1
|
Humic substances from composted fennel residues control the inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in AGS cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281631. [PMID: 36893132 PMCID: PMC9997894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common human pathogen causing inflammation. Recent studies have suggested a sophisticated interplay between mitochondria, innate immunity and inflammatory response, thus proposing mitochondrial disfunction as the hallmark of severe inflammatory disorders. In this study, humic substances isolated from composted fennel residues (HS-FEN) were tested as potential therapeutical strategy to restore the mitochondrial physiology and control the inflammation associated with H. pylori infection. The molecular features of HS-FEN were characterized by infrared spectrometry, thermochemolysis-GC/MS, NMR spectroscopy, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), which revealed the presence of aromatic polyphenolic components arranged in a rather stable conformation. In vitro results showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HS-FEN, that was found to increase the expression level of OPA-1 and SOD-2 genes and in AGS cells stimulated with H. pylori culture filtrate (Hpcf) and concomitantly decrease the expression level of Drp-1 gene and IL-12, IL-17 and G-CSF proteins. The hydrophobic features of HS, their conformational arrangement and large content of bioactive molecules may explain the beneficial effects of HS-FEN, that may potentially become an interesting source of anti-inflammatory agents capable to counteract or prevent the H. pylori-related inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
|
2
|
Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori Immune Response in Children Versus Adults. MEDICAL RESEARCH ARCHIVES 2022; 10:3370. [PMID: 37936946 PMCID: PMC10629867 DOI: 10.18103/mra.v10i12.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
H. pylori is perhaps the most prevalent human pathogen worldwide and infects almost half of the world's population. Despite the decreasing prevalence of infection overall, it is significant in developing countries. Most infections are acquired in childhood and persist for a lifetime unless treated. Children are often asymptomatic and often develop a tolerogenic immune response that includes T regulatory cells and their products, immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). This contrasts to the gastric immune response seen in H. pylori-infected adults, where the response is mainly inflammatory, with predominant Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as, inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17. Therefore, compared to adults, infected children generally have limited gastric inflammation and peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori surreptitiously subverts immune defenses to persist in the human gastric mucosa for decades. The chronic infection might result in clinically significant diseases in adults, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This review compares the infection in children and adults and highlights the H. pylori virulence mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor E. Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555-0372 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Filaly HE, Outlioua A, Medyouf H, Guessous F, Akarid K. Targeting IL-1β in patients with advanced Helicobacter pylori infection: a potential therapy for gastric cancer. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:633-641. [PMID: 35322705 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a causal factor of gastric cancer. Among the cytokines secreted during this infection, IL-1β is highly associated with promotion and progression of gastric cancer. On the therapeutic front, eradication of H. pylori was thought to be efficient to restore gastric homeostasis. However, successful H. pylori eradication in patients with advanced stages (intestinal metaplasia) failed to diminish inflammation that is due to heightened Th17 response and elevated IL-1β levels. In fact, association between these two components was established, suggesting that IL-1β is a critical target in these cases. In this review, we will discuss the functional relevance of IL-1β in advanced H. pylori infection and how its targeting may bring clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar El Filaly
- Health & Environment Laboratory, Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, 20100, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Outlioua
- Health & Environment Laboratory, Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, 20100, Morocco
| | - Hind Medyouf
- Institute for Tumor Biology & Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, 60487, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60487, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69126, Germany
| | - Fadila Guessous
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, 20000, Morocco.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Health & Environment Laboratory, Ain Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, 20100, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalani M, Kouhpayeh SA, Shamsdin SA, Jamshidi J, Choopanizadeh M, Keighobadi G, Moravej A. Association of interleukin-17 A gene variants and susceptibility to H. pylori related gastric diseases. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
5
|
Outlioua A, Badre W, Desterke C, Echarki Z, El Hammani N, Rabhi M, Riyad M, Karkouri M, Arnoult D, Khalil A, Akarid K. Gastric IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-17A expression in Moroccan patients infected with Helicobacter pylori may be a predictive signature of severe pathological stages. Cytokine 2019; 126:154893. [PMID: 31877554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicobacter pylori induces acute gastritis that can progress to serious diseases such as gastric cancer. H. pylori interacts with host cells within the gastric mucosa, resulting in activation of multiple innate immune signalling pathways, leading to pro-inflammatory cytokines production and immune cells recruitment. Various studies have shown that there are ethnic- and population-related differences in the expression of these cytokines. Although the H. pylori infection is a major public health problem in Morocco, to our knowledge, no study has been carried out in gastric cytokine expression from H. pylori-infected Moroccan patients. Thus we aimed to (i) determine the IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-17A gene expression in gastric biopsies from Moroccan patients infected with H. pylori, and (ii) to determine the cytokine signature of each pathological stages associated with this infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS 71 patients with epigastralgic pain were included in this study. The H. pylori detection on gastric biopsies was performed by histopathological and PCR analysis. The IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-17A mRNA expression in the antrun and fundus biopsies was performed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS The histopathological and PCR analyses revealed that 87.32% of the patients were infected with H. pylori. IL-1β mRNA expression was significantly lower in the antral mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients (p = 0.0038) than in the uninfected while there was no significant difference in the expression of IL-8 and IL-17A mRNA. The expression of the three cytokines was higher in the fundic mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients than in the uninfected patients, but only IL-8 and IL-17A expression reached statistical significance (p = 0.042 and p = 0.0179 respectively). Furthermore, the multivariate predictive analysis highlighted a cytokine signature that may predict metaplasia during the infection progression that involves a specific down-regulation of IL17A and an up-regulation of IL1β in antral and fundic metaplasia respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Outlioua
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Morocco; INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Wafaa Badre
- Gastroenterology Department, CHU IbnRochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Christophe Desterke
- Faculty of Medicine of the Kremlin-Bicêtre - University Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Zerif Echarki
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Monsef Rabhi
- Diagnostic Center, Hôpital Militaire d'Instruction Mohammed V, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, UH2C, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Karkouri
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, CHU IbnRochd/Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, UH2C, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elkoshi Z. The Binary Classification Of Chronic Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:319-333. [PMID: 31908517 PMCID: PMC6927256 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s227279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diseases start with an insult and end when insult disappears. If the trauma induces an immune reaction (which happens in most cases), this reaction must be terminated with some type of resolution mechanism, when the cause of the trauma ceases. Chronicity develops if insult is permanent or if the resolution mechanism is defective. Another way to reach disease chronicity is a positive feedback loop, whereby the immune reaction activates an internal, insult-like reaction. A distinction between chronic states characterized by a persistent, low suppressive effect and those characterized by a persistent, high suppressive effect of regulatory T cells (Treg), is proposed. This two-class division represents two ways to reach chronicity: (a) by maintaining inflammatory reaction long after insult disappears ("low Treg"), or (b) by suppressing inflammatory reaction prior to the disappearance of insult ("high Treg"). This two-class division may explain the strong association between certain pathogens and cancer, on one hand, and between several other pathogens and autoimmunity, on the other hand. The weak association between autoimmune diseases and HIV infection and the relatively weak association between autoimmune diseases and cancer may be elucidated as well. In addition, the model rationalizes why immune-modulating drugs, which are effective in cancer, are also effective in "high Treg" viral infections, while corticosteroids, which are generally effective in autoimmune diseases, are also effective in other "low Treg" diseases (such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and "low Treg" infections) but are not effective in solid malignancies and "high Treg" infections. Moreover, the model expounds why certain bacteria inhibit tumor growth and why these very bacteria induce autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Haifa Bay, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cremniter J, Bodet C, Tougeron D, Dray X, Guilhot J, Jégou JF, Morel F, Lecron JC, Silvain C, Burucoa C. Th-17 response and antimicrobial peptide expression are uniformly expressed in gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori-infected patients independently of their clinical outcomes. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12479. [PMID: 29582503 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological determinism of H. pylori infection is explained by complex interplay between bacterial virulence and host inflammatory response. In a large prospective multicenter clinical study, Th17 response, expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), cagA and vacA status, and bacterial density were investigated in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori -infected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gastric inflammatory response was analyzed by RT-qPCR for quantification of Th17 cytokines (IL-17A, IL-22), CXCL-8, and AMPs (BD2 and S100A9) mRNA levels in gastric biopsies. Detection and genotyping of H. pylori strains were achieved by bacterial culture and PCR. RESULTS Among 787 patients screened for H. pylori, 269 were analyzed (147 H. pylori -infected and 122 uninfected patients). In H. pylori -infected patients, distribution was 83 gastritis, 12 duodenal ulcers, 5 gastric ulcers, and 47 precancerous and cancerous lesions. CXCL-8, IL-17A, BD2, and S100A9 mRNA levels were significantly increased in H. pylori -infected patients but, surprisingly, IL-22 was not, and no difference was shown between H. pylori -related diseases. A positive correlation was identified between S100A9 expression and bacterial density. Although expression of the virulence genes cagA and vacA did not impact inflammatory response, patients infected with a cagA-positive strain were associated with severe H. pylori -related diseases. CONCLUSION This study showed that CXCL-8, IL-17A, and AMPs are not differently expressed according to the various H. pylori -related diseases. The clinical outcome determinism of H. pylori infection is most likely not driven by gastric inflammation but rather tends to mainly influenced by bacterial virulence factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cremniter
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Bacteriology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - David Tougeron
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Xavier Dray
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris 7 University, APHP Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Guilhot
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique1402 INSERM, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-François Jégou
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Franck Morel
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Claude Lecron
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Silvain
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Christophe Burucoa
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Bacteriology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L. Merchant
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Juanita L. Merchant, MD, PhD, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2051, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jafarzadeh A, Larussa T, Nemati M, Jalapour S. T cell subsets play an important role in the determination of the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:227-236. [PMID: 29407232 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the most prevalent human pathogen and a persistent infection with this bacterium causes common pathologies, such as gastritis or peptic ulcers, and also less common but more serious pathologies, such as gastric cancer or gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The clinical outcome of gastrointestinal infection sustained by H. pylori is determined by the reciprocal interactions between virulence factors of the bacterium and host factors, including immune response genes. Although H. pylori induces a strong immune response, the bacterium is not eliminated. The eradication failure could be attributed to the bacterial capability to regulate helper T (Th) cell-related responses. H. pylori specific CD4+ T cells play a fundamental role in regulating host immunity and immunopathologic events. It has been documented that Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22 and T regulatory (Treg) cells, separately or in coordination with each other, can affect the outcome of the infection sustained by of H. pylori. Some studies indicated that both Th1 and Th17 cells may be protective or pathogenic, whereas Treg and Th2 cells perform anti-inflammatory impacts during H. pylori infection. This review gathers recent information regarding the association of the CD4+ T cells-mediated immunological responses and the clinical consequence of H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shila Jalapour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun H, Yuan H, Tan R, Li B, Guo G, Zhang J, Jing H, Qin Y, Zhao Z, Zou Q, Wu C. Immunodominant antigens that induce Th1 and Th17 responses protect mice against Helicobacter pylori infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12050-12063. [PMID: 29552292 PMCID: PMC5844728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has infected more than half of the world's population, causing gastritis, gastric ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and gastric cancer. The oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine currently used has made great progress in addressing this problem, however, its efficacy and longevity still need to be improved. Th1 and Th17 cells play essential roles in local protection against Helicobacter pylori in the stomach mucosa. Additionally, protective immunodominant antigens are the preferred for a vaccine. In this work, Helicobacter pylori whole cell lysate was separated into 30 groups based on molecular weight by molecular sieve chromatography. The group best promoting CD4 T cells proliferation was selected and evaluated by immunization. The detail proteins were then analyzed by LC-MS/MS and expressed in Escherichia coli. Eleven proteins were selected and the dominant ones were demonstrated. As a result, three protective immunodominant antigens, inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, type II citrate synthase, and urease subunit beta, were selected from Helicobacter pylori whole cell. Two of them (inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase and type II citrate synthase) were newly identified, and one (urease subunit beta) was confirmed as previously reported. The mixture of the three antigens showed satisfactory protective efficiency, with significant lower H. pylori colonization level (P < 0.001) and stronger Th1 (P < 0.001) and Th17 (P < 0.001) responses than PBS control group. Thus, inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, type II citrate synthase, and urease subunit beta are three protective antigens inducing dominant Th1 and Th17 responses to defend against Helicobacter pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heqiang Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hanmei Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ranjing Tan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Haiming Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi Qin
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-17 Shows a Significant Association with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Disease Severity. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:6265150. [PMID: 29391865 PMCID: PMC5748147 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6265150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the immune response against H. pylori infection. The proinflammatory cytokines of Th17 cells have been suggested to play a major role in H. pylori infection and resulting gastric inflammation. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the expression of selected inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and TNF-α) in H. pylori-infected patients and healthy controls and to understand their association with H. pylori infection and disease severity. Results The expression levels of IL-17 and IL-23 were significantly higher in H. pylori-infected patients. The expression of IL-21 was also higher in H. pylori-positive patients but there was no significant association with infection. IL-17 expression showed a significant increase with the severity of chronic gastritis. Conclusion The proinflammatory cytokine, IL-17, shows a significant association with H. pylori infection and disease severity in a Sri Lankan dyspeptic patient population.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mejías-Luque R, Gerhard M. Immune Evasion Strategies and Persistence of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 400:53-71. [PMID: 28124149 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50520-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly acquired during childhood, can persist lifelong if not treated, and can cause different gastric pathologies, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and eventually gastric cancer. H. pylori has developed a number of strategies in order to cope with the hostile conditions found in the human stomach as well as successful mechanisms to evade the strong innate and adaptive immune responses elicited upon infection. Thus, by manipulating innate immune receptors and related signaling pathways, inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells and inhibiting effector T cell responses, H. pylori ensures low recognition by the host immune system as well as its persistence in the gastric epithelium. Bacterial virulence factors such as cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin A, or gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase have been extensively studied in the context of bacterial immune escape and persistence. Further, the bacterium possesses other factors that contribute to immune evasion. In this chapter, we discuss in detail the main evasion and persistence strategies evolved by the bacterium as well as the specific bacterial virulence factors involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vogelaar IP, Ligtenberg MJL, van der Post RS, de Voer RM, Kets CM, Jansen TJG, Jacobs L, Schreibelt G, de Vries IJM, Netea MG, Hoogerbrugge N. Recurrent candidiasis and early-onset gastric cancer in a patient with a genetically defined partial MYD88 defect. Fam Cancer 2016; 15:289-96. [PMID: 26700889 PMCID: PMC4803817 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-015-9859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. A woman who suffered from recurrent candidiasis throughout her life developed diffuse-type gastric cancer at the age of 23 years. Using whole-exome sequencing we identified a germline homozygous missense variant in MYD88. Immunological assays on peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed an impaired immune response upon stimulation with Candida albicans, characterized by a defective production of the cytokine interleukin-17. Our data suggest that a genetic defect in MYD88 results in an impaired immune response and may increase gastric cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P Vogelaar
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van der Post
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richarda M de Voer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C Marleen Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Trees J G Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Hoogerbrugge
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Helicobacter pylori CagA and IL-1β Promote the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in a Nontransformed Epithelial Cell Model. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:4969163. [PMID: 27525003 PMCID: PMC4971297 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4969163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third cause of cancer death worldwide and infection by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered the most important risk factor, mainly by the activity of its virulence factor CagA. H. pylori/CagA-induced chronic inflammation triggers a series of gastric lesions of increased severity, starting with gastritis and ending with cancer. IL-1β has been associated with tumor development and invasiveness in different types of cancer, including gastric cancer. Currently, it is not clear if there is an association between CagA and IL-1β at a cellular level. In this study, we analyzed the effects of IL-1β and CagA on MCF-10A nontransformed cells. We found evidence that both CagA and IL-1β trigger the initiation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition characterized by β-catenin nuclear translocation, increased expression of Snail1 and ZEB1, downregulation of CDH1, and morphological changes during MCF-10A acini formation. However, only CagA induced MMP9 activity and cell invasion. Our data support that IL-1β and CagA target the β-catenin pathway, with CagA leading to acquisition of a stage related to aggressive tumors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu C, Zhang Z, Zhu M. Immune Responses Mediated by Th17 Cells in Helicobacter pylori Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1159/000446317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Rossi AFT, Cadamuro ACT, Biselli-Périco JM, Leite KRM, Severino FE, Reis PP, Cordeiro JA, Silva AE. Interaction between inflammatory mediators and miRNAs in Helicobacter pylori infection. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1444-58. [PMID: 26945693 PMCID: PMC5074252 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori cause chronic inflammation favouring gastric carcinogenesis, and its eradication may prevent malignant transformation. We evaluated whether H. pylori infection and its eradication modify the expression of inflammatory mediators in patients with chronic gastritis. Furthermore, we assessed whether microRNAs modulate inflammatory pathways induced by H. pylori and identified miRNA–gene interaction networks. mRNA and protein expression of TNFA, IL6, IL1B, IL12A, IL2 and TGFBRII and miRNAs miR‐103a‐3p, miR‐181c‐5p, miR‐370‐3p, miR‐375 and miR‐223‐3p were evaluated in tissue samples from 20 patients with chronic gastritis H. pylori negative (Hp−) and 31 H. pylori positive (Hp+), before and three months after bacterium eradication therapy, in comparison with a pool of Hp− normal gastric mucosa. Our results showed that H. pylori infection leads to up‐regulation of TNFA, IL6, IL12A and IL2 and down‐regulation of miRNAs. Bacterium eradication reduces the expression of TNFA and IL6 and up‐regulates TGFBRII and all investigated miRNAs, except miR‐223‐3p. Moreover, transcriptional profiles of inflammatory mediators and miRNAs after eradication are different from the non‐infected group. Deregulated miRNA–mRNA interaction networks were observed in the Hp+ group before and after eradication. Therefore, miRNAs modulated cytokine expression in the presence of H. pylori and after its eradication, suggesting that miRNAs participate in the pathological process triggered by H. pylori in the gastric mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Teixeira Rossi
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Targa Cadamuro
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joice Matos Biselli-Périco
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia Ramos Moreira Leite
- USP, São Paulo University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Eduardo Severino
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Avenida Prof. Montenegro, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Reis
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Avenida Prof. Montenegro, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Cordeiro
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabete Silva
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Konorev MR, Andronova TM, Matveenko ME. [Use of probiotics and probiotic-based immunomodulators as adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016. [PMID: 28635890 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh20168812140-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
At present, Helicobacter pylori (Нр) infection is the most common chronic bacterial infection in humans, the pathogen of which colonizes approximately 50% of the world's population. Hp eradication is required to control complications of Hp-related diseases (gastric and duodenal ulcers). Nevertheless, a number of investigations have demonstrated widespread antibacterial therapy inefficiency due to Hp antibiotic resistance and patient non-compliance with treatment regimens. Due to the growing need to elaborate alternative eradication regimens, some researchers have drawn their attention to probiotics and immunomodulators derived from Lactobacillus in particular for eradication therapy in Нp-positive patients to enhance the effect of antibacterial drugs. The review analyzes the results of 10 meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials with a similar design, which were published in 2007 to 2015, and other clinical trials assessing the role of probiotics and probiotic-based immunomodulators as an adjuvant therapy for Hp eradication. The results of the analysis have established that Lactobacillus strain-containing probiotics, both monocomponent probiotics and those as part of multicomponent ones, when used as an adjunct to anti-Hp therapy, significantly increase the level of Нp eradication by 8.1-20.0% (p<0.05; Level of Evidence, 1A; Recommendation Grade A). The use of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide (Licopid, a Lactobacillus bulgaricus-based immunomodulator) 0.001 and 0.01 g/day as an adjuvant to first-line triple anti-Hp therapy was shown to increase the level of Hp eradication by 7.1-8.9%. The intake of licopid 0.001 and 0.01 g/day during 7-day triple anti-Hp therapy results in the absence of recurrent Hp infection, as compared with 7- and 14-day treatment protocols without licopid, and leads to a significantly low incidence of Hp reinfection within 2-5 years after successful bacterial eradication, as compared with the 7-day protocol without adjuvant therapy with glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (p<0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Konorev
- Vitebsk State Medical University, Vitebsk, Belarus
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shamsdin SA, Alborzi A, Rasouli M, Hosseini MK, Bagheri Lankrani K, Kalani M. Alterations in Th17 and the Respective Cytokine Levels in Helicobacter pylori-Induced Stomach Diseases. Helicobacter 2015; 20:460-75. [PMID: 25908492 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by Helicobacter can cause the stimulation of sophisticated immune response in mucosal immunity. Among the different lymphocytes, Th17 plays an important role in the defense against H. pylori and may cause gastritis and peptic ulcer due to the increased activation of Th17 and cytokine changes. AIM To find a relationship between Th17 and IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, TGF-β in the patients with H. pylori infection having signs including gastritis and peptic ulcer. METHODS A total of 36 samples from the patients [24 Hp+ and 12 Hp- cases] with dyspepsia symptoms were collected. The percentage of Th17 was measured by flow cytometry. The levels of Th17-associated cytokines in the sera and supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which were stimulated with the H. pylori antigen, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or Dynabeads were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Patients were divided into two groups of having either H. pylori infected (peptic ulcer, gastritis (mild, moderate)) or being uninfected. The percentage of Th17 in the patients with peptic ulcer and gastritis was significantly higher than their uninfected counterparts (p ≤ .001). The serum levels of IL-17A, IL-23, and TGF-β in the peptic ulcer and gastritis groups were significantly higher compared with the corresponding levels in the uninfected population (p < .05). A significant association of TGF-β, IL-21, and Th17 was observed with low levels of IL-17A in the mild gastritis patients (p < .05). Significantly higher levels of IL-22, IL-17A, IL-23, and higher Th17 frequencies were detected in the moderate gastritis patients, as compared with the uninfected patients (p ≤ .001). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that among the cytokines associated with Th17, the two cytokines of IL-21 and TGF-β play a more critical role in peptic ulcer and gastritis in the individuals infected with H. pylori. Furthermore, inflammation varies depending on the type of the cytokine and its secreted level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Azra Shamsdin
- Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Alborzi
- Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Rasouli
- Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Kazem Hosseini
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Kalani
- Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
White JR, Winter JA, Robinson K. Differential inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori infection: etiology and clinical outcomes. J Inflamm Res 2015; 8:137-47. [PMID: 26316793 PMCID: PMC4540215 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s64888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori commonly colonizes the human gastric mucosa during early childhood and persists throughout life. The organism has evolved multiple mechanisms for evading clearance by the immune system and, despite inducing inflammation in the stomach, the majority of infections are asymptomatic. H. pylori is the leading cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. However, disease outcomes are related to the pattern and severity of chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa, which in turn is influenced by both bacterial and host factors. Despite over 2 decades of intensive research, there remains an incomplete understanding of the circumstances leading to disease development, due to the fascinating complexity of the host-pathogen interactions. There is accumulating data concerning the virulence factors associated with increased risk of disease, and the majority of these have pro-inflammatory activities. Despite this, only a small proportion of those infected with virulent strains develop disease. Several H. pylori virulence factors have multiple effects on different cell types, including the induction of pro- and anti-inflammatory, immune stimulatory, and immune modulatory responses. The expression of multiple virulence factors is also often linked, making it difficult to assess the meaning of their effects in isolation. Overall, H. pylori is thought to usually modulate inflammation and limit acute damage to the mucosa, enabling the bacteria to persist. If this delicate balance is disturbed, disease may then develop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard White
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jody Anne Winter
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen Robinson
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim BC, Jeong HO, Park D, Kim CH, Lee EK, Kim DH, Im E, Kim ND, Lee S, Yu BP, Bhak J, Chung HY. Profiling age-related epigenetic markers of stomach adenocarcinoma in young and old subjects. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:47-54. [PMID: 25983541 PMCID: PMC4406278 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s16912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study is to identify epigenetic markers that are differently expressed in the stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) condition. Based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we were able to detect an age-related difference in methylation patterns and changes in gene and miRNA expression levels in young (n = 14) and old (n = 70) STAD subjects. Our analysis identified 323 upregulated and 653 downregulated genes in old STAD subjects. We also found 76 miRNAs with age-related expression patterns and 113 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), respectively. Our further analysis revealed that significant upregulated genes (n = 35) were assigned to the cell cycle, while the muscle system process (n = 27) and cell adhesion-related genes (n = 57) were downregulated. In addition, by comparing gene and miRNA expression with methylation change, we identified that three upregulated genes (ELF3, IL1β, and MMP13) known to be involved in inflammatory responses and cell growth were significantly hypomethylated in the promoter region. We further detected target candidates for age-related, downregulated miRNAs (hsa-mir-124–3, hsa-mir-204, and hsa-mir-125b-2) in old STAD subjects. This is the first report of the results from a study exploring age-related epigenetic biomarkers of STAD using high-throughput data and provides evidence for a complex clinicopathological condition expressed by the age-related STAD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Chul Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Kim
- Genomictree Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunok Im
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea. ; BioMedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jong Bhak
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Suwon, Republic of Korea. ; BioMedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea. ; Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The biological functions of IL-17 in different clinical expressions of Helicobacter pylori-infection. Microb Pathog 2015; 81:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
22
|
Gold BD, Gilger MA, Czinn SJ. New Diagnostic Strategies for Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Pediatric Patients. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2014; 10:1-19. [PMID: 26491414 PMCID: PMC4606978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a common chronic bacterial infection that is an important cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastroduodenal disease in children. H pylori is also associated with extragastric manifestations, including growth reduction, iron-deficiency anemia, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Current guidelines recommend endoscopy with biopsy for the definitive demonstration of H pylori infection. In contrast to serology, the fecal antigen test and the urea breath test provide reliable, sensitive, and specific results for detecting active H pylori infection in children before and after treatment. The first-line treatment option for pediatric patients is triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor and 2 antibiotics, which include amoxicillin and clarithromycin or metronidazole. Decreasing eradication rates and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of H pylori have led to the use of other treatments, such as sequential therapy or triple therapy with newer antibiotics, particularly in geographic areas with high rates of antibiotic resistance. Patients should be tested after treatment to confirm eradication, as the absence of symptoms does not necessarily mean that H pylori is no longer present. This clinical roundtable monograph provides an overview of H pylori infection, as well as expert insight into the diagnosis and management of H pylori infection in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Gold
- GI Care for Kids, LLC Children's Center for Digestive Healthcare LLC Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark A Gilger
- Pediatrician-in-Chief Children's Hospital of San Antonio San Antonio, Texas Professor & Vice Chair Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics University of Maryland School of Medicine Physician-in-Chief University of Maryland Children's Hospital Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rizzuti D, Ang M, Sokollik C, Wu T, Abdullah M, Greenfield L, Fattouh R, Reardon C, Tang M, Diao J, Schindler C, Cattral M, Jones NL. Helicobacter pylori inhibits dendritic cell maturation via interleukin-10-mediated activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:199-211. [PMID: 25412627 DOI: 10.1159/000368232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects the human gastric mucosa causing a chronic infection that is the primary risk factor for gastric cancer development. Recent studies demonstrate that H. pylori promotes tolerogenic dendritic cell (DC) development indicating that this bacterium evades the host immune response. However, the signaling pathways involved in modulating DC activation during infection remain unclear. Here, we report that H. pylori infection activated the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and splenic DCs isolated ex vivo. Isogenic cagA-, cagE-, vacA- and urease-mutants exhibited levels of phosphoSTAT3 that were comparable to in the wild-type (WT) parent strain. H. pylori-infected BMDCs produced increased immunosuppressive IL-10, which activated STAT3 in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Neutralization of IL-10 prevented H. pylori-mediated STAT3 activation in both BMDCs and splenic DCs. In addition, anti-IL-10 treatment of infected H. pylori-BMDCs was associated with increased CD86 and MHC II expression and enhanced proinflammatory IL-1β cytokine secretion. Finally, increased CD86 and MHC II expression was detected in H. pylori-infected STAT3 knockout DCs when compared to WT controls. Together, these results demonstrate that H. pylori infection induces IL-10 secretion in DCs, which activates STAT3, thereby modulating DC maturation and reducing IL-1β secretion. These findings identify a host molecular mechanism by which H. pylori can manipulate the innate immune response to potentially favor chronic infection and promote carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Rizzuti
- Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhan J, Zhao Y, Wan Q, Peng H, Zhu W. Interleukin-23A is associated with tumor growth in Helicobacter-pylori-related human gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:104. [PMID: 25349535 PMCID: PMC4207902 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-23 is one of the newly identified inflammatory cytokines, and inflammation is also known to be related to the development of gastric cancer (GC). The role of IL-23 in gastric cancer, however, is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression and possible role of IL-23A in human GC. Methods The expression of IL-23A and IL-17A in human GC tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between IL-23A expression and clinical characteristics of GC was investigated. The serum concentration of IL-23A and IL-17A was also tested by ELISA. The source and role of IL-23A in GC were studied in vitro by Flowcytometry, MTS (Owen’s reagent) assay and Western blot. Results IL-23A, IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) and IL-17A were all overexpressed in human GC tissues, and the level of IL-23A was well correlated with IL-17A in GC tissues as well as in patient’s serum. Macrophages and GC cells were the main source of IL-23A secretion upon stimulation of H. pylori lysate. Furthermore, we found that IL-23A promoted proliferation of GC cell lines via IL-17A/IL-17 receptor antagonist (IL-17RA) /nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. Conclusions The high expression of IL-23A is associated with GC. IL-23A can promoted GC cells growth by inducing the secretion of IL-17A in tumor microenvironment. Our results suggest that the serum concentration of IL-23A is a good biomarker of poor clinical prognosis in GC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changming Liu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of clinical laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu China
| | - Jie Zhan
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| | - Qijun Wan
- Department of clinical laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu China
| | - Huiping Peng
- Department of clinical laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lina TT, Alzahrani S, Gonzalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Immune evasion strategies used by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12753-12766. [PMID: 25278676 PMCID: PMC4177461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is perhaps the most ubiquitous and successful human pathogen, since it colonizes the stomach of more than half of humankind. Infection with this bacterium is commonly acquired during childhood. Once infected, people carry the bacteria for decades or even for life, if not treated. Persistent infection with this pathogen causes gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and is also strongly associated with the development of gastric cancer. Despite induction of innate and adaptive immune responses in the infected individual, the host is unable to clear the bacteria. One widely accepted hallmark of H. pylori is that it successfully and stealthily evades host defense mechanisms. Though the gastric mucosa is well protected against infection, H. pylori is able to reside under the mucus, attach to gastric epithelial cells and cause persistent infection by evading immune responses mediated by host. In this review, we discuss how H. pylori avoids innate and acquired immune response elements, uses gastric epithelial cells as mediators to manipulate host T cell responses and uses virulence factors to avoid adaptive immune responses by T cells to establish a persistent infection. We also discuss in this review how the genetic diversity of this pathogen helps for its survival.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kwak HW, Choi IJ, Cho SJ, Lee JY, Kim CG, Kook MC, Ryu KW, Kim YW. Characteristics of gastric cancer according to Helicobacter pylori infection status. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1671-7. [PMID: 24730518 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The definition and incidence of gastric cancer (GC) without Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection varies between studies. The aim of our study was to compare the characteristics of GC according to Hp infection status. METHODS We evaluated the presence of Hp infection in 1833 GC patients with rapid urease tests, serology examinations, and histological evaluations. GC was classified as GC with current Hp infection (HpC-GC), GC with past Hp infection (HpP-GC), and GC not associated with Hp infection (HpN-GC). HpP-GC was defined as GC without current infection but with a positive serology test, glandular atrophy, and/or intestinal metaplasia. HpN-GC was defined as GC with negative Hp test results and no histological changes. RESULTS The numbers of HpC-GC, HpP-GC, and HpN-GC were 1378 (75.2%), 412 (22.5%), and 43 (2.3%), respectively. Among GCs without current infection, 90.5% (412/455) were associated with HpP-GC. HpP-GCs were more common in older and male patients, had an increased incidence of synchronous cancer, and less frequently had a diffuse-type histology than HpC-GCs. HpN-GCs were more common in younger, female patients; had a higher proportion of diffuse-type cancers; and more frequently showed distant metastasis than HpP-GCs. In the 40s, the proportion of HpP-GCs with diffuse-type histology (41.9%) was lower than that of HpC-GCs (60.3%) (P = 0.016). The difference was also significant in the 50s (29.1% vs 40.1%, respectively, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Most GCs in Korea without current Hp infection showed evidence of past Hp infection. The proportion of GCs with diffuse-type histology decreased in patients with past infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Won Kwak
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Figueiredo CA, Marques CR, Costa RDS, Silva HBFD, Alcantara-Neves NM. Cytokines, cytokine gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection: Friend or foe? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5235-5243. [PMID: 24833853 PMCID: PMC4017038 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a flagellated, spiral-shaped, microaerophilic Gram-negative bacillus that colonises the gastric mucosa of more than 50% of the human population. Infection is a risk factor for gastritis, ulcer disease and stomach cancer. Immunity against H. pylori is mainly related to Th1/Th17 skewing, and the activation of regulatory T cells is the main strategy used to limit inflammatory responses, which can result in the pathogen persistence and can lead to chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, host genetic factors that affect cytokines may determine differences in the susceptibility to many diseases. In this review, we present the cytokine profiles and the main cytokine gene polymorphisms associated with resistance/susceptibility to H. pylori and discuss how such polymorphisms may influence infection/disease outcomes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Th1 and Th17 responses to Helicobacter pylori in Bangladeshi infants, children and adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93943. [PMID: 24714675 PMCID: PMC3979705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Th1 and Th17 cells are important components of the immune response to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in adults, but less is known about T cell responses to Hp during early childhood, when the infection is often acquired. We investigated Th1 and Th17 type responses to Hp in adults, children and infants in Bangladesh, where Hp is highly endemic. IL-17 and IFN-γ mRNA levels in gastric biopsies from Hp-infected Bangladeshi adults were analyzed and compared to levels in infected and uninfected Swedish controls. Since biopsies could not be collected from infants and children, cytokine responses in Bangladeshi infants (6-12 months), children (3-5 years) and adults (>19 years) were instead compared by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a Hp membrane preparation (MP) and analyzing culture supernatants by ELISA and cytometric bead array. We found significantly higher expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ mRNA in gastric mucosa of Hp-infected Bangladeshi and Swedish adults compared to uninfected Swedish controls. PBMCs from all age groups produced IL-17 and IFN-γ after MP stimulation, but little Th2 cytokines. IL-17 and IFN-γ were primarily produced by CD4+ T cells, since CD4+ T cell depleted PBMCs produced reduced amounts of these cytokines. Infant cells produced significantly more IL-17, but similar levels of IFN-γ, compared to adult cells after MP stimulation. In contrast, polyclonal stimulation induced lower levels IL-17 and IFN-γ in infant compared to adult PBMCs and CD4+ T cells. The strong IL-17 production in infants after MP stimulation was paralleled by significantly higher production of the IL-17 promoting cytokine IL-1β from infant compared to adult PBMCs and monocytes. In conclusion, these results show that T cells can produce high levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ in response to Hp from an early age and indicate a potential role for IL-1β in promoting Th17 responses to Hp during infancy.
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang Q, Lan F, Wang X, Yu Y, Ouyang X, Zheng F, Han J, Lin Y, Xie Y, Xie F, Liu W, Yang X, Wang H, Dong L, Wang L, Tan J. IL-1β-induced activation of p38 promotes metastasis in gastric adenocarcinoma via upregulation of AP-1/c-fos, MMP2 and MMP9. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:18. [PMID: 24479681 PMCID: PMC3937117 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been implicated in the progression of gastric adenocarcinoma (GA); however, the molecular mechanisms of action of IL-1β in GA are poorly characterized. P38 and JNK are the major MAPK family members that regulate IL-1β signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the role of both p38 and JNK in IL-1β-induced GA cell migration, invasion and metastatic potential. Methods The effects of IL-1β-induced p38 and JNK activation in GA cells were determined using in vitro Transwell migration and invasion assays of MKN-45 and AGS cells, or an in vivo metastasis assay in nude mice. The IL-1β-induced p38 signaling pathway was further characterized in GA cells. Activation of the IL-1β/p38 signaling pathway was also assessed in human primary GA tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results IL-1β-induced activation of p38 increased GA cell migration and invasion in vitro and promoted the metastatic potential of GA cells in vivo; these effects were attenuated by p38 siRNA or the p38 inhibitor SB202190. MMP2 or MMP9 siRNAs and the MMP2/9 inhibitor BiPS also inhibited IL-1β-induced GA cell migration and invasion in vitro. IL-1β-induced p38 activation significantly increased MMP2 and MMP9 mRNA and protein expression and activity. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the activator protein-1 (AP-1) and the AP-1 binding sites of the MMP9 promoter (−670/MMP9) were activated by IL-1β-induced p38 activation. Phospho-p38 was significantly upregulated in human GA tissues (compared to matched non-neoplastic tissues), and significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, and invasion beyond the serosa. Expression of phospho-p38 significantly correlated with IL-1β, MMP2, MMP9, and c-fos expression in both human GA tissues and GA cell metastases in the lungs of nude mice. IL-1β was also capable of activating JNK in GA cells, but activation of JNK was not associated with GA cell migration and invasion. Therefore, IL-1β-induced the migration and invasion in GA cells were regulated by p38, but not by JNK. Conclusions IL-1β-induced p38 activation and the IL-1β/p38/AP-1(c-fos)/MMP2 & MMP9 pathway play an important role in metastasis in GA; this pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target for GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojia Huang
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital (Dongfang Hospital), 156 North Xi-er Huan Road, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350025, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Over the last decades, it has become evident that chronic infection by Helicobacter pylori is achieved by colonizing an almost exclusive niche and hiding from many of the host's cellular immune defense mechanisms. Although recent years have seen progress in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune response against H. pylori, it is still uncertain how to promote the development of immunity with the final goal of a successful vaccine. Research published in the last year revealed an intriguing mutual regulation of innate response mechanisms of mucosal epithelial cells by the host and H. pylori, respectively. A further focus was put on the interaction between H. pylori and dendritic cells, with some emphasis on the inflammasome and the resulting T-cell responses. Moreover, the function of microRNAs in macrophages and gastric MALT lymphoma development has been studied in more detail. Several novel antigens and adjuvants have been tested as vaccination strategies, primarily in mice. In this review, we present a concise summary of advances in the area of inflammation, immunity, and vaccines during the last twelve months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Staples E, Ingram RJM, Atherton JC, Robinson K. Optimising the quantification of cytokines present at low concentrations in small human mucosal tissue samples using Luminex assays. J Immunol Methods 2013; 394:1-9. [PMID: 23644159 PMCID: PMC4125185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive measurement of multiple cytokine profiles from small mucosal tissue biopsies, for example human gastric biopsies obtained through an endoscope, is technically challenging. Multiplex methods such as Luminex assays offer an attractive solution but standard protocols are not available for tissue samples. We assessed the utility of three commercial Luminex kits (VersaMAP, Bio-Plex and MILLIPLEX) to measure interleukin-17A (IL-17) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) concentrations in human gastric biopsies and we optimised preparation of mucosal samples for this application. First, we assessed the technical performance, limits of sensitivity and linear dynamic ranges for each kit. Next we spiked human gastric biopsies with recombinant IL-17 and IFNγ at a range of concentrations (1.5 to 1000 pg/mL) and assessed kit accuracy for spiked cytokine recovery and intra-assay precision. We also evaluated the impact of different tissue processing methods and extraction buffers on our results. Finally we assessed recovery of endogenous cytokines in unspiked samples. In terms of sensitivity, all of the kits performed well within the manufacturers' recommended standard curve ranges but the MILLIPLEX kit provided most consistent sensitivity for low cytokine concentrations. In the spiking experiments, the MILLIPLEX kit performed most consistently over the widest range of concentrations. For tissue processing, manual disruption provided significantly improved cytokine recovery over automated methods. Our selected kit and optimised protocol were further validated by measurement of relative cytokine levels in inflamed and uninflamed gastric mucosa using Luminex and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In summary, with proper optimisation Luminex kits (and for IL-17 and IFNγ the MILLIPLEX kit in particular) can be used for the sensitive detection of cytokines in mucosal biopsies. Our results should help other researchers seeking to quantify multiple low concentration cytokines in small tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karen Robinson
- Corresponding author at: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences,
University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG2 7RD, UK. Tel.:
+ 44 115 823 1094; fax: + 44 155 970
9923.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori and approximately 20% of infected individuals develop overt clinical disease such as ulcers and stomach cancer. Paradoxically, despite its classification as a class I carcinogen, H. pylori has been shown to be protective against development of asthma, allergy, and esophageal disease. Given these conflicting roles for H. pylori, researchers are attempting to define the environmental, host, and pathogen interactions that ultimately result in severe disease in some individuals. From the bacterial perspective, the toxins, CagA and VacA, have each been shown to be polymorphic and to contribute to disease in an allele-dependent manner. Based on the notable advances that have recently been made in the CagA field, herein we review recent studies that have begun to shed light on the role of CagA polymorphism in H. pylori disease. Moreover, we discuss the potential interaction of CagA and VacA as a mediator of gastric disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
Bagheri N, Rahimian G, Salimzadeh L, Azadegan F, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Taghikhani A, Shirzad H. Association of the virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosal interleukin-17/23 mRNA expression in dyspeptic patients. EXCLI JOURNAL 2013; 12:5-14. [PMID: 26417214 PMCID: PMC4531795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways that control Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated inflammatory reaction are complex, but locally induced cytokines and virulence factors seem to have a major role in maintaining the ongoing inflammation. Therefore this study was aimed to evaluate the association of the virulence factors of Hp and gastric mucosal interleukin-17/23 mRNA expression in dyspeptic patients. Mucosal IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA expression in H. pylori infected and non-infected gastric biopsies were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Virulence factors, vac-A and cag-A were evaluated using PCR. There was no significant difference in mucosal IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA expression between H. pylori infected and non-infected patients. Their expression in mucosa did not correlate with chronic gastritis and chronic active gastritis. IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA expression in mucosa of patients with vacA m1 were significantly higher than those observed in patients with vacA m2. The severity of polymorphonuclear infiltration and chronic active gastritis was higher in cag-A positive than cag-A negative patients. H. pylori infections carrying the vacA m1 allele have higher IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA and the current study suggests that the virulence factor vacA allele's m1 are important for the severe gastric inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ghorbanali Rahimian
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Loghman Salimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azadegan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Afshin Taghikhani
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Hedayatollah Shirzad, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, E-mail: or
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuo SH, Cheng AL. Helicobacter pylori and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: what's new. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2013; 2013:109-117. [PMID: 24319171 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach, gastric MALT lymphoma, is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. The eradication of H pylori using antibiotics is successful in 60% to 80% of affected patients. In contrast to the previous paradigm, we and other investigators have shown that a certain proportion of patients with H pylori-positive early-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the stomach with histological evidence of MALT lymphoma, including high-grade transformed gastric MALT lymphoma and gastric DLBCL(MALT), achieved long-term complete pathological remission (pCR) after first-line H pylori eradication therapy, indicating that the loss of H pylori dependence and high-grade transformation are separate events in the progression of gastric lymphoma. In addition, patients with H pylori-positive gastric DLBCL without histological evidence of MALT (gastric pure DLBCL) may also respond to H pylori eradication therapy. A long-term follow-up study showed that patients who achieved pCR remained lymphoma free. Gastric MALT lymphoma is indirectly influenced by H pylori infection through T-cell stimulation, and recent studies have shown that H pylori-triggering chemokines and their receptors, H pylori-associated epigenetic changes, H pylori-regulated miRNA expression, and tumor infiltration by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells contribute to lymphomagenesis of gastric MALT lymphoma. Recent studies have also demonstrated that the translocation of CagA into B lymphocytes inhibits apoptosis through p53 accumulation, BAD phosphorylation, and the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. In gastric MALT lymphoma, CagA may stimulate lymphomagenesis directly, through the regulation of signal transduction, and intracellular CagA is associated with H pylori dependence. These findings represent a substantial paradigm shift compared with the classical theory of H pylori-reactive T cells contributing indirectly to the development of MALT lymphoma. In conclusion, a wide range of H pylori-related gastric lymphomas have been identified. The use of antibiotics as the sole first-line therapy for early-stage gastric pure DLBCL requires validation in a prospective study. The clinical and biological significance of the CagA oncoprotein in the lymphomagenesis of gastric MALT lymphoma warrants further study.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic/immunology
- Gastric Mucosa/immunology
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gastric Mucosa/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/genetics
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/metabolism
- Helicobacter Infections/therapy
- Helicobacter pylori/genetics
- Helicobacter pylori/immunology
- Helicobacter pylori/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/microbiology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/microbiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/mortality
- Stomach Neoplasms/therapy
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/immunology
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
Collapse
|