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Cui Sun M, Otálora-Alcaraz A, Prenderville JA, Downer EJ. Toll-like receptor signalling as a cannabinoid target. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116082. [PMID: 38438052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have become a focus in biomedicine and biomedical research given the roles of this unique family of innate immune proteins in immune activation, infection, and autoimmunity. It is evident that TLR dysregulation, and subsequent alterations in TLR-mediated inflammatory signalling, can contribute to disease pathogenesis, and TLR targeted therapies are in development. This review highlights evidence that cannabinoids are key regulators of TLR signalling. Cannabinoids include component of the plant Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa), synthetic and endogenous ligands, and overall represent a class of compounds whose therapeutic potential and mechanism of action continues to be elucidated. Cannabinoid-based medicines are in the clinic, and are furthermore under intense investigation for broad clinical development to manage symptoms of a range of disorders. In this review, we present an overview of research evidence that signalling linked to a range of TLRs is targeted by cannabinoids, and such cannabinoid mediated effects represent therapeutic avenues for further investigation. First, we provide an overview of TLRs, adaptors and key signalling events, alongside a summary of evidence that TLRs are linked to disease pathologies. Next, we discuss the cannabinoids system and the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics. Finally, for the bulk of this review, we systematically outline the evidence that cannabinoids (plant-derived cannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous cannabinoid ligands) can cross-talk with innate immune signalling governed by TLRs, focusing specifically on each member of the TLR family. Cannabinoids should be considered as key regulators of signalling controlled by TLRs, and such regulation should be a major focus in terms of the anti-inflammatory propensity of the cannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Cui Sun
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Almudena Otálora-Alcaraz
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jack A Prenderville
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Transpharmation Ireland Limited, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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2
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Li F, Song B, Zhou WF, Chu LJ. Toll-Like Receptors 7/8: A Paradigm for the Manipulation of Immunologic Reactions for Immunotherapy. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:564-578. [PMID: 37751284 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes conserved features of viral and microbial pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR used by the innate immune system to mediate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and promote innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR family members TLR7 and TLR8 (referred to as TLR7/8 from herein) are endosomal transmembrane receptors that recognize purine-rich single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and bacterial DNA, eliciting an immunologic reaction to pathogens. TLR7/8 were discovered to mediate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by activating immune cells. In addition, accumulating evidence has indicated that TLR7/8 may be closely related to numerous immune-mediated disorders, specifically several types of cancer, autoimmune disease, and viral disease. TLR7/8 agonists and antagonists, which are used as drugs or adjuvants, have been identified in preclinical studies and clinical trials as promising immune stimulators for the immunotherapy of these immune-mediated disorders. These results provided reasoning to further explore immunotherapy for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders. Nevertheless, numerous needs remain unmet, and the therapeutic effects of TLR7/8 agonists and antagonists are poor and exert strong immune-related toxicities. The present review aimed to provide an overview of the TLR family members, particularly TLR7/8, and address the underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of TLR7/8 in immune-mediated disorders. The aim of the work is to discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of TLR7/8 in immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Li-Jin Chu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
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3
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Evrensel A. Microbiome-Induced Autoimmunity and Novel Therapeutic Intervention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:71-90. [PMID: 36949306 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms' flora, which colonize in many parts of our body, stand out as one of the most important components for a healthy life. This microbial organization called microbiome lives in integration with the body as a single and whole organ/system. Perhaps, the human first encounters the microbial activity it carries through the immune system. This encounter and interaction are vital for the development of immune system cells that protect the body against pathogenic organisms and infections throughout life. In recent years, it has been determined that some disruptions in the host-microbiome interaction play an important role in the physiopathology of autoimmune diseases. Although the details of this interaction have not been clarified yet, the focus is on leaky gut syndrome, dysbiosis, toll-like receptor ligands, and B cell dysfunction. Nutritional regulations, prebiotics, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, bacterial engineering, and vaccination are being investigated as new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of problems in these areas. This article reviews recent research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- NP Brain Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Dubik M, Marczynska J, Mørch MT, Webster G, Jensen KN, Wlodarczyk A, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Innate Signaling in the CNS Prevents Demyelination in a Focal EAE Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:682451. [PMID: 34149350 PMCID: PMC8209300 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.682451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the formation of multifocal demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system (CNS). Stimulation of innate receptors has been shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an MS-like disease in mice. Specifically, targeting Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and NOD-like receptor 2 (NOD2) significantly reduced disease severity. In the present work we have developed a novel focal EAE model to further study the effect of innate signaling on demyelinating pathology. Focal lesions were induced by stereotactic needle insertion into the corpus callosum (CC) of mice previously immunized for EAE. This resulted in focal pathology characterized by infiltration and demyelination in the CC. We find that intrathecal delivery of MIS416, a TLR9 and NOD2 bispecific innate ligand, into the cerebrospinal fluid reduced focal lesions in the CC. This was associated with upregulation of type I and II interferons, interleukin-10, arginase-1, CCL-2 and CXCL-10. Analysis of draining cervical lymph nodes showed upregulation of type II interferons and interleukin 10. Moreover, intrathecal MIS416 altered the composition of early CNS infiltrates, increasing proportions of myeloid and NK cells and reducing T cells at the lesion site. This study contributes to an increased understanding of how innate immune responses can play a protective role, which in turn may lead to additional therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of demyelinating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dubik
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joanna Marczynska
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marlene T Mørch
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gill Webster
- Innate Immunotherapeutics, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kirstine Nolling Jensen
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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5
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Murdaca G, Greco M, Borro M, Gangemi S. Hygiene hypothesis and autoimmune diseases: A narrative review of clinical evidences and mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102845. [PMID: 33971339 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the start of the "modern era", characterized by the increase in urbanization, a progressive attention to hygiene and autoimmune conditions has considerably grown. Although these diseases are often multifactorial, it was demonstrated that environment factors such as pollution, diet and lifestyles may play a crucial role together with genetic signature. Our research, based on the newest and most significant literature of this topic, highlights that the progressive depletion of microbes and parasites due to increased socioeconomic improvement, may lead to a derangement of immunoregulatory mechanisms. Moreover, special attention was given to the complex interplay between microbial agents, as gut microbiome, diet and vitamin D supplementation with the aim of identifying promising future therapeutic options. In conclusion, autoimmunity cannot be limited to hygiene-hypothesis, but from the point of view of precision medicine, this theory represents a fundamental element together with the study of genomics, the microbiome and proteomics, in order to understand the complex functioning of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Monica Greco
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Matteo Borro
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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6
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Bach JF. Revisiting the Hygiene Hypothesis in the Context of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615192. [PMID: 33584703 PMCID: PMC7876226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially described for allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis was extended to autoimmune diseases in the early 2000s. A historical overview allows appreciation of the development of this concept over the last two decades and its discussion in the context of evolution. While the epidemiological data are convergent, with a few exceptions, the underlying mechanisms are multiple and complex. A major question is to determine what is the respective role of pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and parasites, versus commensals. The role of the intestinal microbiota has elicited much interest, but is it a cause or a consequence of autoimmune-mediated inflammation? Our hypothesis is that both pathogens and commensals intervene. Another question is to dissect what are the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The role of immunoregulatory cytokines, in particular interleukin-10 and TGF beta is probably essential. An important place should also be given to ligands of innate immunity receptors present in bacteria, viruses or parasites acting independently of their immunogenicity. The role of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) ligands is well documented including via TLR ligand desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bach
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Academie des Sciences, Paris, France
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7
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Parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of X chromosome genes in T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26779-26787. [PMID: 31822606 PMCID: PMC6936674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910072116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences are naturally occurring disease modifiers that, if understood, could lead to novel targets for drug development. Autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in women than in men, and sex differences in immune responses have been shown in humans and mice. Here, we discover a global parent-of-origin difference in DNA methylation on the X chromosome that affects gene expression in activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. The paternal X has more methylation than the maternal X, with higher expression of X genes in XY cells since they only express from the maternal X. Thus, parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of X genes can play a role in sex differences in immune responses. Many autoimmune diseases are more frequent in females than in males in humans and their mouse models, and sex differences in immune responses have been shown. Despite extensive studies of sex hormones, mechanisms underlying these sex differences remain unclear. Here, we focused on sex chromosomes using the “four core genotypes” model in C57BL/6 mice and discovered that the transcriptomes of both autoantigen and anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes showed higher expression of a cluster of 5 X genes when derived from XY as compared to XX mice. We next determined if higher expression of an X gene in XY compared to XX could be due to parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of the X chromosome. We found a global increase in DNA methylation on the X chromosome of paternal as compared to maternal origin. Since DNA methylation usually suppresses gene expression, this result was consistent with higher expression of X genes in XY cells because XY cells always express from the maternal X chromosome. In addition, gene expression analysis of F1 hybrid mice from CAST × FVB reciprocal crosses showed preferential gene expression from the maternal X compared to paternal X chromosome, revealing that these parent-of-origin effects are not strain-specific. SJL mice also showed a parent-of-origin effect on DNA methylation and X gene expression; however, which X genes were affected differed from those in C57BL/6. Together, this demonstrates how parent-of-origin differences in DNA methylation of the X chromosome can lead to sex differences in gene expression during immune responses.
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8
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Sánchez-Ruiz M, Polakos NK, Blau T, Utermöhlen O, Brunn A, Montesinos-Rongen M, Hünig T, Deckert M. TLR signals license CD8 T cells to destroy oligodendrocytes expressing an antigen shared with a Listeria pathogen. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:413-427. [PMID: 30666625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a role of CD8 T cells in autoimmune demyelinating CNS disease, which, however, is still controversially discussed. Mice, which express ovalbumin (OVA) as cytosolic self-antigen in oligodendrocytes (ODC-OVA mice), respond to CNS infection induced by OVA-expressing attenuated Listeria with CD8 T cell-mediated inflammatory demyelination. This model is suitable to decipher the contribution of CD8 T cells and the pathogen in autoimmune CNS disease. Here, we show that both antigen and pathogen are required in the CNS for disease induction, though not in a physically linked fashion. Intracerebral challenge with combined toll like receptor (TLR) TLR2 and TLR9 as well as TLR7 and TLR9 agonists substituted for the bacterial stimulus, but not with individual TLR agonists (TLR2, TLR3,TLR5,TLR7, TLR9). Furthermore, MyD88 inactivation rendered ODC-OVA mice resistant to disease induction. Collectively, CD8 T cell-mediated destruction of oligodendrocytes is activated if (i) an antigen shared with an infectious agent is provided in the CNS microenvironment and (ii) innate immune signals inform the CNS microenvironment that pathogen removal warrants an immune attack by CD8 T cells, even at the expense of locally restricted demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sánchez-Ruiz
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Blau
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Montesinos-Rongen
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Shukla N, Chan M, Hayashi T, Carson DA, Cottam HB. Recent Advances and Perspectives in Small-molecule TLR Ligands and Their Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1156-1159. [PMID: 30613317 PMCID: PMC6295859 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located on immune cells leads to induction of immune responses that can be useful in vaccines for infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases. Novel TLR signaling pathway modulators can further enhance the efficacy of TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj
M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
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10
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The hygiene hypothesis in autoimmunity: the role of pathogens and commensals. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 18:105-120. [PMID: 29034905 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases has been steadily rising. Concomitantly, the incidence of most infectious diseases has declined. This observation gave rise to the hygiene hypothesis, which postulates that a reduction in the frequency of infections contributes directly to the increase in the frequency of autoimmune and allergic diseases. This hypothesis is supported by robust epidemiological data, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Pathogens are known to be important, as autoimmune disease is prevented in various experimental models by infection with different bacteria, viruses and parasites. Gut commensal bacteria also play an important role: dysbiosis of the gut flora is observed in patients with autoimmune diseases, although the causal relationship with the occurrence of autoimmune diseases has not been established. Both pathogens and commensals act by stimulating immunoregulatory pathways. Here, I discuss the importance of innate immune receptors, in particular Toll-like receptors, in mediating the protective effect of pathogens and commensals on autoimmunity.
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11
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Schmidt T, Lorenz N, Raker VK, Schmidgen MI, Mahnke K, Enk A, Roth J, Steinbrink K. Allergen-Specific Low Zone Tolerance Is Independent of MRP8/14-, TLR4-, TLR7-, and TLR9-Mediated Immune Processes. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:452-455. [PMID: 28947357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talkea Schmidt
- Division of Experimental and Translational Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Lorenz
- Division of Experimental and Translational Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena K Raker
- Division of Experimental and Translational Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria I Schmidgen
- Division of Experimental and Translational Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Division of Experimental and Translational Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Ye J, Wang Y, Liu X, Li L, Opejin A, Hsueh EC, Luo H, Wang T, Hawiger D, Peng G. TLR7 Signaling Regulates Th17 Cells and Autoimmunity: Novel Potential for Autoimmune Therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:941-954. [PMID: 28652396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Innate regulation through TLR signaling has been shown to be important for promoting T cell subset development and function. However, limited information is known about whether differential TLR signaling can selectively inhibit Th17 and/or Th1 cells, which are important for controlling excessive inflammation and autoimmune responses. In this article, we demonstrate that activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells can inhibit Th17 cell differentiation from naive T cells and IL-17 production in established Th17 cells. We further report that downregulation of STAT3 signaling is responsible for TLR7-mediated inhibition of Th17 cells due to induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and 5. TLR7-mediated suppression of Th17 cells does not require dendritic cell involvement. In addition, we show that TLR7 signaling can suppress Th1 cell development and function through a mechanism different from Th17 cell suppression. Importantly, our complementary in vivo studies demonstrate that treatment with the TLR7 ligand imiquimod can inhibit Th1 and Th17 cells, resulting in the prevention of, and an immunotherapeutic reduction in, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These studies identify a new strategy to manipulate Th17/Th1 cells through TLR7 signaling, with important implications for successful immunotherapy against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Yadan Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Xia Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Lingyun Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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13
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Tao Y, Zhang X, Markovic-Plese S. Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9 agonists enhance interferon (IFN) beta-1a's immunoregulatory effects on B cells in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Sepehri Z, Kiani Z, Alavian SM, Arababadi MK, Kennedy D. The link between TLR7 signaling and hepatitis B virus infection. Life Sci 2016; 158:63-9. [PMID: 27373425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in recognition and induction of appropriate immune responses against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR7 detects intracellular viral single strand RNA which leads to the activation of several pro-inflammatory transcription factors via the MYD88 dependent pathway. Patients with prolonged infectious forms of hepatitis B, including active and inactive chronic forms, are unable to clear HBV from hepatocytes completely. It is believed that the differences in genetic and immunological parameters of the patients and clearance subjects, who successfully clear HBV infections, are the main factors responsible for allowing the long term infections to persist. It appears that defective expression of TLR7 may result in impaired immune responses against HBV. The aim of this review is to address the recent information regarding the crucial roles played by TLR7 in hepatitis B infection and also the main mechanisms used by HBV to escape from recognition by TLR7 in prolonged HBV infected patients. Considering that chronic hepatitis B infection is not yet curable, it could be possible to activate TLR7-related immunological pathways as a therapy directed towards persistent HBV infection. Hence, another aim of this study is to present recent developments of TLR7 agonists as a therapeutic strategy for chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sepehri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Zohre Kiani
- Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatollah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatollah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Derek Kennedy
- School of Natural Sciences, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Fitzpatrick JMK, Downer EJ. Toll-like receptor signalling as a cannabinoid target in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:618-626. [PMID: 27079840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the sensors of pathogen-associated molecules that trigger tailored innate immune intracellular signalling responses to initiate innate immune reactions. Data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model indicates that TLR signalling machinery is a pivotal player in the development of murine EAE. To compound this, data from human studies indicate that complex interplay exists between TLR signalling and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Cannabis-based therapies are in clinical development for the management of a variety of medical conditions, including MS. In particular Sativex®, a combination of plant-derived cannabinoids, is an oromucosal spray with efficacy in MS patients, particularly those with neuropathic pain and spasticity. Despite this, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of Sativex® in MS patients remains unclear. This review will highlight evidence that novel interplay exists between the TLR and cannabinoid systems, both centrally and peripherally, with relevance to the pathogenesis of MS. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Lipid Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the CNS'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Mark K Fitzpatrick
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Hayashi T, Yao S, Crain B, Promessi VJ, Shyu L, Sheng C, Kang M, Cottam HB, Carson DA, Corr M. Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by a PEGylated TLR7 Ligand for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129867. [PMID: 26076454 PMCID: PMC4468074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) results from the destruction of pancreatic islet cells by activated T lymphocytes, which have been primed by activated dendritic cells (DC). Individualized therapy with ex vivo DC manipulation and reinfusion has been proposed as a treatment for DM, but this treatment is limited by cost, and requires specialized facilities. A means of in situ modulation of the DC phenotype in the host would be more accessible. Here we report a novel innate immune modulator, 1Z1, generated by conjugating a TLR7 ligand to six units of polyethylene glycol (PEG), which skews DC phenotype in vivo. 1Z1 was less potent in inducing cytokine production by DC than the parent ligand in vitro and in vivo. In addition, this drug only modestly increased DC surface expression of activation markers such as MHC class II, CD80, and CD86; however, the expression of negative regulatory molecules, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) were markedly increased. In vivo transfer of 1Z1 treated DC into prediabetic NOD mice delayed pancreatic insulitis. Daily administration of 1Z1 effectively prevented the clinical onset of hyperglycemia and reduced histologic islet inflammation. Daily treatment with 1Z1 increased PD-L1 expression in the CD11c+ population in peri-pancreatic lymph nodes; however, it did not induce an increase in regulatory T cells. Pharmaceutical modulation of DC maturation and function in situ, thus represents an opportunity to treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Brian Crain
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Victor J Promessi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Luke Shyu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Caroline Sheng
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - McNancy Kang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0695, United States of America
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0663, United States of America
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17
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Derkow K, Bauer JMJ, Hecker M, Paap BK, Thamilarasan M, Koczan D, Schott E, Deuschle K, Bellmann-Strobl J, Paul F, Zettl UK, Ruprecht K, Lehnardt S. Multiple sclerosis: modulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) expression by interferon-β includes upregulation of TLR7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70626. [PMID: 23950974 PMCID: PMC3741212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-β is an established treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) but its mechanisms of action are not well understood. Viral infections are a known trigger of MS relapses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, which sense conserved structures of viruses and other pathogens. Effects of interferon-β on mRNA levels of all known human TLRs (TLR1-10) and the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors by quantitative real-time PCR and by transcriptome analysis in PBMCs of 25 interferon-β-treated patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Regulation of TLR protein expression by interferon-β was investigated by flow cytometry of leukocyte subsets of healthy subjects and of untreated, interferon-β-, or glatiramer acetate-treated patients with MS. Interferon-β specifically upregulated mRNA expression of TLR3, TLR7, and MyD88 and downregulated TLR9 mRNA in PBMCs of healthy donors as well as in PBMCs of patients with MS. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were identified as the major cell type responding to interferon-β with increased expression of TLR7 and MyD88 protein. In line with this, expression of TLR7 protein was increased in pDCs of interferon-β-treated, but not untreated or glatiramer acetate-treated patients with MS. Interferon-β-induced upregulation of TLR7 in pDCs is of functional relevance since pre-treatment of PBMCs with interferon-β resulted in a strongly increased production of interferon-α upon stimulation with the TLR7 agonist loxoribine. Flow cytometry confirmed pDCs as the cellular source of interferon-α production induced by activation of TLR7. Thus, upregulation of TLR7 in pDCs and a consequently increased activation of pDCs by TLR7 ligands represents a novel immunoregulatory mechanism of interferon-β. We hypothesize that this mechanism could contribute to a reduction of virus-triggered relapses in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Derkow
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob M. J. Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte K. Paap
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Madhan Thamilarasan
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Deuschle
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Bellmann-Strobl
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe K. Zettl
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Podda G, Nyirenda M, Crooks J, Gran B. Innate immune responses in the CNS: role of toll-like receptors, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:791-806. [PMID: 23812895 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which is considered immune-mediated. Our knowledge of innate immune mechanisms in the CNS and their implications for pathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are limited, particularly if compared with the body of literature on adaptive immune mechanisms. There is, however, growing understanding of the workings of the innate immune system and accordingly, of its potential role in driving immune-mediated pathology. Such mechanisms will be discussed in this review along with potential therapeutic opportunities. These may require blocking pathogenic innate immunity and in some cases, promoting its protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Podda
- Division of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, C Floor, South Block, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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