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Khodanovich MY, Anan’ina TV, Krutenkova EP, Akulov AE, Kudabaeva MS, Svetlik MV, Tumentceva YA, Shadrina MM, Naumova AV. Challenges and Practical Solutions to MRI and Histology Matching and Measurements Using Available ImageJ Software Tools. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1556. [PMID: 35884861 PMCID: PMC9313422 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally histology is the gold standard for the validation of imaging experiments. Matching imaging slices and histological sections and the precise outlining of corresponding tissue structures are difficult. Challenges are based on differences in imaging and histological slice thickness as well as tissue shrinkage and alterations after processing. Here we describe step-by-step instructions that might be used as a universal pathway to overlay MRI and histological images and for a correlation of measurements between imaging modalities. The free available (Fiji is just) ImageJ software tools were used for regions of interest transformation (ROIT) and alignment using a rat brain MRI as an example. The developed ROIT procedure was compared to a manual delineation of rat brain structures. The ROIT plugin was developed for ImageJ to enable an automatization of the image processing and structural analysis of the rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Y. Khodanovich
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Tatyana V. Anan’ina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Elena P. Krutenkova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Andrey E. Akulov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Marina S. Kudabaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Mikhail V. Svetlik
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Yana A. Tumentceva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Maria M. Shadrina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
| | - Anna V. Naumova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Russia. 36, Lenina Ave., 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (T.V.A.); len-- (E.P.K.); (M.S.K.); (M.V.S.); (Y.A.T.); (M.M.S.); (A.V.N.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Van der Linden A, Hoehn M. Monitoring Neuronal Network Disturbances of Brain Diseases: A Preclinical MRI Approach in the Rodent Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:815552. [PMID: 35046778 PMCID: PMC8761853 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.815552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and structural neuronal networks, as recorded by resting-state functional MRI and diffusion MRI-based tractography, gain increasing attention as data driven whole brain imaging methods not limited to the foci of the primary pathology or the known key affected regions but permitting to characterize the entire network response of the brain after disease or injury. Their connectome contents thus provide information on distal brain areas, directly or indirectly affected by and interacting with the primary pathological event or affected regions. From such information, a better understanding of the dynamics of disease progression is expected. Furthermore, observation of the brain's spontaneous or treatment-induced improvement will contribute to unravel the underlying mechanisms of plasticity and recovery across the whole-brain networks. In the present review, we discuss the values of functional and structural network information derived from systematic and controlled experimentation using clinically relevant animal models. We focus on rodent models of the cerebral diseases with high impact on social burdens, namely, neurodegeneration, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Research Center Jülich, Institute 3 for Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mathias Hoehn
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3
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Im SJ, Suh JY, Shim JH, Baek HM. Deterministic Tractography Analysis of Rat Brain Using SIGMA Atlas in 9.4T MRI. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121656. [PMID: 34942958 PMCID: PMC8699268 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies using rodents have been the choice for many neuroscience researchers due totheir close reflection of human biology. In particular, research involving rodents has utilized MRI to accurately identify brain regions and characteristics by acquiring high resolution cavity images with different contrasts non-invasively, and this has resulted in high reproducibility and throughput. In addition, tractographic analysis using diffusion tensor imaging to obtain information on the neural structure of white matter has emerged as a major methodology in the field of neuroscience due to its contribution in discovering significant correlations between altered neural connections and various neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, unlike image analysis studies with human subjects where a myriad of human image analysis programs and procedures have been thoroughly developed and validated, methods for analyzing rat image data using MRI in preclinical research settings have seen significantly less developed. Therefore, in this study, we present a deterministic tractographic analysis pipeline using the SIGMA atlas for a detailed structural segmentation and structural connectivity analysis of the rat brain’s structural connectivity. In addition, the structural connectivity analysis pipeline presented in this study was preliminarily tested on normal and stroke rat models for initial observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Im
- Department of Core Facility for Cell to In-Vivo Imaging, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-J.I.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Ji-Yeon Suh
- Department of Core Facility for Cell to In-Vivo Imaging, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-J.I.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Jae-Hyuk Shim
- Department of BioMedical Science, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Hyeon-Man Baek
- Department of Core Facility for Cell to In-Vivo Imaging, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.-J.I.); (J.-Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6678
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4
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Khodanovich MY, Gubskiy IL, Kudabaeva MS, Namestnikova DD, Kisel AA, Anan’ina TV, Tumentceva YA, Mustafina LR, Yarnykh VL. Long-term monitoring of chronic demyelination and remyelination in a rat ischemic stroke model using macromolecular proton fraction mapping. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2856-2869. [PMID: 34107787 PMCID: PMC8756474 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination is a key process enabling post-stroke brain tissue recovery and plasticity. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of demyelination and remyelination monitoring in experimental stroke from the acute to chronic stage using an emerging myelin imaging biomarker, macromolecular proton fraction (MPF). After stroke induction by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats underwent repeated MRI examinations during 85 days after surgery with histological endpoints for the animal subgroups on the 7th, 21st, 56th, and 85th days. MPF maps revealed two sub-regions within the infarct characterized by distinct temporal profiles exhibiting either a persistent decrease by 30%-40% or a transient decrease followed by return to nearly normal values after one month of observation. Myelin histology confirmed that these sub-regions had nearly similar extent of demyelination in the sub-acute phase and then demonstrated either chronic demyelination or remyelination. The remyelination zones also exhibited active axonal regrowth, reconstitution of compact fiber bundles, and proliferation of neuronal and oligodendroglial precursors. The demyelination zones showed more extensive astrogliosis from the 21st day endpoint. Both sub-regions had substantially depleted neuronal population over all endpoints. These results histologically validate MPF mapping as a novel approach for quantitative assessment of myelin damage and repair in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya L Gubskiy
- Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina S Kudabaeva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Darya D Namestnikova
- Research Institute of Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alena A Kisel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Tatyana V Anan’ina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Yana A Tumentceva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Lilia R Mustafina
- Department of histology, embriology, and cytology, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily L Yarnykh
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Corticosterone Administration Alters White Matter Tract Structure and Reduces Gliosis in the Sub-Acute Phase of Experimental Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136693. [PMID: 34206635 PMCID: PMC8269094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter tract (WMT) degeneration has been reported to occur following a stroke, and it is associated with post-stroke functional disturbances. White matter pathology has been suggested to be an independent predictor of post-stroke recovery. However, the factors that influence WMT remodeling are poorly understood. Cortisol is a steroid hormone released in response to prolonged stress, and elevated levels of cortisol have been reported to interfere with brain recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of corticosterone (CORT; the rodent equivalent of cortisol) on WMT structure post-stroke. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. At 72 h, mice were exposed to standard drinking water ± CORT (100 µg/mL). After two weeks of CORT administration, mice were euthanised and brain tissue collected for histological and biochemical analysis of WMT (particularly the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract). CORT administration was associated with increased tissue loss within the ipsilateral hemisphere, and modest and inconsistent WMT reorganization. Further, a structural and molecular analysis of the WMT components suggested that CORT exerted effects over axons and glial cells. Our findings highlight that CORT at stress-like levels can moderately influence the reorganization and microstructure of WMT post-stroke.
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Li M, Zhao Y, Zhan Y, Yang L, Feng X, Lu Y, Lei J, Zhao T, Wang L, Zhao H. Enhanced white matter reorganization and activated brain glucose metabolism by enriched environment following ischemic stroke: Micro PET/CT and MRI study. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Durán-Carabali LE, Sanches EF, Odorcyk FK, Nicola F, Mestriner RG, Reichert L, Aristimunha D, Pagnussat AS, Netto CA. Tissue Injury and Astrocytic Reaction, But Not Cognitive Deficits, Are Dependent on Hypoxia Duration in Very Immature Rats Undergoing Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2631-2642. [PMID: 31564017 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are major causes of neonatal death and neurological disabilities in newborns. The widely used preclinical HI model combines carotid occlusion with hypoxia exposure; however, the relationship between different hypoxia exposure periods with brain tissue loss, astrocyte reactivity and behavioral impairments following HI is lacking. Present study evaluated HI-induced behavioral and morphological consequences in rats exposed to different periods of hypoxia at postnatal day 3. Wistar rats of both sexes were assigned into four groups: control group, HI-120 min, HI-180 min and HI-210 min. Neurodevelopmental reflexes, exploratory abilities and cognitive function were assessed. At adulthood, tissue damage and reactive astrogliosis were measured. Animals exposed to HI-180 and HI-210 min had delayed neurodevelopmental reflexes compared to control group. Histological assessment showed tissue loss that was restricted to the ipsilateral hemisphere in lower periods of hypoxia exposure (120 and 180 min) but affected both hemispheres when 210 min was used. Reactive astrogliosis was increased only after 210 min of hypoxia. Interestingly, cognitive deficits were induced regardless the duration of hypoxia and there were correlations between behavioral parameters and cortex, hippocampus and corpus callosum volumes. These results show the duration of hypoxia has a close relationship with astrocytic response and tissue damage progression. Furthermore, the long-lasting cognitive memory deficit and its association with brain structures beyond the hippocampus suggests that complex anatomical changes should be involved in functional alterations taking place as hypoxia duration is increased, even when the cognitive impairment limit is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Durán-Carabali
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - E F Sanches
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - F K Odorcyk
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - F Nicola
- Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R G Mestriner
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L Reichert
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D Aristimunha
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A S Pagnussat
- Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Wei XE, Shang K, Zhou J, Zhou YJ, Li YH. Acute Subcortical Infarcts Cause Secondary Degeneration in the Remote Non-involved Cortex and Connecting Fiber Tracts. Front Neurol 2019; 10:860. [PMID: 31440202 PMCID: PMC6693082 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Remote white matter and cortex reorganization may contribute to functional reorganization and clinical outcome after acute infarcts. To determine the microstructural changes in the remote intact corticospinal tract (CST) and precentral gyrus cortex connected to the acute infarct after subcortical stroke involving the CST over 6 months. Methods: Twenty-two patients with subcortical stroke involving the CST underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical assessment in the acute phase (baseline) and 6 months (follow-up) after the stroke. The MRI sequences included T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and diffusion kurtosis imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and track-density imaging (TDI) values were generated using DTI data for the centrum semiovale, corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule, and cerebral peduncle. The mean kurtosis (MK) value of the precentral gyrus cortex was calculated. Changes in the FA, TDI, and MK values between the baseline and follow-up and the relationship between these changes were analyzed. Results: The TDI and FA values of all parts of the ipsilesional (IL) CST, including the noninvolved upper and lower parts, decreased at the 6-month follow-up (P < 0.001). The MK values of the stroke lesion (P < 0.001) and IL precentral gyrus cortex (P = 0.002) were lower at follow-up than at the baseline. The ΔTDI (r = 0.689, P < 0.001) and Δ FA values (r = 0.463, P = 0.03) of the noninvolved upper part of the IL CST were positively correlated with the ΔMK value of the IL precentral gyrus cortex. Conclusion: Secondary degeneration occurred in the remote part of the CST and the remote IL precentral gyrus cortex after subcortical stroke involving the CST. The secondary degeneration in the upper part of the CST was correlated with that in the IL precentral gyrus cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Er Wei
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Shang
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Li MZ, Zhang Y, Zou HY, Ouyang JY, Zhan Y, Yang L, Cheng BCY, Wang L, Zhang QX, Lei JF, Zhao YY, Zhao H. Investigation of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) promotes neurovascular restoration and axonal remodeling after embolic stroke in rat using magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:989-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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10
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging Evaluation of Neural Network Development in Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation following Stroke. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:3901016. [PMID: 29725347 PMCID: PMC5872629 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3901016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate plastic changes in cerebral white matter structures using diffusion tensor imaging following a 15-day stroke rehabilitation program. We compared the detection of cerebral plasticity between generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), a novel tool for investigating white matter structures, and fractional anisotropy (FA). Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (LF-rTMS) of 2400 pulses applied to the nonlesional hemisphere and 240 min intensive occupation therapy (OT) daily over 15 days. Motor function was evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Patients underwent diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on admission and discharge, from which bilateral FA and GFA values in Brodmann area (BA) 4 and BA6 were calculated. Motor function improved following treatment (p < 0.001). Treatment increased GFA values for both the lesioned and nonlesioned BA4 (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, resp.). Changes in GFA value for BA4 of the lesioned hemisphere were significantly inversely correlated with changes in WMFT scores (R2 = 0.363, p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that the GFA may have a potentially more useful ability than FA to detect changes in white matter structures in areas of fiber intersection for any such future investigations.
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Hayes DJ, Chen DQ, Zhong J, Lin A, Behan B, Walker M, Hodaie M. Affective Circuitry Alterations in Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:73. [PMID: 28928638 PMCID: PMC5591854 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe chronic neuropathic facial pain disorder. Affect-related behavioral and structural brain changes have been noted across chronic pain disorders, but have not been well-studied in TN. We examined the potential impact of TN (37 patients: 23 with right-sided TN, 14 with left-sided TN), compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls, on three major white matter tracts responsible for carrying affect-related signals—i.e., cingulum, fornix, and medial forebrain bundle. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), deterministic multi-tensor tractography for tract modeling, and a model-driven region-of-interest approach was used. We also used volumetric gray matter analysis on key targets of these pathways (i.e., hippocampus, cingulate cortex subregions, nucleus accumbens, and ventral diencephalon). Hypotheses included: (1) successful modeling of tracts; (2) altered white matter microstructure of the cingulum and medial forebrain bundle (via changes in dMRI metrics such as fractional anisotropy, and mean, axial, and radial diffusivities) compared to controls; (3) no alterations in the control region of the fornix; (4) corresponding decreases in gray matter volumes. Results showed (1) all 325 tracts were successfully modeled, although 11 were partially complete; (2) The cingulum and medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were altered in those with TN, with dMRI metric changes in the middle (p = 0.001) and posterior cingulum (p < 0.0001), and the MFB near the ventral tegmental area (MFB-VTA) (p = 0.001). The posterior cingulum and MFB-VTA also showed unilateral differences between right- and left-sided TN patients; (3) No differences were noted at any fornix subdivision; (4) decreased volumes were noted for the hippocampus, posterior cingulate, nucleus accumbens, and ventral diencephalon. Together, these results support the notion of selectively altered affective circuits in patients with TN, which may be related to the experience of negative affect and the increased comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, Union CollegeSchenectady, NY, United States.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Q Chen
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jidan Zhong
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Lin
- Psychology Department and Neuroscience Program, Union CollegeSchenectady, NY, United States
| | - Brendan Behan
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Walker
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour Systems Neuroscience and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
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Tachibana M, Ago T, Wakisaka Y, Kuroda J, Shijo M, Yoshikawa Y, Komori M, Nishimura A, Makihara N, Nakamura K, Kitazono T. Early Reperfusion After Brain Ischemia Has Beneficial Effects Beyond Rescuing Neurons. Stroke 2017. [PMID: 28626056 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent studies show that successful endovascular thrombectomy 6 to 12 hours after stroke onset enhances functional outcomes 3 months later. In this study, we investigated the effects of reperfusion after ischemia on repair processes in the ischemic areas, as well as on functional recovery, using mouse stroke models. METHODS We examined time-dependent histological changes and functional recovery after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion of different durations, including permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, using the CB-17 (CB-17/lcr-+/+Jcl) mouse strain, which has poor pial collateral blood flow. RESULTS Large microtubule-associated protein 2-negative areas of neuronal death were produced in mice subjected to ≥60 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion on day 1, while restricted microtubule-associated protein 2-negative regions were observed in mice subjected to a 45-minute period of ischemia. A substantial reduction in microtubule-associated protein 2-negative areas was observed on day 7 in mice given early reperfusion and was associated with better functional recovery. Klüver-Barrera staining demonstrated that white matter injury on day 1 was significantly lesser in mice with reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed that a greater number of endothelial cells were present in the infarct areas in mice with earlier reperfusion and were associated with a more rapid recruitment of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β-positive pericytes and subsequent intrainfarct fibrosis. Early reperfusion also resulted in a greater accumulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in peri-infarct areas. Peri-infarct astrogliosis was attenuated in platelet-derived growth factor receptor β heterozygous knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Early reperfusion after ischemia enhances the survival of endothelial cells and pericytes within ischemic areas even after the infarct is established, resulting in efficient intrainfarct fibrosis and peri-infarct astrogliosis. These effects might be associated with efficient peri-infarct reorganization and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tachibana
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ago
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Wakisaka
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Yoshikawa
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motohiro Komori
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ataru Nishimura
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Makihara
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nakamura
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Kim RG, Cho J, Ree J, Kim HS, Rosa-Neto P, Kim JM, Lee MC, Kim HI. Sensory-parietal cortical stimulation improves motor recovery in severe capsular infarct. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:2211-2222. [PMID: 26661148 PMCID: PMC5363658 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15606136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of subcortical white matter strokes in elderly patients is on the rise, but these patients show mixed responses to conventional rehabilitative interventions. To examine whether cortical electrical stimulation can promote motor recovery after white matter stroke, we delivered stimulation to a small or wide region of sensory-parietal cortex for two weeks in a rodent model of circumscribed subcortical capsular infarct. The sham-operated group (SOG) showed persistent and severe motor impairments together with decreased activation in bilateral sensorimotor cortices and striatum. In contrast, sensory-parietal cortex stimulation significantly improved motor recovery: final recovery levels were 72.9% of prelesion levels in the wide stimulation group (WSG) and 37% of prelesion levels in the small stimulation group (SSG). The microPET imaging showed reversal of cortical diaschisis in both groups: in both hemispheres for the WSG, and in the hemisphere ipsilateral to stimulation in the SSG. In addition, we observed activation of the corpus callosum and subcortical corticostriatal structures after stimulation. The results from the c-Fos mapping study were grossly consistent with the microPET imaging. Sensory-parietal cortex stimulation may therefore be a useful strategy for overcoming the limits of rehabilitative training in patients with severe forms of subcortical capsular infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra Gyung Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwook Cho
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyue Ree
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Center for Studies in Aging, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jin-Myung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ihl Kim
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea .,Departement of Neurosurgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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14
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Cho J, Kwon DH, Kim RG, Song H, Rosa-Neto P, Lee MC, Kim HI. Remodeling of Neuronal Circuits After Reach Training in Chronic Capsular Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 30:941-950. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968316650282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwook Cho
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kwon
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Gyung Kim
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanlim Song
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | - Min-Cheol Lee
- Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Ihl Kim
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Presbyterian Medical Center, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Cheng MY, Aswendt M, Steinberg GK. Optogenetic Approaches to Target Specific Neural Circuits in Post-stroke Recovery. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:325-40. [PMID: 26701667 PMCID: PMC4824024 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA, yet treatment options are very limited. Functional recovery can occur after stroke and is attributed, in part, to rewiring of neural connections in areas adjacent to or remotely connected to the infarct. A better understanding of neural circuit rewiring is thus an important step toward developing future therapeutic strategies for stroke recovery. Because stroke disrupts functional connections in peri-infarct and remotely connected regions, it is important to investigate brain-wide network dynamics during post-stroke recovery. Optogenetics is a revolutionary neuroscience tool that uses bioengineered light-sensitive proteins to selectively activate or inhibit specific cell types and neural circuits within milliseconds, allowing greater specificity and temporal precision for dissecting neural circuit mechanisms in diseases. In this review, we discuss the current view of post-stroke remapping and recovery, including recent studies that use optogenetics to investigate neural circuit remapping after stroke, as well as optogenetic stimulation to enhance stroke recovery. Multimodal approaches employing optogenetics in conjunction with other readouts (e.g., in vivo neuroimaging techniques, behavior assays, and next-generation sequencing) will advance our understanding of neural circuit reorganization during post-stroke recovery, as well as provide important insights into which brain circuits to target when designing brain stimulation strategies for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA.
| | - Markus Aswendt
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA.
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16
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Ueda R, Yamada N, Kakuda W, Abo M, Senoo A. White matter structure and clinical characteristics of stroke patients: A diffusion tensor MRI study. Brain Res 2016; 1635:61-70. [PMID: 26783693 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fractional anisotropy has been used in many studies that examined post-stroke changes in white matter. This study was performed to clarify cerebral white matter changes after stroke using generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA). White matter structure was visualized using diffusion tensor imaging in 72 patients with post-stroke arm paralysis. Exercise-related brain regions were examined in cerebral white matter using GFA. The relationship between GFA and clinical characteristics was examined. Overall, the mean GFA of the lesioned hemisphere was significantly lower than that of the non-lesioned hemisphere (P<0.05), the white matter of the lesioned side was severely affected by stroke. A weak negative correlation between GFA and time since stroke onset was found in Brodmann area 5 of the non-lesioned hemisphere. Age correlated negatively with GFA in Brodmann areas 5 and 7 of the lesioned hemisphere. Though these results may be due to a decrease in the frequency of use of the paralyzed limb over time, GFA overall was significantly and negatively affected by the subject's age. The GFA values of patients with paralysis of the dominant hand were significantly different from those of patients with paralysis of the nondominant hand in Brodmann areas 4 and 6 of the non-lesioned hemisphere and Brodmann area 4 of the lesioned hemisphere (P<0.05). The stroke size and location were not associated with GFA differences. Differences between the GFA of the lesioned and non-lesioned hemispheres varied depending on the affected brain region, age at onset of paralysis, and paralysis of the dominant or non-dominant hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ueda
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Wataru Kakuda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Abo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Senoo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116-8551, Japan.
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17
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Blackmon K, Pardoe HR, Barr WB, Ardekani BA, Doyle WK, Devinsky O, Kuzniecky R, Thesen T. The corpus callosum and recovery of working memory after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 2015; 56:527-34. [PMID: 25684448 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For patients with medically intractable focal epilepsy, the benefit of epilepsy surgery must be weighed against the risk of cognitive decline. Clinical factors such as age and presurgical cognitive level partially predict cognitive outcome; yet, little is known about the role of cross-hemispheric white matter pathways in supporting postsurgical recovery of cognitive function. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the presurgical corpus callosum (CC) midsagittal area is associated with pre- to postsurgical change following epilepsy surgery. METHODS In this observational study, we retrospectively identified 24 adult patients from an epilepsy resection series who completed preoperative high-resolution T1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, as well as pre- and postsurgical neuropsychological testing. The total area and seven subregional areas of the CC were measured on the midsagittal MRI slice using an automated method. Standardized indices of auditory-verbal working memory and delayed memory were used to probe cognitive change from pre- to postsurgery. CC total and subregional areas were regressed on memory-change scores, after controlling for overall brain volume, age, presurgical memory scores, and duration of epilepsy. RESULTS Patients had significantly reduced CC area relative to healthy controls. We found a positive relationship between CC area and change in working memory, but not delayed memory; specifically, the larger the CC, the greater the postsurgical improvement in working memory (β = 0.523; p = 0.009). Effects were strongest in posterior CC subregions. There was no relationship between CC area and presurgical memory scores. SIGNIFICANCE Findings indicate that larger CC area, measured presurgically, is related to improvement in working memory abilities following epilepsy surgery. This suggests that transcallosal pathways may play an important, yet little understood, role in postsurgical recovery of cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Blackmon
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
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18
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Figini M, Zucca I, Aquino D, Pennacchio P, Nava S, Di Marzio A, Preti MG, Baselli G, Spreafico R, Frassoni C. In vivo DTI tractography of the rat brain: an atlas of the main tracts in Paxinos space with histological comparison. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 33:296-303. [PMID: 25482578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance modality that permits to characterize the orientation and integrity of white matter (WM). DTI-based tractography techniques, allowing the virtual reconstruction of WM tract pathways, have found wide application in preclinical neurological research. Recently, anatomically detailed rat brain atlases including DTI data were constructed from ex vivo DTI images, but tractographic atlases of normal rats in vivo are still lacking. We propose here a probabilistic tractographic atlas of the main WM tracts in the healthy rat brain based on in vivo DTI acquisition. Our study was carried out on 10 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats using a 7T preclinical scanner. The MRI protocol permitted a reliable reconstruction of the main rat brain bundles: corpus callosum, cingulum, external capsule, internal capsule, anterior commissure, optic tract. The reconstructed fibers were compared with histological data, proving the viability of in vivo DTI tractography in the rat brain with the proposed acquisition and processing protocol. All the data were registered to a rat brain template in the coordinate system of the commonly used atlas by Paxinos and Watson; then the individual tracts were binarized and averaged, obtaining a probabilistic atlas in Paxinos-Watson space of the main rat brain WM bundles. With respect to the recent high-resolution MRI atlases, the resulting tractographic atlas, available online, provides complementary information about the average anatomical position of the considered WM tracts and their variability between normal animals. Furthermore, reference values for the main DTI-derived parameters, mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy, were provided. Both these results can be used as references in preclinical studies on pathological rat models involving potential alterations of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Figini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Ileana Zucca
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy.
| | - Domenico Aquino
- Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pennacchio
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Nava
- Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Marzio
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Preti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy; IRCCS S. Maria Nascente, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Guseppe Baselli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Carolina Frassoni
- Clinical Epileptology and Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
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Cerebral ischemic stroke: is gender important? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1355-61. [PMID: 23756694 PMCID: PMC3764377 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke continues to be a major cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability in developed countries. Evidence reviewed here suggests that gender influences various aspects of the clinical spectrum of ischemic stroke, in terms of influencing how a patients present with ischemic stroke through to how they respond to treatment. In addition, this review focuses on discussing the various pathologic mechanisms of ischemic stroke that may differ according to gender and compares how intrinsic and hormonal mechanisms may account for such gender differences. All clinical trials to date investigating putative neuroprotective treatments for ischemic stroke have failed, and it may be that our understanding of the injury cascade initiated after ischemic injury is incomplete. Revealing aspects of the pathophysiological consequences of ischemic stroke that are gender specific may enable gender relevant and effective neuroprotective strategies to be identified. Thus, it is possible to conclude that gender does, in fact, have an important role in ischemic stroke and must be factored into experimental and clinical investigations of ischemic stroke.
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20
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Hoehn M. How do we assess regenerative success after stem cell implantation? An experimental approach. Regen Med 2011; 6:417-9. [PMID: 21749198 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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