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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 231.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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Li C, Chen H, Zhao Y, Chen S, Xiao H. Comparative transcriptomics reveals the molecular genetic basis of pigmentation loss in Sinocyclocheilus cavefishes. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:14256-14271. [PMID: 33391713 PMCID: PMC7771137 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cave-dwelling animals evolve distinct troglomorphic traits, such as loss of eyes, skin pigmentation, and augmentation of senses following long-term adaptation to perpetual darkness. However, the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying these phenotypic variations remain unclear. In this study, we conducted comparative histology and comparative transcriptomics study of the skin of eight Sinocyclocheilus species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) that included surface- and cave-dwelling species. We analyzed four surface and four cavefish species by using next-generation sequencing, and a total of 802,798,907 clean reads were generated and assembled into 505,495,009 transcripts, which contributed to 1,037,334 unigenes. Bioinformatic comparisons revealed 10,629 and 6,442 significantly differentially expressed unigenes between four different surface-cave fish groups. Further, tens of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) potentially related to skin pigmentation were identified. Most of these DEGs (including GNAQ, PKA, NRAS, and p38) are downregulated in cavefish species. They are involved in key signaling pathways of pigment synthesis, such as the melanogenesis, Wnt, and MAPK pathways. This trend of downregulation was confirmed through qPCR experiments. This study will deepen our understanding of the formation of troglomorphic traits in cavefishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded EnvironmentsSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded EnvironmentsSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
- School of Life SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yinchen Zhao
- School of Life SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Shanyuan Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded EnvironmentsSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Heng Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded EnvironmentsSchool of Ecology and Environmental SciencesYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
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3
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McBlain M, Jones KA, Shannon G. Sleeping Eurasian oystercatchers adjust their vigilance in response to the behaviour of neighbours, human disturbance and environmental conditions. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. McBlain
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - K. A. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
| | - G. Shannon
- School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor UK
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Sánchez-López E, Paús A, Pérez-Pomeda I, Calpena A, Haro I, Gómara MJ. Lipid Vesicles Loaded with an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Peptide as a Potential Microbicide. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E502. [PMID: 32486415 PMCID: PMC7355883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective use of fusion inhibitor peptides against cervical and colorectal infections requires the development of sustained release formulations. In this work we comparatively study two different formulations based on polymeric nanoparticles and lipid vesicles to propose a suitable delivery nanosystem for releasing an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal mucosa. Polymeric nanoparticles of poly-d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and lipid large unilamellar vesicles loaded with the inhibitor peptide were prepared. Both formulations showed average sizes and polydispersity index values corresponding to monodisperse systems appropriate for vaginal permeation. High entrapment efficiency of the inhibitor peptide was achieved in lipid vesicles, which was probably due to the peptide's hydrophobic nature. In addition, both nanocarriers remained stable after two weeks stored at 4 °C. While PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) did not show any delay in peptide release, lipid vesicles demonstrated favorably prolonged release of the peptide. Lipid vesicles were shown to improve the retention of the peptide on ex vivo vaginal tissue in a concentration sufficient to exert its pharmacological effect. Thus, the small size of lipid vesicles, their lipid-based composition as well as their ability to enhance peptide penetration on vaginal tissue led us to consider this formulation as a better nanosystem than polymeric nanoparticles for the sustained delivery of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Paús
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Pomeda
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ana Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
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Ancy I, Sivanandam M, Kalaivani R, Kumaradhas P. Insights of inhibition mechanism of sifuvirtide and MT-sifuvirtide against wild and mutant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein41: a molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1716978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iruthayaraj Ancy
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Magudeeswaran Sivanandam
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Raju Kalaivani
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
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6
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Pu J, Wang Q, Xu W, Lu L, Jiang S. Development of Protein- and Peptide-Based HIV Entry Inhibitors Targeting gp120 or gp41. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080705. [PMID: 31374953 PMCID: PMC6722851 DOI: 10.3390/v11080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of highly active antiretroviral drugs (ARDs) effectively reduces morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. However, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains has led to the increased failure of ARDs, thus calling for the development of anti-HIV drugs with targets or mechanisms of action different from those of the current ARDs. The first peptide-based HIV entry inhibitor, enfuvirtide, was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2003 for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients who have failed to respond to the current ARDs, which has stimulated the development of several series of protein- and peptide-based HIV entry inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlighted the properties and mechanisms of action for those promising protein- and peptide-based HIV entry inhibitors targeting the HIV-1 gp120 or gp41 and discussed their advantages and disadvantages, compared with the current ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Nadiya F, Anjali N, Thomas J, Gangaprasad A, Sabu KK. Deep sequencing identified potential miRNAs involved in defence response, stress and plant growth characteristics of wild genotypes of cardamom. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:3-14. [PMID: 30098091 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardamom has long been used as a food flavouring agent and in ayurvedic medicines for mouth ulcers, digestive problems and even depression. Extensive occurrence of pests and diseases adversely affect its cultivation and result in substantial reductions in total production and productivity. Numerous studies revealed the significant role of miRNAs in plant biotic stress responses. In the current study, miRNA profiling of cultivar and wild cardamom genotypes was performed using an Ion Proton sequencer. We identified 161 potential miRNAs representing 42 families, including monocot/tissue-specific and 14 novel miRNAs in both genotypes. Significant differences in miRNA family abundance between the libraries were observed in read frequencies. A total of 19 miRNAs (from known miRNAs) displayed a twofold difference in expression between wild and cultivar genotypes. We found 1168 unique potential targets for 40 known miRNA families in wild and 1025 potential targets for 42 known miRNA families in cultivar genotypes. The differential expression analysis revealed that most miRNAs identified were highly expressed in cultivars and, furthermore, lower expression of miR169 and higher expression of miR529 in wild cardamom proved evidence that wild genotypes have stronger drought stress tolerance and floral development than cultivars. Potential targets predicted for the newly identified miRNAs from the miRNA libraries of wild and cultivar cardamom genotypes involved in metabolic and developmental processes and in response to various stimuli. qRT-PCR confirmed miRNAs were differentially expressed between wild and cultivar genotypes. Furthermore, four target genes were validated experimentally to confirm miRNA-mRNA target pairing using RNA ligase-mediated 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (5'RLM-RACE) PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nadiya
- Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - N Anjali
- Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - J Thomas
- Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - A Gangaprasad
- Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - K K Sabu
- Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (JNTBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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A Novel Substance P-Based Hydrogel for Increased Wound Healing Efficiency. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092215. [PMID: 30200361 PMCID: PMC6225281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide substance P (SP) is known to stimulate wound healing by regulating the production of relevant cytokines as well as cell proliferation and migration. However, the therapeutic application of SP is limited by its low stability under biological conditions and oxidation during purification, formulation, and storage. To address this problem, we developed a novel formulation of SP as an SP gel, and investigated its wound healing activity both in vitro and in vivo. SP in SP gel was stable at various temperatures for up to 4 weeks. In vitro, SP gel exhibited more potential as a candidate wound-healing agent than SP alone, as evidenced by the observed increases in the proliferation and migration of human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts. In vivo experiments showed that SP gel treatment enhanced the healing of full-thickness wounds in mice as compared to SP alone. These results demonstrate the benefits of SP gel as a promising topical agent for wound treatment.
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Bastos CAP, Faria N, Ivask A, Bondarenko OM, Kahru A, Powell J. Ligand-Doped Copper Oxo-hydroxide Nanoparticles are Effective Antimicrobials. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:111. [PMID: 29675656 PMCID: PMC5908776 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapies is an increasing clinical problem. This is as true for topical applications as it is for systemic therapy. Topically, copper ions may be effective and cheap antimicrobials that act through multiple pathways thereby limiting opportunities to bacteria for resistance. However, the chemistry of copper does not lend itself to facile formulations that will readily release copper ions at biologically compatible pHs. Here, we have developed nanoparticulate copper hydroxide adipate tartrate (CHAT) as a cheap, safe, and readily synthesised material that should enable antimicrobial copper ion release in an infected wound environment.First, we synthesised CHAT and showed that this had disperse aquated particle sizes of 2-5 nm and a mean zeta potential of - 40 mV. Next, when diluted into bacterial medium, CHAT demonstrated similar efficacy to copper chloride against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with dose-dependent activity occurring mostly around 12.5-50 mg/L of copper. Indeed, at these levels, CHAT very rapidly dissolved and, as confirmed by a bacterial copper biosensor, showed identical intracellular loading to copper ions derived from copper chloride. However, when formulated at 250 mg/L in a topically applied matrix, namely hydroxyethyl cellulose, the benefit of CHAT over copper chloride was apparent. The former yielded rapid sustained release of copper within the bactericidal range, but the copper chloride, which formed insoluble precipitates at such concentration and pH, achieved a maximum release of 10 ± 7 mg/L copper by 24 h.We provide a practical formulation for topical copper-based antimicrobial therapy. Further studies, especially in vivo, are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A P Bastos
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Nuno Faria
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Angela Ivask
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Olesja M Bondarenko
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anne Kahru
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jonathan Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Mineral Science and Technology, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
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Sarjan HN, Divyashree S, Yajurvedi HN. The protective effect of the Vacha rhizome extract on chronic stress-induced immunodeficiency in rat. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1358-1367. [PMID: 28303736 PMCID: PMC6130551 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1301495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Chronic stress is an inevitable factor in the modern day society which affects cell mediated as well as humoral immunity. There is a need to prevent stress effects with traditionally used herbs. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken to investigate the immunoprotective effect of Vacha (Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae) rhizome under stressful condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soxlet extraction of Vacha rhizome was performed with increasing polarity of solvents, i.e., petroleum ether to ethanol. The extract was concentrated by distilling off the solvent in flash evaporator and dried in desiccators. The benzene extract was found to have anti-stress property in our earlier studies and hence it was used in the present experiment. Extract was administered every day for 4 weeks orally to adult female rats prior to exposure to stress, restraint (1 h) and forced swimming exercise (15 min). RESULTS Vacha rhizome extract significantly prevented the stress induced reduction in total and differential leukocytes count, immunoglobulin content, bone marrow cellularity and viability, lymphocytes counts in lymphoid organs, islands of white pulp of spleen (ED50 = 10 mg, p < 0.001) and a significant increase in circulating immune complexes and apoptotic index of lymphoid organs (ED50 = 10 mg, p < 0.001) compared to controls. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The present study clearly indicates that Vacha extract not only prevents stress-induced suppression of immunity and structural involution of lymphoid organs, but also boosts immunity in normal rats. Therefore, it is suggested that Vacha extract administration maintains normal immunity despite the body experiencing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Sarjan
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
| | - S. Divyashree
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
| | - H. N. Yajurvedi
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
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Yang Y, Zhu J, Hassink M, Jenkins LMM, Wan Y, Appella DH, Xu J, Appella E, Zhang X. A novel preventive strategy against HIV-1 infection: combinatorial use of inhibitors targeting the nucleocapsid and fusion proteins. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e40. [PMID: 28588284 PMCID: PMC5520304 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The strategy of simultaneously attacking multiple targets is worthy of exploration in the field of microbicide development to combat HIV-1 sequence diversity and minimize the transmission of resistant variants. A combination of S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioester-10 (SAMT10), an inhibitor of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7), and the fusion inhibitor sifuvirtide (SFT) may exert synergistic effects, since SFT can block viral fusion at an early stage of the viral cycle and SAMT10 can disrupt viral particles at a later stage. In this study, we investigated the effect of the combination of SAMT10 and SFT on HIV-1 infection using in vitro cell culture and ex vivo mucosal explant models. A range of doses for each compound was tested at 10-fold serial dilutions based on their 50% effective concentrations (EC50). We observed a synergistic effect of SAMT10 and SFT in vitro against both the laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain HIV-1IIIB (subtype B, X4) and three pseudotyped viruses prevalent in Chinese sexually transmitted populations (SVPB16 (subtype B, R5), SVPC12 (subtype C, R5) and SH1.81 (CRF01_AE, R5)). In the ex vivo study, the EC50 values of the inhibitor combinations were reduced 1.5- to 2-fold in colorectal mucosal explants compared to treatment with SAMT10 or SFT alone by using with HIV-1IIIB. These results may provide a novel strategy for microbicide development against HIV-1 sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Matthew Hassink
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Chemical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ettore Appella
- Chemical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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Shi S, Nguyen PK, Cabral HJ, Diez-Barroso R, Derry PJ, Kanahara SM, Kumar VA. Development of peptide inhibitors of HIV transmission. Bioact Mater 2016; 1:109-121. [PMID: 29744399 PMCID: PMC5883972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV has long faced the challenge of high mutation rates leading to rapid development of resistance, with ongoing need to develop new methods to effectively fight the infection. Traditionally, early HIV medications were designed to inhibit RNA replication and protein production through small molecular drugs. Peptide based therapeutics are a versatile, promising field in HIV therapy, which continues to develop as we expand our understanding of key protein-protein interactions that occur in HIV replication and infection. This review begins with an introduction to HIV, followed by the biological basis of disease, current clinical management of the disease, therapeutics on the market, and finally potential avenues for improved drug development.
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Key Words
- AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- ART, antiretroviral therapy
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Drug development
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- FY, fiscal year
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy
- HCV, hepatitis C Virus
- HIV
- HIV treatment
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- INSTI, Integrase strand transfer inhibitors
- LEDGF, lens epithelium-derived growth factor
- NNRTI, Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- NRTI, Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
- Peptide inhibitor
- Peptide therapeutic
- R&D, research and development
- RT, reverse transcriptase
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter K. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Henry J. Cabral
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Derry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Vivek A. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Mucosal Topical Microbicide Candidates Exert Influence on the Subsequent SIV Infection and Survival by Regulating SIV-Specific T-Cell Immune Responses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:121-9. [PMID: 26413849 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether mucosal topical microbicides have any influence on disease progression during subsequent simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. DESIGN A 2-phase study was performed in primate monkeys. The first phase mimicked microbicide efficacy studies; the second phase served to determine the disease progression in a productive infection model. METHODS During the first phase, monkeys were intrarectally pretreated with tenofovir, sifuvirtide (SFT), or maraviroc-formulated microbicides and then challenged with low-dose SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Second, all monkeys were rechallenged with a single high dose of SIVmac239 to generate productive infections. The survival rate, viral loads, CD4(+) T-cell counts, and SIV-specific T-cell responses were determined during the 104-week following up. RESULTS Repeated rectal challenges did not result in productive infection in all groups, evidenced by undetectable viral loads with occasional viral blips during the first phase of this study. All monkeys were productively infected after the high-dose rechallenge with SIVmac239. Two groups, including maraviroc-treated and tenofovir-treated groups, experienced 100% mortality during the 104-week following up. In contrast, the SFT-treated group showed significantly higher survival, and only 25% died at week 95. Interestingly, SIV-specific T-cell responses were also significantly higher in the SFT group. Transcriptomic analyses evidenced immune imprint in immune system among different microbicide-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary but important evidence for the influence of prophylactically applied microbicides on disease progression of subsequent SIV infection and suggests that the long-term immune safety concern for microbicides should be also considered in the effort to develop effective microbicides.
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Protein/peptide-based entry/fusion inhibitors as anti-HIV therapies: challenges and future direction. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:4-20. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nunes R, Sarmento B, das Neves J. Formulation and delivery of anti-HIV rectal microbicides: advances and challenges. J Control Release 2014; 194:278-94. [PMID: 25229988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Men and women engaged in unprotected receptive anal intercourse (RAI) are at higher risk of acquiring HIV from infected partners. The implementation of preventive strategies is urgent and rectal microbicides may be a useful tool in reducing the sexual transmission of HIV. However, pre-clinical and first clinical trials have been able to identify limitations of candidate products, mostly related with safety issues, which can in turn enhance viral infection. Indeed, the development of suitable formulations for the rectal delivery of promising antiretroviral drugs is not an easy task, and has been mostly based on products specifically intended for vaginal delivery, but these have been shown to provide sub-optimal outcomes when administered rectally. Research and development in the rectal microbicide field are now charting their own path and important information is now available. In particular, specific formulation requirements of rectal microbicide products that need to be met have just recently been acknowledged despite additional work being still required. Desirable rectal microbicide product features regarding characteristics such as pH, osmolality, excipients, dosage forms, volume to be administered and the need for applicator use have been studied and defined in recent years, and specific guidance is now possible. This review provides a synopsis of the field of rectal microbicides, namely past and ongoing clinical studies, and details on formulation and drug delivery issues regarding the specific development of rectal microbicide products. Also, future work, as required for the advancement of the field, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Nunes
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - José das Neves
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal.
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Vacas-Córdoba E, Galán M, de la Mata FJ, Gómez R, Pion M, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Enhanced activity of carbosilane dendrimers against HIV when combined with reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs: searching for more potent microbicides. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3591-600. [PMID: 25114528 PMCID: PMC4122581 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s62673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-administered topical microbicides or oral preexposure prophylaxis could be very helpful tools for all risk groups to decrease the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection rates. Up until now, antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been the most advanced microbicide candidates. Nevertheless, the majority of clinical trials has failed in HIV-1 patients. Nanotechnology offers suitable approaches to develop novel antiviral agents. Thereby, new nanosystems, such as carbosilane dendrimers, have been shown to be safe and effective compounds against HIV with great potential as topical microbicides. In addition, because most of the attempts to develop effective topical microbicides were unsuccessful, combinatorial strategies could be a valid approach when designing new microbicides. We evaluated various combinations of anionic carbosilane dendrimers with sulfated (G3-S16) and naphthyl sulfonated (G2-NF16) ended groups with different ARVs against HIV-1 infection. The G3-S16 and G2-NF16 dendrimers showed a synergistic or additive activity profile with zidovudine, efavirenz, and tenofovir in the majority of the combinations tested against the X4 and R5 tropic HIV-1 in cell lines, as well as in human primary cells. Therefore, the combination of ARVs and polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers enhances the antiviral potency of the individual compounds, and our findings support further clinical research on combinational approaches as potential microbicides to block the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Vacas-Córdoba
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Galán
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain ; Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications Group (BioInDen), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J de la Mata
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain ; Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications Group (BioInDen), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain ; Dendrimers for Biomedical Applications Group (BioInDen), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain ; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Thienkrua W, Todd CS, Chaikummao S, Sukwicha W, Yafant S, Tippanont N, Varangrat A, Khlaimanee P, Holtz TH. Prevalence and correlates of willingness to participate in a rectal microbicide trial among men who have sex with men in Bangkok. AIDS Care 2014; 26:1359-69. [PMID: 24797186 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2014.913763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rectal microbicides (RMs) hold promise as a HIV prevention method to reduce transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). To assess RM trial feasibility in Bangkok, we measured prevalence and correlates of willingness to participate among Thai MSM observational cohort participants. Between April 2006 and December 2010, 1744 MSM enrolled in the Bangkok MSM Cohort Study; at 12 months, RM trial participation willingness was measured. We evaluated correlates of RM trial participation willingness using logistic regression analysis. Participants completing the 12-month visit (81.4%, n = 1419) had a mean age of 27.3 years (SD = 6.1), and 65.5% and 86.1% reported having a steady partner or anal intercourse (AI) in the past four months, respectively. Most (79.1%, n = 1123) participants reported willingness to participate in an RM trial, which, in multivariable analysis, was independently associated with insertive only (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.82-5.81) or receptive/versatile role AI (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.88-5.01), and being paid for sex (AOR = 12.15, 95% CI: 1.67-88.21) in the past four months, and believing that people with AIDS look sick (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.23-2.98). Of hypothetical RM trial features to increase enrollment likelihood, the most (91.1%) compelling was that the study be approved by the Thai ethics committee, followed by the study site offering evening hours (88.9%). Reasons not to participate were not wanting a rectal examination (29.5%) or fluid collected from the penis or anus (24.6%) and not wanting the placebo (23.0%). RM trial participation willingness was high, particularly for those with greater HIV acquisition risk, within this Thai MSM cohort, suggesting feasibility of an RM trial. Addressing potential barriers to trial entry may be useful in educational materials to optimize recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunee Thienkrua
- a Thailand MOPH - US CDC Collaboration (TUC) , HIV/STD Research Program , Nonthaburi , Thailand
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Tong P, Lu Z, Chen X, Wang Q, Yu F, Zou P, Yu X, Li Y, Lu L, Chen YH, Jiang S. An engineered HIV-1 gp41 trimeric coiled coil with increased stability and anti-HIV-1 activity: implication for developing anti-HIV microbicides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2533-44. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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