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Medeiros EG, Valente MR, Honorato L, Ferreira MDS, Mendoza SR, Gonçalves DDS, Martins Alcântara L, Gomes KX, Pinto MR, Nakayasu ES, Clair G, da Rocha IFM, Dos Reis FCG, Rodrigues ML, Alves LR, Nimrichter L, Casadevall A, Guimarães AJ. Comprehensive characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by environmental (Neff) and clinical (T4) strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii. mSystems 2024; 9:e0122623. [PMID: 38717186 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01226-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two Acanthamoeba castellanii strains, Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical). Morphological analysis via transmission electron microscopy revealed slightly larger Neff EVs (average = 194.5 nm) compared to more polydisperse T4 EVs (average = 168.4 nm). Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and dynamic light scattering validated these differences. Proteomic analysis of the EVs identified 1,352 proteins, with 1,107 common, 161 exclusive in Neff, and 84 exclusively in T4 EVs. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) mapping revealed distinct molecular functions and biological processes and notably, the T4 EVs enrichment in serine proteases, aligned with its pathogenicity. Lipidomic analysis revealed a prevalence of unsaturated lipid species in Neff EVs, particularly triacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylserine, while T4 EVs were enriched in diacylglycerols and diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine, phosphatidylcholine and less unsaturated PEs, suggesting differences in lipid metabolism and membrane permeability. Metabolomic analysis indicated Neff EVs enrichment in glycerolipid metabolism, glycolysis, and nucleotide synthesis, while T4 EVs, methionine metabolism. Furthermore, RNA-seq of EVs revealed differential transcript between the strains, with Neff EVs enriched in transcripts related to gluconeogenesis and translation, suggesting gene regulation and metabolic shift, while in the T4 EVs transcripts were associated with signal transduction and protein kinase activity, indicating rapid responses to environmental changes. In this novel study, data integration highlighted the differences in enzyme profiles, metabolic processes, and potential origins of EVs in the two strains shedding light on the diversity and complexity of A. castellanii EVs and having implications for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing targeted interventions for Acanthamoeba-related diseases.IMPORTANCEA comprehensive and fully comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two Acanthamoeba castellanii strains of distinct virulence, a Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical), revealed striking differences in their morphology and protein, lipid, metabolites, and transcripts levels. Data integration highlighted the differences in enzyme profiles, metabolic processes, and potential distinct origin of EVs from both strains, shedding light on the diversity and complexity of A. castellanii EVs, with direct implications for understanding host-pathogen interactions, disease mechanisms, and developing new therapies for the clinical intervention of Acanthamoeba-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gonçalves Medeiros
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Ramos Valente
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Ruiz Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins Alcântara
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Xavier Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Ribeiro Pinto
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Biological Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | | | - Flavia C G Dos Reis
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lysangela R Alves
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ-Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allan Jefferson Guimarães
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ-Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Kimura N, Tanaka Y, Yamanishi Y, Takahashi A, Sakuma S. Nanoparticles Based on Natural Lipids Reveal Extent of Impacts of Designed Physical Characteristics on Biological Functions. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1432-1448. [PMID: 38165131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles based on lipids (LNPs) are essential in pharmaceuticals and intercellular communication, and their design parameters span a diverse range of molecules and assemblies. In bridging the gap in insight between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic LNPs, one challenge is understanding their in-cell/in-body behavior when simultaneously assessing more than one physical characteristic. Herein, we demonstrate comprehensive evaluation of LNP behavior by using LNPs based on natural lipids (N-LNPs) with designed physical characteristics: size tuned using microfluidic methods, surface fluidity designed based on EV components, and stiffness tuned using biomolecules. We produce 12 types of N-LNPs having different physical characteristics─two sizes, three membrane fluidities, and two stiffnesses for in vitro evaluation─and evaluate cellular uptake vitality and endocytic pathways of N-LNPs based on the physical characteristics of N-LNPs. To reveal the extent of the impact of the predesigned physical characteristics of N-LNPs on cellular uptakes in vivo, we also carried out animal experiments with four types of N-LNPs having different sizes and fluidities. The use of N-LNPs has helped to clarify the extent of the impact of inextricably related, designed physical characteristics on transportation and provided a bidirectional guidepost for the streamlined design and understanding of the biological functions of LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanaka
- Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamanishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Division of Cellular Senescence, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
- Cancer Cell Communication Project, NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Shinya Sakuma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Merino JJ, Cabaña-Muñoz ME. Nanoparticles and Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Therapy for Cancer Treatment: Focus on Nanocarriers and a si-RNA CXCR4 Chemokine Blocker as Strategies for Tumor Eradication In Vitro and In Vivo. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2068. [PMID: 38004925 PMCID: PMC10673568 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a high tropism for the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors. The combination of nanoparticles in MSCs decreases tumor growth in vitro as well as in rodent models of cancers in vivo. Covalent conjugation of nanoparticles with the surface of MSCs can significantly increase the drug load delivery in tumor sites. Nanoparticle-based anti-angiogenic systems (gold, silica and silicates, diamond, silver, and copper) prevented tumor growth in vitro. For example, glycolic acid polyconjugates enhance nanoparticle drug delivery and have been reported in human MSCs. Labeling with fluorescent particles (coumarin-6 dye) identified tumor cells using fluorescence emission in tissues; the conjugation of different types of nanoparticles in MSCs ensured success and feasibility by tracking the migration and its intratumor detection using non-invasive imaging techniques. However, the biosafety and efficacy; long-term stability of nanoparticles, and the capacity for drug release must be improved for clinical implementation. In fact, MSCs are vehicles for drug delivery with nanoparticles and also show low toxicity but inefficient accumulation in tumor sites by clearance of reticuloendothelial organs. To solve these problems, the internalization or conjugation of drug-loaded nanoparticles should be improved in MSCs. Finally, CXCR4 may prove to be a promising target for immunotherapy and cancer treatment since the delivery of siRNA to knock down this alpha chemokine receptor or CXCR4 antagonism has been shown to disrupt tumor-stromal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Merino
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (U.C.M.), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Li S, Dong R, Kang Z, Li H, Wu X, Li T. Exosomes: Another intercellular lipometabolic communication mediators in digestive system neoplasms? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:93-100. [PMID: 37541791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasms are one of the most concerned public health problems worldwide. Digestive system neoplasms, with a high morbidity and mortality, is one of the most common malignant tumors in human being. It is found that exosomes act as an intercellular communication media to carry the metabolic and genetic information of parental cells to target cells. Likely, exosomes participate in lipid metabolism and regulates multiple processes in digestive system neoplasms, including the information transmission among cancer cells, the formation of neoplastic microenvironment, and the neoplastic biological behaviors like metastasis, invasion, and the chemotherapy resistance. In this review, we firstly introduce the main mechanisms whereas exosomes act as intercellular lipometabolic communication mediator in digestive system neoplasms. Thereafter we introduce the relationship between exosomes lipid metabolism and various type of digestive system neoplasms, including gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. Eventually, we summarized and prospected the development and implication of exosomes in digestive system neoplasms. The further research of exosomes as intercellular lipid metabolism mediator will contribute to accurate and efficient diagnosis and treatment of digestive system neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ruizhi Dong
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhenhua Kang
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hucheng Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China.
| | - Xueliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; Tumor Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China.
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Li Z, Wang X, Wang X, Yi X, Wong YK, Wu J, Xie F, Hu D, Wang Q, Wang J, Zhong T. Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:43. [PMID: 37697342 PMCID: PMC10494410 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, affect millions of people worldwide. Tremendous efforts have been put into disease-related research, but few breakthroughs have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membrane structures that arise from the endosomal system or are directly separated from the plasma membrane. EVs contain many biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which can be transferred between different cells, tissues, or organs, thereby regulating cross-organ communication between cells during normal and pathological processes. Recently, EVs have been shown to participate in various aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal secretion and levels of EVs are closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to disease progression. Numerous studies have proposed EVs as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize and discuss the advanced research progress on EVs in the pathological processes of several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we outline the latest research on the roles of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential for the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaomei Yi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Jiyang Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Fangfang Xie
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Die Hu
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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6
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Ghadami S, Dellinger K. The lipid composition of extracellular vesicles: applications in diagnostics and therapeutic delivery. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1198044. [PMID: 37520326 PMCID: PMC10381967 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1198044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, with nanoscale sizes, biological origins, various functions, and unique lipid and protein compositions have been introduced as versatile tools for diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications. Numerous studies have reported the importance of the lipid composition of EVs and its influence on their mechanism of action. For example, changes in the lipidomic profile of EVs have been shown to influence the progression of various diseases, including ovarian malignancies and prostate cancer. In this review, we endeavored to examine differences in the lipid content of EV membranes derived from different cell types to characterize their capabilities as diagnostic tools and treatments for diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We additionally discuss designing functionalized vesicles, whether synthetically by hybrid methods or by changing the lipid composition of natural EVs. Lastly, we provide an overview of current and potential biomedical applications and perspectives on the future of this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen Dellinger
- Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Anoop TM, Basu PK, Chandramohan K, Thomas A, Manoj S. Evolving utility of exosomes in pancreatic cancer management. World J Methodol 2023; 13:46-58. [PMID: 37456979 PMCID: PMC10348087 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of newer oncological treatment, the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) remains poor. Recent studies have identified exosomes as essential mediators of intercellular communications and play a vital role in tumor initiation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Thus, the utility of liquid biopsies using exosomes in PC management can be used for early detection, diagnosis, monitoring as well as drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the function, and clinical applications of exosomes in cancers as minimally invasive liquid biomarker in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thattungal Manoharan Anoop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Palash Kumar Basu
- Department of Avionics, Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695547, Kerala, India
| | - K Chandramohan
- Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Ajai Thomas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - S Manoj
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Center, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
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8
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Chen R, Yang H, Dai J, Zhang M, Lu G, Zhang M, Yu H, Zheng M, He Q. The biological functions of maternal-derived extracellular vesicles during pregnancy and lactation and its impact on offspring health. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:493-504. [PMID: 36857958 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, mothers provide not only nutrients, but also many bioactive components for their offspring through placenta and breast milk, which are essential for offspring development. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles containing a variety of biologically active molecules and participate in the intercellular communication. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have reported that maternal-derived EVs play a crucial role in offspring growth, development, and immune system establishment. Hereby, we summarized the characteristics of EVs; biological functions of maternal-derived EVs during pregnancy, including implantation, decidualization, placentation, embryo development and birth of offspring; biological function of breast milk-derived EVs (BMEs) on infant oral and intestinal diseases, immune system, neurodevelopment, and metabolism. In summary, emerging studies have revealed that maternal-derived EVs play a pivotal role in offspring health. As such, maternal-derived EVs may be used as promising biomarkers in offspring disease diagnosis and treatment. However, existing research on maternal-derived EVs and offspring health is largely limited to animal and cellular studies. Evidence from human studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jie Dai
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minzhe Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaolei Lu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- School of Nutrition and Exercise, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qiqiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Wuhan University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Modified lipidomic profile of cancer-associated small extracellular vesicles facilitates tumorigenic behaviours and contributes to disease progression. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 87:100935. [PMID: 36443198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2022.100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring is a key feature of cancer cells, which involves the alteration of amino acids, glucose and lipids to support aggressive cancer phenotypes. Changes in lipid metabolism alter cancer growth characteristics, membrane integrity and signalling pathways. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular environment, where they participate in cell-to-cell communication. Lipids are involved in the formation and cargo assortment of sEVs, resulting in their selective packaging in these vesicles. Further, sEVs participate in different aspects of cancer development, such as proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Various lipidomic studies have indicated the enrichment of specific lipids in sEVs derived from tumour cells, which aid in their pathological functioning. This paper summarises how the modified lipid profile of sEVs contributes to carcinogenesis and disease progression.
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10
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Yasuda T, Watanabe H, Hirosawa KM, Suzuki KGN, Suga K, Hanashima S. Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis of Lateral and Transbilayer Fluidity of Exosome Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14695-14703. [PMID: 36421004 PMCID: PMC9731264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) involved in distal cell-cell communication and cancer migration by transferring functional cargo molecules. Membrane domains similar to lipid rafts are assumed to occur in exosome membranes and are involved in interactions with target cells. However, the bilayer membrane properties of these small vesicles have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we examined the fluidity, lateral domain separation, and transbilayer asymmetry of exosome membranes using fluorescence spectroscopy. Although there were some differences between the exosomes, TMA-DPH anisotropy showing moderate lipid chain order indicated that ordered phases comprised a significant proportion of exosome membranes. Selective TEMPO quenching of the TMA-DPH fluorescence in the liquid-disordered phase indicated that 40-50% of the exosome membrane area belonged to the ordered phase based on a phase-separated model. Furthermore, NBD-PC in the outer leaflet showed longer fluorescence lifetimes than those in the inner leaflets. Therefore, the exosome membranes maintained transbilayer asymmetry with a topology similar to that of the plasma membranes. In addition, the lateral and transbilayer orders of exosome membranes obtained from different cell lines varied, probably depending on the different membrane lipid components and compositions partially derived from donor cells. As these higher membrane orders and asymmetric topologies are similar to those of cell membranes with lipid rafts, raft-like functional domains are possibly enriched on exosome membranes. These domains likely play key roles in the biological functions and cellular uptake of exosomes by facilitating selective membrane interactions with target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Yasuda
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka560-0043, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichiro M. Hirosawa
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi G. N. Suzuki
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Keishi Suga
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi980-8579, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka560-0043, Japan
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11
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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12
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Therapy for Pulmonary Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review of Preclinical Studies. J Interv Cardiol 2022; 2022:5451947. [PMID: 36419957 PMCID: PMC9652076 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5451947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a type of clinical pathophysiological syndrome characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and subsequent progressive failure of the right heart function, and is a common complication of many diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) autonomously home to sites damaged by disease, repair damaged tissues, and participate in the regulation of systemic inflammation and immune responses, which have good clinical application prospects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, participate in various biological activities by regulating intercellular communication. Exosomes secreted into the extracellular environment also affect the host immune system. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), as a mediator in the paracrine processes of MSCs, carry biologically active substances such as proteins, lipids, mRNA, and micro-RNA. MSC-EVs therapies, safer than cell-based treatments, have been shown to be effective in modulating macrophages to support anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which are strongly related to histological and functional benefits in preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension. The main effects of active substances and their potential medical value have attracted wide attention from researchers. This article reviews the role and relevant mechanisms of MSC-EVs in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in recent studies and provides a basis for their future clinical applications.
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13
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Yi X, Chen J, Huang D, Feng S, Yang T, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao M, Wu J, Zhong T. Current perspectives on clinical use of exosomes as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:966981. [PMID: 36119470 PMCID: PMC9472136 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.966981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a heterogeneous subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that biogenesis from endosomes. Besides, exosomes contain a variety of molecular cargoes including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which play a key role in the mechanism of exosome formation. Meanwhile, exosomes are involved with physiological and pathological conditions. The molecular profile of exosomes reflects the type and pathophysiological status of the originating cells so could potentially be exploited for diagnostic of cancer. This review aims to describe important molecular cargoes involved in exosome biogenesis. In addition, we highlight exogenous factors, especially autophagy, hypoxia and pharmacology, that regulate the release of exosomes and their corresponding cargoes. Particularly, we also emphasize exosome molecular cargoes as potential biomarkers in liquid biopsy for diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Defa Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shuo Feng
- English Teaching and Research Section, Gannan Healthcare Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tong Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Minghong Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jiyang Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong,
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14
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Exosomes in Breast Cancer: Involvement in Tumor Dissemination and Prospects for Liquid Biopsy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168845. [PMID: 36012109 PMCID: PMC9408748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (24.5%) and the leading cause of cancer death (15.5%). Understanding how this heterogeneous disease develops and the confirm mechanisms behind tumor progression is of utmost importance. Exosomes are long-range message vesicles that mediate communication between cells in physiological conditions but also in pathology, such as breast cancer. In recent years, there has been an exponential rise in the scientific studies reporting the change in morphology and cargo of tumor-derived exosomes. Due to the transfer of biologically active molecules, such as RNA (microRNA, long non-coding RNA, mRNA, etc.) and proteins (transcription factors, enzymes, etc.) into recipient cells, these lipid bilayer 30–150 nm vesicles activate numerous signaling pathways that promote tumor development. In this review, we attempt to shed light on exosomes’ involvement in breast cancer pathogenesis (including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor cell proliferation and motility, metastatic processes, angiogenesis stimulation, and immune system repression). Moreover, the potential use of exosomes as promising diagnostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy of breast cancer is also discussed.
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15
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High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography-Densitometry-Tandem ESI-MS to Evaluate Phospholipid Content in Exosomes of Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031150. [PMID: 35163074 PMCID: PMC8835402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of whether exosome lipids can be considered as potential cancer biomarkers faces our current limited knowledge of their composition. This is due to the difficulty in isolating pure exosomes, the variability of the biological sources from which they are extracted, and the uncertainty of the methods for lipid characterization. Here, we present a procedure to isolate exosomes and obtain a deep, repeatable, and rapid phospholipid (PL) composition of their lipid extracts, from embryonic murine fibroblasts (NIH-3T3 cell line) and none (B16-F1) and high (B16-F10) metastatic murine skin melanoma cells. The analytical method is based on High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography with Ultraviolet and fluorescence densitometry and coupled to Electrospray (ESI)-tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS). Under the conditions described in this work, separation and determination of PL classes, (sphingomyelins, SM; phosphatidylcholines, PC; phosphatidylserines, PS; and phosphatidylethanolamines, PE) were achieved, expressed as µg PL/100 µg exosome protein, obtained by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA). A detailed structural characterization of molecular species of each PL class was performed by simultaneous positive and negative ESI-MS and MS/MS directly from the chromatographic plate, thanks to an elution-based interface.
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16
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Identification of Key Genes Associated with Endothelial Cell Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis Using Multiple Bioinformatics Tools. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5544276. [PMID: 35059464 PMCID: PMC8764276 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5544276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most notable cardiovascular disease, the latter being the main cause of death globally. Endothelial cell dysfunction plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, it is currently unclear which genes are involved between endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This study was aimed at identifying these genes. Based on the GSE83500 dataset, the quantification of endothelial cell function was conducted using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis; the coexpression modules were conducted using weighted correlation network analysis. After building module-trait relationships, tan and yellow modules were regarded as hub modules. 10 hub genes from each hub module were identified by the protein-protein interaction network analysis. The key genes (RAB5A, CTTN, ITGB1, and MMP9) were obtained by comparing the expression differences of the hub gene between atherosclerotic and normal groups from the GSE28829 and GSE43292 datasets, respectively. ROC analysis showed the diagnostic value of key genes. Moreover, the differential expression of key genes in normal and atherosclerotic aortic walls was verified. In vitro, we establish a model of ox-LDL-injured endothelial cells and transfect RAB5A overexpression and shRNA plasmids. The results showed that overexpression of RAB5A ameliorates the proliferation and migration function of ox-LDL-injured endothelial cells, including the ability of tubule formation. It was speculated that the interferon response, Notch signaling pathways, etc. were involved in this function of RAB5A by using gene set variation analysis. With the multiple bioinformatics analysis methods, we detected that yellow and tan modules are related to the abnormal proliferation and migration of endothelial cells associated with atherosclerosis. RAB5A, CTTN, ITGB1, and MMP9 can be used as potential targets for therapy and diagnostic markers. In vitro, overexpression of RAB5A can ameliorate the proliferation and migration function of ox-LDL-injured endothelial cells, and the possible molecules involved in this process were speculated.
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17
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Harmati M, Bukva M, Böröczky T, Buzás K, Gyukity-Sebestyén E. The role of the metabolite cargo of extracellular vesicles in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1203-1221. [PMID: 34957539 PMCID: PMC8825386 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomic reprogramming in tumor and stroma cells is a hallmark of cancer but understanding its effects on the metabolite composition and function of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is still in its infancy. EVs are membrane-bound sacs with a complex molecular composition secreted by all living cells. They are key mediators of intercellular communication both in normal and pathological conditions and play a crucial role in tumor development. Although lipids are major components of EVs, most of the EV cargo studies have targeted proteins and nucleic acids. The potential of the EV metabolome as a source for biomarker discovery has gained recognition recently, but knowledge on the biological activity of tumor EV metabolites still remains limited. Therefore, we aimed (i) to compile the list of metabolites identified in tumor EVs isolated from either clinical specimens or in vitro samples and (ii) describe their role in tumor progression through literature search and pathway analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Harmati
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Bukva
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Böröczky
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Buzás
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Immunology, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Gyukity-Sebestyén
- Laboratory of Microscopic Image Analysis and Machine Learning, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre - Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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18
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Suga K, Matsui D, Watanabe N, Okamoto Y, Umakoshi H. Insight into the Exosomal Membrane: From Viewpoints of Membrane Fluidity and Polarity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11195-11202. [PMID: 34528800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous research studies have been done for exosomes, particularly focusing on membrane proteins and included nucleic acids, and the volume of the knowledge about the lipids in the exosomal membrane has been increasing. However, the dynamic property of the exosomal membrane is hardly studied. By employing milk exosome as an example, herein the exosomal membrane was characterized focusing on the membrane fluidity and polarity. The lipid composition and phase state of milk exosome (exosome from bovine milk) were estimated. The milk exosome contained enriched Chol (43.6 mol % in total lipid extracts), which made the membrane in the liquid-ordered (lo) phase by interacting with phospholipids. To suggest a model of exosomal vesicle cargo, the liposome compositions that mimic milk exosome were studied: liposomes were made of cholesterol (Chol), milk sphingomyelin (milk SM), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). By using fluorescent probes 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene, the microenvironments of submicron-sized membranes of exosome and model liposomes were investigated. The membrane fluidity of milk exosome was slightly higher than those of Chol/milk SM/POPC liposomes with a similar content of Chol, suggesting the presence of enriched unsaturated lipids. The most purposeful membrane property was obtained by the liposome composition of Chol/milk SM/POPC = 40/15/45. From the above, it is concluded that Chol is a fundamental component of the milk exosomal membrane to construct the enriched lo phase, which could increase the membrane rigidity and contribute to the function of exosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Suga
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808579, Japan
| | - Daiki Matsui
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
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19
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Extracellular vesicles and the extracellular matrix: a new paradigm or old news? Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2335-2345. [PMID: 33125481 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are implicated in a variety of functions affecting the extracellular matrix (ECM), including matrix degradation, cross-linking of matrix proteins and matrix calcification. These processes are important in many physiological contexts such as angiogenesis and wound healing, and dysregulation of ECM homeostasis contributes to a wide range of diseases including fibrosis, cancer and arthritis. Most studies of EV have focussed on their roles in cell:cell communication, but EV can exist as integral components of the ECM. By far the most well-characterised ECM-resident EV are matrix vesicles (MV) in bone, but the broader role of EV in the ECM is not well understood. This review will explore what is known of the roles of EV in the ECM and will also highlight the similarities and differences between MV and other EV.
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20
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Donoso‐Quezada J, Ayala‐Mar S, González‐Valdez J. The role of lipids in exosome biology and intercellular communication: Function, analytics and applications. Traffic 2021; 22:204-220. [PMID: 34053166 PMCID: PMC8361711 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that in recent years have received special attention for their regulatory functions in numerous biological processes. Recent evidence suggests a correlation between the composition of exosomes in body fluids and the progression of some disorders, such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. In consequence, numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the composition of these vesicles, aiming to develop new biomarkers for diagnosis and to find novel therapeutic targets. On their part, lipids represent one of the most important components of exosomes, with important structural and regulatory functions during exosome biogenesis, release, targeting and cellular uptake. Therefore, exosome lipidomics has emerged as an innovative discipline for the discovery of novel lipid species with biomedical applications. This review summarizes the current knowledge about exosome lipids and their roles in exosome biology and intercellular communication. Furthermore, it presents the state-of-the-art analytical procedures used in exosome lipidomics while emphasizing how this emerging discipline is providing new insights for future applications of exosome lipids in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Ayala‐Mar
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and ScienceMonterreyNuevo LeónMexico
| | - José González‐Valdez
- Tecnologico de MonterreySchool of Engineering and ScienceMonterreyNuevo LeónMexico
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21
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Lam SM, Zhang C, Wang Z, Ni Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Huang X, Mo L, Li J, Lee B, Mei M, Huang L, Shi M, Xu Z, Meng FP, Cao WJ, Zhou MJ, Shi L, Chua GH, Li B, Cao J, Wang J, Bao S, Wang Y, Song JW, Zhang F, Wang FS, Shui G. A multi-omics investigation of the composition and function of extracellular vesicles along the temporal trajectory of COVID-19. Nat Metab 2021; 3:909-922. [PMID: 34158670 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes represent a subtype of extracellular vesicle that is released through retrograde transport and fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane1. Although no perfect methodologies currently exist for the high-throughput, unbiased isolation of pure plasma exosomes2,3, investigation of exosome-enriched plasma fractions of extracellular vesicles can confer a glimpse into the endocytic pathway on a systems level. Here we conduct high-coverage lipidomics with an emphasis on sterols and oxysterols, and proteomic analyses of exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs hereafter) from patients at different temporal stages of COVID-19, including the presymptomatic, hyperinflammatory, resolution and convalescent phases. Our study highlights dysregulated raft lipid metabolism that underlies changes in EV lipid membrane anisotropy that alter the exosomal localization of presenilin-1 (PS-1) in the hyperinflammatory phase. We also show in vitro that EVs from different temporal phases trigger distinct metabolic and transcriptional responses in recipient cells, including in alveolar epithelial cells, which denote the primary site of infection, and liver hepatocytes, which represent a distal secondary site. In comparison to the hyperinflammatory phase, EVs from the resolution phase induce opposing effects on eukaryotic translation and Notch signalling. Our results provide insights into cellular lipid metabolism and inter-tissue crosstalk at different stages of COVID-19 and are a resource to increase our understanding of metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lesong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan-Ping Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Gek Huey Chua
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Cao
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Fujie Zhang
- The Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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22
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumour of the human digestive system that has a poor prognosis. Exosomes contain proteins and nucleic acids, and constitute a class of extracellular vesicles defined as membrane-bound nanovesicles of endocytic origin, with a diameter of 40-150 nm. Exosomes are potential diagnostic markers of PC; however, their roles in cancer initiation and progression remain unclear. Previous studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms and functions of exosomes that allow them to accelerate PC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The present review discusses the interactions between exosomes and the pathophysiology of PC. The potential clinical applications of exosomes are also discussed.
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23
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that can transport cargos of proteins, lipids, DNA, various RNA species and microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomes can enter cells and deliver their contents to recipient cell. Owing to their cargo exosomes can transfer different molecules to the target cells and change the phenotype of these cells. The fate of the contents of an exosome depends on its target destination. Various mechanisms for exosome uptake by target cells have been proposed, but the mechanisms responsible for exosomes internalization into cells are still debated. Exosomes exposed cells produce labeled protein kinases, which are expressed by other cells. This means that these kinases are internalized by exosomes, and transported into the cytoplasm of recipient cells. Many studies have confirmed that exosomes are not only secreted by living cells, but also internalized or accumulated by the other cells. The "next cell hypothesis" supports the notion that exosomes constitute communication vehicles between neighboring cells. By this mechanism, exosomes participate in the development of diabetes and its associated complications, critically contribute to the spreading of neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease, and non-proteolysed form of Fas ligand (mFasL)-bearing exosomes trigger the apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, exosomes derived from human B lymphocytes induce antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cell responses. Interestingly, exosomes secreted by cancer cells have been demonstrated to express tumor antigens, as well as immune suppressive molecules. This process is defined as "exosome-immune suppression" concept. The interplay via the exchange of exosomes between cancer cells and between cancer cells and the tumor stroma promote the transfer of oncogenes and onco-miRNAs from one cell to other. Circulating exosomes that are released from hypertrophic adipocytes are effective in obesity-related complications. On the other hand, the "inflammasome-induced" exosomes can activate inflammatory responses in recipient cells. In this chapter protein kinases-related checkpoints are emphasized considering the regulation of exosome biogenesis, secretory traffic, and their impacts on cell death, tumor growth, immune system, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Hettich BF, Ben‐Yehuda Greenwald M, Werner S, Leroux J. Exosomes for Wound Healing: Purification Optimization and Identification of Bioactive Components. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002596. [PMID: 33304765 PMCID: PMC7709981 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cell exosomes have been shown to promote cutaneous wound healing. Their bioactivity is most often attributed to their protein and nucleic acid components, while the function of exosomal lipids remains comparatively unexplored. This work specifically assesses the involvement of lipids and the transmembrane enzyme CD73 in the exosomes' biological activity in stimulating the cutaneous wound healing process. Since exosome preparation processes are not harmonized yet, certain production and purification parameters are first systematically investigated, enabling the optimization of a standardized protocol delivering high exosome integrity, yield, and purity. An in situ enzymatic assay is introduced to specifically assess the vesicle functionality, and quantitative proteomics is employed to establish the cell culture conditions yielding a stable exosome protein profile. Using a combination of in vitro approaches, CD73 and constitutional lipids of HPV-16 E6/E7 transformed human bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes are identified as key bioactive components promoting the exosome-driven acceleration of processes required for wound repair. A pilot wound healing study in mice indeed suggests a role of lipids in the exosomes' biological activity. Strikingly, the extent of the bioactivity of these exosomal components is found to be dependent on the target cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta F. Hettich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | | | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health SciencesDepartment of BiologyETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichZurich8093Switzerland
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25
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Quan M, Kuang S. Exosomal Secretion of Adipose Tissue during Various Physiological States. Pharm Res 2020; 37:221. [PMID: 33063193 PMCID: PMC7953939 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted extracellular vesicles containing a wide array of biologically active components. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes serve as an important vehicle for extracellular communication and exert systemic effects on the physiology of organisms. Adipose tissues (ATs) play a key role in balancing systemic energy homeostasis as a central hub for fatty acid metabolism. At the same time, proper endocrine function of ATs has also been shown to be crucial for regulating physiological and metabolic health. The endocrine function of ATs is partially mediated by AT-derived exosomes that regulate metabolic homeostasis, such as insulin signaling, lipolysis, and inflammation. During the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancer, exosomes shed by the resident cells in ATs may also have a role in regulating the progression of these diseases along with associated pathologies. In this review, we summarize the contents of AT-derived exosomes and their effects on various cell populations along with possible underlying molecular mechanisms. We further discuss the potential applications of exosomes as a drug delivery tool and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menchus Quan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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26
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Sun W, Ren Y, Lu Z, Zhao X. The potential roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer initiation and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:135. [PMID: 32878635 PMCID: PMC7466807 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is an insidious and highly metastatic malignancy, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. So far, the pathogenesis and progression mechanisms of PaCa have been poorly characterized. Exosomes correspond to a class of extracellular nanovesicles, produced by a broad range of human somatic and cancerous cells. These particular nanovesicles are mainly composed by proteins, genetic substances and lipids, which mediate signal transduction and material transport. A large number of studies have indicated that exosomes may play decisive roles in the occurrence and metastatic progression of PaCa. This article summarizes the specific functions of exosomes and their underlying molecular mechanisms in mediating the initiation and metastatic capability of PaCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
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Zhao X, Ren Y, Lu Z. Potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188414. [PMID: 32866530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is considered an aggressive but still asymptomatic malignancy. Due to the lack of effective diagnostic markers, PaCa is often diagnosed during late metastatic stages. Besides surgical resection, no other treatment appears to be effective during earlier stages of the disease. Exosomes are related to a class of nanovesicles coated by a bilayer lipid membrane and enriched in protein, nucleic acid, and lipid contents. They are widely present in human body fluids, including blood, saliva, and pancreatic duct fluid, with functions in signal transduction and material transport. A large number of studies have suggested for a crucial role for exosomes in PaCa, which may be utilized to improve its future diagnosis and treatment, but the underlying molecular mechanisms as well as their potential clinical applications are largely unknown. By collecting and analyzing the most up-to-date literature, here we summarize the current progress of the clinical applications related to exosomes in PaCa. Therefore, we presently provide some rationale for the potential value of exosomes in PaCa, thereby promoting putative applications in targeted PaCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China.
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, LN, China
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28
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Nannan L, Oudart JB, Monboisse JC, Ramont L, Brassart-Pasco S, Brassart B. Extracellular Vesicle-Dependent Cross-Talk in Cancer-Focus on Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1456. [PMID: 32974169 PMCID: PMC7466446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and shed microvesicles are generated by many different cells. However, among all the cells, cancer cells are now recognized to secrete more EVs than healthy cells. Tumor-derived EVs can be isolated from biofluids such as blood, urine, ascitic fluid, and saliva. Their numerous components (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) possess many pleiotropic functions involved in cancer progression. The tumor-derived EVs generated under the influence of tumor microenvironment play distant roles and promote cellular communication by directly interacting with different cells. Moreover, they modulate extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor progression. Tumor-derived EVs are involved in pre-metastatic niche formation, dependent on the EV-associated protein receptors, and in cancer chemoresistance as they transfer drug-resistance-related genes to recipient cells. Recent advances in preclinical and clinical fields suggest their potential use as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis as well as for drug delivery in cancer. In this Review, we discuss EV characteristics and pro-tumor capacities, and highlight the future crucial impact of tumor-derived EVs in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Nannan
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,Biomedical MRI Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Oudart
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Jean Claude Monboisse
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Ramont
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Sylvie Brassart-Pasco
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Bertrand Brassart
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France
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Vanherle S, Haidar M, Irobi J, Bogie JF, Hendriks JJ. Extracellular vesicle-associated lipids in central nervous system disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:322-331. [PMID: 32360577 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that lipid metabolism is disturbed in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are nanosized particles that play an essential role in intercellular communication and tissue homeostasis by transporting diverse biologically active molecules, including a large variety of lipid species. In the last decade, studies defined that changes in the EV lipidome closely correlate with disease-progression and -remission in CNS disorders. In this review, we summarize and discuss these changes in the EV lipidome and elaborate on the impact of different EV-associated lipids on pathological processes in CNS disorders. We conclude that EV-associated lipids are closely associated with neuroinflammation, CNS repair, and pathological protein aggregation in CNS disorders, and that modulation of the EV lipidome represents a promising therapeutic strategy to halt disease progression in multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Moreover, we predict that disease-stage specific EV-associated lipid signatures can be invaluable markers for the diagnosis and early detection of CNS disorders in the future.
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30
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Exosomes are the Driving Force in Preparing the Soil for the Metastatic Seeds: Lessons from the Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030564. [PMID: 32121073 PMCID: PMC7140426 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-membrane vesicles that various cell types secrete during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. By shuttling bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to target cells, exosomes serve as key regulators for multiple cellular processes, including cancer metastasis. Recently, microvesicles have emerged as a challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), encountered either when the number of vesicles increases or when the vesicles move into circulation, potentially with an ability to induce drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Notably, the exosomal cargo can induce the desmoplastic response of PCa-associated cells in a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote PCa metastasis. However, the crosstalk between PCa-derived exosomes and the TME remains only partially understood. In this review, we provide new insights into the metabolic and molecular signatures of PCa-associated exosomes in reprogramming the TME, and the subsequent promotion of aggressive phenotypes of PCa cells. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of TME reprogramming by exosomes draws more practical and universal conclusions for the development of new therapeutic interventions when considering TME in the treatment of PCa patients.
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31
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Hussain S, Singh A, Nazir SU, Tulsyan S, Khan A, Kumar R, Bashir N, Tanwar P, Mehrotra R. Cancer drug resistance: A fleet to conquer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14213-14225. [PMID: 31037763 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease that claims millions of lives each year across the world. Despite advancement in technologies and therapeutics for treating the disease, these modes are often found to turn ineffective during the course of treatment. The resistance against drugs in cancer patients stems from multiple factors, which constitute genetic heterogeneity like gene mutations, tumor microenvironment, exosomes, miRNAs, high rate of drug efflux from cells, and so on. This review attempts to collate all such known and reported factors that influence cancer drug resistance and may help researchers with information that might be useful in developing better therapeutics in near future to enable better management of several cancers across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showket Hussain
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Sheeraz Un Nazir
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Sonam Tulsyan
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Asiya Khan
- Department of Lab Oncology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Nasreena Bashir
- College of Applied Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
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32
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Jalalian SH, Ramezani M, Jalalian SA, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. Exosomes, new biomarkers in early cancer detection. Anal Biochem 2019; 571:1-13. [PMID: 30776327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal-derived vesicles, playing a major role in cell-to-cell communication. Multiple cells secret these vesicles to induce and inhibit different cellular and molecular pathways. Cancer-derived exosomes have been shown to affect development of cancer in different stages and contribute to the recruitment and reprogramming of both proximal and distal tissues. The growing interest in defining the clinical relevance of these nano-sized particles in cancers, has led to the identification of either tissue- or disease-specific exosomal contents, such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids as a source of new biomarkers which propose the diagnostic potentials of exosomes in early detection of cancers. In this review, we have discussed some aspects of exosomes including their contents, applications and isolation techniques in the field of early cancer detection. Although, exosomes are considered as ideal biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, due to their unique characteristics, there is still a long way in the development of exosome-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Jalalian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Students Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Jalalian
- Students Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Abstract
The last 5 years have seen a dramatic increased interest in the field of exosome biology. Although much is unknown about the role of exosomes in human health and disease, disparate scientific disciplines are recognizing the highly conserved role that exosomes play in fundamental biological processes. Recently, there have been intriguing discoveries defining the role of exosomes in cancer biology. We performed a structured review of the English-language literature using the PubMed database searching for articles relating to exosomes and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Articles were screened for relevance and content to judge for inclusion. Evidence implicates exosomes in the pathogenesis, local progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and intercellular communication of PDAC. Basic science discoveries in exosome biology have the potential to change the clinical management of PDAC, where, despite advances in early detection, diagnosis, staging, chemotherapy, and surgery, survival rates have been stagnant for decades and PDAC remains the most deadly human gastrointestinal malignancy.
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34
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Dendritic cell extracellular vesicles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:213-249. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Fan TWM, Zhang X, Wang C, Yang Y, Kang WY, Arnold S, Higashi RM, Liu J, Lane AN. Exosomal lipids for classifying early and late stage non-small cell lung cancer. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:256-264. [PMID: 30292300 PMCID: PMC6582997 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Patients with early stage lung cancer have the best prognosis with surgical removal of the tumor, but the disease is often asymptomatic until advanced disease develops, and there are no effective blood-based screening methods for early detection of lung cancer in at-risk populations. We have explored the lipid profiles of blood plasma exosomes using ultra high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (UHR-FTMS) for early detection of the prevalent non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Exosomes are nanovehicles released by various cells and tumor tissues to elicit important biofunctions such as immune modulation and tumor development. Plasma exosomal lipid profiles were acquired from 39 normal and 91 NSCLC subjects (44 early stage and 47 late stage). We have applied two multivariate statistical methods, Random Forest (RF) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to classify the data. For the RF method, the Gini importance of the assigned lipids was calculated to select 16 lipids with top importance. Using the LASSO method, 7 features were selected based on a grouped LASSO penalty. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for early and late stage cancer versus normal subjects using the selected lipid features was 0.85 and 0.88 for RF and 0.79 and 0.77 for LASSO, respectively. These results show the value of RF and LASSO for metabolomics data-based biomarker development, which provide robust an independent classifiers with sparse data sets. Application of LASSO and Random Forests identifies lipid features that successfully distinguish early stage lung cancer patient from healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Ye Yang
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Woo-Young Kang
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Susanne Arnold
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry (CESB), Markey Cancer Center, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, United States.
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36
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Qian L, Yu S, Chen Z, Meng Z, Huang S, Wang P. Functions and clinical implications of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:75-84. [PMID: 30419313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies and is associated with a dismal prognosis, which can be contributed to its atypical symptoms, metastatic propensity, and significant chemoresistance. Emerging evidence shows that pancreatic cancer cell-derived exosomes (PEXs) play critical roles in tumorigenesis and tumor development, as they are involved in drug resistance, immune evasion and metabolic reprograming, and distant metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Their numerous differentially expressed and functional contents make PEXs promising screening tools and therapeutic targets, which require further exploration. In this review, we focus on the functions of PEX contents and their clinical implications in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qian
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China
| | - Shulin Yu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China
| | - Shenglin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000332, China.
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37
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Letsiou E, Bauer N. Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles in Pulmonary Function and Disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:197-256. [PMID: 30360780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary vascular endothelium is involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung diseases. Endothelial cell (EC)-derived products such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as EC messengers that mediate inflammatory as well as cytoprotective effects. EC-EVs are a broad term, which encompasses exosomes and microvesicles of endothelial origin. EVs are comprised of lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins that reflect not only the cellular origin but also the stimulus that triggered their biogenesis and secretion. This chapter presents an overview of the biology of EC-EVs and summarizes key findings regarding their characteristics, components, and functions. The role of EC-EVs is specifically delineated in pulmonary diseases characterized by endothelial dysfunction, including pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome and associated conditions, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Letsiou
- Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalie Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Lung Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States.
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38
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Comparison of exosome-mimicking liposomes with conventional liposomes for intracellular delivery of siRNA. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:100-113. [PMID: 30138707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have been extensively explored as delivery vehicles due to low immunogenicity, efficient cargo delivery, and possibly intrinsic homing capacity. However, therapeutic application of exosomes is hampered by structural complexity and lack of efficient techniques for isolation and drug loading. Liposomes represent one of the most successful therapeutic nanocarriers, but are frequently criticized by short blood circulation and inefficient intracellular drug delivery. In this circumstance, a promising strategy is to facilitate a positive feedback between two fields. Herein, exosome-mimicking liposomes were formulated with DOPC/SM/Chol/DOPS/DOPE (21/17.5/30/14/17.5, mol/mol), and harnessed for delivery of VEGF siRNA to A549 and HUVEC cells. Compared with Lipo 2000 and DOTAP liposomes, exosome-mimicking liposomes exhibited less than four-fold cytotoxicity but higher storage stability and anti-serum aggregation effect. Exosome-mimicking liposomes appeared to enter A549 cells through membrane fusion, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis, while enter HUVEC through caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which revealed that the uptake pathway was dependent on cell types. Notably, exosome-mimicking liposomes exhibited significantly higher cellular uptake and silencing efficiency than PC-Chol liposomes (>three-fold), suggesting the unique lipid composition did enhance the intracellular delivery efficiency of exosome-mimicking liposomes to a significantly greater extent. However, it still remained far from satisfactory delivery as compared to cationic Lipo 2000 and DOTAP liposomes, which warranted further improvement in future research. This study may encourage further pursuit of more exosome-mimicking delivery vehicles with higher efficiency and biocompatibility.
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39
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Exploring the biophysical properties of phytosterols in the plasma membrane for novel cancer prevention strategies. Biochimie 2018; 153:150-161. [PMID: 29730298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a global problem with no sign that incidences are reducing. The great costs associated with curing cancer, through developing novel treatments and applying patented therapies, is an increasing burden to developed and developing nations alike. These financial and societal problems will be alleviated by research efforts into prevention, or treatments that utilise off-patent or repurposed agents. Phytosterols are natural components of the diet found in an array of seeds, nuts and vegetables and have been added to several consumer food products for the management of cardio-vascular disease through their ability to lower LDL-cholesterol levels. In this review, we provide a connected view between the fields of structural biophysics and cellular and molecular biology to evaluate the growing evidence that phytosterols impair oncogenic pathways in a range of cancer types. The current state of understanding of how phytosterols alter the biophysical properties of plasma membrane is described, and the potential for phytosterols to be repurposed from cardio-vascular to oncology therapeutics. Through an overview of the types of biophysical and molecular biology experiments that have been performed to date, this review informs the reader of the molecular and biophysical mechanisms through which phytosterols could have anti-cancer properties via their interactions with the plasma cell membrane. We also outline emerging and under-explored areas such as computational modelling, improved biomimetic membranes and ex vivo tissue evaluation. Focus of future research in these areas should improve understanding, not just of phytosterols in cancer cell biology but also to give insights into the interaction between the plasma membrane and the genome. These fields are increasingly providing meaningful biological and clinical data but iterative experiments between molecular biology assays, biosynthetic membrane studies and computational membrane modelling improve and refine our understanding of the role of different sterol components of the plasma membrane.
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Yan Y, Fu G, Ming L. Role of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7479-7488. [PMID: 29731898 PMCID: PMC5920881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies. Exosomes, which are released by multiple cell types, such as cancer cells, contain functional biomolecules (including proteins, nucleic acids and lipids) that can be horizontally delivered to recipient cells. Exosomes act as the most prominent mediator of intercellular communication and can regulate, instruct and re-educate their surrounding microenvironment and target specific organs. The present review performed an extensive search of multiple databases from 2005 to April 23 2017, for eligible literature relating to exosomes and their role in pancreatic cancer. With a focus on the latest findings for pancreatic cancer exosomes, their role in tumorigenesis was summarized, as well as their aggressive behaviors and their contribution to immunosuppression and therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer. In addition, the potential function of exosomes as novel diagnostic biomarkers is briefly discussed. Finally, we propose potential clinical applications for exosomes in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Key Clinical Laboratory of The Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhen Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Key Clinical Laboratory of The Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Key Clinical Laboratory of The Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Barteneva NS, Baiken Y, Fasler-Kan E, Alibek K, Wang S, Maltsev N, Ponomarev ED, Sautbayeva Z, Kauanova S, Moore A, Beglinger C, Vorobjev IA. Extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal cancer in conjunction with microbiota: On the border of Kingdoms. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:372-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Parodi A, Molinaro R, Sushnitha M, Evangelopoulos M, Martinez JO, Arrighetti N, Corbo C, Tasciotti E. Bio-inspired engineering of cell- and virus-like nanoparticles for drug delivery. Biomaterials 2017; 147:155-168. [PMID: 28946131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The engineering of future generations of nanodelivery systems aims at the creation of multifunctional vectors endowed with improved circulation, enhanced targeting and responsiveness to the biological environment. Moving past purely bio-inert systems, researchers have begun to create nanoparticles capable of proactively interacting with the biology of the body. Nature offers a wide-range of sources of inspiration for the synthesis of more effective drug delivery platforms. Because the nano-bio-interface is the key driver of nanoparticle behavior and function, the modification of nanoparticles' surfaces allows the transfer of biological properties to synthetic carriers by imparting them with a biological identity. Modulation of these surface characteristics governs nanoparticle interactions with the biological barriers they encounter. Building off these observations, we provide here an overview of virus- and cell-derived biomimetic delivery systems that combine the intrinsic hallmarks of biological membranes with the delivery capabilities of synthetic carriers. We describe the features and properties of biomimetic delivery systems, recapitulating the distinctive traits and functions of viruses, exosomes, platelets, red and white blood cells. By mimicking these biological entities, we will learn how to more efficiently interact with the human body and refine our ability to negotiate with the biological barriers that impair the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Parodi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Molinaro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuela Sushnitha
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), Houston, TX, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Evangelopoulos
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan O Martinez
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), Houston, TX, USA; Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale per Lo Studio e La Cura Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Corbo
- Center for Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute (HMRI), Houston, TX, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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Huang-Doran I, Zhang CY, Vidal-Puig A. Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Mediators of Cell Communication In Metabolic Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:3-18. [PMID: 27810172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis emerges from the complex, multidirectional crosstalk between key metabolic tissues including adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. This crosstalk, traditionally mediated by hormones and metabolites, becomes dysregulated in human diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs; including exosomes) are circulating, cell-derived nanoparticles containing proteins and nucleic acids that interact with and modify local and distant cellular targets. Accumulating evidence, reviewed herein, supports a role for extracellular vesicles in obesity-associated metabolic disturbance, particularly the local and systemic inflammation characteristic of adipose and hepatic stress. As the practical and conceptual challenges facing the field are tackled, this emerging and versatile mode of intercellular communication may afford valuable insights and therapeutic opportunities in combatting these major threats to modern human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Huang-Doran
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046 China
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Notch signaling is an evolutionary conserved pathway critical for cardiovascular development and angiogenesis. More recently, the contribution of Notch signaling to the homeostasis of the adult vasculature has emerged as an important novel paradigm, but much remains to be understood. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings shed light on the impact of Notch in vascular and immune responses to microenvironmental signals as well as on the onset of atherosclerosis. In the past year, studies in human and mice explored the role of Notch in the maintenance of a nonactivated endothelium. Novel pieces of evidence suggest that this pathway is sensitive to environmental factors, including inflammatory mediators and diet-derived by-products. SUMMARY An emerging theme is the ability of Notch to respond to changes in the microenvironment, including glucose and lipid metabolites. In turn, alterations in Notch enable an important link between metabolism and transcriptional changes, thus this receptor appears to function as a metabolic sensor with direct implications to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Briot
- I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Team 1, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Bouloumié
- I2MC, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, Team 1, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ferguson SW, Nguyen J. Exosomes as therapeutics: The implications of molecular composition and exosomal heterogeneity. J Control Release 2016; 228:179-190. [PMID: 26941033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing exosomes as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles requires a better understanding of exosomal composition and their mode of action. A full appreciation of all the exosomal components (proteins, lipids, and RNA content) will be important for the design of effective exosome-based or exosome-mimicking drug carriers. In this review we describe the presence of rarely studied, non-coding RNAs that exist in high numbers in exosomes. We discuss the implications of the molecular composition and heterogeneity of exosomes on their biological and therapeutic effects. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions with regard to RNA loading into exosomes, analytical methods to sort exosomes and their sub-populations, and the effects of exosomal proteins and lipids on recipient cells. Investigations into these facets of exosome biology will further advance the field, could lead to the clinical translation of exosome-based therapeutics, and aid in the reverse-engineering of synthetic exosomes. Although synthetic exosomes are still an underexplored area, they could offer researchers a way to manufacture exosomes with highly defined structure, composition, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Ferguson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The State University of New York at Buffalo, United States
| | - Juliane Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The State University of New York at Buffalo, United States.
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Rauschenberger L, Staar D, Thom K, Scharf C, Venz S, Homuth G, Schlüter R, Brandenburg LO, Ziegler P, Zimmermann U, Weitschies W, Völker U, Lendeckel U, Walther R, Burchardt M, Stope MB. Exosomal particles secreted by prostate cancer cells are potent mRNA and protein vehicles for the interference of tumor and tumor environment. Prostate 2016; 76:409-24. [PMID: 26643154 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling of the tumor environment and the modulation of tumor associated non-malignant cells are essential events in tumor progression. Exosomes are small membranous vesicles of 50-150 nm in diameter, which are secreted into the extracellular space and supposedly serve as vehicles for signal and effector molecules to modulate adjacent target cells. We characterized the mRNA and protein composition as well as cellular functions of prostate cancer cell-derived exosomes. METHODS Exosomes were prepared from prostate cancer cell culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation and subsequently characterized by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Exosomal mRNA and protein composition were analyzed by DNA microarrays and gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. Physiological effects of exosomes were studied by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase release cell assays. Using a SILAC approach, putative uptake of exosomal human proteins in canine cells and canine de novo synthesis of proteins specified by exosome-transferred human mRNA was analyzed in MDCK cells via mass spectrometry. RESULTS Preparations of exosomes revealed typical cup shaped particles of 150 nm in diameter. Analysis of mRNA and protein composition of exosomes exhibited a wide range of mRNA and protein species. Interestingly, the packaging of at least small proteins into exosomes was apparently unspecific, as shown with the example of two model proteins. In cell culture incubation experiments exosomal preparations of prostate cancer cells caused anti-proliferative effects. MS analysis revealed the uptake of exosomal human proteins into canine cells after 6 hr of incubation. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal a distinct exosomal functionality in the modulation of the prostatic tumor adjacent environment. The multitude of translocated factors implies the induction of numerous effects in tumor-associated target cells, including impact on cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doreen Staar
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathleen Thom
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Ziegler
- Department of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Zimmermann
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reinhard Walther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Burchardt
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e189. [PMID: 26807644 PMCID: PMC4728678 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human diseases, including metabolic, immune and central nervous system disorders, as well as cancer, are the consequence of an alteration in lipid metabolic enzymes and their pathways. This illustrates the fundamental role played by lipids in maintaining membrane homeostasis and normal function in healthy cells. We reviewed the major lipid dysfunctions occurring during tumor development, as determined using systems biology approaches. In it, we provide detailed insight into the essential roles exerted by specific lipids in mediating intracellular oncogenic signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress and bidirectional crosstalk between cells of the tumor microenvironment and cancer cells. Finally, we summarize the advances in ongoing research aimed at exploiting the dependency of cancer cells on lipids to abolish tumor progression.
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Pocsfalvi G, Stanly C, Vilasi A, Fiume I, Capasso G, Turiák L, Buzas EI, Vékey K. Mass spectrometry of extracellular vesicles. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:3-21. [PMID: 25705034 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The review briefly summaries main features of extracellular vesicles, a joint terminology for exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic vesicles. These vesicles are in the center of interest in biology and medical sciences, and form a very active field of research. Mass spectrometry (MS), with its specificity and sensitivity, has the potential to identify and characterize molecular composition of these vesicles; but as yet there are only a limited, but fast-growing, number of publications that use MS workflows in this field. MS is the major tool to assess protein composition of extracellular vesicles: qualitative and quantitative proteomics approaches are both reviewed. Beside proteins, lipid and metabolite composition of vesicles might also be best assessed by MS techniques; however there are few applications as yet in this respect. The role of alternative analytical approaches, like gel-based proteomics and antibody-based immunoassays, are also mentioned. The objective of the review is to give an overview of this fast-growing field to help orient MS-based research on extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Christopher Stanly
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vilasi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Fiume
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Cardio-Vascular Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lilla Turiák
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, , Phone: 412-624-0096, FAX: 412-624-0264
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50
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Zaborowski MP, Balaj L, Breakefield XO, Lai CP. Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study. Bioscience 2015; 65:783-797. [PMID: 26955082 PMCID: PMC4776721 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, is a phenomenon shared by many cell types as a means of communicating with other cells and also potentially removing cell contents. The cargo of EVs includes the proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and membrane receptors of the cells from which they originate. EVs released into the extracellular space can enter body fluids and potentially reach distant tissues. Once taken up by neighboring and/or distal cells, EVs can transfer functional cargo that may alter the status of recipient cells, thereby contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. In this article, we will focus on EV composition, mechanisms of uptake, and their biological effects on recipient cells. We will also discuss established and recently developed methods used to study EVs, including isolation, quantification, labeling and imaging protocols, as well as RNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- MikoŁaj P Zaborowski
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
| | - Charles P Lai
- Mikołaj P. Zaborowski ( ; ), Leonora Balaj ( ), Xandra O. Breakefield ( ), and Charles P. Lai ( ) are affiliated with the Department of Neurology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and with the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. XOB is also affiliated with the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital, in Charlestown, and MPZ is also affiliated with the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Gynecologic Oncology at the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, in Poland
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