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Guo Q, Zhou Y, Xie T, Yuan Y, Li H, Shi W, Zheng L, Li X, Zhang W. Tumor microenvironment of cancer stem cells: Perspectives on cancer stem cell targeting. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101043. [PMID: 38292177 PMCID: PMC10825311 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
There are few tumor cell subpopulations with stem cell characteristics in tumor tissue, defined as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), which can reconstruct neoplasms with malignant biological behaviors such as invasiveness via self-renewal and unlimited generation. The microenvironment that CSCs depend on consists of various cellular components and corresponding medium components. Among these factors existing at a variety of levels and forms, cytokine networks and numerous signal pathways play an important role in signaling transduction. These factors promote or maintain cancer cell stemness, and participate in cancer recurrence, metastasis, and resistance. This review aims to summarize the recent molecular data concerning the multilayered relationship between CSCs and CSC-favorable microenvironments. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting this synergistic interplay, hoping to give an insight into targeting cancer cell stemness for tumor therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Tianyuan Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Huilong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Wanjin Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
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2
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Hassani I, Anbiah B, Moore AL, Abraham PT, Odeniyi IA, Habbit NL, Greene MW, Lipke EA. Establishment of a tissue-engineered colon cancer model for comparative analysis of cancer cell lines. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:231-249. [PMID: 37927200 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cancer models in mimicking the complexities of the native tumor milieu, three-dimensional (3D) engineered cancer models using biomimetic materials have been introduced to more closely recapitulate the key attributes of the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, for colorectal cancer (CRC), a few studies have developed 3D engineered tumor models to investigate cell-cell interactions or efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. However, recapitulation of CRC cell line phenotypic differences within a 3D engineered matrix has not been systematically investigated. Here, we developed an in vitro 3D engineered CRC (3D-eCRC) tissue model using the natural-synthetic hybrid biomaterial PEG-fibrinogen and three CRC cell lines, HCT 116, HT-29, and SW480. To better recapitulate native tumor conditions, our 3D-eCRC model supported higher cell density encapsulation (20 × 106 cells/mL) and enabled longer term maintenance (29 days) as compared to previously reported in vitro CRC models. The 3D-eCRCs formed using each cell line demonstrated line-dependent differences in cellular and tissue properties, including cellular growth and morphology, cell subpopulations, cell size, cell granularity, migration patterns, tissue growth, gene expression, and tissue stiffness. Importantly, these differences were found to be most prominent from Day 22 to Day 29, thereby indicating the importance of long-term culture of engineered CRC tissues for recapitulation and investigation of mechanistic differences and drug response. Our 3D-eCRC tissue model showed high potential for supporting future in vitro comparative studies of disease progression, metastatic mechanisms, and anti-cancer drug candidate response in a CRC cell line-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hassani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA
| | - Benjamin Anbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Andrew L Moore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter T Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Ifeoluwa A Odeniyi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Nicole L Habbit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael W Greene
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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3
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Li YR, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Zhu Y, Yang L. Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 2023; 21:686. [PMID: 37784157 PMCID: PMC10546755 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have emerged as key contributors to tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. In addition, CSCs play a significant role in inducing immune evasion, thereby compromising the effectiveness of cancer treatments. The reciprocal communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is observed, with the TME providing a supportive niche for CSC survival and self-renewal, while CSCs, in turn, influence the polarization and persistence of the TME, promoting an immunosuppressive state. Consequently, these interactions hinder the efficacy of current cancer therapies, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches to modulate the TME and target CSCs. In this review, we highlight the intricate strategies employed by CSCs to evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to therapies. Furthermore, we examine the dynamic interplay between CSCs and the TME, shedding light on how this interaction impacts cancer progression. Moreover, we provide an overview of advanced therapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs and the TME, which hold promise for future clinical and translational studies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zibai Lyu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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4
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Che J, Yu S. Ecological niches for colorectal cancer stem cell survival and thrival. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1135364. [PMID: 37124519 PMCID: PMC10134776 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1135364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, colorectal cancer is still ranking top three cancer types severely threatening lives. According to cancer stem cell hypothesis, malignant colorectal lumps are cultivated by a set of abnormal epithelial cells with stem cell-like characteristics. These vicious stem cells are derived from intestinal epithelial stem cells or transformed by terminally differentiated epithelial cells when they accumulate an array of transforming genomic alterations. Colorectal cancer stem cells, whatever cell-of-origin, give rise to all morphologically and functionally heterogenous tumor daughter cells, conferring them with overwhelming resilience to intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. On the other hand, colorectal cancer stem cells and their daughter cells continuously participate in constructing ecological niches for their survival and thrival by communicating with adjacent stromal cells and circulating immune guardians. In this review, we first provide an overview of the normal cell-of-origin populations contributing to colorectal cancer stem cell reservoirs and the niche architecture which cancer stem cells depend on at early stage. Then we survey recent advances on how these aberrant niches are fostered by cancer stem cells and their neighbors. We also discuss recent research on how niche microenvironment affects colorectal cancer stem cell behaviors such as plasticity, metabolism, escape of immune surveillance as well as resistance to clinical therapies, therefore endowing them with competitive advantages compared to their normal partners. In the end, we explore therapeutic strategies available to target malignant stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Che
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, 9 Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, 9 Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, 9 Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shiyan Yu,
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Doxorubicin resistant choriocarcinoma cell line derived spheroidal cells exhibit stem cell markers but reduced invasion. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:184. [PMID: 35875180 PMCID: PMC9300786 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle-specific cancer chemotherapy is based on the ability of a drug to halt, minimise or destroy rapidly dividing cells. However, their efficacy is limited by the emergence of a self-renewing cell pool called “cancer stem cells” (CSC). Choriocarcinoma is a tumour of trophoblastic tissue. We, in this study, analysed whether spheroids generated from doxorubicin-treated and non-treated choriocarcinoma cell lines exhibit markers of stem cells. Two choriocarcinoma cell lines, namely JEG-3 and BeWo, were used in this study. Spheroids were generated from doxorubicin-treated cells and the non-treated cells under non-adherent condition, followed by analysis of stem-cell markers’ expression, namely NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2. Immunofluorescence analysis suggested a general increase in the markers’ concentration in spheroids relative to the parental cells. RT-qPCR and immunoblots showed an increase in the stem-cell marker expression in spheroids generated from doxorubicin-treated when compared to non-treated cells. In spheroids, Sox2 was significantly upregulated in doxorubicin-treated spheroids, whereas Nanog and Oct4 were generally downregulated when compared to non-treated spheroids. Both 2D and 3D invasion assays showed that the spheroids treated with doxorubicin exhibited reduced invasion. Our data suggest that choriocarcinoma cell lines may have the potential to produce spheroidal cells, yet the drug-treatment affected the invasion potential of spheroids.
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Chung SY, Chao TC, Su Y. The Stemness-High Human Colorectal Cancer Cells Promote Angiogenesis by Producing Higher Amounts of Angiogenic Cytokines via Activation of the Egfr/Akt/Nf-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031355. [PMID: 33573006 PMCID: PMC7866396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for cancer metastasis by stimulating tumor angiogenesis via various mechanisms. To elucidate the potential of the stemness-high human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (i.e., CRCSCs) in activating angiogenesis, effects of the GATA6-overexpressing HCT-116 and HT-29 human CRC clones established previously by us in promoting the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined. Methods: Angiogenesis-promoting effects (i.e., migration, invasion, DNA synthesis, and tube formation) in HUVECs of the conditioned media (CM) from various human CRC clones were analyzed. MMP activities were assessed using a zymography assay. Western blotting and selective inhibitors were used to dissect the signaling pathway involved. IHC was used to examine the vascular density in tumor xenografts. Results: We found that the conditioned media (CM) collected from the GATA6-overexpressing clones enhanced angiogenesis of HUVECs more effectively which might be attributed partly to a higher MMP-9 production by HUVECs. Subsequently, elevated levels of IL-8 and VEGF-A were detected in the CM whose tube formation-enhancing activities were abolished by the co-treatment with either a VEGFR2 inhibitor or an IL-8 neutralizing antibody. Interestingly, increased production of these cytokines in the GATA6-overexpressing clones was due to an EGFR/AKT-mediated activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, not only were the levels of CD31 and endomucin but also the blood vessel density was much higher in the xenograft tumors grown from these clones. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that human CRCSCs promote a stronger angiogenesis by producing higher amounts of angiogenic factors through activation of the EGFR/AKT/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yi Chung
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Shi-Pai, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Ta-Chung Chao
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Min University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yeu Su
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Shi-Pai, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +886-2-2825-0883
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Influence of ClearT and ClearT2 Agitation Conditions in the Fluorescence Imaging of 3D Spheroids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010266. [PMID: 33383886 PMCID: PMC7796078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D tumor spheroids have arisen in the last years as potent tools for the in vitro screening of novel anticancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, to increase the reproducibility and predictability of the data originated from the spheroids it is still necessary to develop or optimize the techniques used for spheroids’ physical and biomolecular characterization. Fluorescence microscopy, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), is a tool commonly used by researchers to characterize spheroids structure and the antitumoral effect of novel therapeutics. However, its application in spheroids’ analysis is hindered by the limited light penetration in thick samples. For this purpose, optical clearing solutions have been explored to increase the spheroids’ transparency by reducing the light scattering. In this study, the influence of agitation conditions (i.e., static, horizontal agitation, and rotatory agitation) on the ClearT and ClearT2 methods’ clearing efficacy and tumor spheroids’ imaging by CLSM was characterized. The obtained results demonstrate that the ClearT method results in the improved imaging of the spheroids interior, whereas the ClearT2 resulted in an increased propidium iodide mean fluorescence intensity as well as a higher signal depth in the Z-axis. Additionally, for both methods, the best clearing results were obtained for the spheroids treated under the rotatory agitation. In general, this work provides new insights on the ClearT and ClearT2 clearing methodologies and their utilization for improving the reproducibility of the data obtained through the CLSM, such as the analysis of the cell death in response to therapeutics administration.
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Kasprzak A. Angiogenesis-Related Functions of Wnt Signaling in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123601. [PMID: 33276489 PMCID: PMC7761462 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Angiogenesis belongs to the most clinical characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) and is strongly linked to the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The most prominent factors stimulating constitutive activation of this pathway, and in consequence angiogenesis, are genetic alterations (mainly mutations) concerning APC and the β-catenin encoding gene (CTNNB1), detected in a large majority of CRC patients. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in the basic types of vascularization (sprouting and nonsprouting angiogenesis), vasculogenic mimicry as well as the formation of mosaic vessels. The number of known Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and other pathways interacting with Wnt signaling, regulating angiogenesis, and enabling CRC progression continuously increases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the Wnt/Fzd/β-catenin signaling pathway in the process of CRC angiogenesis, aiming to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of metastasis as well as improvements in the management of this cancer. Abstract Aberrant activation of the Wnt/Fzd/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the major molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. On the other hand, one of the most common clinical CRC characteristics include high levels of angiogenesis, which is a key event in cancer cell dissemination and distant metastasis. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin downstream signaling regulates the most important pro-angiogenic molecules including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and chemokines. Furthermore, mutations of the β-catenin gene associated with nuclear localization of the protein have been mainly detected in microsatellite unstable CRC. Elevated nuclear β-catenin increases the expression of many genes involved in tumor angiogenesis. Factors regulating angiogenesis with the participation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling include different groups of biologically active molecules including Wnt pathway components (e.g., Wnt2, DKK, BCL9 proteins), and non-Wnt pathway factors (e.g., chemoattractant cytokines, enzymatic proteins, and bioactive compounds of plants). Several lines of evidence argue for the use of angiogenesis inhibition in the treatment of CRC. In the context of this paper, components of the Wnt pathway are among the most promising targets for CRC therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the Wnt/Fzd/β-catenin signaling pathway in the process of CRC angiogenesis, aiming to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of metastasis as well as improvements in the management of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
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Lizárraga-Verdugo E, Avendaño-Félix M, Bermúdez M, Ramos-Payán R, Pérez-Plasencia C, Aguilar-Medina M. Cancer Stem Cells and Its Role in Angiogenesis and Vasculogenic Mimicry in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:413. [PMID: 32296643 PMCID: PMC7136521 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are able to promote initiation, survival and maintenance of tumor growth and have been involved in gastrointestinal cancers (GICs) such as esophageal, gastric and colorectal. It is well known that blood supply facilitates cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis. In this regard, tumor-induced angiogenesis begins with expression of pro-angiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which in turn lead to neovascularization and thus to tumor growth. Another pattern of blood supply is called vasculogenic mimicry (VM). It is a reminiscent of the embryonic vascular network and is carried out by CSCs that have the capability of transdifferentiate and form vascular-tube structures in absence of endothelial cells. In this review, we discuss the role of CSCs in angiogenesis and VM, since these mechanisms represent a source of tumor nutrition, oxygenation, metabolic interchange and facilitate metastasis. Identification of CSCs mechanisms involved in angiogenesis and VM could help to address therapeutics for GICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lizárraga-Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Melisa Avendaño-Félix
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | - Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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10
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Transglutaminase 2 maintains a colorectal cancer stem phenotype by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2019; 10:4556-4569. [PMID: 31360304 PMCID: PMC6642042 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a multifunctional protein, is reported in regulating the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in various cancers. Our previous work suggested the link between TG2 and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we demonstrate the importance of TG2 in CSC development in human CRC cell lines HCT116 and SW620. CRC spheroid cells showed increased CSC characteristics over their monolayer cells with increased expression of CD44 and over expression of Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. They also showed increased EMT and invasiveness, and enhanced expression of TG2. TG2 inhibition by its selective inhibitor 1-155 reduced both spheroid formation and invasive potential of the spheroid cells. β-catenin, a mediator of stem cell maintenance, was overexpressed in the spheroid cells and could be attenuated by TG2 inhibition. Spheroid cells possessed increased angiogenesis stimulating ability via overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Increased VEGF was present in the culture media from spheroid cells when compared to monolayer cultures which could be reduced by selective inhibition by 1-155. Stemness and malignancy in the colorectal spheroid cells was associated with increased TG2, EMT, β-catenin and VEGF. Here we demonstrate that inhibiting TG2 reduces both stemness and angiogenic stimulating activity in CRC.
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Granofszky N, Lang M, Khare V, Schmid G, Scharl T, Ferk F, Jimenez K, Knasmüller S, Campregher C, Gasche C. Identification of PMN-released mutagenic factors in a co-culture model for colitis-associated cancer. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:146-157. [PMID: 29106440 PMCID: PMC5826597 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is present in ulcerative colitis (UC) and colitis-associated colorectal cancers (CAC). Certain factors released by polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) may drive mucosal frameshift mutations resulting in MSI and cancer. Here, we applied a co-culture system with PMNs and colon epithelial cells to identify such culprit factors. Subjecting HCT116 + chr3 and human colonic epithelial cells (HCEC)-1CT MSI-reporter cell lines harboring mono-, di- or tetranucleotide DNA repeats linked to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to activated PMNs induced frameshift mutations within all repeats, as quantified by flow cytometry. Activated PMNs released superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as measured by lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence and fluorometry, respectively. Catalase, which scavenges H2O2, reduced such PMN-induced MSI. The NADPH-oxidase inhibitor apocynin, which blocks the oxidative burst in PMNs, similarly inhibited PMN-induced MSI. A bead-based multiplex assay revealed that PMNs release a wide range of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In vitro, these cytokines increased MSI in colon epithelial cells, and the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib abolished IL-6-induced or PMN-induced MSI. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, as measured by 2’,7’–dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay, was induced upon cytokine treatment. DNA oxidation upon IL-6 was present, as detected by formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assay. In conclusion, activated PMNs induce frameshift mutations in colon epithelial cells resulting in MSI. Both oxidative burst with release of ROS and PMN-secreted cytokines, such as IL-8, IL-6 or TNF-α, contribute to MSI. ROS scavengers and/or specific inhibitors of cytokine signaling may delay or prevent cancer development in the setting of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Granofszky
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Lang
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vineeta Khare
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Schmid
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Scharl
- ACIB GmbH, c/o Institute of Applied Statistics and Computing, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristine Jimenez
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Campregher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Chemoprevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Abbasian M, Baharlouei A, Arab-Bafrani Z, Lightfoot DA. Combination of gold nanoparticles with low-LET irradiation: an approach to enhance DNA DSB induction in HT29 colorectal cancer stem-like cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:97-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Abbasian M, Mousavi E, Khalili M, Arab‐Bafrani Z. Using of keratin substrate for enrichment of HT29 colorectal cancer stem‐like cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1264-1271. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abbasian
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterGolestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of AgricultureIsfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Elham Mousavi
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyFaculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Mohsen Khalili
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research CenterGolestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
| | - Zahra Arab‐Bafrani
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterGolestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of MedicineGolestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan Iran
- Health technology Research CenterOxin Sabz Espadan Company, Esfahan university of Medical Sciences Esfahan Iran
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14
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An R, Schmid R, Klausing A, Robering JW, Weber M, Bäuerle T, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR, Horch RE, Boos AM, Weigand A. Proangiogenic effects of tumor cells on endothelial progenitor cells vary with tumor type in an in vitro and in vivo rat model. FASEB J 2018; 32:5587-5601. [PMID: 29746168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800135rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to neovascularization in tumors. However, the relationship of EPCs and tumor-induced angiogenesis still remains to be clarified. The present study aimed at investigating the influence of 4 different tumor types on angiogenic properties of EPCs in an in vitro and in vivo rat model. It could be demonstrated that in vitro proliferation, migration, and angiogenic abilities and genetic modifications of EPCs are controlled in a tumor-type-dependent manner. The proangiogenic effect of mammary carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma cells was more pronounced compared to colon carcinoma cells. Coinjection of encapsulated tumor cells, especially mammary carcinoma cells, and EPCs in a rat model confirmed a contributing effect of EPCs in tumor vascularization. Cytokines secreted by tumors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand play a pivotal role in the tumor cell-EPC interaction, leading to enhanced migration and angiogenesis. With the present study, we were able to decipher possible underlying mechanisms by which EPCs are stimulated by tumor cells and contribute to tumor vascularization. The present study will contribute to a better understanding of tumor-induced vascularization, thus facilitating the development of therapeutic strategies targeting tumor-EPC interactions.-An, R., Schmid, R., Klausing, A., Robering, J. W., Weber, M., Bäuerle, T., Detsch, R., Boccaccini, A. R., Horch, R. E., Boos, A. M., Weigand, A. Proangiogenic effects of tumor cells on endothelial progenitor cells vary with tumor type in an in vitro and in vivo rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran An
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Union Plastic and Aesthetic Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rafael Schmid
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Klausing
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan W Robering
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weber
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Rainer Detsch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja M Boos
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Weigand
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Tomiyama N, Ikeda R, Nishizawa Y, Masuda S, Tajitsu Y, Takeda Y. S100A16 up-regulates Oct4 and Nanog expression in cancer stem-like cells of Yumoto human cervical carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9929-9933. [PMID: 29928366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which possess the ability to self-renewal and are multipotent, are regarded as the cause of tumor formation, recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance. It is necessary to understand the properties of CSCs in order to treat them effectively. It has been previously reported that S100 family proteins, which carry calcium-binding EF-hand motifs and are associated with tumorigenic processes, serve crucial roles in maintaining cancer stem-like properties. S100A16 is upregulated in various types of cancer, including bladder, lung and pancreatic. However, the roles of S100A16 in cancer cells, particularly CSCs, are not clear. The present study investigated the roles of S100A16 in CSCs using the sphere formation assay of Yumoto cells, which are a human cervical carcinoma cell line. The mRNA expression levels were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression levels were detected by western blot analysis. Following the sphere formation of Yumoto cells, the mRNA and protein expression level of Oct4, Nanog and S100A16 were increased compared with the control cells. Following transfection with S100A16 small interfering RNA (siRNA), the mRNA and protein expression of Oct4 and Nanog were decreased and the spheroid size was significantly decreased in the sphere formation of Yumoto cells compared with control siRNA treated cells. There was no change in the p53 mRNA expression level, whereas the p53 protein expression level, which was decreased by the sphere formation, was recovered by S100A16 knockdown. In addition, the protein expression levels of Oct4 and Nanog, which were increased in the sphere formation, were decreased by the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. No differences were observed in the S100A16 protein expression between the presence or absence of lactacystin. These results suggest that S100A16 serves an important role in the CSCs of human cervical carcinoma and is a positive regulator of Oct4 and Nanog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariaki Tomiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Izumi General Medical Center, Izumi-shi, Kagoshima 899-0131, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Nishizawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shogo Masuda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tajitsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Izumi General Medical Center, Izumi-shi, Kagoshima 899-0131, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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16
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Fesler A, Liu H, Ju J. Modified miR-15a has therapeutic potential for improving treatment of advanced stage colorectal cancer through inhibition of BCL2, BMI1, YAP1 and DCLK1. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2367-2383. [PMID: 29416778 PMCID: PMC5788646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in colon cancer treatments, resistance and recurrence remain a significant challenge in treating patients. Novel therapeutic strategies are in urgent need to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. MicroRNA based therapeutics have potential to help combat resistance. In this study, we have shown that low miR-15a expression correlates with poor patient prognosis. We have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of miR-15a in colon cancer. miR-15a inhibits several important genes (BCL2, BMI1, YAP1 and DCLK1), decreasing cancer progression and resistance. Additionally, by replacing uracil in miR-15a with 5-fluorouracil, we created a novel miR-15a mimic with enhanced therapeutic potential. This mimic maintains target specificity and is more potent than unmodified miR-15a in vitro and inhibits colon tumor metastasis in vivo. This mimic has great potential for therapeutic development for treating colon cancer patients. This novel modification has potential to advance the development of other microRNA based therapeutics beyond miR-15a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fesler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jingfang Ju
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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17
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Kitahara T, Haraguchi N, Takahashi H, Nishimura J, Hata T, Takemasa I, Mizushima T, Yamamoto H, Doki Y, Mori M. Identification and Characterization of CD107a as a Marker of Low Reactive Oxygen Species in Chemoresistant Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 24:1110-1119. [PMID: 27834032 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chemoradiotherapy lead to cancer cell death. Although ROS regulation mechanisms play important roles in chemoradioresistance, few markers exist that indicated intracellular ROS status. This study aimed to identify novel cell surface markers that represented intracellular ROS status to characterize cells with low ROS (ROSlow) in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We used ROS indicators and an antibody array with 242 cell surface antibodies to identify markers of ROSlow cells. After validation, we performed immunohistochemical analyses and chemosensitivity assays. We used small interfering RNA to assess the effect of silencing the identified markers. We tested cell differentiation assays with spheroid cell assays. RESULTS CD107a was identified as a common marker of ROSlow cells in several CRC cell lines and clinical specimens. CD107a+/ROSlow cells were enriched in HT29 and DLD1 cultures after treatments with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and the irinotecan metabolite SN38. CD107a silencing improved chemosensitivity by increasing ROS production. Immunohistochemistry showed enhanced CD107a surface expression on cells that formed immature cell clusters and on cells located in the invasive fronts of cancer foci. CD107a expression was also enhanced on specimens from patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cell surface CD107a expression was enhanced on cells that formed colonospheres, but expression diminished during cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS CD107a was identified as a novel marker of ROSlow cells in CRC. CD107a expression was closely related to chemoresistance and the immature cell phenotype. Anti-CD107a treatments represent a novel approach for targeting chemoresistant cells in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kitahara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Haraguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taishi Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takemasa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Inhibition of colorectal cancer stem cell survival and invasive potential by hsa-miR-140-5p mediated suppression of Smad2 and autophagy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19735-46. [PMID: 25980495 PMCID: PMC4637317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third highest mortality cancer in the United States and frequently metastasizes to liver and lung. Smad2 is a key element downstream of the TGF-β signaling pathway to regulate cancer metastasis by promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition and maintaining the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. In this study, we show that hsa-miR-140-5p directly targets Smad2 and overexpression of hsa-miR-140-5p in CRC cell lines decreases Smad2 expression levels, leading decreased cell invasion and proliferation, and increasing cell cycle arrest. Ectopic expression of hsa-miR-140-5p in colorectal CSCs inhibited CSC growth and sphere formation in vitro by disrupting autophagy. We have systematically identified targets of hsa-miR-140-5p involved in autophagy. Furthermore, overexpression of hsa-miR-140-5p in CSCs abolished tumor formation and metastasis in vivo. In addition, there is a progressive loss of hsa-miR-140-5p expression from normal colorectal mucosa to primary tumor tissues, with further reduction in liver metastatic tissues. Higher hsa-miR-140 expression is significantly correlated with better survival in stage III and IV colorectal cancer patients. The functional and clinical significance of hsa-miR-140-5p suggests that it is a key regulator in CRC progression and metastasis, and may have potential as a novel therapeutic molecule to treat CRC.
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19
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Arab-Bafrani Z, Shahbazi-Gahrouei D, Abbasian M, Saberi A, Fesharaki M, Hejazi SH, Manshaee S. Culturing in serum-free culture medium on collagen type-I-coated plate increases expression of CD133 and retains original phenotype of HT-29 cancer stem cell. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:59. [PMID: 27135028 PMCID: PMC4832887 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.179181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A sub-population of tumor cells termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) has an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and recurrence. Selecting a suitable procedure for isolation and enrichment of CSCs is the biggest challenge in the study of CSCs. In the present study, the role of the combination of stem cell culture medium and collagen type-I was evaluated for successful isolation and enrichment of HT-29 CSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS HT-29 cells were cultured in serum-containing medium (parental culture medium: Medium + 10% fetal bovine serum) and serum-free medium (stem cell culture medium); both on collagen-coated plates. Spheres forming ability and CD133 expression, as a potential marker of colorectal CSCs, were evaluated in two culture mediums. RESULTS The results show spheroids usually give rise completely within 15 days in the stem cell culture medium on the collagen-coated plate. CD133 expression in spheroid cells (84%) is extensively higher than in parental cells (25%). Moreover, relative to parental cells, spheroid cells were more radioresistance. CONCLUSION Finding of this study suggested that CSCs derived from colon cancer cell line (HT-29) can be propagated and form colonospheres in serum-free culture medium on collagen type-I. According to maintenance of their original phenotype in these conditions, it seems serum-free culture medium on collagen type-I is a suitable way to drug screening of HT-29 CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Arab-Bafrani
- Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasian
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alihossein Saberi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrafarin Fesharaki
- Department of Cell Sciences, Research Center Medical Science, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samira Manshaee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Treatment of colon cancer with oncolytic herpes simplex virus in preclinical models. Gene Ther 2016; 23:450-9. [PMID: 26871935 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are a rare population in any type of cancer, including colon cancer, are tumorigenic and responsible for cancer recurrence and metastasis. CSCs have been isolated from a number of different solid tumors recently, although the isolation of CSCs in colon cancer is still challenging. We cultured colon cancer cells in stem cell medium to obtain colonosphere cells. These cells possessed the characteristics of CSCs, with a high capacity of tumorigenicity, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. The isolation and identification of CSCs have provided new targets for the therapeutics. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSV) are an effective strategy for killing colon cancer cells in preclinical models. Here, we examined the efficacy of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2 (oHSV2) in killing colon cancer cells and colon cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs). oHSV2 was found to be highly cytotoxic to the adherent and sphere cells in vitro, and oHSV2 treatment in vivo significantly inhibited tumor growth. This study demonstrates that oHSV2 is effective against colon cancer cells and colon CSLCs and could be a promising strategy for treating colon cancer patients.
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21
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Lv X, Wang Y, Song Y, Pang X, Li H. Association between ALDH1+/CD133+ stem-like cells and tumor angiogenesis in invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1750-1756. [PMID: 26998072 PMCID: PMC4774434 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and metastasis of tumors is dependent on angiogenesis; however, the association between tumor stem cells (TSCs) and tumor angiogenesis remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of the TSC markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133) in invasive ductal breast carcinoma, and identify their correlation with tumor angiogenesis. Stem-like cells from the breast tissue of 120 patients, who were diagnosed with invasive ductal breast carcinoma at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Zhengzhou, Henan, China) between January 2009 and December 2010, were collected by surgical resection and analyzed using immunohistochemical double staining. The expression of the vascular markers CD34, CD105 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined using single staining. Overall, 25.83% (31/120) of the specimens contained a large number of ALDH1+/CD133+ stem-like cells (ALDH1+/CD133+ tumor). ALDH1+/CD133+ expression is associated with microvessel density, VEGF-positive rate and estrogen receptor expression (P<0.05); however, ALDH1+/CD133+ expression was not associated with age, tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis, histological classification, progesterone receptor expression or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression (P>0.05). The ALDH1+/CD133+ tumor phenotype and expression of VEGF were identified to be correlated in the present study (P=0.020). The present study revealed a close association between breast cancer TSC markers, including ALDH1 and CD133, and tumor angiogenesis. The results of the present study may provide a novel target and treatment strategy for future studies investigating tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Lv
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yingzi Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Song
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xia Pang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Huixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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22
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Lee CH, Yu CC, Wang BY, Chang WW. Tumorsphere as an effective in vitro platform for screening anti-cancer stem cell drugs. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1215-26. [PMID: 26527320 PMCID: PMC4811455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub-population of cells within cancer tissues with tumor initiation, drug resistance and metastasis properties. CSCs also have been considered as the main cause of cancer recurrence. Targeting CSCs have been suggested as the key for successful treatment against cancer. Tumorsphere cultivation is based on culturing cancer cells onto ultralow attachment surface in serum-free media under the supplementation with growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Tumorsphere cultivation is widely used to analyze the self-renewal capability of CSCs and to enrich these cells from bulk cancer cells. This method also provides a reliable platform for screening potential anti-CSC agents. The in vitro anti-proliferation activity of potential agents selected from tumorsphere assay is more translatable into in vivo anti-tumorigenic activity compared with general monolayer culture. Tumorsphere assay can also measure the outcome of clinical trials for potential anti-cancer agents. In addition, tumorsphere assay may be a promising strategy in the innovation of future cancer therapeutica and may help in the screening of anti-cancer small-molecule chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yen Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, ChangHua Christian Hospital, ChangHua County, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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23
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Ress AL, Stiegelbauer V, Schwarzenbacher D, Deutsch A, Perakis S, Ling H, Ivan C, Calin GA, Rinner B, Gerger A, Pichler M. Spinophilin expression determines cellular growth, cancer stemness and 5-flourouracil resistance in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8492-502. [PMID: 25261368 PMCID: PMC4226699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative tumor suppressor gene spinophilin has been involved in cancer progression in several types of cancer. In this study, we explored the prognostic value of spinophilin expression in 162 colon adenocarcinoma patients. In addition, we generated stably expressing spinophilin-directed shRNA CRC cell lines and studied the influence of spinophilin expression on cellular phenotypes and molecular interactions. We independently confirmed that low spinophilin expression levels are associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients (p = 0.038). A reduction of spinophilin levels in p53 wild-type HCT116 and p53-mutated Caco-2 cells led to increased cellular growth rates and anchorage-independent growth (p<0.05). At molecular level, reduced spinophilin levels increased the expression of the transcription factor E2F-1. In addition, we observed an increased formation of tumor spheres, increased number of CD133 positive cells and an increased resistance to 5-flourouracil (p<0.05). Finally, treatment with the de-methylating agent 5-aza-dC increased spinophilin expression in CRC cells (p<0.05), corroborated by a correlation of spinophilin expression and extent of methylated CpG sites in the gene promoter region (p<0.001). In conclusion, gain of aggressive biological properties of CRC cells including cellular growth, cancer stem cell features and 5-flourouracil resistance partly explains the role of spinophilin in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Ress
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Verena Stiegelbauer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Samantha Perakis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Beate Rinner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
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24
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James MI, Howells LM, Karmokar A, Higgins JA, Greaves P, Cai H, Dennison A, Metcalfe M, Garcea G, Lloyd DM, Berry DP, Steward WP, Brown K. Characterization and propagation of tumor initiating cells derived from colorectal liver metastases: trials, tribulations and a cautionary note. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117776. [PMID: 25658706 PMCID: PMC4319830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor initiating cells (TIC) are increasingly being put forward as a potential target for intervention within colorectal cancer. Whilst characterisation and outgrowth of these cells has been extensively undertaken in primary colorectal cancers, few data are available describing characteristics within the metastatic setting. Tissue was obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection for colorectal liver metastases, and processed into single cell suspension for assessment. Tumor initiating cells from liver metastases were characterised using combinations of EPCAM, Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, CD133 and CD26. CD133 expression was significantly lower in patients who had received chemotherapy, but this was accounted for by a decrease observed in the male patient cohort only. ALDHhigh populations were rare (0.4 and 0.3% for EPCAM+/ALDHhigh/CD133- and EPCAM+/ALDHhigh/CD133+ populations respectively) and below the limits of detection in 28% of samples. Spheroid outgrowth of metastatic tumor cells across all samples could not be readily achieved using standard spheroid-formation techniques, thus requiring further method validation to reliably propagate cells from the majority of tissues. Spheroid formation was not enhanced using additional growth factors or fibroblast co-culture, but once cells were passaged through NOD-SCID mice, spheroid formation was observed in 82% samples, accompanied by a significant increase in CD26. Order of spheroid forming ability was ALDHhigh>CD133>CD26. Samples sorted by these markers each had the ability to reform ALDHhigh, CD133 and CD26 positive populations to a similar extent, suggestive of a high degree of plasticity for each population. Ex vivo TIC models are increasingly being utilised to assess efficacy of therapeutic interventions. It is therefore essential that such investigations use well-characterised models that are able to sustain TIC populations across a large patient cohort in order that the inherent heterogeneity observed in cancer populations is maintained.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism
- Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Male
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Peptides/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Cai
- University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Dennison
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giuseppe Garcea
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Lloyd
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Karen Brown
- University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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25
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Kogan EA, Namiot VA, Demura TA, Fajzullina HM, Sukhikh GT. Reparative and neoplastic spheroid cellular structures and their mathematical model. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914030129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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26
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Chen X, Wei B, Han X, Zheng Z, Huang J, Liu J, Huang Y, Wei H. LGR5 is required for the maintenance of spheroid-derived colon cancer stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:35-42. [PMID: 24789370 PMCID: PMC4072401 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are involved in colon cancer and promote tumor progression and recurrence. LGR5, a marker for intestinal stem cells (ISCs), is also considered to serve as a marker for CCSCs. However, the precise function of LGR5 in CCSCs is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that LGR5 was highly expressed in CCSCs-enriched HT29 spheroid cells. Downregulation of LGR5 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased the expression of stem the cell markers CD133 and CD44 in HT29 spheroid cells. In addition, silencing of LGR5 inhibited cell proliferation, secondary tumor sphere formation and induced cell apoptosis, and G0/G1 phase arrest in vitro by modulating Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bax. Knockdown of LGR5 enhanced chemosensitivity and reduced the invasive ability of HT29 spheroid cells. Moreover, LGR5-siRNA suppressed tumorigenicity of HT29 spheroid cells in vivo. The findings suggested that LGR5 plays a vital role in the maintenance of CCSCs and is a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zongheng Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianglong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianpei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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27
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The culture of cancer cell lines as tumorspheres does not systematically result in cancer stem cell enrichment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89644. [PMID: 24586931 PMCID: PMC3933663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) have raised great excitement during the last decade and are promising targets for an efficient treatment of tumors without relapses and metastases. Among the various methods that enable to enrich cancer cell lines in CSC, tumorspheres culture has been predominantly used. In this report, we attempted to generate tumorspheres from several murine and human cancer cell lines: B16-F10, HT-29, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Tumorspheres were obtained with variable efficiencies from all cell lines except from MDA-MB-231 cells. Then, we studied several CSC characteristics in both tumorspheres and adherent cultures of the B16-F10, HT-29 and MCF-7 cells. Unexpectedly, tumorspheres-forming cells were less clonogenic and, in the case of B16-F10, less proliferative than attached cells. In addition, we did not observe any enrichment in the population expressing CSC surface markers in tumorspheres from B16-F10 (CD133, CD44 and CD24 markers) or MCF-7 (CD44 and CD24 markers) cells. On the contrary, tumorspheres culture of HT-29 cells appeared to enrich in cells expressing colon CSC markers, i.e. CD133 and CD44 proteins. For the B16-F10 cell line, when 1 000 cells were injected in syngenic C57BL/6 mice, tumorspheres-forming cells displayed a significantly lower tumorigenic potential than adherent cells. Finally, tumorspheres culture of B16-F10 cells induced a down-regulation of vimentin which could explain, at least partially, the lower tumorigenicity of tumorspheres-forming cells. All these results, along with the literature, indicate that tumorspheres culture of cancer cell lines can induce an enrichment in CSC but in a cell line-dependent manner. In conclusion, extensive characterization of CSC properties in tumorspheres derived from any cancer cell line or cancer tissue must be performed in order to ensure that the generated tumorspheres are actually enriched in CSC.
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28
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Keglowich L, Roth M, Philippova M, Resink T, Tjin G, Oliver B, Lardinois D, Dessus-Babus S, Gosens R, Hostettler Haack K, Tamm M, Borger P. Bronchial smooth muscle cells of asthmatics promote angiogenesis through elevated secretion of CXC-chemokines (ENA-78, GRO-α, and IL-8). PLoS One 2013; 8:e81494. [PMID: 24339939 PMCID: PMC3855263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airway wall remodelling is a key pathology of asthma. It includes thickening of the airway wall, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC), as well as an increased vascularity of the sub-epithelial cell layer. BSMC are known to be the effector cells of bronchoconstriction, but they are increasingly recognized as an important source of inflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors. Objective To compare the angiogenic potential of BSMC of asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients and to identify asthma-specific angiogenic factors. Methods Primary BSMC were isolated from human airway tissue of asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. Conditioned medium (CM) collected from BSMC isolates was tested for angiogenic capacity using the endothelial cell (EC)-spheroid invitro angiogenesis assay. Angiogenic factors in CM were quantified using a human angiogenesis antibody array and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Induction of sprout outgrowth from EC-spheroids by CM of BSMC obtained from asthma patients was increased compared with CM of control BSMC (twofold, p < 0.001). Levels of ENA-78, GRO-α and IL-8 were significantly elevated in CM of BSMC from asthma patients (p < 0.05 vs. non-asthmatic patients). SB 265610, a competitive antagonist of chemokine (CXC-motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2), attenuated the increased sprout outgrowth induced by CM of asthma patient-derived BSMC. Conclusions BSMC isolated from asthma patients exhibit increased angiogenic potential. This effect is mediated through the CXCR2 ligands (ENA78, GRO-α and IL-8) produced by BSMC. Implications CXCR2 ligands may play a decisive role in directing the neovascularization in the sub-epithelial cell layers of the lungs of asthma patients. Counteracting the CXCR2-mediated neovascularization by pharmaceutical compounds may represent a novel strategy to reduce airway remodelling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Keglowich
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Roth
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Philippova
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thérèse Resink
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gavin Tjin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School and Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Oliver
- Department of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School and Cell Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Didier Lardinois
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Dessus-Babus
- Functional Genomics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Hostettler Haack
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Borger
- Pulmonary Cell Research & Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Han XY, Wei B, Fang JF, Zhang S, Zhang FC, Zhang HB, Lan TY, Lu HQ, Wei HB. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition associates with maintenance of stemness in spheroid-derived stem-like colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73341. [PMID: 24039918 PMCID: PMC3767831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite earlier studies demonstrating characteristics of colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) and the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor development, it remains controversial as to the relationship between CCSCs and EMT. In this study, in order to present an insight into this relationship in colon cancer, we developed HCT116 and HT29 sphere models, which are known to be the cells enriching cancer stem cells. Compared to their parental counterparts, spheroid cells displayed lower homotypic/heterotypic adhesion but higher in vitro migratory/invasive capacity, as well as higher tumorigenic and metastatic potential in vivo. The spheroid cells also demonstrated down-regulated E-cadherin and up-regulated α-SMA and Vimentin expression, which is the typical phenotype of EMT. In order to explore whether this phenomenon is associated to activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, we detected several key signaling molecules. Compared with their parental cells, HCT116 and HT29 spheroid cells demonstrated down-regulated expression of GSK3β, but up-regulated expression of Slug and Snail. And also, the up-regulation of nucleus β-catenin in spheroid cells indicated that the free β-catenin transferred from cytoplasm to cell nucleus. Our findings indicate that spheroid cells have the characteristics of colon cancer stem cells, and EMT may account for their stemness and malignancy. And persistent activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway may play an important role in the EMT of CCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Han
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Feng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Zhang
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Yun Lan
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Qiong Lu
- Central Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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30
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A ‘tête-à tête’ between cancer stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:115-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Zhang HF, Wang L, Yuan HJ, Ma YH, Wang YF, Hu ZY, Su Y, Zhao ZG. PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone prevents apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells from rat bone marrow. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:430-5. [PMID: 23504801 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist affects the functions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). This study explores the effect of selective PPAR-γ agonist, pioglitazone, on EPC apoptosis. The cells were cultured and identified via the double staining method in a medium containing different concentrations of pioglitazone. EPC apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. On Day 7, EPCs engulfed DiL-ac-LDL and FITC-UEA-1, and showed yellow fluorescence in a laser-scanning confocal microscope. EPC apoptosis inhibition was maximal at 50 µmol/L. The ability of pioglitazone to prevent EPC apoptosis may be mediated by the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. The use of thiazolidine two ketone (TZD) to reduce EPC apoptosis may have some potential in treating vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Feng Zhang
- The Second Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou Henan Province, China
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32
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Leng Z, Tao K, Xia Q, Tan J, Yue Z, Chen J, Xi H, Li J, Zheng H. Krüppel-like factor 4 acts as an oncogene in colon cancer stem cell-enriched spheroid cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56082. [PMID: 23418515 PMCID: PMC3572033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare population in any type of cancers, including colon cancer, are tumorigenic. It has been thought that CSCs are responsible for cancer recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Isolating CSCs in colon cancers is challenging, and thus the molecular mechanism regulating the self-renewing and differentiation of CSCs remains unknown. We cultured DLD-1 cells, one of types of cells derived from colon cancers, in serum-free medium to obtain spheroid cells. These cells possessed the characteristics of CSCs, with the expression of CD133, CD166, Lgr5, and ALDH1, higher capacities of chemo-resistance, migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo than the adherent DLD-1 cells. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is essential factor for maintaining self-renewal of adult and embryonic stem cells. It has been used to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPS) from somatic cells. Since KLF4 is expressed in colon cancer cells, we investigated its role in spheroid cells isolated from DLD-1 cells and found that KLF4 was overexpressed only in spheroid cells and reducing the expression of KLF4 by short-hairpin RNA significantly decreased the capacities of these cells to resist the chemicals, migrate, invade, and generate tumors in vitro and in vivo. The spheroid cells with reduced KLF4 expression also had decreased expression of CSCs markers and mesenchymal markers. Taken together, culturing DLD-1 cells in serum-free medium enriches CSCs and the expression of KLF4 is essential for the characteristics of CSCs in DLD-1; thus KLF4 can be a potential therapeutic target for treating colon cancer.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Fetal Proteins/genetics
- Fetal Proteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- HCT116 Cells
- HT29 Cells
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Factor 4
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Retinal Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Leng
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhuang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailin Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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