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Coppola M, Mach L, Gallois P. Plant cathepsin B, a versatile protease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305855. [PMID: 38463572 PMCID: PMC10920296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Plant proteases are essential enzymes that play key roles during crucial phases of plant life. Some proteases are mainly involved in general protein turnover and recycle amino acids for protein synthesis. Other proteases are involved in cell signalling, cleave specific substrates and are key players during important genetically controlled molecular processes. Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease that can do both because of its exopeptidase and endopeptidase activities. Animal cathepsin B has been investigated for many years, and much is known about its mode of action and substrate preferences, but much remains to be discovered about this potent protease in plants. Cathepsin B is involved in plant development, germination, senescence, microspore embryogenesis, pathogen defence and responses to abiotic stress, including programmed cell death. This review discusses the structural features, the activity of the enzyme and the differences between the plant and animal forms. We discuss its maturation and subcellular localisation and provide a detailed overview of the involvement of cathepsin B in important plant life processes. A greater understanding of the cell signalling processes involving cathepsin B is needed for applied discoveries in plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Coppola
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Bělonožníková K, Černý M, Hýsková V, Synková H, Valcke R, Hodek O, Křížek T, Kavan D, Vaňková R, Dobrev P, Haisel D, Ryšlavá H. Casein as protein and hydrolysate: Biostimulant or nitrogen source for Nicotiana tabacum plants grown in vitro? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13973. [PMID: 37402155 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to inorganic nitrogen (N) assimilation, the role of organic N forms, such as proteins and peptides, as sources of N and their impact on plant metabolism remains unclear. Simultaneously, organic biostimulants are used as priming agents to improve plant defense response. Here, we analysed the metabolic response of tobacco plants grown in vitro with casein hydrolysate or protein. As the sole source of N, casein hydrolysate enabled tobacco growth, while protein casein was used only to a limited extent. Free amino acids were detected in the roots of tobacco plants grown with protein casein but not in the plants grown with no source of N. Combining hydrolysate with inorganic N had beneficial effects on growth, root N uptake and protein content. The metabolism of casein-supplemented plants shifted to aromatic (Trp), branched-chain (Ile, Leu, Val) and basic (Arg, His, Lys) amino acids, suggesting their preferential uptake and/or alterations in their metabolic pathways. Complementarily, proteomic analysis of tobacco roots identified peptidase C1A and peptidase S10 families as potential key players in casein degradation and response to N starvation. Moreover, amidases were significantly upregulated, most likely for their role in ammonia release and impact on auxin synthesis. In phytohormonal analysis, both forms of casein influenced phenylacetic acid and cytokinin contents, suggesting a root system response to scarce N availability. In turn, metabolomics highlighted the stimulation of some plant defense mechanisms under such growth conditions, that is, the high concentrations of secondary metabolites (e.g., ferulic acid) and heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Bělonožníková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Synková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roland Valcke
- Molecular and Physical Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ondřej Hodek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Kavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Radomíra Vaňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Haisel
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Hemmati SA, Takalloo Z, Taghdir M, Mehrabadi M, Balalaei S, Moharramipour S, H Sajedi R. The trypsin inhibitor pro-peptide induces toxic effects in Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104730. [PMID: 33357552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory potential of an inhibitor peptide based on the pro-region of trypsin zymogen was investigated in Indianmeal moth, P. interpunctella, which is a world-wide insect pest of stored food. Five peptides were designed based on molecular docking simulations. The designed peptide with the best score was selected and synthesized for further screening in vitro and in vivo. The peptide was characterized and its inhibitory effects towards the insect trypsin were evaluated and the kinetic analysis revealed a competitive type of inhibition against the target enzyme. The results showed that the peptide could successfully suppress the pest midgut trypsin, and more interestingly, it did not show considerable inhibitory effects on a mammalian trypsin. We also aimed to assess the effect of dietary insect meal treated with different concentrations of the peptide and observed a significant growth and development retardation in pupa and adult insects fed with the inhibitor peptide. The outcomes of the present study suggest an efficient inhibitor peptide that could specifically bind the P. interpunctella trypsin and inhibit its activity, which would be safe against human being health and environment. Notably, this is the first report on in vivo assessment of the direct effect of a pro-region as the specific inhibitor in development as well as survival of the pest insect. Furthermore, our findings could be a promising for future designed pesticides used in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Hemmati
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Takalloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaei
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Moharramipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Development of wheat genotypes expressing a glutamine-specific endoprotease from barley and a prolyl endopeptidase from Flavobacterium meningosepticum or Pyrococcus furiosus as a potential remedy to celiac disease. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 19:123-136. [PMID: 30159724 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous nature of prolamin proteins dubbed gluten from wheat and allied cereals imposes a major challenge in the treatment of celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder with no known treatment other than abstinence diet. Administration of hydrolytic glutenases as food supplement is an alternative to deliver the therapeutic agents directly to the small intestine, where sensitization of immune system and downstream reactions take place. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the capacity of wheat grain to express and store hydrolytic enzymes capable of gluten detoxification. For this purpose, wheat scutellar calli were biolistically transformed to generate plants expressing a combination of glutenase genes for prolamin detoxification. Digestion of prolamins with barley endoprotease B2 (EP-HvB2) combined with Flavobacterium meningosepticum prolyl endopeptidase (PE-FmPep) or Pyrococcus furiosus prolyl endopeptidase (PE-PfuPep) significantly reduced (up to 67%) the amount of the indigestible gluten peptides of all prolamin families tested. Seven of the 168 generated lines showed inheritance of transgene to the T2 generation. Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography of gluten extracts under simulated gastrointestinal conditions allowed the identification of five T2 lines that contained significantly reduced amounts of immunogenic, celiac disease-provoking gliadin peptides. These findings were complemented by the R5 ELISA test results where up to 72% reduction was observed in the content of immunogenic peptides. The developed wheat genotypes open new horizons for treating celiac disease by an intraluminal enzyme therapy without compromising their agronomical performance.
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Velasco-Arroyo B, Diaz-Mendoza M, Gomez-Sanchez A, Moreno-Garcia B, Santamaria ME, Torija-Bonilla M, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Martinez M, Diaz I. Silencing barley cystatins HvCPI-2 and HvCPI-4 specifically modifies leaf responses to drought stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1776-1790. [PMID: 29486055 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein breakdown and mobilization are some of the major metabolic features associated with abiotic stresses, essential for nutrient recycling and plant survival. Genetic manipulation of protease and/or protease inhibitors may contribute to modulate proteolytic processes and plant responses. The expression analysis of the whole cystatin family, inhibitors of C1A cysteine proteases, after water deprivation in barley leaves highlighted the involvement of Icy-2 and Icy-4 cystatin genes. Artificial microRNA lines independently silencing the two drought-induced cystatins were generated to assess their function in planta. Phenotype alterations at the final stages of the plant life cycle are represented by the stay-green phenotype of silenced cystatin 2 lines. Besides, the enhanced tolerance to drought and differential responses to water deprivation at the initial growing stages are observed. The mutual compensating expression of Icy-2 and Icy-4 genes in the silencing lines pointed to their cooperative role. Proteolytic patterns by silencing these cystatins were concomitant with modifications in the expression of potential target proteases, in particular, HvPap-1, HvPap-12, and HvPap-16 C1A proteases. Metabolomics analysis lines also revealed specific modifications in the accumulation of several metabolites. These findings support the use of plants with altered proteolytic regulation in crop improvement in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Velasco-Arroyo
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Gomez-Sanchez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno-Garcia
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torija-Bonilla
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
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Bárány I, Berenguer E, Solís MT, Pérez-Pérez Y, Santamaría ME, Crespo JL, Risueño MC, Díaz I, Testillano PS. Autophagy is activated and involved in cell death with participation of cathepsins during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1387-1402. [PMID: 29309624 PMCID: PMC6019037 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microspores are reprogrammed towards embryogenesis by stress. Many microspores die after this stress, limiting the efficiency of microspore embryogenesis. Autophagy is a degradation pathway that plays critical roles in stress response and cell death. In animals, cathepsins have an integral role in autophagy by degrading autophagic material; less is known in plants. Plant cathepsins are papain-like C1A cysteine proteases involved in many physiological processes, including programmed cell death. We have analysed the involvement of autophagy in cell death, in relation to cathepsin activation, during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Hordeum vulgare. After stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death increased and autophagy was activated, including HvATG5 and HvATG6 up-regulation and increase of ATG5, ATG8, and autophagosomes. Concomitantly, cathepsin L/F-, B-, and H-like activities were induced, cathepsin-like genes HvPap-1 and HvPap-6 were up-regulated, and HvPap-1, HvPap-6, and HvPap-19 proteins increased and localized in the cytoplasm, resembling autophagy structures. Inhibitors of autophagy and cysteine proteases reduced cell death and promoted embryogenesis. The findings reveal a role for autophagy in stress-induced cell death during microspore embryogenesis, and the participation of cathepsins. Similar patterns of activation, expression, and localization suggest a possible connection between cathepsins and autophagy. The results open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency with autophagy and/or cysteine protease modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Luis Crespo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, IBVF, CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Díaz
- Center of Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, CBGP, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Gallage NJ, JØrgensen K, Janfelt C, Nielsen AJZ, Naake T, Duński E, Dalsten L, Grisoni M, MØller BL. The Intracellular Localization of the Vanillin Biosynthetic Machinery in Pods of Vanilla planifolia. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:304-318. [PMID: 29186560 PMCID: PMC5921504 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vanillin is the most important flavor compound in the vanilla pod. Vanilla planifolia vanillin synthase (VpVAN) catalyzes the conversion of ferulic acid and ferulic acid glucoside into vanillin and vanillin glucoside, respectively. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) of vanilla pod sections demonstrates that vanillin glucoside is preferentially localized within the mesocarp and placental laminae whereas vanillin is preferentially localized within the mesocarp. VpVAN is present as the mature form (25 kDa) but, depending on the tissue and isolation procedure, small amounts of the immature unprocessed form (40 kDa) and putative oligomers (50, 75 and 100 kDa) may be observed by immunoblotting using an antibody specific to the C-terminal sequence of VpVAN. The VpVAN protein is localized within chloroplasts and re-differentiated chloroplasts termed phenyloplasts, as monitored during the process of pod development. Isolated chloroplasts were shown to convert [14C]phenylalanine and [14C]cinnamic acid into [14C]vanillin glucoside, indicating that the entire vanillin de novo biosynthetic machinery converting phenylalanine to vanillin glucoside is present in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten JØrgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Section for Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka J Z Nielsen
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Naake
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eryk Duński
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Dalsten
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Grisoni
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopement, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Birger Lindberg MØller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center of Excellence ‘Plant Plasticity’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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Diaz-Mendoza M, Velasco-Arroyo B, Santamaria ME, González-Melendi P, Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant senescence and proteolysis: two processes with one destiny. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:329-38. [PMID: 27505308 PMCID: PMC5004835 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence-associated proteolysis in plants is a complex and controlled process,
essential for mobilization of nutrients from old or stressed tissues, mainly leaves,
to growing or sink organs. Protein breakdown in senescing leaves involves many
plastidial and nuclear proteases, regulators, different subcellular locations and
dynamic protein traffic to ensure the complete transformation of proteins of high
molecular weight into transportable and useful hydrolysed products. Protease
activities are strictly regulated by specific inhibitors and through the activation
of zymogens to develop their proteolytic activity at the right place and at the
proper time. All these events associated with senescence have deep effects on the
relocation of nutrients and as a consequence, on grain quality and crop yield. Thus,
it can be considered that nutrient recycling is the common destiny of two processes,
plant senescence and, proteolysis. This review article covers the most recent
findings about leaf senescence features mediated by abiotic and biotic stresses as
well as the participants and steps required in this physiological process, paying
special attention to C1A cysteine proteases, their specific inhibitors, known as
cystatins, and their potential targets, particularly the chloroplastic proteins as
source for nitrogen recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Velasco-Arroyo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Diaz-Mendoza M, Martinez M, Diaz I. Inhibitory properties of cysteine protease pro-peptides from barley confer resistance to spider mite feeding. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128323. [PMID: 26039069 PMCID: PMC4454591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C1A plant cysteine proteases are synthesized as pre-pro-enzymes that need to be processed to become active by the pro-peptide claves off from its cognate enzyme. These pro-sequences play multifunctional roles including the capacity to specifically inhibit their own as well as other C1A protease activities from diverse origin. In this study, it is analysed the potential role of C1A pro-regions from barley as regulators of cysteine proteases in target phytophagous arthropods (coleopteran and acari). The in vitro inhibitory action of these pro-sequences, purified as recombinant proteins, is demonstrated. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing different fragments of HvPap-1 barley gene containing the pro-peptide sequence were generated and the acaricide function was confirmed by bioassays conducted with the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Feeding trials resulted in a significant reduction of leaf damage in the transgenic lines expressing the pro-peptide in comparison to non-transformed control and strongly correlated with an increase in mite mortality. Additionally, the analysis of the expression levels of a selection of potential mite targets (proteases and protease inhibitors) revealed a mite strategy to counteract the inhibitory activity produced by the C1A barley pro-prodomain. These findings demonstrate that pro-peptides can control mite pests and could be applied as defence proteins in biotechnological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Diaz-Mendoza
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Autovia M40 (km 38), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Gallage NJ, Møller BL. Vanillin-bioconversion and bioengineering of the most popular plant flavor and its de novo biosynthesis in the vanilla orchid. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:40-57. [PMID: 25578271 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biotechnology-derived production of flavors and fragrances has expanded rapidly. The world's most popular flavor, vanillin, is no exception. This review outlines the current state of biotechnology-based vanillin synthesis with the use of ferulic acid, eugenol, and glucose as substrates and bacteria, fungi, and yeasts as microbial production hosts. The de novo biosynthetic pathway of vanillin in the vanilla orchid and the possible applied uses of this new knowledge in the biotechnology-derived and pod-based vanillin industries are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Laboratory, 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Gallage NJ, Hansen EH, Kannangara R, Olsen CE, Motawia MS, Jørgensen K, Holme I, Hebelstrup K, Grisoni M, Møller BL. Vanillin formation from ferulic acid in Vanilla planifolia is catalysed by a single enzyme. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4037. [PMID: 24941968 PMCID: PMC4083428 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillin is a popular and valuable flavour compound. It is the key constituent of the natural vanilla flavour obtained from cured vanilla pods. Here we show that a single hydratase/lyase type enzyme designated vanillin synthase (VpVAN) catalyses direct conversion of ferulic acid and its glucoside into vanillin and its glucoside, respectively. The enzyme shows high sequence similarity to cysteine proteinases and is specific to the substitution pattern at the aromatic ring and does not metabolize caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid as demonstrated by coupled transcription/translation assays. VpVAN localizes to the inner part of the vanilla pod and high transcript levels are found in single cells located a few cell layers from the inner epidermis. Transient expression of VpVAN in tobacco and stable expression in barley in combination with the action of endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases and UDP-glucosyltransferases result in vanillyl alcohol glucoside formation from endogenous ferulic acid. A gene encoding an enzyme showing 71% sequence identity to VpVAN was identified in another vanillin-producing plant species Glechoma hederacea and was also shown to be a vanillin synthase as demonstrated by transient expression in tobacco. Vanilla is derived from vanillin isolated from a vanillin-producing orchid, but the process is laborious, costly and results in a small yield. Here, the authors identified an enzyme from the orchid, Vanilla planifolia, that is able to catalyse the formation of vanillin and vanillin glucoside from ferulic acid and its glucoside in vitro, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethaji J Gallage
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben H Hansen
- Evolva A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42-44, 5th floor, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rubini Kannangara
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Holme
- AU Flakkebjerg, Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kim Hebelstrup
- AU Flakkebjerg, Danish Centre for Food and Agriculture, University of Aarhus, Forsøgsvej, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Michel Grisoni
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Dévelopement, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- 1] Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] VILLUM Research Center 'Plant Plasticity', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Center for Synthetic Biology: 'bioSYNergy', Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Denmark [4] Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Valby DK-2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
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