) in 19 younger adults, 33 older controls and 36 older
patients with UDE. Older adults underwent magnetic resonance imaging to
determine whole brain white matter hyperintensity volumes, a measure of small
vessel disease. Linear regression was used to estimate the effect of instability
on electroencephalographic power and connectivity. Results Ageing increased theta and alpha desynchronisation on
standing. In older controls, delta and gamma power increased, and theta and
alpha power reduced with instability. Dizzy older patients had higher white
matter hyperintensity volumes and more theta desynchronisation during periods of
instability. White matter hyperintensity volume and delta power during periods
of instability were correlated, positively in controls but negatively in dizzy
older patients. Delta power correlated with subjective dizziness and
instability. Conclusions Neural resource demands of postural control increase
with age, particularly in patients with UDE, driven by small vessel
disease. Significance EEG correlates of postural control saturate in older
adults with UDE, offering a neuro-physiological basis to this common
syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Ibitoye
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK; The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Castro
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Desowska
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory (C3NL), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Cooke
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A E Edwards
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Guven
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Q Arshad
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK; inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - L Murdin
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Kaski
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - A M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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12
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Currò R, Salvalaggio A, Tozza S, Gemelli C, Dominik N, Galassi Deforie V, Magrinelli F, Castellani F, Vegezzi E, Businaro P, Callegari I, Pichiecchio A, Cosentino G, Alfonsi E, Marchioni E, Colnaghi S, Gana S, Valente EM, Tassorelli C, Efthymiou S, Facchini S, Carr A, Laura M, Rossor AM, Manji H, Lunn MP, Pegoraro E, Santoro L, Grandis M, Bellone E, Beauchamp NJ, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaski D, Bronstein AM, Houlden H, Reilly MM, Mandich P, Schenone A, Manganelli F, Briani C, Cortese A. RFC1 expansions are a common cause of idiopathic sensory neuropathy. Brain 2021; 144:1542-1550. [PMID: 33969391 PMCID: PMC8262986 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After extensive evaluation, one-third of patients affected by polyneuropathy remain undiagnosed and are labelled as having chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy, which refers to a sensory or sensory-motor, axonal, slowly progressive neuropathy of unknown origin. Since a sensory neuropathy/neuronopathy is identified in all patients with genetically confirmed RFC1 cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome, we speculated that RFC1 expansions could underlie a fraction of idiopathic sensory neuropathies also diagnosed as chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy. We retrospectively identified 225 patients diagnosed with chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (125 sensory neuropathy, 100 sensory-motor neuropathy) from our general neuropathy clinics in Italy and the UK. All patients underwent full neurological evaluation and a blood sample was collected for RFC1 testing. Biallelic RFC1 expansions were identified in 43 patients (34%) with sensory neuropathy and in none with sensory-motor neuropathy. Forty-two per cent of RFC1-positive patients had isolated sensory neuropathy or sensory neuropathy with chronic cough, while vestibular and/or cerebellar involvement, often subclinical, were identified at examination in 58%. Although the sensory ganglia are the primary pathological target of the disease, the sensory impairment was typically worse distally and symmetric, while gait and limb ataxia were absent in two-thirds of the cases. Sensory amplitudes were either globally absent (26%) or reduced in a length-dependent (30%) or non-length dependent pattern (44%). A quarter of RFC1-positive patients had previously received an alternative diagnosis, including Sjögren's syndrome, sensory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and paraneoplastic neuropathy, while three cases had been treated with immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Currò
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvalaggio
- Department of Neurosciences, ERN Neuromuscular Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Gemelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Castellani
- Department of Neurosciences, ERN Neuromuscular Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Businaro
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Enza Maria Valente
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Genetics, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Stefano Facchini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Aisling Carr
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Matilde Laura
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexander M Rossor
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Hadi Manji
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elena Pegoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, ERN Neuromuscular Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Grandis
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bellone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Beauchamp
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Paola Mandich
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, ERN Neuromuscular Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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13
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Martínez-Gallardo S, Miguel-Puga JA, Cooper-Bribiesca D, Bronstein AM, Jáuregui-Renaud K. Derealization and motion-perception related to repeated exposure to 3T Magnetic Resonance Image scanner in healthy adults. J Vestib Res 2020; 31:69-80. [PMID: 33325422 PMCID: PMC9249310 DOI: 10.3233/ves-201577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanning can induce psychological effects. No studies have investigated the role of magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS) in 3TMRI scanner-induced psychological reactions. OBJECTIVE: To assess depersonalization/derealization (DD), state anxiety and motion-perception in a 3TMRI scanner, acutely and long-term. PARTICIPANTS: 48 healthcare professionals and students were included, after preliminary rejection of claustrophobes and neuro-otology and psychiatry assessments. PROCEDURES: Participants completed questionnaires on personal habits, dissociation, anxiety/depression and motion sickness susceptibility. Validated DD and state anxiety questionnaires were administered before and after magnetic exposure twice, entering the bore head and feet first in random order, one week apart. During the following week, dizziness/disorientation was reported daily. One month later, 11 subjects repeated the procedure to assess reproducibility. RESULTS: Considerable individual susceptibility was observed, circa 40% of the subjects reported self-motion perception related to the exposure, with variable increase on DD symptoms. Multivariate analysis showed that DD scores after any exposure were influenced by entering the bore “feet first”, motion-perception, and the mean sleep hours/week (MANCOVA, R = 0.58, p = 0.00001). There was no clear effect of scanner exposure on state anxiety, which was related to trait anxiey but not to DD scores. During repeated exposures, about half of all subjects re-entering the scan reported motion-perception, but DD or anxiety symptoms were not consistent. CONCLUSION: Psychological effects during 3TMRI scanning result from multiple, interacting factors, including novelty of the procedure (first-exposure effect), motion-perception due to MVS, head/body orientation, sleeping habits and individual susceptibility. Forewarning subjects of these predisposing factors may increase tolerance to MRI scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Imagen por Resonancia Magnética, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional sXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José A Miguel-Puga
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Otoneurología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Davis Cooper-Bribiesca
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional sXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kathrine Jáuregui-Renaud
- Departamento de Imagen por Resonancia Magnética, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Medico Nacional sXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.,Unidad de Investigación Médica en Otoneurología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
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14
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Lin D, Castro P, Edwards A, Sekar A, Edwards MJ, Coebergh J, Bronstein AM, Kaski D. Dissociated motor learning and de-adaptation in patients with functional gait disorders. Brain 2020; 143:2594-2606. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Walking onto a stationary platform that had been previously experienced as moving generates a locomotor after-effect—the so-called ‘broken escalator’ phenomenon. The motor responses that occur during locomotor after-effects have been mapped theoretically using a hierarchal Bayesian model of brain function that takes into account current sensory information that is weighted according to prior contextually-relevant experiences; these in turn inform automatic motor responses. Here, we use the broken escalator phenomenon to explore motor learning in patients with functional gait disorders and probe whether abnormal postural mechanisms override ascending sensory information and conscious intention, leading to maladaptive and disabling gait abnormalities. Fourteen patients with functional gait disorders and 17 healthy control subjects walked onto a stationary sled (‘Before’ condition, five trials), then onto a moving sled (‘Moving’ condition, 10 trials) and then again onto the stationary sled (‘After’ condition, five trials). Subjects were warned of the change in conditions. Kinematic gait measures (trunk displacement, step timing, gait velocity), EMG responses, and subjective measures of state anxiety/instability were recorded per trial. Patients had slower gait velocities in the Before trials (P < 0.05) but were able to increase this to accommodate the moving sled, with similar learning curves to control subjects (P = 0.87). Although trunk and gait velocity locomotor after-effects were present in both groups, there was a persistence of the locomotor after-effect only in patients (P < 0.05). We observed an increase in gait velocity during After trials towards normal values in the patient group. Instability and state anxiety were greater in patients than controls (P < 0.05) only during explicit phases (Before/After) of the task. Mean ‘final’ gait termination EMG activity (right gastrocnemius) was greater in the patient group than controls. Despite a dysfunctional locomotor system, patients show normal adaptive learning. The process of de-adaptation, however, is prolonged in patients indicating a tendency to perpetuate learned motor programmes. The trend to normalization of gait velocity following a period of implicit motor learning has implications for gait rehabilitation potential in patients with functional gait disorders and related disorders (e.g. fear of falling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lin
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Universidad del Desarrollo, Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amy Edwards
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Akila Sekar
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Department of Neurology, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jan Coebergh
- Department of Neurology, St George’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Brain Sciences, Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Bednarczuk NF, Bradshaw JM, Mian SY, Papoutselou E, Mahmoud S, Ahn K, Chudenkov I, Fuentealba C, Hussain S, Castro P, Bronstein AM, Kaski D, Arshad Q. Pathophysiological dissociation of the interaction between time pressure and trait anxiety during spatial orientation judgments. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3215-3222. [PMID: 31950532 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spatial orientation is achieved by integrating visual, vestibular and proprioceptive cues. Individuals that rely strongly upon visual cues to facilitate spatial orientation are termed visually dependent. Heightened visual reliance commonly occurs in patients following vestibular dysfunction and can influence clinical outcome. Additionally, psychological factors, including anxiety, are associated with poorer clinical outcome following vestibular dysfunction. Given that visual dependency measures are affected by psychological and contextual influences, such as time pressure, we investigated the interaction between time pressure and anxiety upon visual dependency in healthy controls and vestibular migraine patients. Visual dependency was assessed using a "Rod and Disk" task at baseline and under time pressure (3 s to complete the task). Non-situational (trait) and situational (state) anxiety levels were quantified using the Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. We calculated the change in visual dependency (VD) [∆VD = VDtime pressure - VDbaseline ] and correlated it with participants' trait anxiety scores. We observed a significant negative correlation between trait anxiety and the change in VD (R2 = .393, p < .001) in healthy controls and a positive correlation in dizzy patients (R2 = .317, p < .001). That is, healthy individuals that were more anxious became less visually dependent under time pressure (i.e., more accurate), whereas less anxious individuals became more visually dependent. The reverse was observed in vestibular migraine patients. Our results illustrate that anxiety can differentially modulate task performance during spatial orientation judgements under time pressure in healthy individuals and dizzy patients. These findings have potential implications for individualised patient rehabilitation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja F Bednarczuk
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jacob M Bradshaw
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shan Y Mian
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Efstratia Papoutselou
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sami Mahmoud
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Keunhwi Ahn
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ilya Chudenkov
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Constanza Fuentealba
- Leiden University Ringgold Standard Institution - Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shahvaiz Hussain
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patricia Castro
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular Neurosciences, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Academic Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
- inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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16
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Kim HA, Bisdorff A, Bronstein AM, Lempert T, Rossi-Izquierdo M, Staab JP, Strupp M, Kim JS. Hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo: Diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 2020; 29:45-56. [PMID: 30883381 PMCID: PMC9249281 DOI: 10.3233/ves-190655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the diagnostic criteria for hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo to be included in the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders (ICVD). The aim of defining diagnostic criteria of hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo is to help clinicians to understand the terminology related to orthostatic dizziness/vertigo and to distinguish orthostatic dizziness/vertigo due to global brain hypoperfusion from that caused by other etiologies. Diagnosis of hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo requires: A) five or more episodes of dizziness, unsteadiness or vertigo triggered by arising or present during upright position, which subsides by sitting or lying down; B) orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome or syncope documented on standing or during head-up tilt test; and C) not better accounted for by another disease or disorder. Probable hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo is defined as follows: A) five or more episodes of dizziness, unsteadiness or vertigo triggered by arising or present during upright position, which subsides by sitting or lying down; B) at least one of the following accompanying symptoms: generalized weakness/tiredness, difficulty in thinking/concentrating, blurred vision, and tachycardia/palpitations; and C) not better accounted for by another disease or disorder. These diagnostic criteria have been derived by expert consensus from an extensive review of 90 years of research on hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo, postural hypotension or tachycardia, and autonomic dizziness. Measurements of orthostatic blood pressure and heart rate are important for the screening and documentation of orthostatic hypotension or postural tachycardia syndrome to establish the diagnosis of hemodynamic orthostatic dizziness/vertigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Alexandre Bisdorff
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Emile Mayrisch, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Adolfo M. Bronstein
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas Lempert
- Department of Neurology, Schlosspark-Klinik, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jeffrey P. Staab
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Dizziness Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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17
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Patel M, Roberts E, Arshad Q, Bunday K, Golding JF, Kaski D, Bronstein AM. The "broken escalator" phenomenon: Vestibular dizziness interferes with locomotor adaptation. J Vestib Res 2020; 30:81-94. [PMID: 32116265 DOI: 10.3233/ves-200693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vestibular lesions degrade postural control we do not know the relative contributions of the magnitude of the vestibular loss and subjective vestibular symptoms to locomotor adaptation. OBJECTIVE To study how dizzy symptoms interfere with adaptive locomotor learning. METHODS We examined patients with contrasting peripheral vestibular deficits, vestibular neuritis in the chronic stable phase (n = 20) and strongly symptomatic unilateral Meniere's disease (n = 15), compared to age-matched healthy controls (n = 15). We measured locomotor adaptive learning using the "broken escalator" aftereffect, simulated on a motorised moving sled. RESULTS Patients with Meniere's disease had an enhanced "broken escalator" postural aftereffect. More generally, the size of the locomotor aftereffect was related to how symptomatic patients were across both groups. Contrastingly, the degree of peripheral vestibular loss was not correlated with symptom load or locomotor aftereffect size. During the MOVING trials, both patient groups had larger levels of instability (trunk sway) and reduced adaptation than normal controls. CONCLUSION Dizziness symptoms influence locomotor adaptation and its subsequent expression through motor aftereffects. Given that the unsteadiness experienced during the "broken escalator" paradigm is internally driven, the enhanced aftereffect found represents a new type of self-generated postural challenge for vestibular/unsteady patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ed Roberts
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karen Bunday
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - John F Golding
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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18
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Bronstein AM, Fedyanina LV, Maximova MS, Lukashev AN, Sergeev AR. Nine cases of human dipylidiasis in Moscow region during 1987 to 2017. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:194-200. [PMID: 33612730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dipylidium caninum is a parasite that commonly infects dogs and cats worldwide. The large population of wild and stray dogs and cats may potentially transmit D. caninum to humans via their flea and lice. Humans are an accidental host, and dipylidiasis is more commonly seen in infants and children. There is scant information about human dipylidiasis in Russia. We report nine cases of dipylidiasis - eight in children and one in an adult. The patients were asymptomatic, except for excreting active proglottids in their faeces, which was the most common complaint. The clinical significance of asymptomatic dipylidiasis is not understood, except mothers were anxious because of the continuous appearance of active worms in the faeces of their children. The patients were successfully treated with praziquantel (15 mg/kg). Preventing dipylidiasis in pets and humans requires the control of fleas and lice, avoiding the outdoor defecation of definitive hosts, deworming pets, preventing children from playing with stray animals and spread of information about dipylidiasis among pet owners. Dogs and cats in many places in Russia breed freely, defecate outdoors in any area, and are not subjected to deworming and insect control. These circumstances favour the fact that, although this zoonosis is rare, it is a re-emerging disease and might reach important levels in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bronstein
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya St., 8/2, Russian Federation
- Pigorov Russian National Research Medical University (Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology), 119121 Moscow, Ostrovityaninova St., 1, Russian Federation
| | - L V Fedyanina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya St., 8/2, Russian Federation
| | - M S Maximova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya St., 8/2, Russian Federation
| | - A N Lukashev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya St., 8/2, Russian Federation
| | - A R Sergeev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya St., 8/2, Russian Federation
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19
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Bednarczuk NF, Bonsu A, Ortega MC, Fluri AS, Chan J, Rust H, de Melo F, Sharif M, Seemungal BM, Golding JF, Kaski D, Bronstein AM, Arshad Q. Abnormal visuo-vestibular interactions in vestibular migraine: a cross sectional study. Brain 2020; 142:606-616. [PMID: 30759189 PMCID: PMC6391603 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular migraine is among the commonest causes of episodic vertigo. Chronically, patients with vestibular migraine develop abnormal responsiveness to both vestibular and visual stimuli characterized by heightened self-motion sensitivity and visually-induced dizziness. Yet, the neural mechanisms mediating such symptoms remain unknown. We postulate that such symptoms are attributable to impaired visuo-vestibular cortical interactions, which in turn disrupts normal vestibular function. To assess this, we investigated whether prolonged, full-field visual motion exposure, which has been previously shown to modulate visual cortical excitability in both healthy individuals and avestibular patients, could disrupt vestibular ocular reflex and vestibular-perceptual thresholds of self-motion during rotations. Our findings reveal that vestibular migraine patients exhibited abnormally elevated reflexive and perceptual vestibular thresholds at baseline. Following visual motion exposure, both reflex and perceptual thresholds were significantly further increased in vestibular migraine patients relative to healthy controls, migraineurs without vestibular symptoms and patients with episodic vertigo due to a peripheral inner-ear disorder. Our results provide support for the notion of altered visuo-vestibular cortical interactions in vestibular migraine, as evidenced by vestibular threshold elevation following visual motion exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja F Bednarczuk
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Angela Bonsu
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Marta Casanovas Ortega
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Anne-Sophie Fluri
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - John Chan
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Heiko Rust
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabiano de Melo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Rebeirao Preto-USP, Campus Universitario s/n Riberao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mishaal Sharif
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Barry M Seemungal
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - John F Golding
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK.,Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
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20
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Abstract
The functional significance of vestibular information for the generation of gaze shifts is controversial and less well established than the vestibular contribution to gaze stability. In this study, we asked seven bilaterally avestibular patients to execute voluntary, whole body pivot turns to visual targets up to 180° while standing. In these conditions, not only are the demands imposed on gaze transfer mechanisms more challenging, but also neck proprioceptive input represents an inadequate source of head-in-space motion information. Patients' body segment was slower and jerky. In the absence of visual feedback, gaze advanced in small steps, closely resembling normal multiple-step gaze-shift patterns, but as a consequence of the slow head motion, target acquisition was delayed. In ~25% of trials, however, patients moved faster but the velocity of prematurely emerging slow-phase compensatory eye movements remained lower than head-in-space velocity due to vestibuloocular failure. During these trials, therefore, gaze advanced toward the target without interruption but, again, taking longer than when normal controls use single-step gaze transfers. That is, even when patients attempted faster gaze shifts, exposing themselves to gaze instability, they acquired distant targets significantly later than controls. Thus, while patients are upright, loss of vestibular information disrupts not only gaze stability but also gaze transfers. The slow and ataxic head and trunk movements introduce significant foveation delays. These deficits explain patients' symptoms during upright activities and show, for the first time, the clinical significance of losing the so-called "anticompensatory" (gaze shifting) function of the vestibuloocular reflex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies in sitting avestibular patients concluded that gaze transfers are not substantially compromised. Still, clinicians know that patients are impeded (e.g., looking side to side before crossing a road). We show that during large gaze transfers while standing, vestibularly derived head velocity signals are critical for the mechanisms governing reorientation to distant targets and multisegmental coordination. Our findings go beyond the traditional role of the vestibular system in gaze stability, extending it to gaze transfers, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Anastasopoulos
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Akutnahe Rehabilitation, Kantonsspital Baden, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Nausika Ziavra
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Brain Sciences (Neuro-otology Unit), Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
In order to isolate the visual contribution to the control of postural balance, experiments in which subjects are exposed to large-field visual motion (optokinetic) stimuli are reviewed. In these situations, at motion onset, the visual stimulus signals subject self-motion but inertial (vestibulo-proprioceptive) cues do not. Visually evoked postural responses (VEPR) thus induced can be quickly suppressed by cognitive status or simple repetition of the stimulus, if the inertial self-motion cues available to the subject are reliable. In the conceptual model presented here, the process of assessing the reliability, and degree of matching, of visual and inertial signals is carried out by a General comparator; in turn able to access the Gain control mechanism of the visuo-postural system. Complexity and congruency in the visual stimulus itself are assessed by a Visual comparator, e.g., the presence of motion parallax in the visual stimulus can reverse the sway response direction. VEPR can also be re-oriented according to the position of the eyes in the head and the head on the trunk. This indicates that ocular and cervical proprioceptors must also access the gain control mechanism so that visual stimuli can recruit and silence different postural muscles appropriately. The overall gain of the visuo-postural system is also influenced by less easily defined idiosyncratic factors, such as visual dependence and psychological traits; interestingly both these factors have been found to be associated with poor long term outcome in vestibular disorders. The experimental results and model presented illustrate that the visuo-postural system is a wonderful example of interaction between physics (e.g., stimuli geometry, body dynamics), neuroscience and the border zone between neurology and psycho-somatic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Kaski D, Rust HM, Ibitoye R, Arshad Q, Allum JHJ, Bronstein AM. Theoretical framework for "unexplained" dizziness in the elderly: The role of small vessel disease. Prog Brain Res 2019; 248:225-240. [PMID: 31239134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we postulate that disruption of connectivity in the human brain can lead to dizziness, a symptom normally associated with focal disease of the vestibular system. The specific case that we will examine is the development of "unexplained" dizziness in the elderly-an extremely common clinical problem. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the elderly usually show variable degrees of multifocal micro-angiopathy (small vessel white matter disease, SVD); thus, we review the literature, present a conceptual model and report preliminary quantitative EEG data in support of the hypothesis that such hemispheric SVD leads to central nervous system disconnection that elderly patients report as dizziness. Loss of connectivity by age-related build-up of SVD could lead to dizzy feelings through one or more of the following mechanisms: disconnection of cortical vestibular centers, disconnection between frontal gait centers and the basal ganglia, and disconnection between intended motor action (efference copy) and sensory re-afference. Finally, we propose that SVD-mediated dysregulation of cerebral blood pressure is linked to dizziness during standing and walking in elderly patients with "unexplained" dizziness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and motor neurosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Heiko M Rust
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ibitoye
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - John H J Allum
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Arshad Q, Ortega MC, Goga U, Lobo R, Siddiqui S, Mediratta S, Bednarczuk NF, Kaski D, Bronstein AM. Interhemispheric control of sensory cue integration and self-motion perception. Neuroscience 2019; 408:378-387. [PMID: 31026563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Spatial orientation necessitates the integration of visual and vestibular sensory cues, in-turn facilitating self-motion perception. However, the neural mechanisms underpinning sensory integration remain unknown. Recently we have illustrated that spatial orientation and vestibular thresholds are influenced by interhemispheric asymmetries associated with the posterior parietal cortices (PPC) that predominantly house the vestibulo-cortical network. Given that sensory integration is a prerequisite to both spatial orientation and motion perception, we hypothesized that sensory integration is similarly subject to interhemispheric influences. Accordingly, we explored the relationship between vestibulo-cortical dominance - assessed using a biomarker, the degree of vestibular-nystagmus suppression following transcranial direct current stimulation over the PPC - with visual dependence measures obtained during performance of a sensory integration task (the rod-and-disk task). We observed that the degree of visual dependence was correlated with vestibulo-cortical dominance. Specifically, individuals with greater right hemispheric vestibulo-cortical dominance had reduced visual dependence. We proceeded to assess the significance of such dominance on behavior by correlating measures of visual dependence with self-motion perception in healthy subjects. We observed that right-handed individuals experienced illusionary self-motion (vection) quicker than left-handers and that the degree of vestibular cortical dominance was correlated with the time taken to experience vection, only during conditions that induced interhemispheric conflict. To conclude, we demonstrate that interhemispheric asymmetries associated with vestibulo-cortical processing in the PPC functionally and mechanistically link sensory integration and self-motion perception, facilitating spatial orientation. Our findings highlight the importance of dynamic interhemispheric competition upon control of vestibular behavior in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Marta Casanovas Ortega
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Usman Goga
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Rhannon Lobo
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Shuaib Siddiqui
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Saniya Mediratta
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Nadja F Bednarczuk
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London, London, WC1X 8DA, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK
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Minakaran N, Soorma T, Bronstein AM, Plant GT. Charles Bonnet syndrome and periodic alternating nystagmus: Moving visual hallucinations. Neurology 2019; 92:e1072-e1075. [PMID: 30700594 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and discuss potential mechanisms for modulation of visual hallucinations by nystagmus. METHODS We present 2 patients with coexistent Charles Bonnet syndrome and periodic alternating nystagmus in the context of acquired visual loss. RESULTS The combination has given rise to a rare phenomenon: visual hallucinations that move in a manner governed by the nystagmus, specifically by the direction and velocity of the slow phase. The perceived modulation of movement is selective for a surface in one case and a landscape in the other but not present for hallucinated individual objects and people separate from the hallucinated background visual scene. CONCLUSIONS The collision of Charles Bonnet syndrome and periodic alternating nystagmus in these 2 patients has demonstrated that some visual hallucinations can be modulated by, or collaterally with, ocular movements. We propose 2 potential mechanisms based on ocular proprioceptive input from extraocular muscles projecting to either extrastriate processing of visual scene, or to higher-order visual cortical areas involved in analysis of motion signals across the whole visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Minakaran
- From Moorfields Eye Hospital (N.M., T.S., G.T.P.), London; Imperial College London (A.M.B.); and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.M.B., G.T.P.), London, UK
| | - Talha Soorma
- From Moorfields Eye Hospital (N.M., T.S., G.T.P.), London; Imperial College London (A.M.B.); and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.M.B., G.T.P.), London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- From Moorfields Eye Hospital (N.M., T.S., G.T.P.), London; Imperial College London (A.M.B.); and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.M.B., G.T.P.), London, UK
| | - Gordon T Plant
- From Moorfields Eye Hospital (N.M., T.S., G.T.P.), London; Imperial College London (A.M.B.); and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (A.M.B., G.T.P.), London, UK.
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25
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Castro P, Sena Esteves S, Lerchundi F, Buckwell D, Gresty MA, Bronstein AM, Arshad Q. Viewing Target Distance Influences the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Gain when Assessed Using the Video Head Impulse Test. Audiol Neurootol 2018; 23:285-289. [PMID: 30537706 DOI: 10.1159/000493845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaze stabilization during head movements is provided by the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Clinical assessment of this reflex is performed using the video Head Impulse Test (vHIT). To date, the influence of different fixation distances on VOR gain using the vHIT has not been explored. We assessed the effect of target proximity on the horizontal VOR using the vHIT. Firstly, we assessed the VOR gain in 18 healthy subjects with 5 viewing target distances (150, 40, 30, 20, and 10 cm). The gain increased significantly as the viewing target distance decreased. A second experiment on 10 subjects was performed in darkness whilst the subjects were imagining targets at different distances. There were significant inverse relationships between gain and distance for both the real and the imaginary targets. There was a statistically significant difference between light and dark gains for the 20- and 40-cm distances, but not for the 150-cm distance. Theoretical VOR gains for different target distances were calculated and compared with those found in light and darkness. The increase in gain observed for near targets was lower than predicted by geometrical calculations, implying a physiological ceiling effect on the VOR. The VOR gain in the dark, as assessed with the vHIT, demonstrates an enhancement associated with a reduced target distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Florencia Lerchundi
- Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Buckwell
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Gresty
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,
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26
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Edwards AE, Guven O, Furman MD, Arshad Q, Bronstein AM. Electroencephalographic Correlates of Continuous Postural Tasks of Increasing Difficulty. Neuroscience 2018; 395:35-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV, Ershova NM, Bronstein AM, Dorokhov YL. The Expression of Matryoshka Gene Encoding a Homologue of Kunitz Peptidase Inhibitor Is Regulated Both at the Level of Transcription and Translation. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2018; 83:1255-1262. [PMID: 30472962 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The gene for Kunitz peptidase inhibitor-like protein (KPILP) contains nested alternative open reading frame (aORF) that controls expression of the maternal mRNA. The content of NbKPILP mRNA in intact leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plant is low but increases significantly upon extended dark exposure or when foreign nucleic acid is overexpressed in the cells. The NbKPILP gene promoter along with the expressed nested aORF are likely to play an important role in maintaining the levels of NbKPILP mRNA. To elucidate the role of NbKPILP promoter, we isolated a fragment of N. benthamiana chromosomal DNA upstream of the NbKPILP transcription start, sequenced it, and created constructs in which reporter E. coli uidA gene coding for β-D-glucuronidase (GUS) was placed under control of the NbKPILP promoter. By assessing the efficacy of uidA mRNA synthesis directed by the NbKPILP promoter and 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus in a transient expression system, we showed that the levels of GUS accumulation were comparable for both promoters. Prolonged incubation of the agroinjected plants in the darkness stimulated accumulation of the uidA mRNA directed by the NbKPILP promoter. Our experiments indicate that along with regulation at the transcriptional level, expression of NbKPILP mRNA can be affected by expression of the nested aORF controlled by the polypurine block (PPB) located upstream of its start codon, since introduction of mutations in the PPB resulted in significant accumulation of the NbKPILP mRNA. Nucleotide replacement in the aORF start codon led to the drastic increase in the amounts of NbKPILP mRNA and its protein product.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T V Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N M Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A M Bronstein
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Y L Dorokhov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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28
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Kaski D, Haider S, Male A, Radunovich A, Liu F, Cordivari C, Bhatia KP, Bronstein AM. Adult Periodic Alternating Nystagmus Masked by Involuntary Head Movements. Front Neurol 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 29867735 PMCID: PMC5960698 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN) describes a horizontal jerk nystagmus that reverses its direction with a predictable cycle, and is thought to arise from lesions involving the brainstem and cerebellum. We report a 20-year-old patient with PAN who presented with an acute vertiginous episode and developed an involuntary head movement that initially masked the PAN. The involuntary head movements were abolished with a subtherapeutic dose of botulinum toxin to the neck muscles. We propose that the head movements initially developed as a compensatory movement to the nystagmus, to maintain visual fixation in the presence of the underlying nystagmus, and became an entrained involuntary behavior. This case highlights the importance of disambiguating psychogenic from organic pathology as this may have clinical therapeutic implications, in this case resolution of the most disabling symptom which was her head oscillations, leading to improved day-to-day function despite PAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- Department of Neuro-Otology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Haider
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Male
- Department of Neuro-Otology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Radunovich
- Department of Neurology, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Cordivari
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Neuro-Otology, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Ahmad H, Requena T, Frejo L, Cobo M, Gallego-Martinez A, Martin F, Lopez-Escamez JA, Bronstein AM. Clinical and Functional Characterization of a Missense ELF2 Variant in a CANVAS Family. Front Genet 2018; 9:85. [PMID: 29628936 PMCID: PMC5876245 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a rare disorder with an unknown etiology. We present a British family with presumed autosomal dominant CANVAS with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Exome sequencing identified a rare missense variant in the ELF2 gene at chr4:g.140058846 C > T, c.10G > A, p.A4T which segregated in all affected patients. By using transduced BE (2)-M17 cells, we found that the mutated ELF2 (mt-ELF2) gene increased ATXN2 and reduced ELOVL5 gene expression, the causal genes of type 2 and type 38 spinocerebellar ataxias. Both, western blot and confocal microscopy confirmed an increase of ataxin-2 in BE(2)-M17 cells transduced with lentivirus expressing mt-ELF2 (CEE-mt-ELF2), which was not observed in cells transduced with lentivirus expressing wt-ELF2 (CEE-wt-ELF2). Moreover, we observed a significant decrease in the number and size of lipid droplets in the CEE-mt-ELF2-transduced BE (2)-M17 cells, but not in the CEE-wt-ELF2-transduced BE (2)-M17. Furthermore, changes in the expression of ELOVL5 could be related with the reduction of lipid droplets in BE (2)-M17 cells. This work supports that ELF2 gene regulates the expression of ATXN2 and ELOVL5 genes, and defines new molecular links in the pathophysiology of cerebellar ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Ahmad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Requena
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Lidia Frejo
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Marien Cobo
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Alvaro Gallego-Martinez
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A Lopez-Escamez
- Otology and Neurotology Group CTS495, Department of Genomic Medicine, Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain.,Department of Otolaryngology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, Charing Cross Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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Arshad Q, Nigmatullina Y, Siddiqui S, Franka M, Mediratta S, Ramachandaran S, Lobo R, Malhotra PA, Roberts RE, Bronstein AM. Influence of biases in numerical magnitude allocation on human prosocial decision making. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:3007-3013. [PMID: 28904100 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00372.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade neuroscientific research has attempted to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of human prosocial decision making. Such research has almost ubiquitously employed tasks such as the dictator game or similar variations (i.e., ultimatum game). Considering the explicit numerical nature of such tasks, it is surprising that the influence of numerical cognition on decision making during task performance remains unknown. While performing these tasks, participants typically tend to anchor on a 50:50 split that necessitates an explicit numerical judgement (i.e., number-pair bisection). Accordingly, we hypothesize that the decision-making process during the dictator game recruits overlapping cognitive processes to those known to be engaged during number-pair bisection. We observed that biases in numerical magnitude allocation correlated with the formulation of decisions during the dictator game. That is, intrinsic biases toward smaller numerical magnitudes were associated with the formulation of less favorable decisions, whereas biases toward larger magnitudes were associated with more favorable choices. We proceeded to corroborate this relationship by subliminally and systematically inducing biases in numerical magnitude toward either higher or lower numbers using a visuo-vestibular stimulation paradigm. Such subliminal alterations in numerical magnitude allocation led to proportional and corresponding changes to an individual's decision making during the dictator game. Critically, no relationship was observed between neither intrinsic nor induced biases in numerical magnitude on decision making when assessed using a nonnumerical-based prosocial questionnaire. Our findings demonstrate numerical influences on decisions formulated during the dictator game and highlight the necessity to control for confounds associated with numerical cognition in human decision-making paradigms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that intrinsic biases in numerical magnitude can directly predict the amount of money donated by an individual to an anonymous stranger during the dictator game. Furthermore, subliminally inducing perceptual biases in numerical-magnitude allocation can actively drive prosocial choices in the corresponding direction. Our findings provide evidence for numerical influences on decision making during performance of the dictator game. Accordingly, without the implementation of an adequate control for numerical influences, the dictator game and other tasks with an inherent numerical component (i.e., ultimatum game) should be employed with caution in the assessment of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuliya Nigmatullina
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shuaib Siddiqui
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Franka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saniya Mediratta
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjeev Ramachandaran
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhannon Lobo
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paresh A Malhotra
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - R E Roberts
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, Fulham, London, United Kingdom
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Arshad Q, Bonsu A, Lobo R, Fluri AS, Sheriff R, Bain P, Pavese N, Bronstein AM. Biased numerical cognition impairs economic decision-making in Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:739-748. [PMID: 29046882 PMCID: PMC5634350 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous findings suggest a context‐dependent bihemispheric allocation of numerical magnitude. Accordingly, we predicted that lateralized motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), which reflect hemispheric asymmetries, would induce systematic lateralized biases in numerical cognition and have a subsequent influence on decision‐making. Methods In 20 PD patients and matched healthy controls we assessed numerical cognition using a number‐pair bisection and random number generation task. Decision‐making was assessed using both the dictator game and a validated questionnaire. Results PD patients with predominant right‐sided motor symptoms exhibited pathological biases toward smaller numerical magnitudes and formulated less favorable prosocial choices during a neuroeconomics task (i.e., dictator game). Conversely, patients with left‐sided motor symptoms exhibited pathological biases toward larger numerical magnitudes and formulated more generous prosocial choices. Our account of context‐dependent hemispheric allocation of numerical magnitude in PD was corroborated by applying our data to a pre‐existing computational model and observing significant concordance. Notably, both numerical biasing and impaired decision‐making were correlated with motor asymmetry. Interpretation Accordingly, motor asymmetry and functional impairment of cognitive processes in PD can be functionally intertwined. To conclude, our findings demonstrate context‐dependent hemispheric allocation and encoding of numerical magnitude in PD and how biases in numerical magnitude allocation in Parkinsonian patients can correspondingly impair economic decision‐making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom
| | - Angela Bonsu
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom
| | - Rhannon Lobo
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Sophie Fluri
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom
| | - Rahuman Sheriff
- European Bioinformatics Institute EMBL-EBI Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SD United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bain
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom.,Institute of Neuroscience Newcastle University Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences Imperial College Charing Cross Hospital Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF United Kingdom
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Bednarczuk NF, Casanovas Ortega M, Fluri AS, Bronstein AM, Arshad Q. Inter-hemispheric control of vestibular thresholds. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:988-991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Panichi R, Faralli M, Bruni R, Kiriakarely A, Occhigrossi C, Ferraresi A, Bronstein AM, Pettorossi VE. Asymmetric vestibular stimulation reveals persistent disruption of motion perception in unilateral vestibular lesions. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2819-2832. [PMID: 28814637 PMCID: PMC5680356 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00674.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-motion perception was studied in patients with unilateral vestibular lesions (UVL) due to acute vestibular neuritis at 1 wk and 4, 8, and 12 mo after the acute episode. We assessed vestibularly mediated self-motion perception by measuring the error in reproducing the position of a remembered visual target at the end of four cycles of asymmetric whole-body rotation. The oscillatory stimulus consists of a slow (0.09 Hz) and a fast (0.38 Hz) half cycle. A large error was present in UVL patients when the slow half cycle was delivered toward the lesion side, but minimal toward the healthy side. This asymmetry diminished over time, but it remained abnormally large at 12 mo. In contrast, vestibulo-ocular reflex responses showed a large direction-dependent error only initially, then they normalized. Normalization also occurred for conventional reflex vestibular measures (caloric tests, subjective visual vertical, and head shaking nystagmus) and for perceptual function during symmetric rotation. Vestibular-related handicap, measured with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) at 12 mo correlated with self-motion perception asymmetry but not with abnormalities in vestibulo-ocular function. We conclude that 1) a persistent self-motion perceptual bias is revealed by asymmetric rotation in UVLs despite vestibulo-ocular function becoming symmetric over time, 2) this dissociation is caused by differential perceptual-reflex adaptation to high- and low-frequency rotations when these are combined as with our asymmetric stimulus, 3) the findings imply differential central compensation for vestibuloperceptual and vestibulo-ocular reflex functions, and 4) self-motion perception disruption may mediate long-term vestibular-related handicap in UVL patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel vestibular stimulus, combining asymmetric slow and fast sinusoidal half cycles, revealed persistent vestibuloperceptual dysfunction in unilateral vestibular lesion (UVL) patients. The compensation of motion perception after UVL was slower than that of vestibulo-ocular reflex. Perceptual but not vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits correlated with dizziness-related handicap.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Panichi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Faralli
- Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Otorinolaringoiatria, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy; and
| | - R Bruni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Kiriakarely
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - C Occhigrossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Ferraresi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A M Bronstein
- Academic Neuro-Otology, Centre for Neuroscience, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - V E Pettorossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
The identification of ocular tremor in a small cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) had lay somewhat dormant until the recent report of a pervasive ocular tremor as a universal finding in a large PD cohort that was, however, generally absent from a cohort of age-matched healthy subjects. The reported tremor had frequency characteristics similar to those of PD limb tremor, but the amplitude and frequency of the tremor did not correlate with clinical tremor ratings. Much controversy ensued as to the origin of such a tremor, and specifically as to whether a pervasive ocular tremor was a fundamental feature of PD, or rather a compensatory eye oscillation secondary to a transmitted head tremor, and thus a measure of a normal vestibulo-ocular reflex. In this mini review, we summarize some of the evidence for and against the case for a pervasive ocular tremor in PD and suggest future experiments that may help resolve these conflicting opinions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-Otology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuro-Otology, University College London, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-Otology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuro-Otology, University College London, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Cousins S, Kaski D, Cutfield N, Arshad Q, Ahmad H, Gresty MA, Seemungal BM, Golding J, Bronstein AM. Predictors of clinical recovery from vestibular neuritis: a prospective study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:340-346. [PMID: 28491901 PMCID: PMC5420806 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify predictors of symptomatic recovery in vestibular neuritis. Forty VN patients were prospectively studied in the acute phase (median = 2 days) and 32 in the recovery phase (median = 10 weeks) with vestibulo‐ocular reflex, vestibular‐perceptual, and visual dependence tests and psychological questionnaires. Clinical outcome was Dizziness Handicap Inventory score at recovery phase. Acute visual dependency and autonomic arousal predicted outcome. Worse recovery was associated with a combination of increased visual dependence, autonomic arousal, anxiety/depression, and fear of bodily sensations, but not with vestibular variables. Findings highlight the importance of early identification of abnormal visual dependency and concurrent anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Cousins
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Diego Kaski
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cutfield
- Neurology; Dunedin Hospital; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Hena Ahmad
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Gresty
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Barry M. Seemungal
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - John Golding
- Department of Psychology; University of Westminster; London United Kingdom
| | - Adolfo M. Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit; Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College London; Charing Cross Hospital; London United Kingdom
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Lyon S, Goodkin DA, Bronstein AM, Tatem AJ, Bown M. Clinical News. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2017; 78:8-11. [PMID: 28067555 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2017.78.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Goodkin
- Arbor Research Collaborative for Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Professor of Clinical Neuro-otology and Consultant Neurologist, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- Professor within Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton
| | - Matt Bown
- Vascular surgeon, University of Leicester and the NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit and Honorary Consultant Vascular Surgeon, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester
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Roberts RE, Ahmad H, Arshad Q, Patel M, Dima D, Leech R, Seemungal BM, Sharp DJ, Bronstein AM. Functional neuroimaging of visuo-vestibular interaction. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2329-2343. [PMID: 27942855 PMCID: PMC5504268 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain combines visual, vestibular and proprioceptive information to distinguish between self- and world motion. Often these signals are complementary and indicate that the individual is moving or stationary with respect to the surroundings. However, conflicting visual motion and vestibular cues can lead to ambiguous or false sensations of motion. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore human brain activation when visual and vestibular cues were either complementary or in conflict. We combined a horizontally moving optokinetic stimulus with caloric irrigation of the right ear to produce conditions where the vestibular activation and visual motion indicated the same (congruent) or opposite directions of self-motion (incongruent). Visuo-vestibular conflict was associated with increased activation in a network of brain regions including posterior insular and transverse temporal areas, cerebellar tonsil, cingulate and medial frontal gyri. In the congruent condition, there was increased activation in primary and secondary visual cortex. These findings suggest that when sensory information regarding self-motion is contradictory, there is preferential activation of multisensory vestibular areas to resolve this ambiguity. When cues are congruent, there is a bias towards visual cortical activation. The data support the view that a network of brain areas including the posterior insular cortex may play an important role in integrating and disambiguating visual and vestibular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Roberts
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - H Ahmad
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Q Arshad
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Patel
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Dima
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Leech
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - B M Seemungal
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D J Sharp
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - A M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Patel M, Agarwal K, Arshad Q, Hariri M, Rea P, Seemungal BM, Golding JF, Harcourt JP, Bronstein AM. Intratympanic methylprednisolone versus gentamicin in patients with unilateral Ménière's disease: a randomised, double-blind, comparative effectiveness trial. Lancet 2016; 388:2753-2762. [PMID: 27865535 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ménière's disease is characterised by severe vertigo attacks and hearing loss. Intratympanic gentamicin, the standard treatment for refractory Ménière's disease, reduces vertigo, but damages vestibular function and can worsen hearing. We aimed to assess whether intratympanic administration of the corticosteroid methylprednisolone reduces vertigo compared with gentamicin. METHODS In this double-blind comparative effectiveness trial, patients aged 18-70 years with refractory unilateral Ménière's disease were enrolled at Charing Cross Hospital (London, UK) and Leicester Royal Infirmary (Leicester, UK). Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by a block design to two intratympanic methylprednisolone (62·5 mg/mL) or gentamicin (40 mg/mL) injections given 2 weeks apart, and were followed up for 2 years. All investigators and patients were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was vertigo frequency over the final 6 months (18-24 months after injection) compared with the 6 months before the first injection. Analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population, and then per protocol. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00802529. FINDINGS Between June 19, 2009, and April 15, 2013, 256 patients with Ménière's disease were screened, 60 of whom were enrolled and randomly assigned: 30 to gentamicin and 30 to methylprednisolone. In the intention-to-treat analysis (ie, all 60 patients), the mean number of vertigo attacks in the final 6 months compared with the 6 months before the first injection (primary outcome) decreased from 19·9 (SD 16·7) to 2·5 (5·8) in the gentamicin group (87% reduction) and from 16·4 (12·5) to 1·6 (3·4) in the methylprednisolone group (90% reduction; mean difference -0·9, 95% CI -3·4 to 1·6). Patients whose vertigo did not improve after injection (ie, non-responders) after being assessed by an unmasked clinician were eligible for additional injections given by a masked clinician (eight patients in the gentamicin group vs 15 in the methylprednisolone group). Two non-responders switched from methylprednisolone to gentamicin. Both drugs were well tolerated with no safety concerns. Six patients reported one adverse event each: three in the gentamicin group and three in the methylprednisolone group. The most common adverse event was minor ear infections, which was experienced by one patient in the gentamicin group and two in the methylprednisolone group. INTERPRETATION Methylprednisolone injections are a non-ablative, effective treatment for refractory Ménière's disease. The choice between methylprednisolone and gentamicin should be made based on clinical knowledge and patient circumstances. FUNDING Ménière's Society and National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kiran Agarwal
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Hariri
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Rea
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester University Hospitals, Leicester, UK
| | - Barry M Seemungal
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John F Golding
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Jonny P Harcourt
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Kaski D, Pradhan V, Bronstein AM. Clinical features of functional (psychogenic) eye movement disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87:1389-1392. [PMID: 27683918 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-313608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.,Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Vidushi Pradhan
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Lubeck AJA, Van Ombergen A, Ahmad H, Bos JE, Wuyts FL, Bronstein AM, Arshad Q. Differential effect of visual motion adaption upon visual cortical excitability. J Neurophysiol 2016; 117:903-909. [PMID: 27903640 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00655.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to probe the effects of visual motion adaptation on early visual and V5/MT cortical excitability and 2) to investigate whether changes in cortical excitability following visual motion adaptation are related to the degree of visual dependency, i.e., an overreliance on visual cues compared with vestibular or proprioceptive cues. Participants were exposed to a roll motion visual stimulus before, during, and after visual motion adaptation. At these stages, 20 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses at phosphene threshold values were applied over early visual and V5/MT cortical areas from which the probability of eliciting a phosphene was calculated. Before and after adaptation, participants aligned the subjective visual vertical in front of the roll motion stimulus as a marker of visual dependency. During adaptation, early visual cortex excitability decreased whereas V5/MT excitability increased. After adaptation, both early visual and V5/MT excitability were increased. The roll motion-induced tilt of the subjective visual vertical (visual dependence) was not influenced by visual motion adaptation and did not correlate with phosphene threshold or visual cortex excitability. We conclude that early visual and V5/MT cortical excitability is differentially affected by visual motion adaptation. Furthermore, excitability in the early or late visual cortex is not associated with an increase in visual reliance during spatial orientation. Our findings complement earlier studies that have probed visual cortical excitability following motion adaptation and highlight the differential role of the early visual cortex and V5/MT in visual motion processing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the influence of visual motion adaptation on visual cortex excitability and found a differential effect in V1/V2 compared with V5/MT. Changes in visual excitability following motion adaptation were not related to the degree of an individual's visual dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid J A Lubeck
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique Van Ombergen
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace (AUREA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; and
| | - Hena Ahmad
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jelte E Bos
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TNO Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Floris L Wuyts
- Antwerp University Research Centre for Equilibrium and Aerospace (AUREA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; and
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Academic Department of Neuro-Otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kaski D, Bronstein AM. Functional (psychogenic) saccadic oscillations and oculogyric crises – Authors' reply. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:791-792. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kaski D, Bronstein AM, Edwards MJ, Stone J. Cranial functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Lancet Neurol 2016; 14:1196-205. [PMID: 26581970 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional (psychogenic) neurological symptoms are frequently encountered in neurological practice. Cranial movement disorders--affecting the eyes, face, jaw, tongue, or palate--are an under-recognised feature of patients with functional symptoms. They can present in isolation or in the context of other functional symptoms; in particular, for functional eye movements, positive clinical signs such as convergence spasms can be triggered by the clinical examination. Although the specialty of functional neurological disorders has expanded, appreciation of cranial functional movement disorders is still insufficient. Identification of the positive features of cranial functional movement disorders such as convergence and unilateral platysmal spasm might lend diagnostic weight to a suspected functional neurological disorder. Understanding of the differential diagnosis, which is broad and includes many organic causes (eg, stroke), is essential to make an early and accurate diagnosis to prevent complications and initiate appropriate management. Increased understanding of these disorders is also crucial to drive clinical trials and studies of individually tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Adolfo M Bronstein
- Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jon Stone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Arshad Q, Nigmatullina Y, Nigmatullin R, Asavarut P, Goga U, Khan S, Sander K, Siddiqui S, Roberts RE, Cohen Kadosh R, Bronstein AM, Malhotra PA. Bidirectional Modulation of Numerical Magnitude. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2311-2324. [PMID: 26879093 PMCID: PMC4830300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical cognition is critical for modern life; however, the precise neural mechanisms underpinning numerical magnitude allocation in humans remain obscure. Based upon previous reports demonstrating the close behavioral and neuro-anatomical relationship between number allocation and spatial attention, we hypothesized that these systems would be subject to similar control mechanisms, namely dynamic interhemispheric competition. We employed a physiological paradigm, combining visual and vestibular stimulation, to induce interhemispheric conflict and subsequent unihemispheric inhibition, as confirmed by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). This allowed us to demonstrate the first systematic bidirectional modulation of numerical magnitude toward either higher or lower numbers, independently of either eye movements or spatial attention mediated biases. We incorporated both our findings and those from the most widely accepted theoretical framework for numerical cognition to present a novel unifying computational model that describes how numerical magnitude allocation is subject to dynamic interhemispheric competition. That is, numerical allocation is continually updated in a contextual manner based upon relative magnitude, with the right hemisphere responsible for smaller magnitudes and the left hemisphere for larger magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qadeer Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | | | - Ramil Nigmatullin
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Centre for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Albert Einstein Allell, Universität Ulm, Ulm D-89069, Germany
| | - Paladd Asavarut
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Usman Goga
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Sarah Khan
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Kaija Sander
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Shuaib Siddiqui
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - R E Roberts
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford 0X1 3UD, UK
| | | | - Paresh A Malhotra
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
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Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the topic of multisensory integration in balance control in, both, health and disease. One of the best-studied examples is that of visuo-vestibular interaction, which is the ability of the visual system to enhance or suppress the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR suppression). Of clinical relevance, examination of VOR suppression is clinically useful because only central, not peripheral, lesions impair VOR suppression. Visual, somatosensory (proprioceptive), and vestibular inputs interact strongly and continuously in the control of upright balance. Experiments with visual motion stimuli show that the visual system generates visually-evoked postural responses that, at least initially, can override vestibular and proprioceptive signals. This paradigm has been useful for the study of the syndrome of visual vertigo or vision-induced dizziness, which can appear after vestibular disease. These patients typically report dizziness when exposed to optokinetic stimuli or visually charged environments, such as supermarkets. The principles of the rehabilitation treatment of these patients, which use repeated exposure to visual motion, are presented. Finally, we offer a diagnostic algorithm in approaching the patient reporting oscillopsia - the illusion of oscillation of the visual environment, which should not be confused with the syndrome mentioned earlier of visual vertigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Functional (psychogenic) eye movement disorders are perhaps less established in the medical literature than other types of functional movement disorders. Patients may present with ocular symptoms (e.g., blurred vision or oscillopsia) or functional eye movements may be identified during the formal examination of the eyes in patients with other functional disorders. Convergence spasm is the most common functional eye movement disorder, but functional gaze limitation, functional eye oscillations (also termed "voluntary nystagmus"), and functional convergence paralysis may be underreported. This chapter reviews the different types of functional eye movement abnormalities and provides a practical framework for their diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaski
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Neuro-otology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - A M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Neuro-otology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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Ahmad H, Arshad Q, Siddiqui S, Nigmatullina Y, Patel M, Bronstein AM, Roberts RE. Applications of neuromodulation to explore vestibular cortical processing; new insights into the effects of direct current cortical modulation upon pursuit, VOR and VOR suppression. J Vestib Res 2015; 24:453-8. [PMID: 25564088 DOI: 10.3233/ves-140530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging, lesion studies and behavioural observations suggest that vestibular processing is lateralised to the non-dominant hemisphere. Moreover, disruption of interhemispheric balance via inhibition of left parietal cortex using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been associated with an asymmetric suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). However, the mechanism by which the VOR was modulated remains unknown. In this paper we review the literature on non-invasive brain stimulation techniques which have been used to probe vestibular function over the last decade. In addition, we investigate the mechanisms whereby tDCS may modulate VOR, e.g. by acting upon pursuit, VOR suppression mechanisms or direct VOR modulation. We applied bi-hemispheric parietal tDCS in 11 healthy subjects and only observed significant effects on VOR gain (tdcs * condition p=0.041) - namely a trend for VOR gain increase with right anodal/left cathodal stimulation, and a decrease with right cathodal/left anodal stimulation. Hence, we suggest that the modulation of the VOR observed both here and in previous reports, is directly caused by top-down cortical control of the VOR as a result of disruption to interhemispheric balance, likely parietal.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ahmad
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Q Arshad
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Siddiqui
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Nigmatullina
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Patel
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A M Bronstein
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R E Roberts
- Department of Neuro-otology, Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Kaski D, Quadir S, Nigmatullina Y, Malhotra PA, Bronstein AM, Seemungal BM. Temporoparietal encoding of space and time during vestibular-guided orientation. Brain 2015; 139:392-403. [PMID: 26719385 PMCID: PMC4805090 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When we walk in our environment, we readily determine our travelled distance and location using visual cues. In the dark, estimating travelled distance uses a combination of somatosensory and vestibular (i.e. inertial) cues. The observed inability of patients with complete peripheral vestibular failure to update their angular travelled distance during active or passive turns in the dark implies a privileged role for vestibular cues during human angular orientation. As vestibular signals only provide inertial cues of self-motion (e.g. velocity, °/s), the brain must convert motion information to distance information (a process called ‘path integration’) to maintain our spatial orientation during self-motion in the dark. It is unknown, however, what brain areas are involved in converting vestibular-motion signals to those that enable such vestibular-spatial orientation. Hence, using voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping techniques, we explored the effect of acute right hemisphere lesions in 18 patients on perceived angular position, velocity and motion duration during whole-body angular rotations in the dark. First, compared to healthy controls’ spatial orientation performance, we found that of the 18 acute stroke patients tested, only the four patients with damage to the temporoparietal junction showed impaired spatial orientation performance for leftward (contralesional) compared to rightward (ipsilesional) rotations. Second, only patients with temporoparietal junction damage showed a congruent underestimation in both their travelled distance (perceived as shorter) and motion duration (perceived as briefer) for leftward compared to rightward rotations. All 18 lesion patients tested showed normal self-motion perception. These data suggest that the cerebral cortical regions mediating vestibular-motion (‘am I moving?’) and vestibular-spatial perception (‘where am I?’) are distinct. Furthermore, the congruent contralesional deficit in time (motion duration) and position perception, seen only in temporoparietal junction patients, may reflect a common neural substrate in the temporoparietal junction that mediates the encoding of motion duration and travelled distance during vestibular-guided navigation. Alternatively, the deficits in timing and spatial orientation with temporoparietal junction lesions could be functionally linked, implying that the temporoparietal junction may act as a cortical temporal integrator, combining estimates of self-motion velocity over time to derive an estimate of travelled distance. This intriguing possibility predicts that timing abnormalities could lead to spatial disorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Shamim Quadir
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | | | - Paresh A Malhotra
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
| | | | - Barry M Seemungal
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W6 8RF, UK
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Bronstein AM, Kaski D, Cutfield N, Buckwell D, Banga R, Ray J, Chavda S, Irving R. Head-Jolting Nystagmus: Occlusion of the Horizontal Semicircular Canal Induced by Vigorous Head Shaking. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141:757-60. [PMID: 25996844 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We report a new syndrome, which we are calling head-jolting nystagmus, that expands the differential diagnosis of head movement-induced paroxysmal vertigo. OBSERVATIONS Two male patients (65 and 58 years old) described rotational vertigo after violent and brief (1- to 2-second) oscillations of the head (head jolting) that triggered intense horizontal nystagmus lasting 45 seconds. Accelerations of the head required to induce these episodes could only be achieved by the patients themselves. In case 1, the episodes gradually disappeared over a 6-year period. In case 2, magnetic resonance imaging (3-T) suggested a filling defect within the left horizontal semicircular canal. He underwent surgical canal plugging in March 2013 that resolved the symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We attribute head-jolting nystagmus to dislodged material within the horizontal semicircular canal and provide a mechanistic model to explain its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo M Bronstein
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England2Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, England
| | - Diego Kaski
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England2Department of Neuro-otology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, England
| | - Nick Cutfield
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England3Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - David Buckwell
- Neuro-otology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England
| | - Rupan Banga
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Jaydip Ray
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, England
| | - Swarupsinh Chavda
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, England
| | - Richard Irving
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, England
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Arshad Q, Siddiqui S, Ramachandran S, Goga U, Bonsu A, Patel M, Roberts RE, Nigmatullina Y, Malhotra P, Bronstein AM. Right hemisphere dominance directly predicts both baseline V1 cortical excitability and the degree of top-down modulation exerted over low-level brain structures. Neuroscience 2015; 311:484-9. [PMID: 26518461 PMCID: PMC4674775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Line bisection predicts V1 excitability. Line bisection predicts degree of VOR modulation. Line bisection correlates with tDCS-mediated vestibular-nystagmus suppression. Degree of nystagmus suppression is a bio-marker of right hemisphere dominance.
Right hemisphere dominance for visuo-spatial attention is characteristically observed in most right-handed individuals. This dominance has been attributed to both an anatomically larger right fronto-parietal network and the existence of asymmetric parietal interhemispheric connections. Previously it has been demonstrated that interhemispheric conflict, which induces left hemisphere inhibition, results in the modulation of both (i) the excitability of the early visual cortex (V1) and (ii) the brainstem-mediated vestibular–ocular reflex (VOR) via top-down control mechanisms. However to date, it remains unknown whether the degree of an individual’s right hemisphere dominance for visuospatial function can influence, (i) the baseline excitability of the visual cortex and (ii) the extent to which the right hemisphere can exert top-down modulation. We directly tested this by correlating line bisection error (or pseudoneglect), taken as a measure of right hemisphere dominance, with both (i) visual cortical excitability measured using phosphene perception elicited via single-pulse occipital trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and (ii) the degree of trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-mediated VOR suppression, following left hemisphere inhibition. We found that those individuals with greater right hemisphere dominance had a less excitable early visual cortex at baseline and demonstrated a greater degree of vestibular nystagmus suppression following left hemisphere cathodal tDCS. To conclude, our results provide the first demonstration that individual differences in right hemisphere dominance can directly predict both the baseline excitability of low-level brain structures and the degree of top-down modulation exerted over them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Arshad
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - S Siddiqui
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - S Ramachandran
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - U Goga
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - A Bonsu
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - M Patel
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - R E Roberts
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Y Nigmatullina
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - P Malhotra
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - A M Bronstein
- Division of Brain Sciences, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Pavlou M, Acheson J, Nicolaou D, Fraser CL, Bronstein AM, Davies RA. Effect of Developmental Binocular Vision Abnormalities on Visual Vertigo Symptoms and Treatment Outcome. J Neurol Phys Ther 2015; 39:215-24. [DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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