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Granzotto C, Aksamija A, Tinnevelt GH, Turkina V, Sutherland K. New insight from MALDI-TOF MS and multivariate data analysis on the botanical origin of polysaccharide-based paint binders in ancient Egypt. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2959-2971. [PMID: 38680024 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02214e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based materials of plant origin are known to have been used as binding media in paint and ground layers of artifacts from ancient Egypt, including wall paintings, cartonnages and sarcophagi. The use of gums from Acacia, Astragalus and Prunus genera has been suggested in the literature on the basis of their qualitative or quantitative monosaccharide profile after complete chemical hydrolysis. The introduction of partial enzymatic digestion of the polysaccharide material, followed by analysis of the released oligosaccharides by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, has proved effective in discriminating among gums from different genera, as well as among species within the Acacia genus. In this study, the previously built Acacia database was expanded, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to aid in grouping of the samples, and data interpretation was refined following a modified acacieae taxonomy. Application of the analytical strategy to investigate the paint binders in artworks from ancient Egypt allowed qualitative discrimination of gums at a species level, and provided new insights into the artists' material choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Granzotto
- Art Institute of Chicago, Department of Conservation and Science, 111 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60603, USA.
| | - Amra Aksamija
- Art Institute of Chicago, Department of Conservation and Science, 111 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60603, USA.
- Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts, Northwestern University, Tech Building, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Gerjen H Tinnevelt
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, (Analytical Chemistry & Chemometrics), P. O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Viktoriia Turkina
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, (Analytical Chemistry & Chemometrics), P. O. Box 9010, Nijmegen, 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Sutherland
- Art Institute of Chicago, Department of Conservation and Science, 111 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60603, USA.
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Timothy UJ, Umoren PS, Solomon MM, Igwe IO, Umoren SA. An appraisal of the utilization of natural gums as corrosion inhibitors: Prospects, challenges, and future perspectives. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126904. [PMID: 37714237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural gums are macro compounds containing monosaccharide (sugar) units bonded by glycosidic to form long polymeric sugar chains of considerably high molecular weight. Natural gums are multifaceted in applications with the main areas being the food and pharmaceutical industries. The recent research interest in corrosion inhibitors is considering natural gums because of their abundance and ecological compatibility. Hence, this review takes a look at the use of natural gums in pure and modified forms in metals protection. The review establishes that the corrosion-protecting ability of natural gums has a direct connotation with their macromolecular weights, chemical composition, and molecular and electronic structures. Immersion duration and temperature are other factors found to affect the inhibition performance of natural gums considerably. The inhibition of natural gums in pure form is found not to be excellent due to their high hydration rate, algal and microbial contamination, solubility that depends on pH, and thermal instability. Common modification techniques adopted by corrosion inhibitor scientists are copolymerization, mixing with chemicals to induce synergism, crosslinking, and insertion of inorganic nanomaterials into the polymer matrix. Infusion of biosynthesized nanoparticles approach towards enhancing the corrosion inhibition efficiency of natural gums is recommended for future studies because of the unique characteristics of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukeme J Timothy
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Peace S Umoren
- Department of Bioengineering, Cyprus International University, via Mersin 10, Nicosia 98258, Turkey
| | - Moses M Solomon
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China.
| | - Isaac O Igwe
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Saviour A Umoren
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 62131, Saudi Arabia.
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Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
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4
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Recent advances in turn off-on fluorescence sensing strategies for sensitive biochemical analysis - A mechanistic approach. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kučera L, Kurka O, Golec M, Bednář P. Study of Tetrahydroxylated Anthraquinones-Potential Tool to Assess Degradation of Anthocyanins Rich Food. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 26:molecules26010002. [PMID: 33374941 PMCID: PMC7792584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of anthocyanins involves scission of the flavonoid skeleton yielding 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (phloroglucinaldehyde, PGA) and a phenolic acid. However, the process is not finished with the formation of PGA, as the consequent condensation of two PGA molecules providing colored hydroxylated anthraquinones was observed for the first time. This process was studied using a combination of preparative column chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS2), and quantum calculations using density functional theory. 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (anthrachrysone) and its isomers were found to rise during heating (95 °C) in a buffered PGA model solution (phosphate buffer, pH 7). These compounds were detected in heated red wine after an increase of its pH value. The concentration of the identified anthrachrysone in the red wine reached 0.01 mg·L-1. Presence of those compounds could therefore indicate involvement of certain steps in the processing of plant materials rich in anthocyanins (e.g., utilization of a higher temperature and/or reduction of acidity) or long-term transformation of anthocyanins (potentially, for instance, in archaeological findings such as wine or fruit residues). Additionally, measurement of wine-soil suspensions proved an increase of their pH to the values suitable for anthocyanin cleavage (neutral to slightly alkaline; reached using soil from archaeologically well-known Bull Rock Cave). Although not found in artificially prepared samples (imitations) or authentic materials so far, according to our results the above mentioned conditions are suitable for the formation of tetrahydroxylated anthraquinone derivatives and their monitoring would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kučera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Ondřej Kurka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Martin Golec
- Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University, Křížkovského 10, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Bednář
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.K.); (O.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-585634403
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GC/MS Characterization of Beeswax, Protein, Gum, Resin, and Oil in Romano-Egyptian Paintings. HERITAGE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage2030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents results from a binding media survey of 61 Romano-Egyptian paintings. Most of the paintings (51) are the better-known funerary mummy portraits created using either encaustic or tempera paint medium. Samples from all the paintings (on wooden panels or linen shrouds) were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify waxes, fatty acids, resins, oils, and proteins in one sample. Analytical protocols that utilized three separate derivatization techniques were developed. The first analysis identified free fatty acids, waxes, and fatty acid soaps, the second characterized oils and plant resins, and the third identified proteins. The identification of plant gums required a separate sample. Results showed that fatty acids in beeswax were present as lead soaps and dicarboxylic fatty acids in some samples was consistent with an oxidized oil. The tempera portraits were found to contain predominantly animal glue, revising the belief that egg was the primary binder used for ancient paintings. Degraded egg coatings were found on several portraits, as well as consolidation treatments using paraffin wax and animal glue. The unknown restoration history of the portraits caused uncertainty during interpretation of the findings and made the identification of ancient paint binders problematic. Also, deterioration of the wooden support, residues from mummification, biodegradation, beeswax alteration, metal soap formation, and environmental conditions before and after burial further complicated the analysis. The inherent problems encountered while characterizing ancient organic media in funerary portraits were addressed. The fourteen museums that participated in this study are members of APPEAR (Ancient Panel Paintings: Examination, Analysis, and Research), an international collaborative initiative at the J. Paul Getty Museum whose aim is to expand our understanding of ancient panel paintings through the examination of the materials and techniques used for their manufacture.
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Granzotto C, Sutherland K, Arslanoglu J, Ferguson GA. Discrimination of Acacia gums by MALDI-TOF MS: applications to micro-samples from works of art. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Characterization of organic materials in the decoration of ornamental structures in the Alhambra monumental ensemble using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Germinario G, Garrappa S, D’Ambrosio V, van der Werf ID, Sabbatini L. Chemical composition of felt-tip pen inks. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1079-1094. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pauk V, Pluháček T, Havlíček V, Lemr K. Ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure for analysis of monosaccharides from plant gum binders. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 989:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
We describe an integrated and straightforward new analytical protocol that identifies plant gums from various sample sources including cultural heritage. Our approach is based on the identification of saccharidic fingerprints using mass spectrometry following controlled enzymatic hydrolysis. We developed an enzyme cocktail suitable for plant gums of unknown composition. Distinctive MS profiles of gums such as arabic, cherry and locust-bean gums were successfully identified. A wide range of oligosaccharidic combinations of pentose, hexose, deoxyhexose and hexuronic acid were accurately identified in gum arabic whereas cherry and locust bean gums showed respectively PentxHexy and Hexn profiles. Optimized for low sample quantities, the analytical protocol was successfully applied to contemporary and historic samples including ‘Colour Box Charles Roberson & Co’ dating 1870s and drawings from the American painter Arthur Dove (1880–1946). This is the first time that a gum is accurately identified in a cultural heritage sample using structural information. Furthermore, this methodology is applicable to other domains (food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biomedical).
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Lluveras-Tenorio A, Vinciguerra R, Galano E, Blaensdorf C, Emmerling E, Perla Colombini M, Birolo L, Bonaduce I. GC/MS and proteomics to unravel the painting history of the lost Giant Buddhas of Bāmiyān (Afghanistan). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172990. [PMID: 28379960 PMCID: PMC5381772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A chemical investigation of the organic paint binders of the Giant Buddhas of Bāmiyān was performed using an analytical approach based on mass spectrometry, combining traditional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry protocols with advanced proteomics methodologies. The research was carried out on a selection of rescued fragments. The data revealed the use of egg proteins as the paint binders of the original layers, in accordance with the traditional use of this proteinaceous medium in antiquity, spanning from the Mediterranean basin to the Far East, and already in the Bronze Age. Egg tempera was thus known to artists of the region in the first centuries AD, probably also due to the position of the Bāmiyān valley, which was connected to the Silk Road. Milk was found in the first historical overpaintings. A new proteomics approach was used, which was able to identify the source of the milk proteins present in the restoration layers, despite their age and degradation. In particular cow’s and goat's milk were both found, in agreement with the documented presence of rich pastures in the Bāmiyān valley when the historical restorations were carried out. Investigating the materials of the Giant Buddhas not only enabled us to obtain isolated data on these invaluable works of art, which are now lost, but contributes to understanding the big “puzzle” of our past and the development of our culture, by implementing and supporting written sources, stylistic and anthropological studies with molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Vinciguerra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eugenio Galano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Catharina Blaensdorf
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft, Muenchen, Deutschland
| | - Erwin Emmerling
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Lehrstuhl für Restaurierung, Kunsttechnologie und Konservierungswissenschaft, Muenchen, Deutschland
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy (ICVBC-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Leila Birolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- Distretto ad Alta Tecnologia dei Beni Culturali (DATABENC Scarl), Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail: (IB); (LB)
| | - Ilaria Bonaduce
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail: (IB); (LB)
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Granzotto C, Sutherland K. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Fingerprinting for Identification of Acacia Gum in Microsamples from Works of Art. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3059-3068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Granzotto
- Northwestern University - Art Institute
of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts (NU-ACCESS), 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech K111, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ken Sutherland
- The Art Institute of Chicago, 111 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60603, United States
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An investigation into the curing of urushi and tung oil films by thermoanalytical and mass spectrometric techniques. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrometry-based techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6957-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Serefidou M, Bracci S, Tapete D, Andreotti A, Biondi L, Colombini MP, Giannini C, Parenti D. Microchemical and microscopic characterization of the pictorial quality of egg-tempera polyptych, late 14th century, Florence, Italy. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bonaduce I, Ribechini E, Modugno F, Colombini MP. Analytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:6. [PMID: 27572989 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-015-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), after appropriate wet chemical sample pre-treatments or pyrolysis, is one of the most commonly adopted analytical techniques in the study of organic materials from cultural heritage objects. Organic materials in archaeological contexts, in classical art objects, or in modern and contemporary works of art may be the same or belong to the same classes, but can also vary considerably, often presenting different ageing pathways and chemical environments. This paper provides an overview of the literature published in the last 10 years on the research based on the use of GC/MS for the analysis of organic materials in artworks and archaeological objects. The latest progresses in advancing analytical approaches, characterising materials and understanding their degradation, and developing methods for monitoring their stability are discussed. Case studies from the literature are presented to examine how the choice of the working conditions and the analytical approaches is driven by the analytical and technical question to be answered, as well as the nature of the object from which the samples are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bonaduce
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Gelzo M, Grimaldi M, Vergara A, Severino V, Chambery A, Dello Russo A, Piccioli C, Corso G, Arcari P. Comparison of binder compositions in Pompeian wall painting styles from Insula Occidentalis. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:65. [PMID: 25419232 PMCID: PMC4240868 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the pigment composition of Pompeian wall paintings has been the object of several studies, a comprehensive characterization of paint binder components is still lacking. This work aimed investigated at a molecular level the binder composition differences among wall paintings belonging to different periods of Pompeii’s history. Analytical investigations were performed on representative samples of the first, second, third, and fourth painting styles excavated from the house of Marcus Fabius Rufus (Insula Occidentalis). The application of sensitive experimental methodologies was complemented by historical knowledge to gain insight in painting techniques and materials used by Pompeian artists. Results Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the organic components and pigments present in powders obtained from samples of the four painting styles. No proteinaceous components were detected in the samples with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Liquid chromatography, gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of polar and non-polar components extracted from powders were used to evaluate and compare the free amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids profiles. Conclusions Pigments and natural products (lipids, gums and wheat flours) were the main components of all samples. This supports the hypothesis that artists likely used water tempera for Pompeian wall paintings. Scheme of the multi-analytical approach followed to compare Pompeian paint binders composition.Scheme of the multi-analytical approach followed to compare Pompeian paint binders composition. ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-014-0065-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gelzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Grimaldi
- Centro Internazionale per gli Studi Pompeiani, Università Suor Orsola Benincasa, Via Suor Orsola 10, I-80135 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vergara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Naples, Italy ; Distretto ad Alta Tecnologia dei Beni Culturali (DATABENC) Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Severino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio Dello Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Corso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Via Pinto 1, I-71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy ; CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Comunale Margherita, 482 I-80145 Naples, Italy
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Lluveras-Tenorio A, Mazurek J, Restivo A, Colombini MP, Bonaduce I. Analysis of plant gums and saccharide materials in paint samples: comparison of GC-MS analytical procedures and databases. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:115. [PMID: 23050842 PMCID: PMC3541984 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Saccharide materials have been used for centuries as binding media, to paint, write and illuminate manuscripts and to apply metallic leaf decorations. Although the technical literature often reports on the use of plant gums as binders, actually several other saccharide materials can be encountered in paint samples, not only as major binders, but also as additives. In the literature, there are a variety of analytical procedures that utilize GC-MS to characterize saccharide materials in paint samples, however the chromatographic profiles are often extremely different and it is impossible to compare them and reliably identify the paint binder. RESULTS This paper presents a comparison between two different analytical procedures based on GC-MS for the analysis of saccharide materials in works-of-art. The research presented here evaluates the influence of the analytical procedure used, and how it impacts the sugar profiles obtained from the analysis of paint samples that contain saccharide materials. The procedures have been developed, optimised and systematically used to characterise plant gums at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles, USA (GCI) and the Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry of the University of Pisa, Italy (DCCI). The main steps of the analytical procedures and their optimisation are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The results presented highlight that the two methods give comparable sugar profiles, whether the samples analysed are simple raw materials, pigmented and unpigmented paint replicas, or paint samples collected from hundreds of centuries old polychrome art objects. A common database of sugar profiles of reference materials commonly found in paint samples was thus compiled. The database presents data also from those materials that only contain a minor saccharide fraction. This database highlights how many sources of saccharides can be found in a paint sample, representing an important step forward in the problem of identifying polysaccharide binders in paint samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lluveras-Tenorio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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