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Ali AN, Ghoneim SM, Ahmed ER, El-Farouk Abdel Salam LO, Anis Saleh SM. Cadherin switching in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A clinicopathological study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:486-494. [PMID: 37293580 PMCID: PMC10245331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide as it represents the sixth most common cancer. Numerous molecular mechanisms have been explained to regulate OSCC progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cadherin switching is the pivotal process that controls EMT in which E-cadherin reduces while N-cadherin elevates. This work aimed to clarify the role of cadherin switching in OSCC. Material and methods Thirty paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of OSCC including six cases with lymph node metastasis were subjected to immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against E&N-cadherins. Cell cultures were performed using OSCC cell lines (SCC-15/SCC-25) from the human tongue. F-12K medium (Kaighn's Modification of Ham's F12 Medium) was added as EMT inducing media. E&N-cadherin mRNA gene expression levels were detected by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Cadherin switching through N-cadherin elevation and E-cadherin reduction was evaluated at the histopathologic level in primary and metastatic OSCC as well as at the genetic level within OSCC cell culture. Cadherin switching showed a significant correlation between E&N-cadherins at different histopathological grades of OSCC and in metastatic OSCC. Moreover, the level of mRNA gene expression of E&N-cadherins in human 15 SCC and 25 SCC cell lines with EMT-inducing media exhibited a significant correlation. Conclusions Cadherin switching is a crucial event in the EMT process. It may be used as a significant tool in the study of OSCC progression. Cadherin switching plays a significant role in the invasion and metastasis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Noaman Ali
- Oral Pathology, Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt
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Hakim SG, Taubitz C, Hoppe S, Steller D, Rades D, Ribbat-Idel J, Alsharif U, Falougy M. Prognostic impact of the loss of E-cadherin and de novo expression of N-cadherin at the invasive front of primary and recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151879. [PMID: 37265789 PMCID: PMC10231494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological mechanism in multiple pathophysiological diseases. Related alterations in cadherin expression play a crucial role in carcinogenesis, progression, angiogenesis, and immune response. EMT cells exhibit a transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype (cadherin-switch). This process is characterized by the de novo development of N-cadherin (N-CAD), which replaces E-cadherin (E-CAD) and signifies an increased migratory capacity and malignant transformation. The cadherin switch is a hallmark of EMT and has been studied in various cancer entities. We predicted that the cadherin switch in the primary and recurrent oral squamous cell carcinoma (re-OSCC) tissues is an inherent characteristic of the tumor, affects the biologic behavior, and further reflects the post-recurrence survival outcome of these patients. Survival outcome was analyzed by calculating the post-recurrence survival of the high-risk group and correlating the standardized h-score-based IHC expression of both cadherin types with the clinical follow-up. 94 patients with re-OSCC were observed within the cohort. Tissue samples from both primary and recurring tumors were collected. There was a significant association between loss of E-CAD expression and both oral cancer-specific and overall survival, (HR=2.72, CI:1.50-4.95, p=0.001) and (HR=3.84, CI:1.93-7.63, p=0.001), respectively, for expression loss higher than 60%. There was no statistically significant correlation between N-CAD de novo expression and Overall, oral cancer-specific and disease-free post-recurrence survival. The current study clearly shows that cadherin-switch, identified as E-CAD loss and N-CAD de novo expression in the invasion front of a re-OSCC, appears to be an inherent histological hallmark that does not change from primary manifestation to recurrence within the same tumor, regardless of the form of adjuvant therapy used for the primary tumor. The loss of E-CAD expression in re-OSCC is an independent risk factor for poor survival, and may be used to stratify therapy and de/escalate the multimodal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer George Hakim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Medical Center, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Clara Taubitz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen Hoppe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Steller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Rades
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julika Ribbat-Idel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ubai Alsharif
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dortmund General Hospital, Dortmund, and Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Mohamed Falougy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Panda A, Mishra P, Mohanty A, Sundaragiri KS, Singh A, Jha K. Is Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition a New Roadway in the Pathogenesis of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e29636. [PMID: 36321045 PMCID: PMC9606484 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) collectively refers to a series of episodes that reshape polarized, intact epithelial cells into discrete motile cells that can conquer the extracellular matrix (ECM). It performs a pivotal role in embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue repair. Surprisingly, the exact mechanism can also lead to the onset of malignancy and organ fibrosis contributing to scar formation and loss of function. transforming growth factor signaling, WNT signaling, Notch signaling, Hedgehog signaling, and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, as well as non-transcriptional changes in response to extracellular cues, such as growth factors and cytokines, hypoxia, and contact with the surrounding ECM, are responsible for the initiation of EMT. Although the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is multifactorial, compelling evidence suggests that it results from collagen deregulation. EMT is one of the spotlight events in the pathogenesis of OSMF, with myofibroblasts and keratinocytes being the victim cells. EMT is an essential step in both physiological and pathological events. The importance of EMT in the malignant development of OSMF and the inflammatory reaction preceding fibrosis implies a new upcoming area of research. This review aims to focus on the EMT events that function as a double-edged sword between wound healing and fibrosis and further discuss the mechanisms along with the molecular pathways that direct changes in gene expression essential for the same in the oral cavity. As OSMF involves a risk of malignant transformation, understanding the cellular and molecular events will open more avenues for therapeutic breakthroughs targeting EMT.
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Kadeh H, Saravani S, Miri Moghaddam E. Immunohistochemical Expression of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Proteins in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:354-361. [PMID: 34567183 PMCID: PMC8463764 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.20201.137498.2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to be a possible mechanism in tumor progression; however, there is insufficient evidence to support the contribution of this process in human cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of EMT markers in normal oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma and also correlates with some clinicopathological parameters. Methods This study was conducted on 70 samples, including 20 cases of normal epithelium and 50 cases of Oral Squamous cell Carcinoma (OSCC). To examine the expression level of these proteins, immunohistochemical staining was performed for samples using E-cadherin and N-cadherin monoclonal antibodies. Results Reduced expression of E-cadherin was observed in 74% of OSCC and 15% of normal epithelium samples; this difference was statistically significant (P˂0.000). With the progression of SCC from well towards poor differentiation, the E-cadherin expression decreased; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.642). Normal epithelial specimens were negative for N-cadherin expression in 75% of cases, whereas OSCC specimens showed high expression of N-cadherin in 46% of cases, this difference was statistically significant (P=0.01). Although 62.5% of poorly differentiated OSCC showed high expression of N-cadherin, the difference between the histopathological grades was not significant (P=0.586). No significant relationship was found between markers expression and patient's age, gender, and tumor location. Conclusion This study showed that OSCC tissues showed high EMT phenotype (reduced E-cadherin expression and high expression of N-cadherin) compared to normal oral mucosa which may indicate the possible key role of EMT mechanism during oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Kadeh
- Oral & Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Shirin Saravani
- Oral & Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Miri Moghaddam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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The Expression of Selected Wnt Pathway Members (FZD6, AXIN2 and β-Catenin) in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Acanthomatous Ameloblastoma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061615. [PMID: 34072517 PMCID: PMC8228298 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is well known to be involved in many types of human cancer; however, in veterinary medicine, the investigation of individual Wnt members' expression, and their role in or association with oral tumor pathogenesis, is still underevaluated. We aim to determine the expression pattern of Frizzled-6 (FZD6) as one of the Wnt receptors in two of the most common canine oral neoplastic lesions-canine oral squamous cell carcinoma (COSCC) and canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA). While COSCC is a malignant tumor with aggressive biological behavior and a tendency to metastasize, CAA is a benign tumor with high local invasiveness. In CAA, the expression of FZD6 was mostly located in the center of the epithelial tumorous tissue, and cells exhibiting features of squamous metaplasia were strongly positive. In well-differentiated COSCC, FZD6 was expressed in the tumorous epithelium as well as the tumorous stroma. There was a negative correlation between cytokeratin expression and FZD6 expression in COSCC, where the central parts of the epithelial tumorous tissue were often FZD6-negative. The non-differentiated COSCC with low expression of cytokeratin exhibited a diffuse FZD6 signal. The invasive front with areas of tumor budding exhibited high FZD6 expression with a loss of cytokeratin expression. Moreover, the expression of β-catenin and AXIN2 was increased in comparison to gingiva. In conclusion, our study revealed significant differences in the expression patterns and the levels of FZD6 between COSCC and CAA, indicating the differential engagement of the Wnt pathway in these tumors.
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The Role of Carcinogenesis-Related Biomarkers in the Wnt Pathway and Their Effects on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030555. [PMID: 32121061 PMCID: PMC7139589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) can develop from potentially malignant disorders (PMDs), it is critical to develop methods for early detection to improve the prognosis of patients. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role during tumor progression and metastasis. The Wnt signaling pathway is an intercellular pathway in animals that also plays a fundamental role in cell proliferation and regeneration, and in the function of many cell or tissue types. Specific components of master regulators such as epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), Vimentin, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Snail, and neural cadherin (N-cadherin), which are known to control the EMT process, have also been implicated in the Wnt cascade. Here, we review recent findings on the Wnt signaling pathway and the expression mechanism. These regulators are known to play roles in EMT and tumor progression, especially in OSCC. Characterizing the mechanisms through which both EMT and the Wnt pathway play a role in these cellular pathways could increase our understanding of the tumor genesis process and may allow for the development of improved therapeutics for OSCC.
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Sathish II, Asokan K, L KC, Ramanathan A. Expression of E- Cadherin and Levels of Dysplasia in Oral Leukoplakia - A Prospective Cohort Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:405-410. [PMID: 32102518 PMCID: PMC7332145 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.2.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Enormous attempts have been made to develop and establish markers that determines the susceptibility of potentially malignant tissues to transform to oral cancer. E - cadherin encoded by CDH1 gene is a protein which plays an important role in cellular adhesion. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the expression of E- cadherin and different grades of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumour biopsies from fifty leukoplakia patients was collected. Half of the tissue was sent for histopathological examination and other half was subjected to see E - cadherin expression by real time PCR. RESULTS On assessing, the expression of E - cadherin was found to be high in samples with mild dysplasia followed by samples with moderate dysplasia. Samples with severe dysplastic feature showed least expression of E - cadherin. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social science (SPSS) and was proven that there is significant decrease in the expression of E - cadherin as the degree of dysplasia increases with a p value 0.001 and confidence interval 95%. CONCLUSION We conclude that loss of E - cadherin can be used as a tumour marker that could determine the susceptibility of normal and potentially malignant tissues to transform into oral cancers. To generalise our results, further prospective studies with a large sample size using quantitative real time PCR to read the gene expression should be carried out at multi centre levels. .
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ilangani Sathish
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
| | - Kannan Asokan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
| | - Krithika C L
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Enable Biolabs, Madurai Meenakshipuram Extension, Urapakkam, Chennai, India.
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Kallikrein-related Peptidase 5 (KLK5) Expression and Distribution in Canine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:113-119. [PMID: 31955796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common types of malignant skin cancer in dogs, representing 3.9-10.4% of all canine skin tumours. Although the metastatic potential of cSCC is debated, it appears to mimic that observed in man. In man, predictive histopathological features for metastasis include tumour depth, lesions >5-6 mm in depth, and invasion of muscle, cartilage or bone. In dogs, some reports have focused on the clinical features and long-term progression of cSCC, but a gold standard treatment has not yet been developed. We explored the protein expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5), an important modulator of skin homeostasis, in normal canine skin and in examples of cSCC. KLK5 was highly expressed in the upper stratum granulosum, stratum corneum, hair follicles and sweat glands, skin sites where human KLK5 has been shown to be involved in physiological processes including keratinocyte desquamation, antimicrobial defence, lipid permeability and pigmentation. In cSCC, tumour cells at the deep margin, as well as those in the centre of keratin pearls, displayed cytoplasmic expression of KLK5. Some of the KLK5 immunoreactive cells also expressed vimentin, suggesting that they may be undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and therefore have a more invasive behaviour than those expressing only KLK5. KLK5 may be a novel molecular biomarker useful for predicting prognosis of cSSC in dogs.
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Maniyar N, Sharma N, Yerwadekar S, Patil S. Recent trends in predictive biomarkers for determining malignant potential of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oncol Rev 2019; 13:424. [PMID: 31565195 PMCID: PMC6747023 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2019.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of the tremendous advancements in the field of cancer prevention, detection and treatment, the overall prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remains poor. This can be partly imparted to the lack of early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), especially those at a higher risk of progression into OSCC. Over years, various specific and non-specific markers have been introduced that could predict the malignant transformation of OPMDs; however detail information on these OPMD markers in a concise manner is lacking. Moreover, their use on daily clinical basis still remains questionable. With continuous research in the field of cytology and genomics, several contemporary biomarkers have been discovered that are not yet foregrounded and proved to be more promising than those used conventionally. Here, in the present paper, we overview several recently concluded predictive biomarkers with special emphasis on their role in molecular pathogenesis of OSCC transformation. These markers can be used for risk assessment of malignant transformation in patients with OPMDs as well as for prophylactic conciliation and fair management of the high-risk OPMD patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikunj Maniyar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujata Yerwadekar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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van Dijk IA, Veerman ECI, Reits EAJ, Bolscher JGM, Stap J. Salivary peptide histatin 1 mediated cell adhesion: a possible role in mesenchymal-epithelial transition and in pathologies. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1409-1419. [PMID: 30138105 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are histidine-rich peptides present in the saliva of humans and higher primates and have been implicated in the protection of the oral cavity. Histatin 1 is one of the most abundant histatins and recent reports show that it has a stimulating effect on cellular adherence, thereby suggesting a role in maintaining the quality of the epithelial barrier and stimulating mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Here we summarize these findings and discuss them in the context of previous reports. The recent findings also provide new insights in the physiological functions of histatin 1, which are discussed here. Furthermore, we put forward a possible role of histatin 1 in various pathologies and its potential function in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A van Dijk
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C I Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A J Reits
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lucena SR, Zamarrón A, Carrasco E, Marigil MA, Mascaraque M, Fernández-Guarino M, Gilaberte Y, González S, Juarranz A. Characterisation of resistance mechanisms developed by basal cell carcinoma cells in response to repeated cycles of Photodynamic Therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4835. [PMID: 30886381 PMCID: PMC6423284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with methyl-aminolevulinate acid (MAL-PDT) is being used for the treatment of Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), but recurrences have been reported. In this work, we have evaluated resistance mechanisms to MAL-PDT developed by three BCC cell lines (ASZ, BSZ and CSZ), derived from mice on a ptch+/- background and with or without p53 expression, subjected to 10 cycles of PDT (10thG). The resistant populations showed mesenchymal-like structure and diminished proliferative capacity and size compared to the parental (P) cells. The resistance was dependent on the production of the endogenous photosensitiser protoporphyrin IX in the CSZ cell line and on its cellular localisation in ASZ and BSZ cells. Moreover, resistant cells expressing the p53 gene presented lower proliferation rate and increased expression levels of N-cadherin and Gsk3β (a component of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway) than P cells. In contrast, 10thG cells lacking the p53 gene showed lower levels of expression of Gsk3β in the cytoplasm and of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the membrane. In addition, resistant cells presented higher tumorigenic ability in immunosuppressed mice. Altogether, these results shed light on resistance mechanisms of BCC to PDT and may help to improve the use of this therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rocio Lucena
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Zamarrón
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Carrasco
- Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Mascaraque
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Salvador González
- Medicine and Medical Specialties Department, Alcalá de Henares University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Juarranz
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
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Chen CN, Chen YT, Yang TL. Application of three-dimensional collagen scaffolds to recapitulate and monitor the dynamics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition during tumor satellite formation of head and neck cancer. Biomaterials 2018; 154:134-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Meta-Analysis of miRNAs and Their Involvement as Biomarkers in Oral Cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018. [PMID: 29516011 PMCID: PMC5817319 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8439820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recent studies have highlighted the role of miRNA in disease pathology, indicating its potential use as an early diagnostic marker. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs is known to affect cell growth, and these may function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in various cancers. The main objective of this study was to characterize the extracellular miRNAs involved in oral cancer (OC) that can potentially be used as biomarkers of OC. A total of 318 miRNAs involved in oral carcinoma were shortlisted. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of oral carcinoma from reported experiments were identified. Common genes between lists of DEGs of OC of each miRNA were identified. These common genes are the targets of specific miRNA, which may be used as biomarkers of OC. A list of significant biomarkers for cancer was generated like CDH2 and CDK7, and functional enrichment analysis identified the role of miRNAs in major pathways like cell adhesion molecules pathway affected by cancer. We observed that at least 25 genes like ABCF3, ALDH2, CD163L1, and so forth are regulated by a maximum number of miRNAs; thereby, they can be used as biomarkers of OC.
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D'Souza W, Saranath D. OMICS, Oral Cancer Molecular Landscapes, and Clinical Practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:689-703. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhananjaya Saranath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai, India
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Ozaki-Honda Y, Seki S, Fujiwara M, Matsuura M, Fujita S, Ikeda H, Umeda M, Ayuse T, Ikeda T. Prognostic Prediction of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Expression in Overall Cells in Tumor Nests or Tumor Cells at the Invasive Front. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2017; 10:87-94. [PMID: 29098659 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-017-0201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a significant process in the invasion and metastasis of cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and the cadherin switch has been identified as one of the hallmarks of EMT. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the significance of the cadherin switch in the prognosis of OSCC and generate a model for prognostic predictions. Seventy-six biopsy and/or initial surgical specimens from OSCC patients were immunohistochemically analyzed for the expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in either overall OSCC cells in tumor nests or in OSCC cells at the invasive front. Among 76 OSCC cases, overall OSCC cells in tumor nests were negative for the expression of E-cadherin in 10 cases and positive for that of N-cadherin in 53 cases. Among 10 cases negative for the expression of E-cadherin, 4 cases were positive for that of N-cadherin. In OSCC cells at the invasive front, the expression of E-cadherin was negative in 62 cases, while that of N-cadherin was positive in 39 cases. Among 62 cases negative for the expression of E-cadherin, 33 cases were positive for that of N-cadherin. A logistic regression analysis showed that a model using the evaluation of N-cadherin expression in overall OSCC cells in tumor nests with a cut-off point of 70 years old was the best fit model. These results suggest that N-cadherin has significant value in prognostic predictions for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Ozaki-Honda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-5-8 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Seki
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-5-8 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuura
- Bioinformatics Group, Genome Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan, and Graduate School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Fujita
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-5-8 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hisazumi Ikeda
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Umeda
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takao Ayuse
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tohru Ikeda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-5-8 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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16
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Prgomet Z, Andersson T, Lindberg P. Higher expression of WNT5A protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma compared with dysplasia and oral mucosa with a normal appearance. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:237-246. [PMID: 28603941 PMCID: PMC5519933 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WNT5A is a secreted signaling protein that promotes migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells through activation of non‐canonical WNT signaling. Here, we examined expression of WNT5A, β‐catenin, and E‐cadherin by immunohistochemistry in 21 human diagnostic incision biopsies that each had regions of oral mucosa with a normal appearance adjacent to the affected tissue, dysplasia, and OSCC. We also investigated the effect of recombinant WNT5A (rWNT5A) on expression of the cell‐adhesion proteins E‐cadherin and β‐catenin by western blot analysis. No expression of WNT5A protein was present in oral mucosa with a normal appearance or in mild grade dysplasia. However, expression of WNT5A increased along with increasing grade of dysplasia, and the highest expression was detected in OSCCs. Expression of membranous β‐catenin and of E‐cadherin was lower, whereas expression of cytoplasmic β‐catenin was higher, in OSCCs than in non‐cancerous regions. However, there was no correlation between expression of WNT5A and expression of either β‐catenin or E‐cadherin. Furthermore, treatment of OSCC cells with rWNT5A had no effect on the expression of β‐catenin or E‐cadherin. Taken together with previous results, we conclude that WNT5A influences the progression of OSCC without affecting the canonical WNT/β‐catenin pathway and without down‐regulating E‐cadherin. WNT5A may have potential as a biological marker for malignant transformation of dysplasia to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Prgomet
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tommy Andersson
- Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Oral Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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17
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van Dijk IA, Ferrando ML, van der Wijk AE, Hoebe RA, Nazmi K, de Jonge WJ, Krawczyk PM, Bolscher JGM, Veerman ECI, Stap J. Human salivary peptide histatin-1 stimulates epithelial and endothelial cell adhesion and barrier function. FASEB J 2017; 31:3922-3933. [PMID: 28522595 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700180r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are multifunctional histidine-rich peptides secreted by the salivary glands and exclusively present in the saliva of higher primates, where they play a fundamental role in the protection of the oral cavity. Our previously published results demonstrated that histatin-1 (Hst1) promotes cell-substrate adhesion in various cell types and hinted that it could also be involved in cell-cell adhesion, a process of fundamental importance to epithelial and endothelial barriers. Here we explore the effects of Hst1 on cellular barrier function. We show that Hst1 improved endothelial barrier integrity, decreased its permeability for large molecules, and prevented translocation of bacteria across epithelial cell layers. These effects are mediated by the adherens junction protein E-cadherin (E-cad) and by the tight junction protein zonula occludens 1, as Hst1 increases the levels of zonula occludens 1 and of active E-cad. Hst1 may also promote epithelial differentiation as Hst1 induced transcription of the epithelial cell differentiation marker apolipoprotein A-IV (a downstream E-cad target). In addition, Hst1 counteracted the effects of epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducers on the outgrowth of oral cancer cell spheroids, suggesting that Hst1 affects processes that are implicated in cancer progression.-Van Dijk, I. A., Ferrando, M. L., van der Wijk, A.-E., Hoebe, R. A., Nazmi, K., de Jonge, W. J., Krawczyk, P. M., Bolscher, J. G. M., Veerman, E. C. I., Stap, J. Human salivary peptide histatin-1 stimulates epithelial and endothelial cell adhesion and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A van Dijk
- Department of Medical Biology and Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy-Academic Medical Center (LCAM-AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; .,Department of Oral Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Laura Ferrando
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva van der Wijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A Hoebe
- Department of Medical Biology and Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy-Academic Medical Center (LCAM-AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy-Academic Medical Center (LCAM-AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C I Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- Department of Medical Biology and Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy-Academic Medical Center (LCAM-AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Etemad-Moghadam S, Alaeddini M. Pattern of invasion in squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip and oral cavity. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 7:167-170. [PMID: 29123994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of factors may be responsible for the differences in the biologic behaviors of oral and lower lip squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Immunohistochemical invasion profiles have been used to detect invasion patterns like epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) and collective-cell-invasion (CCI), which have not been investigated in lower lip neoplasms. The aim of the present study was to compare the invasive phenotypes of SCCs of the lower lip and oral cavity. Method A total of 44 OSCCs and 37 lower lip SCCs were immunostained with E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, and podoplanin. Based on their expression patterns, tumors were allocated to EMT, CCI or non-EMT/non-CCI categories. Results None of the oral SCCs showed EMT; while 5 lower lip SCCs demonstrated this phenotype. CCI was observed in 12 oral SCCs and 4 lower lip SCCs. The third group included 32 and 28 cases of oral and lower lip tumors, respectively. A significant difference in invasive phenotype was found between the two locations (P = 0.009). Conclusion Oral cavity and lip tumors differ in various aspects and according to our results; the pattern of invasion may be added to these features. Between the two major invasion patterns, EMT was more prevalent in lip tumors while CCI was observed more commonly in oral neoplasms. The significance of the different expression patterns of the non-EMT/non-CCI category requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahroo Etemad-Moghadam
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Alaeddini
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Gulati N, Shetty DC, Rathore AS, Juneja S, Jain A. E-cadherin-mediated impairment increases anti-apoptotic mechanism through upregulation of Bcl-2: An immunohistochemical study in various patterns of invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:934-939. [PMID: 28294427 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bcl-2 and E-cadherin proteins are known to be involved in the control of apoptotic cell death and invasive potential, respectively, which is an important hallmark of tumor regulation that influences their biologic behavior. AIM This study investigates the relationship of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin immunoexpression in various Bryne's patterns of invasion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical analyses for Bcl-2 and E-cadherin were performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections on 40 cases (32 cases of Oral squamous cell carcinoma and eight cases of controls) and were scored using qualitative and quantitative (percentage positive) analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Correlation between patterns of invasion and qualitative scores of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin was calculated using Spearman rho correlation. Difference of mean percentage of positive cells of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin in different patterns of invasion was tested by ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test. RESULTS Bcl-2 and E-cadherin immunoreactivity was positively correlated with Bryne's pattern of invasion (P value<.05). An inverse relation was found between Bcl-2 and E-cadherin expression with Bryne's patterns 1-5 of invasion. CONCLUSIONS The results pointed to the antagonistic role of E-cadherin and Bcl-2 and thus provide the opportunity for cell survival along with increased invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Gulati
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Devi Charan Shetty
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Ajit Singh Rathore
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Saurabh Juneja
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
| | - Anshi Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, I.T.S. Center for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad (U.P), India
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20
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Iwata E, Hasegawa T, Takeda D, Ueha T, Kawamoto T, Akisue T, Sakai Y, Komori T. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1493-8. [PMID: 26846904 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common form of oral cancers. Recent studies have shown that the malignant transformation of various carcinomas, including OSCC, is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and that expression of the EMT factors are significantly associated with tumor invasion, tumor metastasis, and survival rates in OSCC patients. Hence, there is a possibility that EMT suppression may improve the prognosis of OSCC patients. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a crucial microenvironmental factor in tumor progression, which induces the expression of EMT factors. We previously reported that transcutaneous CO2 suppresses both human OSCC tumor growth and metastasis to the regional lymph nodes by improving hypoxia in treated tissue. According to this background, we hypothesized that increased EMT with HIF-1α expression may increase the progression and the metastatic potential of OSCC, and that decreased hypoxia by transcutaneous CO2 could suppress EMT. In the present study, in vitro studies showed that hypoxic conditions increased the expression of HIF-1α and EMT factors in OSCC cells. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that transcutaneous CO2 increased E-cadherin expression with the decreased expression of HIF-1α, Snail, Slug, N-cadherin, and Vimentin in tumor treatment. These results suggest that transcutaneous CO2 could suppress EMT by improving hypoxia, resulting in the reduction of metastatic potential of OSCC. The findings indicate that transcutaneous CO2 may be able to improve the prognosis of OSCC patients through the suppression of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Iwata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takeda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueha
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Teruya Kawamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akisue
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Sakai
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahide Komori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Krüppel-like factor 4 expression in oral carcinoma cells and hypermethylation at the gene promoter. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:13. [PMID: 26847634 PMCID: PMC4743192 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor regulating proliferation-differentiation balance of epithelium, and down-regulated in less-differentiated and advanced oral carcinomas. Although the expression is inactivated by the promoter hypermethylation in malignant tumor cells, it remains unknown in oral carcinoma cells. Methods Genomic DNA isolated from nine different oral carcinoma cell lines and a normal keratinocyte line was treated with sodium bisulfite, and methylation at KLF4 gene promoter was determined by PCR direct-sequence analysis. KLF4 expression in cells cultured with or without demethylation reagent was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot. Results A 237-bp promoter region spanning − 718 and − 482 of KLF4 gene was hypermethylated in oral carcinoma cells that express KLF4 at a low level, but the methylation was infrequent in cells expressing KLF4 high amount. The downstream region from − 481 to +192 was not methylated in any cell lines. Demethylation treatment of cells up-regulated the expression at mRNA and protein levels. Conclusion This study demonstrated that hypermethylation at a narrow range of the promoter region down-regulates KLF4 expression, and suggests that the loss of expression by the hypermethylation contributes to oral carcinoma progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0172-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Chiba T, Soeno Y, Shirako Y, Sudo H, Yagishita H, Taya Y, Kawashiri S, Okada Y, Imai K. MALT1 Inhibition of Oral Carcinoma Cell Invasion and ERK/MAPK Activation. J Dent Res 2015; 95:446-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515621740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) that activates nuclear factor (NF)–κB in lymphocyte lineages is rapidly inactivated in oral carcinoma cells at the invasive front and the patients with worst prognosis. However, its mechanism to accelerate carcinoma progression remains unknown, and this study was carried out to examine the role in invasion. HSC2 oral carcinoma cells stably expressing wild-type MALT1 (wtMALT1) reduced the invasion of basement membrane matrices and collagen gels, and the dominant-negative form (∆MALT1)–expressing cells aggressively invaded into collagen gels. MALT1 decelerated proliferation and migration of cells and downregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9, which were confirmed by short interfering RNA transfections. Reporter assays and immunoblot analysis showed that MALT1 does not affect the NF-κB pathway but inhibits ERK/MAPK activation. This was confirmed by endogenous MALT1 expression in oral carcinoma cell lines. Orthotopic implantation of ∆MALT1-expressing HSC2 cells in mice grew rapid expansive and invasive tongue tumors in contrast to an absence of tumor formation by wtMALT1-expressing cells. These results demonstrate that MALT1 suppresses oral carcinoma invasion by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix degradation and that the ERK/MAPK pathway is a target of MALT1 and further suggests a role as a suppressor of carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Soeno
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Shirako
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Sudo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Yagishita
- Division of Oral Diagnosis, Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology and Oral Pathology Diagnostic Services, Nippon Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Taya
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Kawashiri
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Y. Okada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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D'Souza W, Saranath D. Clinical implications of epigenetic regulation in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2015; 51:1061-8. [PMID: 26421863 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a high incidence cancer which is of major public health concern in India being the most common cancer in males and fifth most common cancer in females in India, contributing to 26% of the global oral cancer burden. The major risk factors of oral cancer are tobacco, alcohol and high risk Human Papilloma Virus type 16/18. However, only 3-12% of the high risk individuals with dysplasia develop oral cancer. Thus, individual genomic variants representing the genomic constitution and epigenetic alterations play a critical role in the development of oral cancer. Extensive epigenetic studies on the molecular lesions including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes associated with apoptosis, DNA damage repair have been reported. The current review highlights epigenetic regulation with a focus on molecular biomarkers and epidrug therapy in oral cancer. Epigenetic regulation by hypermethylation, histone modifications and specific microRNAs are often associated with early events and advanced stages in oral cancer, and thus indicate epidrug therapy for intervention. The presence of epigenetic marks in oral lesions, cancers and tumor associated mucosa emphasizes indications as biomarkers and epidrugs with therapeutic potential for better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy D'Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Dhananjaya Saranath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Mumbai 400056, India.
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Costa LCMC, Leite CF, Cardoso SV, Loyola AM, Faria PRD, Souza PEA, Horta MCR. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers at the invasive front of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Appl Oral Sci 2015; 23:169-78. [PMID: 26018309 PMCID: PMC4428462 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignances. In epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), epithelial cells switch to mesenchymal-like cells exhibiting high mobility. This migratory phenotype is significant during tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Ferreira Leite
- Department of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Vitorino Cardoso
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriano Mota Loyola
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério de Faria
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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26
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Shibata M, Chiba T, Matsuoka T, Mihara N, Kawashiri S, Imai K. Krüppel-like factors 4 and 5 expression and their involvement in differentiation of oral carcinomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:3701-3709. [PMID: 26097551 PMCID: PMC4466938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation-differentiation balance of epithelial cells is regulated by Krüppel-like factors (KLF) 4 and 5, and the unbalanced expression relates to carcinoma progression. However, little is known about the expression and role in oral carcinomas. This study examined expression of KLF4 and KLF 5 in the carcinomas by immunohistochemistry (n = 67) and the involvement in proliferation and differentiation of carcinoma cells. KLF4 was detected in keratinizing carcinoma cells and KLF5 in non-keratinizing cells. KLF4 staining declined in the patient with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05) and in parallel with the histological dedifferentiation (P = 0.09). Exogenous overexpression of KLF4 arranged cells in a cobble-like structure with desmosomes and KLF5 elongated cells like fibroblasts without desmosomes. KLF4 suppressed fibronectin expression, and KLF5 down-regulated and degraded E-cadherin. The proliferation was not affected by KLFs. Thus, down-regulation of KLF4 and up-regulation of KLF5 may stimulate oral carcinoma progression through the dedifferentiation of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental UniversityFujimi 1-9-20, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Tadashige Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental UniversityFujimi 1-9-20, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuoka
- Department of Biology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental UniversityFujimi 1-9-20, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Nozomi Mihara
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental UniversityFujimi 1-9-20, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawashiri
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa UniversityTakara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental UniversityFujimi 1-9-20, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan
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27
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von Zeidler SV, de Souza Botelho T, Mendonça EF, Batista AC. E-cadherin as a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:972. [PMID: 25518919 PMCID: PMC4301860 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous attempts have been made to establish and develop tumor markers that could determine the susceptibility of normal tissues to transform into cancerous ones. To determine whether altered expression patterns of E-cadherin could be an early event in the progression of potentially malignant disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma, this study aimed to assess the relationship between the immunoexpression of E-cadherin and the different degrees of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia. Methods Surgically excised specimens from patients with oral leukoplakia (n = 31), oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma with cervical lymph node metastasis (n = 12) and normal oral mucosa (n = 9) were immunostained for E-cadherin. Oral leukoplakia samples were distributed into low and high risk group according to a binary system for grading oral epithelial dysplasia. Comparative analyses between E-cadherin expression and microscopic features (WHO histological grading and epithelial dysplasia) were performed by Pearson Chi-square test (P < 0.05). Results Differences in E-cadherin expression were observed between normal oral mucosa and low risk oral leukoplakia (P = 0.006), low and high risk oral leukoplakia (P = 0.019), and high risk oral leukoplakia and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma with cervical lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0001). In addition, as epithelia undergo dysplastic changes, the risk of malignant transformation increases, and there is a reduction or loss of E-cadherin expression by keratinocytes. Reduced E-cadherin expression was an early phenomenon and it was observed in moderate-severe dysplasia, showing that the loss of epithelial cohesion may be an indicator of progression to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions E-cadherin could be used as a novel biomarker to identify lesions with potential risk for malignant transformation, which may provide opportunities for prophylactic interventions in high risk patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ventorin von Zeidler
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av, Marechal Campos, 1468 Maruípe, Vitória, ES, Brazil ZIP Code 29,040-090.
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Mestrinho LA, Pissarra H, Faísca PB, Bragança M, Peleteiro MC, Niza MMRE. p63 and E-cadherin Expression in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:614-20. [PMID: 25248518 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814547391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The expression of p63 and E-cadherin was studied in 22 oral squamous cell carcinomas in the dog according to immunohistochemical techniques. The association between these markers and clinicopathologic parameters was assessed. All tumor cells studied showed enhanced p63 expression. Regarding E-cadherin expression, 17 of 22 cases (77.3%) showed decreased immunoreactivity, and in 13 of 22 cases (59.1%), its expression was cytoplasmic. Neither p63 nor E-cadherin expression patterns were associated with tumor size, bone invasion, or lymph node metastasis. p63 score was related to proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferative index (P = .020). A statistically significant correlation between the expression patterns of these 2 markers was noted (P = .026). Furthermore, they were related with tumor grade. An atypical p63 labeling and a cytoplasmic E-cadherin staining were statistically related with a higher tumor grade (P = .022 and P = .017, respectively). These findings suggest that changes in p63 and E-cadherin expression are frequent events in oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Mestrinho
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Pissarra
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P B Faísca
- Research Centre for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Bragança
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M C Peleteiro
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M M R E Niza
- CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ULisboa; Avenida da Universidade Técnica 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hatakeyama H, Mizumachi T, Sakashita T, Kano S, Homma A, Fukuda S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human papillomavirus-positive and -negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2673-9. [PMID: 25241968 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with carcinogenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and patients with HPV-positive tumors have a significantly favorable prognosis. However, the underlying mechanism of this favorable clinical outcome remains unclear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes aggressiveness of cancer cells and we investigated the expression of the EMT markers and analyzed their correlation with HPV status and prognosis in order to examine the treatment response of HPV-positive OPSCCs. A total of 79 patients with OPSCC were examined in the present study. All high-risk HPV infections were determined with the multiplex PCR kit from each formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample. We performed immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin and vimentin. Expression of the markers was graded and we statistically analyzed the correlation between tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) stages and prognosis. High-risk HPV-positive tumors were detected in 23 cases. The five‑year survival rate in HPV-positive and -negative tumors was 82.7 and 48.3%, respectively. High E-cadherin expression rate in HPV-negative samples was 76.7% and 43.4% in HPV-positive samples (p=0.007). Vimentin expression did not show a difference between HPV-positive and -negative tumors. HPV-negative patients presented significantly greater heterogeneity of E-cadherin expression compared to HPV-positive patients (p=0.0349). HPV-positive OPSCCs originally lost their epithelial cell phenotype compared with HPV-negative tumors. Therefore, the paradoxical favorable prognosis of HPV-positive OPSCC may be due to the intratumor homogeneity in EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Hatakeyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Mizumachi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sakashita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Santosh ABR, Jones TJ. The epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: insights into physiological and pathological aspects of oral tissues. Oncol Rev 2014; 8:239. [PMID: 25992230 PMCID: PMC4419607 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human biological system, the individual cells divide and form tissues and organs. These tissues are hetero-cellular. Basically any tissue consists of an epithelium and the connective tissue. The latter contains mainly mesenchymally-derived tissues with a diversified cell population. The cell continues to grow and differentiate in a pre-programmed manner using a messenger system. The epithelium and the mesenchymal portion of each tissue have two different origins and perform specific functions, but there is a well-defined interaction mechanism, which mediates between them. Epithelial mesenchymal interactions (EMIs) are part of this mechanism, which can be regarded as a biological conversation between epithelial and mesenchymal cell populations involved in the cellular differentiation of one or both cell populations. EMIs represent a process that is essential for cell growth, cell differentiation and cell multiplication. EMIs are associated with normal physiological processes in the oral cavity, such as odontogenesis, dentino-enamel junction formation, salivary gland development, palatogenesis, and also pathological processes, such as oral cancer. This paper focuses the role EMIs in odontogenesis, salivary gland development, palatogenesis and oral cancer.
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31
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Sasaya K, Sudo H, Maeda G, Kawashiri S, Imai K. Concomitant loss of p120-catenin and β-catenin membrane expression and oral carcinoma progression with E-cadherin reduction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69777. [PMID: 23936352 PMCID: PMC3735538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of p120-catenin and β-catenin to the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin establishes epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Reduction and loss of catenin expression degrades E-cadherin-mediated carcinoma cell-cell adhesion and causes carcinomas to progress into aggressive states. Since both catenins are differentially regulated and play distinct roles when they dissociate from E-cadherin, evaluation of their expression, subcellular localization and the correlation with E-cadherin expression are important subjects. However, the same analyses are not readily performed on squamous cell carcinomas in which E-cadherin expression determines the disease progression. In the present study, we examined expression and subcellular localization of p120-catenin and β-catenin in oral carcinomas (n = 67) and its implications in the carcinoma progression and E-cadherin expression using immunohitochemistry. At the invasive front, catenin-membrane-positive carcinoma cells were decreased in the dedifferentiated (p120-catenin, P < 0.05; β-catenin, P < 0.05) and invasive carcinomas (p120-catenin, P < 0.01; β-catenin, P < 0.05) and with the E-cadherin staining (p120-catenin, P < 0.01; β-catenin, P < 0.01). Carcinoma cells with β-catenin cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining were increased at the invasive front compared to the center of tumors (P < 0.01). Although the p120-catenin isoform shift from three to one associates with carcinoma progression, it was not observed after TGF-β, EGF or TNF-α treatments. The total amount of p120-catenin expression was decreased upon co-treatment of TGF-β with EGF or TNF-α. The above data indicate that catenin membrane staining is a primary determinant for E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and progression of oral carcinomas. Furthermore, it suggests that loss of p120-catenin expression and cytoplasmic localization of β-catenin fine-tune the carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunobu Sasaya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Sudo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genta Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawashiri
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Ohyama Y, Kawamoto Y, Chiba T, Maeda G, Sakashita H, Imai K. Inhibition of TGF-β and EGF pathway gene expression and migration of oral carcinoma cells by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:207-14. [PMID: 23778523 PMCID: PMC3708584 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Expression of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) is inactivated in oral carcinoma patients with worse prognosis. However, the role in carcinoma progression is unknown. Unveiling genes under the control of MALT1 is necessary to understand the pathology of carcinomas. Methods: Gene data set differentially transcribed in MALT1-stably expressing and -marginally expressing oral carcinoma cells was profiled by the microarray analysis and subjected to the pathway analysis. Migratory abilities of cells in response to MALT1 were determined by wound-healing assay and time-lapse analysis. Results: Totally, 2933 genes upregulated or downregulated in MALT1-expressing cells were identified. The subsequent pathway analysis implicated the inhibition of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-β signalling gene expression, and highlighted the involvement in the cellular movement. Wound closure was suppressed by wild-type MALT1 (66.4%) and accelerated by dominant-negative MALT1 (218.6%), and the velocities of cell migration were increased 0.2-fold and 3.0-fold by wild-type and dominant-negative MALT1, respectively. Conclusion: These observations demonstrate that MALT1 represses genes activating the aggressive phenotype of carcinoma cells, and suggest that MALT1 acts as a tumour suppressor and that the loss of expression stimulates oral carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2, Meikai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan
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Huang TT, Gonzales CB, Gu F, Hsu YT, Jadhav RR, Wang CM, Redding SW, Tseng CE, Lee CC, Thompson IM, Chen HR, Huang THM, Kirma NB. Epigenetic deregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene modulates mesenchymal characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1717-27. [PMID: 23568951 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands is associated with epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). We used a methyl-CpG-binding domain protein capture method coupled with next-generation sequencing (MBDCap-seq) to survey global DNA methylation patterns in OSCCs with and without nodal metastasis and normal mucosa (total n = 58). Of 1462 differentially methylated CpG islands identified in OSCCs relative to normal controls, MBDCap-seq profiling uncovered 359 loci linked to lymph node metastasis. Interactive network analysis revealed a subset of these loci (n = 23), including the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene, are potential regulators and effectors of invasiveness and metastatic progression. Promoter methylation of ALK was preferentially observed in OSCCs without node metastasis, whereas relatively lower methylation levels were present in metastatic tumors, implicating an active state of ALK transcription in the latter group. The OSCC cell line, SCC4, displayed reduced ALK expression that corresponded to extensive promoter CpG island methylation. SCC4 treatment with demethylating agents induced ALK expression and increased invasion and migration characteristics. Inhibition of ALK activity in OSCC cells with high ALK expression (CAL27, HSC3 and SCC25), decreased cell growth and resulted in changes in invasive potential and mesenchymal marker expression that were cell-line dependent. Although ALK is susceptible to epigenetic silencing during oral tumorigenesis, overwriting this default state may be necessary for modulating invasive processes involved in nodal metastases. Given the complex response of OSCC cells to ALK inhibition, future studies are required to assess the feasibility of targeting ALK to treat invasive OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Ta Huang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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