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Mouli K, Liopo AV, McHugh EA, Underwood E, Zhao J, Dash PK, Vo ATT, Malojirao V, Hegde M, Tour JM, Derry PJ, Kent TA. Oxidized Carbon Nanoparticles Enhance Cellular Energetics With Application to Injured Brain. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401629. [PMID: 39329414 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Pro-energetic effects of functionalized, oxidized carbon nanozymes (OCNs) are reported. OCNs, derived from harsh acid oxidation of single-wall carbon nanotubes or activated charcoal are previously shown to possess multiple nanozymatic activities including mimicking superoxide dismutase and catalyzing the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to NAD+. These actions are predicted to generate a glycolytic shift and enhance mitochondrial energetics under impaired conditions. Impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism is increasingly recognized as an important facet of traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathophysiology and decreases the efficiency of electron transport chain (ETC)-coupled adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and NAD+ regeneration. In vitro, OCNs promote a pro-aerobic shift in energy metabolism that persists through ETC inhibition and enhances glycolytic flux, glycolytic ATP production, and cellular generation of lactate, a crucial auxiliary substrate for energy metabolism. To address specific mechanisms of iron injury from hemorrhage, OCNs with the iron chelator, deferoxamine (DEF), covalently-linked were synthesized. DEF-linked OCNs induce a glycolytic shift in-vitro and in-vivo in tissue sections from a rat model of TBI complicated by hemorrhagic contusion. OCNs further reduced hemorrhage volumes 3 days following TBI. These results suggest OCNs are promising as pleiotropic mediators of cell and tissue resilience to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Mouli
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anton V Liopo
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Emily A McHugh
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Erica Underwood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of TX McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of TX McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of TX McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anh T T Vo
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vikas Malojirao
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of DNA Repair Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Muralidhar Hegde
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Division of DNA Repair Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- EnMed, School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- The NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul J Derry
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- EnMed, School of Engineering Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, 77030, USA
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital and Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Singh N, MacNicol E, DiPasquale O, Randall K, Lythgoe D, Mazibuko N, Simmons C, Selvaggi P, Stephenson S, Turkheimer FE, Cash D, Zelaya F, Colasanti A. The effects of acute Methylene Blue administration on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in humans and rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:95-105. [PMID: 36803299 PMCID: PMC10638993 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231157958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) is a brain-penetrating drug with putative neuroprotective, antioxidant and metabolic enhancing effects. In vitro studies suggest that MB enhances mitochondrial complexes activity. However, no study has directly assessed the metabolic effects of MB in the human brain. We used in vivo neuroimaging to measure the effect of MB on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain metabolism in humans and in rats. Two doses of MB (0.5 and 1 mg/kg in humans; 2 and 4 mg/kg in rats; iv) induced reductions in global cerebral blood flow (CBF) in humans (F(1.74, 12.17)5.82, p = 0.02) and rats (F(1,5)26.04, p = 0.0038). Human cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was also significantly reduced (F(1.26, 8.84)8.01, p = 0.016), as was the rat cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglu) (t = 2.6(16) p = 0.018). This was contrary to our hypothesis that MB will increase CBF and energy metrics. Nevertheless, our results were reproducible across species and dose dependent. One possible explanation is that the concentrations used, although clinically relevant, reflect MB's hormetic effects, i.e., higher concentrations produce inhibitory rather than augmentation effects on metabolism. Additionally, here we used healthy volunteers and healthy rats with normal cerebral metabolism where MB's ability to enhance cerebral metabolism might be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eilidh MacNicol
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ottavia DiPasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karen Randall
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ndabezinhle Mazibuko
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Stephenson
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Conjugates of Methylene Blue with Cycloalkaneindoles as New Multifunctional Agents for Potential Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213925. [PMID: 36430413 PMCID: PMC9697446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) would provide effective therapy of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) with complex and nonclear pathogenesis. A promising method to create such potential drugs is combining neuroactive pharmacophoric groups acting on different biotargets involved in the pathogenesis of ND. We developed a synthetic algorithm for the conjugation of indole derivatives and methylene blue (MB), which are pharmacophoric ligands that act on the key stages of pathogenesis. We synthesized hybrid structures and performed a comprehensive screening for a specific set of biotargets participating in the pathogenesis of ND (i.e., cholinesterases, NMDA receptor, mitochondria, and microtubules assembly). The results of the screening study enabled us to find two lead compounds (4h and 4i) which effectively inhibited cholinesterases and bound to the AChE PAS, possessed antioxidant activity, and stimulated the assembly of microtubules. One of them (4i) exhibited activity as a ligand for the ifenprodil-specific site of the NMDA receptor. In addition, this lead compound was able to bypass the inhibition of complex I and prevent calcium-induced mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting a neuroprotective property that was confirmed using a cellular calcium overload model of neurodegeneration. Thus, these new MB-cycloalkaneindole conjugates constitute a promising class of compounds for the development of multitarget neuroprotective drugs which simultaneously act on several targets, thereby providing cognitive stimulating, neuroprotective, and disease-modifying effects.
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Bashir S, Houf W, Liu JL, Mulvaney SP. 3D Conducting Polymeric Membrane and Scaffold Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biofilms to Enhance Energy Conversion in Microbial Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20393-20403. [PMID: 34962123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can spontaneously convert chemical energy into electricity using biocatalytic microorganisms and organic matter as fuel feedstocks. Three-dimensional cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)-based membranes were produced by a sol-gel method under homogeneous catalysis and used as the electrolyte to facilitate effective proton conduction. Under dry conditions, these polymeric membranes showed high water uptake (120%) and ionic conductivity (2.815 mS cm-1). In the anode compartment, the scaffold Saccharomyces cerevisiae film biocatalysts were used to improve electron transfer to the cathode, using three major configurations to generate a higher power output. It was found that the graphene anchoring, red light (RL) stimulation, and methylene blue (MB) mediation-enhanced device performance. The electrochemically derived graphene improved the power and current density by 40% because of its high conductivity. The RL stimulation increased the power density by 80% because of a shortened electron flow path to complex III. The MB mediation also yielded a higher current density by 340% because MB can bypass the electron flow from complex II to cytochrome c and transfer electrons directly to complex III. The individual and collective increase in power output was due to more efficient electron flow from the electronic network permeating the biofilm. The generated electrons were transferred either to graphene as an energy-efficient direct transfer mode or to methylene blue as a long-range redox mediator for indirect transfer. Red light stimulation enhanced oxygen utilization efficiency and stimulated electrons in redox proteins enhancing electron flux. These processes generated higher power through the more efficient generation of electrons and faster transport to the external circuit. As society migrates from gasoline consumption to low carbon-based fuels, the MFCs become important in producing electrical energy with low net emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Bashir
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 700 University Boulevard, MSC 161, Kingsville, Texas 78363-8202, United States
| | - William Houf
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 700 University Boulevard, MSC 161, Kingsville, Texas 78363-8202, United States
| | - Jingbo L Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 700 University Boulevard, MSC 161, Kingsville, Texas 78363-8202, United States
- Texas A&M Energy Institute, Frederick E. Giesecke Engineering Research Building, 3372 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3372, United States
| | - Shawn P Mulvaney
- Chemistry Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue Southwest, Washington, DC 20375-5342, United States
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The Roles of Antidotes in Emergency Situations. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2022; 40:381-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schwab K, Melis V, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Magbagbeolu M, Theuring F, Riedel G. Proteomic Analysis of Hydromethylthionine in the Line 66 Model of Frontotemporal Dementia Demonstrates Actions on Tau-Dependent and Tau-Independent Networks. Cells 2021; 10:2162. [PMID: 34440931 PMCID: PMC8391171 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation of tau is the pathological hallmark of tauopathies including frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We have generated tau-transgenic mice that express the aggregation-prone P301S human tau (line 66). These mice present with early-onset, high tau load in brain and FTD-like behavioural deficiencies. Several of these behavioural phenotypes and tau pathology are reversed by treatment with hydromethylthionine but key pathways underlying these corrections remain elusive. In two proteomic experiments, line 66 mice were compared with wild-type mice and then vehicle and hydromethylthionine treatments of line 66 mice were compared. The brain proteome was investigated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify protein networks and pathways that were altered due to tau overexpression or modified by hydromethylthionine treatment. Overexpression of mutant tau induced metabolic/mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in synaptic transmission and in stress responses, and these functions were recovered by hydromethylthionine. Other pathways, such as NRF2, oxidative phosphorylation and protein ubiquitination were activated by hydromethylthionine, presumably independent of its function as a tau aggregation inhibitor. Our results suggest that hydromethylthionine recovers cellular activity in both a tau-dependent and a tau-independent fashion that could lead to a wide-spread improvement of homeostatic function in the FTD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Schwab
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Valeria Melis
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
| | - Charles R. Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Claude M. Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., 395 King Street, Aberdeen AB24 5RP, UK
| | - Mandy Magbagbeolu
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Franz Theuring
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany; (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (K.S.); (V.M.); (C.R.H.); (C.M.W.)
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Patnaik R, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Sharma HS. Upregulation of hemeoxygenase enzymes HO-1 and HO-2 following ischemia-reperfusion injury in connection with experimental cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Neuroprotective effects of methylene blue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:317-375. [PMID: 34560924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuronal injuries after cardiac arrest. Increased production of carbon monoxide (CO) by the enzyme hemeoxygenase (HO) in the brain is induced by the oxidative stress. HO is present in the CNS in two isoforms, namely the inducible HO-1 and the constitutive HO-2. Elevated levels of serum HO-1 occurs in cardiac arrest patients and upregulation of HO-1 in cardiac arrest is seen in the neurons. However, the role of HO-2 in cardiac arrest is not well known. In this review involvement of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes in the porcine brain following cardiac arrest and resuscitation is discussed based on our own observations. In addition, neuroprotective role of methylene blue- an antioxidant dye on alterations in HO under in cardiac arrest is also presented. The biochemical findings of HO-1 and HO-2 enzymes using ELISA were further confirmed by immunocytochemical approach to localize selective regional alterations in cardiac arrest. Our observations are the first to show that cardiac arrest followed by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation results in significant alteration in cerebral concentrations of HO-1 and HO-2 levels indicating a prominent role of CO in brain pathology and methylene blue during CPR followed by induced hypothermia leading to superior neuroprotection after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Berkowitz BA, Podolsky RH, Childers KL, Roche SL, Cotter TG, Graffice E, Harp L, Sinan K, Berri AM, Schneider M, Qian H, Gao S, Roberts R. Rod Photoreceptor Neuroprotection in Dark-Reared Pde6brd10 Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:14. [PMID: 33156341 PMCID: PMC7671864 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that anti-oxidant and / or anti-inflammation drugs that suppress rod death in cyclic light-reared Pde6brd10 mice are also effective in dark-reared Pde6brd10 mice. Methods In untreated dark-reared Pde6brd10 mice at post-natal (P) days 23 to 24, we measured the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness (histology) and dark-light thickness difference in external limiting membrane-retinal pigment epithelium (ELM-RPE) (optical coherence tomography [OCT]), retina layer oxidative stress (QUEnch-assiSTed [QUEST] magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]); and microglia/macrophage-driven inflammation (immunohistology). In dark-reared P50 Pde6brd10 mice, ONL thickness was measured (OCT) in groups given normal chow or chow admixed with methylene blue (MB) + Norgestrel (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory), or MB or Norgestrel separately. Results P24 Pde6brd10 mice showed no significant dark-light ELM-RPE response in superior and inferior retina consistent with high cGMP levels. Norgestrel did not significantly suppress the oxidative stress of Pde6brd10 mice that is only found in superior central outer retina of males at P23. Overt rod degeneration with microglia/macrophage activation was observed but only in the far peripheral superior retina in male and female P23 Pde6brd10 mice. Significant rod protection was measured in female P50 Pde6brd10 mice given 5 mg/kg/day MB + Norgestrel diet; no significant benefit was seen with MB chow or Norgestrel chow alone, nor in similarly treated male mice. Conclusions In early rod degeneration in dark-reared Pde6brd10 mice, little evidence is found in central retina for spatial associations among biomarkers of the PDE6B mutation, oxidative stress, and rod death; neuroprotection at P50 was limited to a combination of anti-oxidant/anti-inflammation treatment in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States
| | - Karen Lins Childers
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States
| | - Sarah L Roche
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Emma Graffice
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Lamis Harp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Kenan Sinan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ali M Berri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Shasha Gao
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Cheng Q, Chen X, Ma J, Jiang X, Chen J, Zhang M, Wu Y, Zhang W, Chen C. Effect of Methylene Blue on White Matter Injury after Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6632411. [PMID: 33603949 PMCID: PMC7872771 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6632411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue, the FDA-grandfathered drug was proved to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke in rat. However, the mechanism of the protective effect was unknown. In this study, we used different animal models to investigate the effect of MB administration given within and beyond the therapeutic time window on behavioral deficits and infarct volume and related mechanism about the white matter protection. Middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO) and photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion (PT-MCAO) models were used. Behavioral deficits and infarct volume were measured by foot fault test, Garcia neurological score, and TTC staining. Black gold staining and western blot were used to evaluate the brain white matter injury. We found that intraperitoneal administration of MB immediately or 24 h after the MCAO or PT-MCAO surgery reduced infarct volume, improved the neurological deficits, and reduced the white matter injury via myelin basic protein (BMP) protection. These findings suggested that MB relieved the white matter injury besides neuronal protection and has potential therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancheng Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiayi Ma
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingyuan Jiang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengqin Zhang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yejun Wu
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
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Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q. Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:19. [PMID: 32475349 PMCID: PMC7262767 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are important factors contributing to the development of brain disease. Ample evidence suggests mitochondria are a promising target for neuroprotection. Recently, methods targeting mitochondria have been considered as potential approaches for treatment of brain disease through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative injury. This review will discuss two widely studied approaches for the improvement of brain mitochondrial respiration, methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM). MB is a widely studied drug with potential beneficial effects in animal models of brain disease, as well as limited human studies. Similarly, PBM is a non-invasive treatment that promotes energy production and reduces both oxidative stress and inflammation, and has garnered increasing attention in recent years. MB and PBM have similar beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative damage, inflammation, and subsequent behavioral symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying the energy enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of MB and PBM differ. This review will focus on mitochondrial dysfunction in several different brain diseases and the pathological improvements following MB and PBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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11
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Klosowski EM, de Souza BTL, Mito MS, Constantin RP, Mantovanelli GC, Mewes JM, Bizerra PFV, Menezes PVMDC, Gilglioni EH, Utsunomiya KS, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Filho OF, Caetano W, Pereira PCDS, Gonçalves RS, Constantin J, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin RP. The photodynamic and direct actions of methylene blue on mitochondrial energy metabolism: A balance of the useful and harmful effects of this photosensitizer. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:34-53. [PMID: 32315767 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, methylene blue (MB) is a photosensitizer (PS) with a high affinity for mitochondria. Therefore, several studies have explored this feature to evaluate its photodynamic effects on the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway under normoxic conditions. We are aware only of limited reports regarding MB's photodynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, especially under hypoxic conditions. Thus, the purposes of this study were to determine the direct and photodynamic acute effects of MB on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria under hypoxic conditions and its direct acute effects on several parameters linked to energy metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. MB presented a high affinity for mitochondria, irrespective of photostimulation or proton gradient formation. Upon photostimulation, MB demonstrated high in vitro oxidizing species generation ability. Consequently, MB damaged the mitochondrial macromolecules, as could be evidenced by the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls. In addition to generating a pro-oxidant environment, MB also led to a deficient antioxidant defence system, as indicated by the reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion. Bioenergetically, MB caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and led to photodynamic inactivation of complex I, complex II, and F1FO-ATP synthase complex, thus decreasing mitochondrial ATP generation. Contrary to what is expected for an ideal PS, MB displayed appreciable dark toxicity on mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results indicated that MB acted via at least three mechanisms: direct damage to the inner mitochondrial membrane; uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation; and inhibition of electron transfer. Confirming the impairment of mitochondrial energy metabolism, MB also strongly inhibited mitochondrial ATP production. In the perfused rat liver, MB stimulated oxygen consumption, decreased the ATP/ADP ratio, inhibited gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis, and stimulated glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and ammoniagenesis, fully corroborating its uncoupling action in intact cells, as well. It can be concluded that even under hypoxic conditions, MB is a PS with potential for photodynamic effect-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. However, MB disrupts the mitochondrial energy metabolism even in the dark, causing energy-linked liver metabolic changes that could be harmful in specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Makiyama Klosowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Byanca Thais Lima de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marcio Shigueaki Mito
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Cristiane Mantovanelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Morais Mewes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Vinicius Moreira da Costa Menezes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Hideo Gilglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Karina Sayuri Utsunomiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Jorgete Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations and Laboratory of Experimental Steatosis, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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12
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Sariyer I, Langford D, Santerre M, Tubbs N, Haouzi-Judenherc A, Cheung JY. Antidotal effects of methylene blue against cyanide neurological toxicity: in vivo and in vitro studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:108-121. [PMID: 32374444 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether methylene blue (MB) could directly oppose the neurological toxicity of a lethal cyanide (CN) intoxication. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min intravenously, produced 100% lethality within 15 min in unanaesthetized rats (n = 12). MB at 10 (n = 5) or 20 mg/kg (n = 5), administered 3 min into CN infusion, allowed all animals to survive with no sequelae. No apnea and gasping were observed at 20 mg/kg MB (P < 0.001). The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and recovery from coma was shortened in a dose-dependent manner (median of 359 and 737 seconds, respectively, at 20 and 10 mg/kg). At 4 mg/kg MB (n = 5), all animals presented faster onset of coma and apnea and a longer period of recovery than at the highest doses (median 1344 seconds, P < 0.001). MB reversed NaCN-induced resting membrane potential depolarization and action potential depression in primary cultures of human fetal neurons intoxicated with CN. MB restored calcium homeostasis in the CN-intoxicated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. We conclude that MB mitigates the neuronal toxicity of CN in a dose-dependent manner, preventing the lethal depression of respiratory medullary neurons and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilker Sariyer
- Department of Neurosciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane Langford
- Department of Neurosciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Annick Haouzi-Judenherc
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Berrocal M, Caballero-Bermejo M, Gutierrez-Merino C, Mata AM. Methylene Blue Blocks and Reverses the Inhibitory Effect of Tau on PMCA Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143521. [PMID: 31323781 PMCID: PMC6678728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a synthetic phenothiazine dye that, in the last years, has generated much debate about whether it could be a useful therapeutic drug for tau-related pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism of action is far from clear. Recently we reported that MB activates the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) in membranes from human and pig tissues and from cells cultures, and that it could protect against inactivation of PMCA by amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). The purpose of the present study is to further examine whether the MB could also modulate the inhibitory effect of tau, another key molecular marker of AD, on PMCA activity. By using kinetic assays in membranes from several tissues and cell cultures, we found that this phenothiazine was able to block and even to completely reverse the inhibitory effect of tau on PMCA. The results of this work point out that MB could mediate the toxic effect of tau related to the deregulation of calcium homeostasis by blocking the impairment of PMCA activity by tau. We then could conclude that MB could interfere with the toxic effects of tau by restoring the function of PMCA pump as a fine tuner of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Berrocal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura and Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Montaña Caballero-Bermejo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura and Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura and Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana M Mata
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura and Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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14
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Haouzi P, Tubbs N, Cheung J, Judenherc-Haouzi A. Methylene Blue Administration During and After Life-Threatening Intoxication by Hydrogen Sulfide: Efficacy Studies in Adult Sheep and Mechanisms of Action. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:443-459. [PMID: 30590764 PMCID: PMC6516679 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produces an acute cardiac depression that can be rapidly fatal. We sought to characterize the time course of the cardiac effects produced by the toxicity of H2S in sheep, a human sized mammal, and to describe the in vivo and in vitro antidotal properties of methylene blue (MB), which has shown efficacy in sulfide intoxicated rats. Infusing NaHS (720 mg) in anesthetized adult sheep produced a rapid dilation of the left ventricular with a decrease in contractility, which was lethal within about 10 min by pulseless electrical activity. MB (7 mg/kg), administered during sulfide exposure, maintained cardiac contractility and allowed all of the treated animals to recover. At a dose of 350 mg NaHS, we were able to produce an intoxication, which led to a persistent decrease in ventricular function for at least 1 h in nontreated animals. Administration of MB, 3 or 30 min after the end of exposure, whereas all free H2S had already vanished, restored cardiac contractility and the pyruvate/lactate (P/L) ratio. We found that MB exerts its antidotal effects through at least 4 different mechanisms: (1) a direct oxidation of free sulfide; (2) an increase in the pool of "trapped" H2S in red cells; (3) a restoration of the mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation; and (4) a rescue of the mitochondrial electron chain. In conclusion, H2S intoxication produces acute and long persisting alteration in cardiac function in large mammals even after all free H2S has vanished. MB exerts its antidotal effects against life-threatening sulfide intoxication via multifarious properties, some of them unrelated to any direct interaction with free H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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15
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Prah J, Winters A, Chaudhari K, Hersh J, Liu R, Yang SH. A novel serum free primary astrocyte culture method that mimic quiescent astrocyte phenotype. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 320:50-63. [PMID: 30904500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary astrocyte cultures have been used for decades to study astrocyte functions in health and disease. The current primary astrocyte cultures are mostly maintained in serum-containing medium which produces astrocytes with a reactive phenotype as compared to in vivo quiescent astrocytes. The aim of this study was to establish a serum-free astrocyte culture medium that maintains primary astrocytes in a quiescent state. NEW METHOD Serum free astrocyte base medium (ABM) supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) (ABM-FGF2-EGF) or serum supplemented DMEM (MD-10%FBS) was used to culture primary astrocytes isolated from cerebral cortex of postnatal day 1 C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS Compared to astrocytes cultured in MD-10%FBS medium, astrocytes in ABM-FGF2-EGF had higher process bearing morphologies similar to in vivo astrocytes. Western blot, immunostaining, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and metabolic assays revealed that astrocytes maintained in ABM-FGF2-EGF had enhanced glycolytic metabolism, higher glycogen content, lower GFAP expression, increased glutamine synthase, and glutamate transporter-1 mRNA levels as compared to astrocytes cultured in MD-10% FBS medium. COMPARISON TO EXISTING METHODS These observations suggest that astrocytes cultured in ABM-FGF2-EGF media compared to the usual FBS media promote quiescent and biosynthetic phenotype similar to in vivo astrocytes. CONCLUSION This media provides a novel method for studying astrocytes functions in vitro under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Prah
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Ali Winters
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Kiran Chaudhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Jessica Hersh
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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16
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Abstract
In the 1920s, guanidine, the active component of Galega officinalis, was shown to lower glucose levels and used to synthesize several antidiabetic compounds. Metformin (1,1 dimethylbiguanide) is the most well-known and currently the only marketed biguanide in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Although phenformin was removed from the US market in the 1970s, it is still available around the world and can be found in unregulated herbal supplements. Adverse events associated with therapeutic use of biguanides include gastrointestinal upset, vitamin B12 deficiency, and hemolytic anemia. Although the incidence is low, metformin toxicity can lead to hyperlactatemia and metabolic acidosis. Since metformin is predominantly eliminated from the body by the kidneys, toxicity can occur when metformin accumulates due to poor clearance from renal insufficiency or in the overdose setting. The dominant source of metabolic acidosis associated with hyperlactatemia in metformin toxicity is the rapid cytosolic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turnover when complex I is inhibited and oxidative phosphorylation cannot adequately recycle the vast quantity of H+ from ATP hydrolysis. Although metabolic acidosis and hyperlactatemia are markers of metformin toxicity, the degree of hyperlactatemia and severity of acidemia have not been shown to be of prognostic value. Regardless of the etiology of toxicity, treatment should include supportive care and consideration for adjunct therapies such as gastrointestinal decontamination, glucose and insulin, alkalinization, extracorporeal techniques to reduce metformin body burden, and metabolic rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sam Wang
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher Hoyte
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora, CO, USA
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17
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Sarmah D, Kaur H, Saraf J, Vats K, Pravalika K, Wanve M, Kalia K, Borah A, Kumar A, Wang X, Yavagal DR, Dave KR, Bhattacharya P. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Stroke: Implications of Stem Cell Therapy. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:10.1007/s12975-018-0642-y. [PMID: 29926383 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating condition which is also the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite the benefits and promises shown by numerous neuroprotective agents in animal stroke models, their clinical translation has not been a complete success. Hence, search for treatment options have directed researchers towards utilising stem cells. Mitochondria has a major involvement in the pathophysiology of stroke and a number of other conditions. Stem cells have shown the ability to transfer mitochondria to the damaged cells and to help revive cell energetics in the recipient cell. The present review discusses how stem cells could be employed to protect neurons and mitochondria in stroke and also the various mechanisms involved in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Jackson Saraf
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kanchan Vats
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kanta Pravalika
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhuri Wanve
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dileep R Yavagal
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department or Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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18
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Vekaria HJ, Talley Watts L, Lin AL, Sullivan PG. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in CNS injury using Methylene Blue; still a magic bullet? Neurochem Int 2017; 109:117-125. [PMID: 28396091 PMCID: PMC5632129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complex, multi-factorial secondary injury cascades are initiated following traumatic brain injury, which makes this a difficult disease to treat. The secondary injury cascades following the primary mechanical tissue damage, are likely where effective therapeutic interventions may be targeted. One promising therapeutic target following brain injury are mitochondria. Mitochondria are complex organelles found within the cell, which act as powerhouses within all cells by supplying ATP. These organelles are also necessary for calcium cycling, redox signaling and play a major role in the initiation of cell death pathways. When mitochondria become dysfunctional, there is a tendency for the cell to loose cellular homeostasis and can lead to eventual cell death. Targeting of mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases has proven a successful approach, lending support to mitochondria as a pivotal player in TBI cell death and loss of behavioral function. Within this mixed mini review/research article there will be a general discussion of mitochondrial bioenergetics, followed by a brief discussion of traumatic brain injury and how mitochondria play an integral role in the neuropathological sequelae following an injury. We will also give an overview of one relatively new TBI therapeutic approach, Methylene Blue, currently being studied to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction following brain injury. We will also present novel experimental findings, that for the first time, characterize the ex vivo effect of Methylene Blue on mitochondrial function in synaptic and non-synaptic populations of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lora Talley Watts
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Neurology and Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Research Physiologist, Lexington VAMC, Lexington, KY, USA.
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19
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Delport A, Harvey BH, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Methylene blue and its analogues as antidepressant compounds. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1357-1382. [PMID: 28762173 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylene Blue (MB) is considered to have diverse medical applications and is a well-described treatment for methemoglobinemias and ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy. In recent years the focus has shifted to MB as an antimalarial agent and as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Of interest are reports that MB possesses antidepressant and anxiolytic activity in pre-clinical models and has shown promise in clinical trials for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. MB is a noteworthy inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which is a well-established target for antidepressant action. MB is also recognized as a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and guanylate cyclase. Dysfunction of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) cascade is strongly linked to the neurobiology of mood, anxiety and psychosis, while the inhibition of NOS and/or guanylate cyclase has been associated with an antidepressant response. This action of MB may contribute significantly to its psychotropic activity. However, these disorders are also characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance. By acting as an alternative electron acceptor/donor MB restores mitochondrial function, improves neuronal energy production and inhibits the formation of superoxide, effects that also may contribute to its therapeutic activity. Using MB in depression co-morbid with neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, also represents a particularly relevant strategy. By considering their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, analogues of MB may provide therapeutic potential as novel multi-target strategies in the treatment of depression. In addition, low MAO-A active analogues may provide equal or improved response with a lower risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzelle Delport
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Anél Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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20
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Duicu OM, Privistirescu A, Wolf A, Petruş A, Dănilă MD, Raţiu CD, Muntean DM, Sturza A. Methylene blue improves mitochondrial respiration and decreases oxidative stress in a substrate-dependent manner in diabetic rat hearts. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1376-1382. [PMID: 28738167 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been systematically associated with compromised mitochondrial energetics and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underlie its progression to heart failure. Methylene blue is a redox drug with reported protective effects mainly on brain mitochondria. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the effects of acute administration of methylene blue on mitochondrial respiration, H2O2 production, and calcium sensitivity in rat heart mitochondria isolated from healthy and 2 months (streptozotocin-induced) diabetic rats. Mitochondrial respiratory function was assessed by high-resolution respirometry. H2O2 production and calcium retention capacity were measured spectrofluorimetrically. The addition of methylene blue (0.1 μmol·L-1) elicited an increase in oxygen consumption of mitochondria energized with complex I and II substrates in both normal and diseased mitochondria. Interestingly, methylene blue elicited a significant increase in H2O2 release in the presence of complex I substrates (glutamate and malate), but had an opposite effect in mitochondria energized with complex II substrate (succinate). No changes in the calcium retention capacity of healthy or diabetic mitochondria were found in the presence of methylene blue. In conclusion, in cardiac mitochondria isolated from diabetic and nondiabetic rat hearts, methylene blue improved respiratory function and elicited a dichotomic, substrate-dependent effect on ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana M Duicu
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania.,b Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Privistirescu
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania
| | - Adrian Wolf
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania
| | - Alexandra Petruş
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania
| | - Maria D Dănilă
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania.,b Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Corina D Raţiu
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania
| | - Danina M Muntean
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania.,b Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Sturza
- a Department of Functional Sciences - Pathophysiology, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., Timişoara 300041, Romania.,b Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timişoara, Timişoara, Romania
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21
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Jalloh I, Helmy A, Howe DJ, Shannon RJ, Grice P, Mason A, Gallagher CN, Stovell MG, van der Heide S, Murphy MP, Pickard JD, Menon DK, Carpenter TA, Hutchinson PJ, Carpenter KLH. Focally perfused succinate potentiates brain metabolism in head injury patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2626-2638. [PMID: 27798266 PMCID: PMC5482384 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16672665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Following traumatic brain injury, complex cerebral energy perturbations occur. Correlating with unfavourable outcome, high brain extracellular lactate/pyruvate ratio suggests hypoxic metabolism and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated whether focal administration of succinate, a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate interacting directly with the mitochondrial electron transport chain, could improve cerebral metabolism. Microdialysis perfused disodium 2,3-13C2 succinate (12 mmol/L) for 24 h into nine sedated traumatic brain injury patients' brains, with simultaneous microdialysate collection for ISCUS analysis of energy metabolism biomarkers (nine patients) and nuclear magnetic resonance of 13C-labelled metabolites (six patients). Metabolites 2,3-13C2 malate and 2,3-13C2 glutamine indicated tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, and 2,3-13C2 lactate suggested tricarboxylic acid cycle spinout of pyruvate (by malic enzyme or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and pyruvate kinase), then lactate dehydrogenase-mediated conversion to lactate. Versus baseline, succinate perfusion significantly decreased lactate/pyruvate ratio (p = 0.015), mean difference -12%, due to increased pyruvate concentration (+17%); lactate changed little (-3%); concentrations decreased for glutamate (-43%) (p = 0.018) and glucose (-15%) (p = 0.038). Lower lactate/pyruvate ratio suggests better redox status: cytosolic NADH recycled to NAD+ by mitochondrial shuttles (malate-aspartate and/or glycerol 3-phosphate), diminishing lactate dehydrogenase-mediated pyruvate-to-lactate conversion, and lowering glutamate. Glucose decrease suggests improved utilisation. Direct tricarboxylic acid cycle supplementation with 2,3-13C2 succinate improved human traumatic brain injury brain chemistry, indicated by biomarkers and 13C-labelling patterns in metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jalloh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Ibrahim Jalloh, University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard J Shannon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Grice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare N Gallagher
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthew G Stovell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan van der Heide
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John D Pickard
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - David K Menon
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Keri LH Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
- Keri LH Carpenter, University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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22
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Rodriguez P, Singh AP, Malloy KE, Zhou W, Barrett DW, Franklin CG, Altmeyer WB, Gutierrez JE, Li J, Heyl BL, Lancaster JL, Gonzalez-Lima F, Duong TQ. Methylene blue modulates functional connectivity in the human brain. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 11:640-648. [PMID: 26961091 PMCID: PMC5018244 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue USP (MB) is a FDA-grandfathered drug used in clinics to treat methemoglobinemia, carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning that has been shown to increase fMRI evoked blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response in rodents. Low dose MB also has memory enhancing effect in rodents and humans. However, the neural correlates of the effects of MB in the human brain are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a single low oral dose of MB modulates the functional connectivity of neural networks in healthy adults. Task-based and task-free fMRI were performed before and one hour after MB or placebo administration utilizing a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled design. MB administration was associated with a reduction in cerebral blood flow in a task-related network during a visuomotor task, and with stronger resting-state functional connectivity in multiple regions linking perception and memory functions. These findings demonstrate for the first time that low-dose MB can modulate task-related and resting-state neural networks in the human brain. These neuroimaging findings support further investigations in healthy and disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rodriguez
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Amar P Singh
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Kristen E Malloy
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Douglas W Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Crystal G Franklin
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Wilson B Altmeyer
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Juan E Gutierrez
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Stop 7800, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jinqi Li
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Betty L Heyl
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jack L Lancaster
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - F Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
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Chen Z, Liu R, Yang SH, Dillon GH, Huang R. Methylene blue inhibits GABA A receptors by interaction with GABA binding site. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:100-110. [PMID: 28390894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is commonly used in diagnostic procedures and is also used to treat various medical conditions. Neurological effects of MB have been reported in clinical observations and experimental studies. Thus the modulation of GABAA receptor function by MB was investigated. Whole-cell GABA-activated currents were recorded from HEK293 cells expressing various GABAA receptor subunit configurations. MB inhibition of GABA currents was apparent at 3 μM, and it had an IC50 of 31 μM in human α1β2γ2 receptors. The MB action was rapid and reversible. MB inhibition was not mediated via the picrotoxin site, as a mutation (T6'F of the β2 subunit) known to confer resistance to picrotoxin had no effect on MB-induced inhibition. Blockade of GABAA receptors by MB was demonstrated across a range of receptors expressing varying subunits, including those expressed at extrasynaptic sites. The sensitivity of α1β2 receptors to MB was similar to that observed in α1β2γ2 receptors, indicating that MB's action via the benzodiazepine or Zn2+ site is unlikely. MB-induced inhibition of GABA response was competitive with respect to GABA. Furthermore, mutation of α1 F64 to A and β2 Y205 to F in the extracellular N-terminus, both residues which are known to comprise GABA binding pocket, remarkably diminished MB inhibition of GABA currents. These data suggest that MB inhibits GABAA receptor function by direct or allosteric interaction with the GABA binding site. Finally, in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, MB inhibited GABA-activated currents as well as GABAergic IPSCs. We demonstrate that MB directly inhibits GABAA receptor function, which may underlie some of the effects of MB on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglan Chen
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute of Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Ran Liu
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute of Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute of Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Glenn H Dillon
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute of Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
| | - Renqi Huang
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute of Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States.
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Gureev AP, Syromyatnikov MY, Gorbacheva TM, Starkov AA, Popov VN. Methylene blue improves sensorimotor phenotype and decreases anxiety in parallel with activating brain mitochondria biogenesis in mid-age mice. Neurosci Res 2016; 113:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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25
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Rodriguez P, Zhou W, Barrett DW, Altmeyer W, Gutierrez JE, Li J, Lancaster JL, Gonzalez-Lima F, Duong TQ. Multimodal Randomized Functional MR Imaging of the Effects of Methylene Blue in the Human Brain. Radiology 2016; 281:516-526. [PMID: 27351678 PMCID: PMC5084971 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016152893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the sustained-attention and memory-enhancing neural correlates of the oral administration of methylene blue in the healthy human brain. Materials and Methods The institutional review board approved this prospective, HIPAA-compliant, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, and all patients provided informed consent. Twenty-six subjects (age range, 22-62 years) were enrolled. Functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed with a psychomotor vigilance task (sustained attention) and delayed match-to-sample tasks (short-term memory) before and 1 hour after administration of low-dose methylene blue or a placebo. Cerebrovascular reactivity effects were also measured with the carbon dioxide challenge, in which a 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed with a drug (methylene blue vs placebo) and time (before vs after administration of the drug) as factors to assess drug × time between group interactions. Multiple comparison correction was applied, with cluster-corrected P < .05 indicating a significant difference. Results Administration of methylene blue increased response in the bilateral insular cortex during a psychomotor vigilance task (Z = 2.9-3.4, P = .01-.008) and functional MR imaging response during a short-term memory task involving the prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortex (Z = 2.9-4.2, P = .03-.0003). Methylene blue was also associated with a 7% increase in correct responses during memory retrieval (P = .01). Conclusion Low-dose methylene blue can increase functional MR imaging activity during sustained attention and short-term memory tasks and enhance memory retrieval. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rodriguez
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Wei Zhou
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Douglas W. Barrett
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Wilson Altmeyer
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Juan E. Gutierrez
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Jinqi Li
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Jack L. Lancaster
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Francisco Gonzalez-Lima
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- From the Research Imaging Institute (P.R., W.Z., J.L., J.L.L., T.Q.D.) and Department of Radiology (P.R., W.A., J.E.G.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229; and Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex (D.W.B., F.G.L.)
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Ahmed ME, Tucker D, Dong Y, Lu Y, Zhao N, Wang R, Zhang Q. Methylene Blue promotes cortical neurogenesis and ameliorates behavioral deficit after photothrombotic stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 336:39-48. [PMID: 27590267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke in rodents stimulates neurogenesis in the adult brain and the proliferation of newborn neurons that migrate into the penumbra zone. The present study investigated the effect of Methylene Blue (MB) on neurogenesis and functional recovery in a photothrombotic (PT) model of ischemic stroke in rats. PT stroke model was induced by photo-activation of Rose Bengal dye in cerebral blood flow by cold fiber light. Rats received intraperitoneal injection of either MB (0.5mg/kg/day) from day 1 to day 5 after stroke or an equal volume of saline solution as a control. Cell proliferative marker 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected twice daily (50mg/kg) from day 2 to day 8 and animals were sacrificed on day 12 after PT induction. We report that MB significantly enhanced cell proliferation and neurogenesis, as evidenced by the increased co-localizations of BrdU/NeuN, BrdU/DCX, BrdU/MAP2 and BrdU/Ki67 in the peri-infarct zone compared with vehicle controls. MB thus effectively limited infarct volume and improved neurological deficits compared to PT control animals. The effects of MB were accompanied with an attenuated level of reactive gliosis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as elevated levels of cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP production in peri-infarct regions. Our study provides important information that MB has the ability to promote neurogenesis and enhance the newborn-neurons' survival in ischemic brain repair by inhibiting microenvironmental inflammation and increasing mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Donovan Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ningjun Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Mitochondrial function in hypoxic ischemic injury and influence of aging. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:92-116. [PMID: 27321753 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are a major target in hypoxic/ischemic injury. Mitochondrial impairment increases with age leading to dysregulation of molecular pathways linked to mitochondria. The perturbation of mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular energetics worsens outcome following hypoxic-ischemic insults in elderly individuals. In response to acute injury conditions, cellular machinery relies on rapid adaptations by modulating posttranslational modifications. Therefore, post-translational regulation of molecular mediators such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α), c-MYC, SIRT1 and AMPK play a critical role in the control of the glycolytic-mitochondrial energy axis in response to hypoxic-ischemic conditions. The deficiency of oxygen and nutrients leads to decreased energetic reliance on mitochondria, promoting glycolysis. The combination of pseudohypoxia, declining autophagy, and dysregulation of stress responses with aging adds to impaired host response to hypoxic-ischemic injury. Furthermore, intermitochondrial signal propagation and tissue wide oscillations in mitochondrial metabolism in response to oxidative stress are emerging as vital to cellular energetics. Recently reported intercellular transport of mitochondria through tunneling nanotubes also play a role in the response to and treatments for ischemic injury. In this review we attempt to provide an overview of some of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapies involved in the alteration of cellular energetics with aging and injury with a neurobiological perspective.
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28
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Kuliaviene I, Baniene R, Virketyte S, Kincius M, Jansen E, Gulbinas A, Kupcinskas L, Trumbeckaite S, Borutaite V. Methylene blue attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction of rat kidney during experimental acute pancreatitis. J Dig Dis 2016; 17:186-92. [PMID: 26861116 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The disturbance of mitochondrial functions has been considered as one of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP) followed by kidney failure. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of methylene blue (MB) on pancreas and kidney mitochondrial respiratory functions during experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. METHODS AP was induced by administrating sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct of male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: the MB group, MB (5 mg/kg) was injected intravenously 10 min prior to AP induction; the AP group, saline solution was injected intravenously 10 min prior to AP induction; and the sham operation group, isotonic sodium chlorine was used instead of sodium taurocholate. The animals were sacrificed after 24 h. The pancreas and kidney were removed for mitochondrial assay by oxygraphic and spectrophotometric methods. RESULTS Intravenous injection of MB did not prevent AP-induced inhibition of pancreatic mitochondrial respiration; however, MB significantly improved kidney mitochondrial respiratory functions with complex I-dependent substrates glutamate and malate. The activity of complex I of mitochondria isolated from AP-damaged kidney was increased after pretreatment with MB. However, MB did not affect AP-inhibited kidney mitochondrial respiration with succinate. MB had no protective effects on amylase activity or on urea content in serum in AP. CONCLUSION The disturbances of kidney mitochondrial energy metabolism in experimental model of severe AP can be ameliorated by MB administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Kuliaviene
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Baniene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Simona Virketyte
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Kincius
- Institute for Digestive Research, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Antanas Gulbinas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Limas Kupcinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute for Digestive Research, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Trumbeckaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Methylene Blue Ameliorates Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cerebral Edema: An MRI and Transmission Electron Microscope Study. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:227-36. [PMID: 26463954 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of methylene blue (MB) has been identified against various brain disorders, including ischemic stroke. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of MB on postischemic brain edema using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Adult male rats were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by 1 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by reperfusion. MB was infused intravenously immediately after reperfusion (3 mg/kg) and again at 3 h post-occlusion (1.5 mg/kg). Normal saline was administered as vehicle control. Sequential MRIs, including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), were obtained at 0.5, 2.5, and 48 h after the onset of stroke. Separated groups of animals were sacrificed at 2.5 and 48 h after stroke for ultrastructural analysis by TEM. In addition, final lesion volumes were analyzed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining at 48 h after stroke. Ischemic stroke induced ADC lesion volume at 0.5 h during MCAOs that were temporally recovered at 1.5 h after reperfusion. No significant difference in ADC-defined lesion was observed between vehicle and MB treatment groups. At 48 h after stroke, MB significantly reduced ADC lesion and T2WI lesion volume and attenuated cerebral swelling. Consistently, MB treatment significantly decreased TTC-defined lesion volume at 48 h after stroke. TEM revealed remarkable swollen astrocytes, astrocytic perivascular end-feet, and concurrent shrunken neurons in the penumbra at 2.5 and 48 h after MCAO. MB treatment attenuated astrocyte swelling, the perivascular astrocytic foot process, and endothelium and also alleviated neuron degeneration. This study demonstrated that MB could decrease postischemic brain edema and provided additional evidence that future clinical investigation of MB for the treatment of ischemic stroke is warrented.
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Cannavà C, Stancanelli R, Marabeti MR, Venuti V, Cascio C, Guarneri P, Bongiorno C, Sortino G, Majolino D, Mazzaglia A, Tommasini S, Ventura CA. Nanospheres based on PLGA/amphiphilic cyclodextrin assemblies as potential enhancers of Methylene Blue neuroprotective effect. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanospheres of amphiphilic cyclodextrin and PLGA entrapping Methylene Blue are proposed as potential enhancers of drug neuroprotective effect on neuroblastoma cells.
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Watts LT. Stimulating mitochondria to protect the brain following traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1403-1404. [PMID: 27857734 PMCID: PMC5090833 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.191205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lora Talley Watts
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Research Imaging Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Yang SH, Li W, Sumien N, Forster M, Simpkins JW, Liu R. Alternative mitochondrial electron transfer for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and cancers: Methylene blue connects the dots. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 157:273-291. [PMID: 26603930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain has exceptional high requirement for energy metabolism with glucose as the exclusive energy source. Decrease of brain energy metabolism and glucose uptake has been found in patients of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases, providing a clear link between neurodegenerative disorders and energy metabolism. On the other hand, cancers, including glioblastoma, have increased glucose uptake and rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy metabolism. The switch of high efficient oxidative phosphorylation to low efficient aerobic glycolysis pathway (Warburg effect) provides macromolecule for biosynthesis and proliferation. Current research indicates that methylene blue, a century old drug, can receive electron from NADH in the presence of complex I and donates it to cytochrome c, providing an alternative electron transfer pathway. Methylene blue increases oxygen consumption, decrease glycolysis, and increases glucose uptake in vitro. Methylene blue enhances glucose uptake and regional cerebral blood flow in rats upon acute treatment. In addition, methylene blue provides protective effect in neuron and astrocyte against various insults in vitro and in rodent models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. In glioblastoma cells, methylene blue reverses Warburg effect by enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, arrests glioma cell cycle at s-phase, and inhibits glioma cell proliferation. Accordingly, methylene blue activates AMP-activated protein kinase, inhibits downstream acetyl-coA carboxylase and cyclin-dependent kinases. In summary, there is accumulating evidence providing a proof of concept that enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation via alternative mitochondrial electron transfer may offer protective action against neurodegenerative diseases and inhibit cancers proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Yang
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Wenjun Li
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Michael Forster
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Neuroscience, Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ran Liu
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Charkhkar H, Meyyappan S, Matveeva E, Moll JR, McHail DG, Peixoto N, Cliff RO, Pancrazio JJ. Amyloid beta modulation of neuronal network activity in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1629:1-9. [PMID: 26453830 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays offer a means of screening potential therapeutics and accelerating the drug development process. Here, we utilized neuronal cultures on planar microelectrode arrays (MEA) as a functional assay to assess the neurotoxicity of amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ42), a biomolecule implicated in the Alzheimer׳s disease (AD). In this approach, neurons harvested from embryonic mice were seeded on the substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays. The cultured neurons form a spontaneously active network, and the spiking activity as a functional endpoint could be detected via the MEA. Aβ42 oligomer, but not monomer, significantly reduced network spike rate. In addition, we demonstrated that the ionotropic glutamate receptors, NMDA and AMPA/kainate, play a role in the effects of Aβ42 on neuronal activity in vitro. To examine the utility of the MEA-based assay for AD drug discovery, we tested two model therapeutics for AD, methylene blue (MB) and memantine. Our results show an almost full recovery in the activity within 24h after administration of Aβ42 in the cultures pre-treated with either MB or memantine. Our findings suggest that cultured neuronal networks may be a useful platform in screening potential therapeutics for Aβ induced changes in neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Charkhkar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Susheela Meyyappan
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Evgenia Matveeva
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jonathan R Moll
- Adlyfe Inc., 9430 Key West Avenue, Suite 219, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel G McHail
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Nathalia Peixoto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Richard O Cliff
- System of Systems Analytics, Inc. (SoSACorp), 11250 Waples Mill Road, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr. MSN 1G5, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Talley Watts L, Long JA, Boggs RC, Manga H, Huang S, Shen Q, Duong TQ. Delayed Methylene Blue Improves Lesion Volume, Multi-Parametric Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurements, and Behavioral Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:194-202. [PMID: 25961471 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a primary cause of death and disability in both civilian and military populations worldwide. There is a critical need for the development of neuroprotective agents that can circumvent damage and provide functional recovery. We previously showed that methylene blue (MB), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-grandfathered drug with energy-enhancing and antioxidant properties, given 1 and 3 h post-TBI, had neuroprotective effects in rats. This study aimed to further investigate the neuroprotection of delayed MB treatment (24 h postinjury) post-TBI as measured by lesion volume and functional outcomes. Comparisons were made with vehicle and acute MB treatment. Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral studies were performed at 1 and 3 h and 2, 7, and 14 days after an impact to the primary forelimb somatosensory cortex. We found that delaying MB treatment 24 h postinjury still minimized lesion volume and functional deficits, compared to vehicle-treated animals. The data further support the potential for MB as a neuroprotective treatment, especially when medical teatment is not readily available. MB has an excellent safety profile and is clinically approved for other indications. MB clinical trials on TBI can thus be readily explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Talley Watts
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,2 Departments of Cellular and Structure Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,3 Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Justin Alexander Long
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert Cole Boggs
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hemanth Manga
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shiliang Huang
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Qiang Shen
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,3 Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,4 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas.,5 Research Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System , San Antonio, Texas
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Jiang Z, Watts LT, Huang S, Shen Q, Rodriguez P, Chen C, Zhou C, Duong TQ. The Effects of Methylene Blue on Autophagy and Apoptosis in MRI-Defined Normal Tissue, Ischemic Penumbra and Ischemic Core. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131929. [PMID: 26121129 PMCID: PMC4488003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) USP, which has energy-enhancing and antioxidant properties, is currently used to treat methemoglobinemia and cyanide poisoning in humans. We recently showed that MB administration reduces infarct volume and behavioral deficits in rat models of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. This study reports the underlying molecular mechanisms of MB neuroprotection following transient ischemic stroke in rats. Rats were subjected to transient (60-mins) ischemic stroke. Multimodal MRI during the acute phase and at 24 hrs were used to define three regions of interest (ROIs): i) the perfusion-diffusion mismatch salvaged by reperfusion, ii) the perfusion-diffusion mismatch not salvaged by reperfusion, and iii) the ischemic core. The tissues from these ROIs were extracted for western blot analyses of autophagic and apoptotic markers. The major findings were: 1) MB treatment reduced infarct volume and behavioral deficits, 2) MB improved cerebral blood flow to the perfusion-diffusion mismatch tissue after reperfusion and minimized harmful hyperperfusion 24 hrs after stroke, 3) MB inhibited apoptosis and enhanced autophagy in the perfusion-diffusion mismatch, 4) MB inhibited apoptotic signaling cascades (p53-Bax-Bcl2-Caspase3), and 5) MB enhanced autophagic signaling cascades (p53-AMPK-TSC2-mTOR). MB induced neuroprotection, at least in part, by enhancing autophagy and reducing apoptosis in the perfusion-diffusion mismatch tissue following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lora Talley Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pavel Rodriguez
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Changman Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy Q. Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Ryou MG, Choudhury GR, Li W, Winters A, Yuan F, Liu R, Yang SH. Methylene blue-induced neuronal protective mechanism against hypoxia-reoxygenation stress. Neuroscience 2015; 301:193-203. [PMID: 26047733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs in various pathological conditions, but there is no effective treatment currently available in clinical practice. Methylene blue (MB) is a century-old drug with a newly discovered protective function in the ischemic stroke model. In the current investigation we studied the MB-induced neuroprotective mechanism focusing on stabilization and activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in an in vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-reoxygenation model. METHODS HT22 cells were exposed to OGD (0.1% O2, 6h) and reoxygenation (21% O2, 24h). Cell viability was determined with the calcein AM assay. The dynamic change of intracellular O2 concentration was monitored by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLTIM). Glucose uptake was quantified using the 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino]-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-NBDG) assay. ATP concentration and glycolytic enzyme activity were examined by spectrophotometry. Protein content changes were measured by immunoblot: HIF-1α, prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), erythropoietin (EPO), Akt, mTOR, and PIP5K. The contribution of HIF-1α activation in the MB-induced neuroprotective mechanism was confirmed by blocking HIF-1α activation with 2-methoxyestradiol-2 (2-MeOE2) and by transiently transfecting constitutively active HIF-1α. RESULTS MB increases cell viability by about 50% vs. OGD control. Compared to the corresponding control, MB increases intracellular O2 concentration and glucose uptake as well as the activities of hexokinase and G-6-PDH, and ATP concentration. MB activates the EPO signaling pathway with a corresponding increase in HIF-1α. Phosphorylation of Akt was significantly increased with MB treatment followed by activation of the mTOR pathway. Importantly, we observed, MB increased nuclear translocation of HIF-1α vs. control (about three folds), which was shown by a ratio of nuclear:cytoplasmic HIF-1α protein content. CONCLUSION We conclude that MB protects the hippocampus-derived neuronal cells against OGD-reoxygenation injury by enhancing energy metabolism and increasing HIF-1α protein content accompanied by an activation of the EPO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-G Ryou
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - G R Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - A Winters
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - F Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - R Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - S-H Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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Abstract
Exposure-based therapy has proven to be useful to treat various anxiety disorders as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite its efficacy, a fair proportion of patients remain symptomatic after treatment. Different lines of research have put considerable efforts to investigate ways to enhance the efficacy of exposure-based therapy, which could ultimately lead to better clinical outcomes for patients. Given that this type of therapy relies on extinction learning principles, neuroscience research has tested different adjuncts that could be used as cognitive enhancers through their impact on extinction learning and its consolidation. The current review will summarize some of the latest compounds that have received attention and show some promise to be used in clinical settings to improve the efficacy of exposure-based therapy.
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Gonzalez-Lima F, Auchter A. Protection against neurodegeneration with low-dose methylene blue and near-infrared light. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:179. [PMID: 26029050 PMCID: PMC4428125 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
| | - Allison Auchter
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA
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Mathewson I. Did human hairlessness allow natural photobiomodulation 2 million years ago and enable photobiomodulation therapy today? This can explain the rapid expansion of our genus’s brain. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:421-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Methylene blue protects astrocytes against glucose oxygen deprivation by improving cellular respiration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123096. [PMID: 25848957 PMCID: PMC4388695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes outnumber neurons and serve many metabolic and trophic functions in the mammalian brain. Preserving astrocytes is critical for normal brain function as well as for protecting the brain against various insults. Our previous studies have indicated that methylene blue (MB) functions as an alternative electron carrier and enhances brain metabolism. In addition, MB has been shown to be protective against neurodegeneration and brain injury. In the current study, we investigated the protective role of MB in astrocytes. Cell viability assays showed that MB treatment significantly protected primary astrocytes from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) & reoxygenation induced cell death. We also studied the effect of MB on cellular oxygen and glucose metabolism in primary astrocytes following OGD-reoxygenation injury. MB treatment significantly increased cellular oxygen consumption, glucose uptake and ATP production in primary astrocytes. In conclusion our study demonstrated that MB protects astrocytes against OGD-reoxygenation injury by improving astrocyte cellular respiration.
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Lin AL, Zhang W, Gao X, Watts L. Caloric restriction increases ketone bodies metabolism and preserves blood flow in aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2296-2303. [PMID: 25896951 PMCID: PMC4457572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to increase the life span and health span of a broad range of species. However, CR effects on in vivo brain functions are far from explored. In this study, we used multimetric neuroimaging methods to characterize the CR-induced changes of brain metabolic and vascular functions in aging rats. We found that old rats (24 months of age) with CR diet had reduced glucose uptake and lactate concentration, but increased ketone bodies level, compared with the age-matched and young (5 months of age) controls. The shifted metabolism was associated with preserved vascular function: old CR rats also had maintained cerebral blood flow relative to the age-matched controls. When investigating the metabolites in mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, we found that citrate and α-ketoglutarate were preserved in the old CR rats. We suggest that CR is neuroprotective; ketone bodies, cerebral blood flow, and α-ketoglutarate may play important roles in preserving brain physiology in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Institutional Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lora Watts
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Methylene Blue Improves Brain Mitochondrial ABAD Functions and Decreases Aβ in a Neuroinflammatory Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1220-1228. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tretter L, Horvath G, Hölgyesi A, Essek F, Adam-Vizi V. Enhanced hydrogen peroxide generation accompanies the beneficial bioenergetic effects of methylene blue in isolated brain mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:317-30. [PMID: 25277417 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The redox dye methylene blue (MB) is proven to have beneficial effects in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigated the effects of MB (100 nM, 300 nM, and 1 μM) on key bioenergetic parameters and on H2O2 production/elimination in isolated guinea pig brain mitochondria under normal as well as respiration-impaired conditions. As measured by high-resolution Oxygraph the rate of resting oxygen consumption was increased, but the ADP-stimulated respiration was unaffected by MB with any of the substrates (glutamate malate, succinate, or α-glycerophosphate) used for supporting mitochondrial respiration. In mitochondria treated with inhibitors of complex I or complex III MB moderately but significantly increased the rate of ATP production, restored ΔΨm, and increased the rate of Ca(2+) uptake. The effects of MB are consistent with transferring electrons from upstream components of the electron transport chain to cytochrome c, which is energetically favorable when the flow of electrons in the respiratory chain is compromised. On the other hand, MB significantly increased the production of H2O2 measured by Amplex UltraRed fluorimetry under all conditions, in resting, ATP-synthesizing, and respiration-impaired mitochondria, with each substrate combination supporting respiration. Furthermore, it also decreased the elimination of H2O2. Generation of H2O2 without superoxide formation, observed in the presence of MB, is interpreted as a result of reduction of molecular oxygen to H2O2 by the reduced MB. The elevated generation and impaired elimination of H2O2 should be considered for the overall oxidative state of mitochondria treated with MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tretter
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - G Horvath
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - A Hölgyesi
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - F Essek
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - V Adam-Vizi
- MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.
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Delport A, Harvey BH, Petzer A, Petzer JP. Azure B and a synthetic structural analogue of methylene blue, ethylthioninium chloride, present with antidepressant-like properties. Life Sci 2014; 117:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Telch MJ, Bruchey AK, Rosenfield D, Cobb AR, Smits J, Pahl S, Gonzalez-Lima F. Effects of post-session administration of methylene blue on fear extinction and contextual memory in adults with claustrophobia. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:1091-8. [PMID: 25018057 PMCID: PMC4467026 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical studies have shown that low-dose methylene blue increases mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase activity in the brain and improves memory retention after learning tasks, including fear extinction. The authors report on the first controlled experiment to examine the memory-enhancing effects of posttraining methylene blue administration on retention of fear extinction and contextual memory following fear extinction training. METHOD Adult participants displaying marked claustrophobic fear were randomly assigned to double-blind administration of 260 mg of methylene blue (N=23) or administration of placebo (N=19) immediately following six 5-minute extinction trials in an enclosed chamber. Retesting occurred 1 month later to assess fear renewal as indexed by peak fear during exposure to a nontraining chamber, with the prediction that the effects of methylene blue would vary as a function of fear reduction achieved during extinction training. Incidental contextual memory was assessed 1 and 30 days after training to assess the cognitive-enhancing effects of methylene blue independent of its effects on fear attenuation. RESULTS Consistent with predictions, participants displaying low end fear posttraining showed significantly less fear at the 1-month follow-up if they received methylene blue posttraining compared with placebo. In contrast, participants displaying moderate to high levels of posttraining fear tended to fare worse at the follow-up if they received methylene blue posttraining. Methylene blue's enhancement of contextual memory was unrelated to initial or posttraining claustrophobic fear. CONCLUSIONS Methylene blue enhances memory and the retention of fear extinction when administered after a successful exposure session but may have a deleterious effect on extinction when administered after an unsuccessful exposure session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Telch
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - David Rosenfield
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Adam R. Cobb
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jasper Smits
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sandra Pahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - F. Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Rodriguez P, Jiang Z, Huang S, Shen Q, Duong TQ. Methylene blue treatment delays progression of perfusion-diffusion mismatch to infarct in permanent ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2014; 1588:144-9. [PMID: 25218555 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Low-dose methylene blue (MB), which has been used safely to treat methemoglobinemia and cyanide poisoning in humans, has energy enhancing and antioxidant properties. We tested the hypothesis that methylene blue treatment delays progression of at-risk tissue (ca. perfusion-diffusion mismatch) to infarct in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats at two MB treatment doses. Serial MRI was used to evaluate MB treatment efficacy. The major findings were: (i) MB significantly prolonged the perfusion-diffusion mismatch, (ii) MB mildly increased the CBF in the hypoperfused tissue, (iii) MB did not change the final infarct volume in permanent ischemic stroke, and (iv) there were no dose-dependent effects on mismatch progression for the 1 and 3mg/kg doses studied. This neuroprotective effect is likely the result of sustained ATP production and increased CBF to tissue at risk. This work has the potential to readily lead to clinical stroke trials given MB's excellent safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rodriguez
- Research Imaging Institute, Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Research Imaging Institute, Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Huang
- Research Imaging Institute, Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Qiang Shen
- Research Imaging Institute, Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Timothy Q Duong
- Research Imaging Institute, Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
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Talley Watts L, Long JA, Chemello J, Van Koughnet S, Fernandez A, Huang S, Shen Q, Duong TQ. Methylene blue is neuroprotective against mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1063-71. [PMID: 24479842 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Methylene blue (MB) has known energy-enhancing and antioxidant properties. This study tested the hypothesis that MB treatment reduces lesion volume and behavioral deficits in a rat model of mild TBI. In a randomized double-blinded design, animals received either MB (n=5) or vehicle (n=6) after TBI. Studies were performed on 0, 1, 2, 7, and 14 days following an impact to the primary forelimb somatosensory cortex. MRI lesion was not apparent 1 h after TBI, became apparent 3 h after TBI, and peaked at 2 days for both groups. The MB-treated animals showed significantly smaller MRI lesion volume than the vehicle-treated animals at all time points studied. The MB-treated animals exhibited significantly improved scores on forelimb placement asymmetry and foot fault tests than did the vehicle-treated animals at all time points studied. Smaller numbers of dark-stained Nissl cells and Fluoro-Jade(®) positive cells were observed in the MB-treated group than in vehicle-treated animals 14 days post-TBI. In conclusion, MB treatment minimized lesion volume, behavioral deficits, and neuronal degeneration following mild TBI. MB is already approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat a number of indications, likely expediting future clinical trials in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Talley Watts
- 1 Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, Texas
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Gonzalez-Lima F, Barksdale BR, Rojas JC. Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:584-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Stack C, Jainuddin S, Elipenahli C, Gerges M, Starkova N, Starkov AA, Jové M, Portero-Otin M, Launay N, Pujol A, Kaidery NA, Thomas B, Tampellini D, Beal MF, Dumont M. Methylene blue upregulates Nrf2/ARE genes and prevents tau-related neurotoxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3716-32. [PMID: 24556215 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB, methylthioninium chloride) is a phenothiazine that crosses the blood brain barrier and acts as a redox cycler. Among its beneficial properties are its abilities to act as an antioxidant, to reduce tau protein aggregation and to improve energy metabolism. These actions are of particular interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with tau protein aggregates known as tauopathies. The present study examined the effects of MB in the P301S mouse model of tauopathy. Both 4 mg/kg MB (low dose) and 40 mg/kg MB (high dose) were administered in the diet ad libitum from 1 to 10 months of age. We assessed behavior, tau pathology, oxidative damage, inflammation and numbers of mitochondria. MB improved the behavioral abnormalities and reduced tau pathology, inflammation and oxidative damage in the P301S mice. These beneficial effects were associated with increased expression of genes regulated by NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), which play an important role in antioxidant defenses, preventing protein aggregation, and reducing inflammation. The activation of Nrf2/ARE genes is neuroprotective in other transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases and it appears to be an important mediator of the neuroprotective effects of MB in P301S mice. Moreover, we used Nrf2 knock out fibroblasts to show that the upregulation of Nrf2/ARE genes by MB is Nrf2 dependent and not due to secondary effects of the compound. These findings provide further evidence that MB has important neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial in the treatment of human neurodegenerative diseases with tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliona Stack
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shari Jainuddin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ceyhan Elipenahli
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meri Gerges
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natalia Starkova
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anatoly A Starkov
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department de Medicina Experimental, Universitat de Lleida-IRBLLEIDA, Spain
| | | | - Nathalie Launay
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory-IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, CIBERER, Spanish Network for Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory-IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain, CIBERER, Spanish Network for Rare Diseases, ISCIII, Spain, ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Spain
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Davide Tampellini
- Hospital Kremlin Bicêtre, UMR 788, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and
| | - M Flint Beal
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Magali Dumont
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA, IHU-A-ICM, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chiang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Edward H. Koo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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