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Tang C, Tamura-Nakano M, Kobayakawa K, Ozawa T, Onojima T, Kajitani R, Itoh T, Tachibana K. A single gene determines allorecognition in hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema radiatum inbred lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38973306 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Allorecognition-the ability of an organism to discriminate between self and nonself-is crucial to colonial marine animals to avoid invasion by other individuals in the same habitat. The cnidarian hydroid Hydractinia has long been a major research model in studying invertebrate allorecognition, establishing a rich knowledge foundation. In this study, we introduce a new cnidarian model Cladonema radiatum (C. radiatum). C. radiatum is a hydroid jellyfish which also forms polyp colonies interconnected with stolons. Allorecognition responses-fusion or regression of stolons-are observed when stolons encounter each other. By transmission electron microscopy, we observe rapid tissue remodeling contributing to gastrovascular system connection in fusion. Meanwhile, rejection responses are regulated by reconstruction of the chitinous exoskeleton perisarc, and induction of necrotic and autophagic cellular responses at cells in contact with the opponent. Genetic analysis identifies allorecognition genes: six Alr genes located on the putative allorecognition complex and four immunoglobulin superfamily genes on a separate genome region. C. radiatum allorecognition genes show notable conservation with the Hydractinia Alr family. Remarkedly, stolon encounter assays of inbred lines reveal that genotypes of Alr1 solely determine allorecognition outcomes in C. radiatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Tang
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miwa Tamura-Nakano
- Research Institute National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayakawa
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuto Ozawa
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takao Onojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Kajitani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tachibana
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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2
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Kloc M, Halasa M, Kubiak JZ, Ghobrial RM. Invertebrate Immunity, Natural Transplantation Immunity, Somatic and Germ Cell Parasitism, and Transposon Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1072. [PMID: 38256145 PMCID: PMC10815962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While the vertebrate immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches, invertebrates only have innate immunity. This feature makes them an ideal model system for studying the cellular and molecular mechanisms of innate immunity sensu stricto without reciprocal interferences from adaptive immunity. Although invertebrate immunity is evolutionarily older and a precursor of vertebrate immunity, it is far from simple. Despite lacking lymphocytes and functional immunoglobulin, the invertebrate immune system has many sophisticated mechanisms and features, such as long-term immune memory, which, for decades, have been exclusively attributed to adaptive immunity. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of invertebrate immunity, including the epigenetic foundation of innate memory, the transgenerational inheritance of immunity, genetic immunity against invading transposons, the mechanisms of self-recognition, natural transplantation, and germ/somatic cell parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.H.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marta Halasa
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.H.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute (WIM-PIB), Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
- Dynamics and Mechanics of Epithelia Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.H.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Taguchi M, Minakata K, Tame A, Furukawa R. Establishment of the immunological self in juvenile Patiria pectinifera post-metamorphosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1056027. [PMID: 36561757 PMCID: PMC9763293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogeny of the immune system is a fundamental immunology issue. One indicator of immune system maturation is the establishment of the immunological self, which describes the ability of the immune system to distinguish allogeneic individuals (allorecognition ability). However, the timing of immune system maturation during invertebrate ontogeny is poorly understood. In the sea star Patiria pectinifera, cells that have dissociated from the embryos and larvae are able to reconstruct larvae. This reconstruction phenomenon is possible because of a lack of allorecognition capability in the larval immune system, which facilitates the formation of an allogeneic chimera. In this study, we revealed that the adult immune cells of P. pectinifera (coelomocytes) have allorecognition ability. Based on a hypothesis that allorecognition ability is acquired before and after metamorphosis, we conducted detailed morphological observations and survival time analysis of metamorphosis-induced chimeric larvae. The results showed that all allogeneic chimeras died within approximately two weeks to one month of reaching the juvenile stage. In these chimeras, the majority of the epidermal cell layer was lost and the mesenchymal region expanded, but cell death appeared enhanced in the digestive tract. These results indicate that the immunological self of P. pectinifera is established post-metamorphosis during the juvenile stage. This is the first study to identify the timing of immune system maturation during echinodermal ontogenesis. As well as establishing P. pectinifera as an excellent model for studies on self- and non-self-recognition, this study enhances our understanding of the ontogeny of the immune system in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Taguchi
- Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan,*Correspondence: Mizuki Taguchi, ; Ryohei Furukawa,
| | - Kota Minakata
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tame
- Department of Marine and Earth Sciences, Marine Works Japan Ltd., Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furukawa
- Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan,*Correspondence: Mizuki Taguchi, ; Ryohei Furukawa,
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4
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Wu H, Meng Z, Jiao Y, Ren Y, Yang X, Liu H, Wang R, Cui Y, Pan L, Cao Y. The endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin affects the viability and autophagy activity of chondrocytes. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23437. [PMID: 32592208 PMCID: PMC7595896 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is attributed to a reduction in chondrocytes within joint cartilage, and research has shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy play important roles in the survival of chondrocytes. However, the relationship between ER stress and autophagy in chondrocytes remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the changes in apoptotic and autophagic activity in chondrocytes under ER stress. Following treatment with tunicamycin, the rate of apoptosis among chondrocytes increased. Western blot analysis showed the levels of unfolded protein response (UPR) related proteins increased, followed by elevated expression of light chain 3B‐II (LC3B‐II) and Beclin‐1. An ultrastructural investigation showed that a large number of pre‑autophagosomal structures or autophagosomes formed under tunicamycin treatment. However, the autophagy activity was significantly inhibited in chondrocytes after suppression of GRP78 by siRNA. The apoptosis ratio of chondrocytes pre‐treated with 3‐methyladenine was much higher than that of normal chondrocytes after exposure to tunicamycin. Our study revealed that the tunicamycin‐induced persistent UPR expression led to apoptosis of chondrocytes and activation of autophagy incorporation with GRP78. Blocking autophagy accelerated the apoptosis induced by ER stress, which confirmed the protective function of autophagy in the homeostasis of chondrocytes. These findings advance our understanding of chondrocyte apoptosis and provide potential molecular targets for preventing apoptotic death of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Ren
- Lab of Electron Microscopy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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He S, Grasis JA, Nicotra ML, Juliano CE, Schnitzler CE. Cnidofest 2018: the future is bright for cnidarian research. EvoDevo 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 31508195 PMCID: PMC6724248 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018 Cnidarian Model Systems Meeting (Cnidofest) was held September 6-9th at the University of Florida Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, FL. Cnidofest 2018, which built upon the momentum of Hydroidfest 2016, brought together research communities working on a broad spectrum of cnidarian organisms from North America and around the world. Meeting talks covered diverse aspects of cnidarian biology, with sessions focused on genomics, development, neurobiology, immunology, symbiosis, ecology, and evolution. In addition to interesting biology, Cnidofest also emphasized the advancement of modern research techniques. Invited technology speakers showcased the power of microfluidics and single-cell transcriptomics and demonstrated their application in cnidarian models. In this report, we provide an overview of the exciting research that was presented at the meeting and discuss opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuonan He
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Juris A. Grasis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Matthew L. Nicotra
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Celina E. Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christine E. Schnitzler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
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6
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Tettamanti G, Carata E, Montali A, Dini L, Fimia GM. Autophagy in development and regeneration: role in tissue remodelling and cell survival. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1601271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - E. Carata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Montali
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - L. Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G. M. Fimia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
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7
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Gundlach KA, Watson GM. Self/Non-Self Recognition Affects Cnida Discharge and Tentacle Contraction in the Sea Anemone Haliplanella luciae. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:83-90. [PMID: 30358448 DOI: 10.1086/699564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain species of sea anemone live in tightly packed communities, among clonemates and non-clonemates. Competition for space leads to intraspecific and interspecific aggressive interactions among anemones. The initial aggressive interactions appear to involve reciprocal discharge of cnidae triggered by contact with non-self feeding tentacles. We asked whether molecules contained in anemone-derived mucus constituted an important cue alone or in combination with cell surface molecules in stimulating aggressive or avoidance behaviors. In this study, we found that self and non-self stimuli differentially influenced two effector systems: cnida discharge and tentacle contraction. Interspecific mucus enhanced nematocyst discharge by 44% and spirocyst discharge by 90%, as compared to baseline discharge obtained in seawater alone. Conspecific stimuli accompanying touch inhibited specific tentacle contractions occurring on the far side of anemones relative to the site of contact. The greatest tentacle contractions occurred with exposure to interspecific mucus and tissue. Thus, several receptor systems are involved that integrate chemical and mechanical cues in order to initiate appropriate and graded effector responses during competition for space.
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8
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Dos Anjos DO, Sobral Alves ES, Gonçalves VT, Fontes SS, Nogueira ML, Suarez-Fontes AM, Neves da Costa JB, Rios-Santos F, Vannier-Santos MA. Effects of a novel β-lapachone derivative on Trypanosoma cruzi: Parasite death involving apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2016; 6:207-219. [PMID: 27770751 PMCID: PMC5078628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products comprise valuable sources for new antiparasitic drugs. Here we tested the effects of a novel β-lapachone derivative on Trypanosoma cruzi parasite survival and proliferation and used microscopy and cytometry techniques to approach the mechanism(s) underlying parasite death. The selectivity index determination indicate that the compound trypanocidal activity was over ten-fold more cytotoxic to epimastigotes than to macrophages or splenocytes. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the R72 β-lapachone derivative affected the T. cruzi morphology and surface topography. General plasma membrane waving and blebbing particularly on the cytostome region were observed in the R72-treated parasites. Transmission electron microscopy observations confirmed the surface damage at the cytostome opening vicinity. We also observed ultrastructural evidence of the autophagic mechanism termed macroautophagy. Some of the autophagosomes involved large portions of the parasite cytoplasm and their fusion/confluence may lead to necrotic parasite death. The remarkably enhanced frequency of autophagy triggering was confirmed by quantitating monodansylcadaverine labeling. Some cells displayed evidence of chromatin pycnosis and nuclear fragmentation were detected. This latter phenomenon was also indicated by DAPI staining of R72-treated cells. The apoptotis induction was suggested to take place in circa one-third of the parasites assessed by annexin V labeling measured by flow cytometry. TUNEL staining corroborated the apoptosis induction. Propidium iodide labeling indicate that at least 10% of the R72-treated parasites suffered necrosis within 24 h. The present data indicate that the β-lapachone derivative R72 selectively triggers T. cruzi cell death, involving both apoptosis and autophagy-induced necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Oliveira Dos Anjos
- Lab. Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz UESC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sheila Suarez Fontes
- Lab. Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Brazil
| | - Mateus Lima Nogueira
- Lab. Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Brazil
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9
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Leclère L, Copley RR, Momose T, Houliston E. Hydrozoan insights in animal development and evolution. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Connally N, Anderson CP, Bolton JE, Bolton EW, Buss LW. The Selective Myosin II Inhibitor Blebbistatin Reversibly Eliminates Gastrovascular Flow and Stolon Tip Pulsations in the Colonial Hydroid Podocoryna carnea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143564. [PMID: 26605798 PMCID: PMC4659590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebbistatin reversibly disrupted both stolon tip pulsations and gastrovascular flow in the colonial hydroid Podocoryna carnea. Epithelial longitudinal muscles of polyps were unaffected by blebbistatin, as polyps contracted when challenged with a pulse of KCl. Latrunculin B, which sequesters G actin preventing F actin assembly, caused stolons to retract, exposing focal adhesions where the tip epithelial cells adhere to the substratum. These results are consistent with earlier suggestions that non-muscle myosin II provides the motive force for stolon tip pulsations and further suggest that tip oscillations are functionally coupled to hydrorhizal axial muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Connally
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Anderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jules E. Bolton
- 20 Colony Road, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Edward W. Bolton
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Leo W. Buss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Microscale kin discrimination in a famous soil bacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13757-8. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519070112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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12
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SINKOVICS JOSEPHG. The cnidarian origin of the proto-oncogenes NF-κB/STAT and WNT-like oncogenic pathway drives the ctenophores (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1211-29. [PMID: 26239915 PMCID: PMC4583530 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell survival pathways of the diploblastic early multicellular eukaryotic hosts contain and operate the molecular machinery resembling those of malignantly transformed individual cells of highly advanced multicellular hosts (including Homo). In the present review, the STAT/NF-κB pathway of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis is compared with that of human tumors (malignant lymphomas, including Reed-Sternberg cells) pointing out similarities, including possible viral initiation in both cases. In the ctenophore genome and proteome, β-catenin gains intranuclear advantages due to a physiologically weak destructive complex in the cytoplasm, and lack of natural inhibitors (the dickkopfs). Thus, a scenario similar to what tumor cells initiate and achieve is presented through several constitutive loss-of-function type mutations in the destructive complex and in the elimination of inhibitors. Vice versa, malignantly transformed individual cells of advanced multicellular hosts assume pheno-genotypic resemblance to cells of unicellular or early multicellular hosts, and presumably to their ancient predecessors, by returning to the semblance of immortality and to the resumption of the state of high degree of resistance to physicochemical insults. Human leukemogenic and oncogenic pathways are presented for comparisons. The supreme bioengineers RNA/DNA complex encoded both the malignantly transformed immortal cell and the human cerebral cortex. The former generates molecules for the immortality of cellular life in the Universe. The latter invents the inhibitors of the process in order to gain control over it.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOSEPH G. SINKOVICS
- St. Joseph Hospital's Cancer Institute Affiliated with the H.L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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Buss LW, Anderson CP, Perry EK, Buss ED, Bolton EW. Nutrient Distribution and Absorption in the Colonial Hydroid Podocoryna carnea Is Sequentially Diffusive and Directional. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136814. [PMID: 26359660 PMCID: PMC4567339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution and absorption of ingested protein was characterized within a colony of Podocoryna carnea when a single polyp was fed. Observations were conducted at multiple spatial and temporal scales at three different stages of colony ontogeny with an artificial food item containing Texas Red conjugated albumin. Food pellets were digested and all tracer absorbed by digestive cells within the first 2–3 hours post-feeding. The preponderance of the label was located in the fed polyp and in a transport-induced diffusion pattern surrounding the fed polyp. After 6 hours post-feeding particulates re-appeared in the gastrovascular system and their absorption increased the area over which the nutrients were distributed, albeit still in a pattern that was centered on the fed polyp. At later intervals, tracer became concentrated in some stolon tips, but not in others, despite the proximity of these stolons either to the fed polyp or to adjacent stolons receiving nutrients. Distribution and absorption of nutrients is sequentially diffusive and directional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W. Buss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher P. Anderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Elena K. Perry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Evan D. Buss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Edward W. Bolton
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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14
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Gilbert OM. Histocompatibility as adaptive response to discriminatory within-organism conflict: a historical model. Am Nat 2015; 185:228-42. [PMID: 25616141 DOI: 10.1086/679442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular tissue compatibility, or histocompatibility, restricts fusion to close kin. Histocompatibility depends on hypervariable cue genes, which often have more than 100 alleles in a population. To explain the evolution of histocompatibility, I here take a historical approach. I focus on the specific example of marine invertebrate histocompatibility. I use simple game-theoretical models to show that histocompatibility can evolve through five steps. These steps include the evolution of indiscriminate fusion, the evolution of discriminatory within-organism conflict, the evolution of minor histocompatibility, the evolution of major histocompatibility, and the evolution of major histocompatibility cue polymorphism. Allowing for gradual evolution reveals discriminatory within-organism conflict as a selective pressure for histocompatibility and associated cue polymorphism. Existing data from marine invertebrates and other organisms are consistent with this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Gilbert
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
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15
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Liu N, Wang W, Zhao Z, Zhang T, Song Y. Autophagy in human articular chondrocytes is cytoprotective following glucocorticoid stimulation. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2166-72. [PMID: 24691715 PMCID: PMC4055442 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 60 years, glucocorticosteroid (GC) drugs, including prednisone and dexamethasone (Dex), have been used for the treatment of early stage osteoarthritis (OA). However, multiple administration of GCs may destroy the articular cartilage. It has been previously reported that GC treatment may also lead to the initiation of autophagy, which is an essential mechanism for cell homeostasis and survival. Rapamycin (Rapa), an inhibitor of the mammalian target of Rapamycin, may cause a degeneration-associated pathology in organs and induce autophagy in a variety of cell types, which has been applied in the treatment of experimental OA. A previous study by our group observed that GC apparently increases the apoptosis of chondrocytes, resulting in the inhibition of extracellular matrix synthesis. Therefore, the present study aimed to further examine the effects of autophagy in chondrocytes under GC treatment and to verify the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytoprotective role of Rapa. Short-term GC treatment did not significantly inhibit chondrocyte viability, while cell autophagy was increased. In addition, upregulation of autophagy by Rapa prevented the expression of apoptosis-associated genes and improved cell activity. In conclusion, the present study revealed that increased autophagy is an adaptive response to protect chondrocytes from short‑term GC exposure, whereas prolonged GC treatment decreases autophagy and increases apoptosis in vitro. Upregulation of autophagy by Rapa may protect chondrocytes against the adverse effect induced by GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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