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Budaeva N, Agne S, Ribeiro PA, Straube N, Preick M, Hofreiter M. Wide-spread dispersal in a deep-sea brooding polychaete: the role of natural history collections in assessing the distribution in quill worms (Onuphidae, Annelida). Front Zool 2024; 21:1. [PMID: 38233869 PMCID: PMC10795374 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern integrative taxonomy-based annelid species descriptions are detailed combining morphological data and, since the last decades, also molecular information. Historic species descriptions are often comparatively brief lacking such detail. Adoptions of species names from western literature in the past led to the assumption of cosmopolitan ranges for many species, which, in many cases, were later found to include cryptic or pseudocryptic lineages with subtle morphological differences. Natural history collections and databases can aid in assessing the geographic ranges of species but depend on correct species identification. Obtaining DNA sequence information from wet-collection museum specimens of marine annelids is often impeded by the use of formaldehyde and/or long-term storage in ethanol resulting in DNA degradation and cross-linking. RESULTS The application of ancient DNA extraction methodology in combination with single-stranded DNA library preparation and target gene capture resulted in successful sequencing of a 110-year-old collection specimen of quill worms. Furthermore, a 40-year-old specimen of quill worms was successfully sequenced using a standard extraction protocol for modern samples, PCR and Sanger sequencing. Our study presents the first molecular analysis of Hyalinoecia species including the previously known species Hyalinoecia robusta, H. tubicloa, H. artifex, and H. longibranchiata, and a potentially undescribed species from equatorial western Africa morphologically indistinguishable from H. tubicola. The study also investigates the distribution of these five Hyalinoecia species. Reassessing the distribution of H. robusta reveals a geographical range covering both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans as indicated by molecular data obtained from recent and historical specimens. CONCLUSION Our results represent an example of a very wide geographical distribution of a brooding deep-sea annelid with a complex reproduction strategy and seemingly very limited dispersal capacity of its offspring, and highlights the importance of molecular information from museum specimens for integrative annelid taxonomy and biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Budaeva
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Stefanie Agne
- Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pedro A Ribeiro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53B, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicolas Straube
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michaela Preick
- Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Sotka EE, Bell T, Berke S. Cryptic mtDNA Diversity of Diopatra cuprea (Onuphidae, Annelida) in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040521. [PMID: 37106722 PMCID: PMC10136041 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Marine annelid taxonomy is experiencing a period of rapid revision, with many previously “cosmopolitan” species being split into species with more limited geographic ranges. This is exemplified by the Diopatra genus, which has recently witnessed dozens of new species descriptions rooted in genetic analyses. In the northwestern Atlantic, the name D. cuprea (Bosc 1802) has been applied to populations from Cape Cod through the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, and Brazil. Here, we sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) in D. cuprea populations from the Gulf of Mexico to Massachusetts. We find evidence for several deep mitochondrial lineages, suggesting that cryptic diversity is present in the D. cuprea complex from this coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E. Sotka
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
- Correspondence: authors: (E.E.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Tina Bell
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Sarah Berke
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, NY 12309, USA
- Correspondence: authors: (E.E.S.); (S.B.)
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3
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Development of microsatellites markers for the deep coral Madracis myriaster (Pocilloporidae: Anthozoa). Sci Rep 2022; 12:13193. [PMID: 35915204 PMCID: PMC9343366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013 Colombia made an important step towards the construction and management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) by establishing the first Deep Corals National Park (PNNCP). Inside this MPA, the coral Madracis myriaster (Cnidaria: Pocilloporidae) was found as the main reef builder, offering habitat for many species of fish and invertebrates. In order to improve the study of deep-sea coral habitats, their connectivity and prospective management, nine new genetic markers (microsatellites) were developed for M. myriaster and tested in samples from PNNCP. We present the assessment of these markers, with a specificity for the deep coral, and its prospective use in future analysis for the PNNCP and other areas in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, where M. myriaster is reported. We also include an additional taxonomic analysis performed on samples of M. myriaster using scanning electron microscopy.
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Abstract
In this study, we analyze the current state of knowledge on extant Eunicida systematics, morphology, feeding, life history, habitat, ecology, distribution patterns, local diversity and exploitation. Eunicida is an order of Errantia annelids characterized by the presence of ventral mandibles and dorsal maxillae in a ventral muscularized pharynx. The origin of Eunicida dates back to the late Cambrian, and the peaks of jaw morphology diversity and number of families are in the Ordovician. Species richness is heterogeneous among the seven recent families, with more than half of the valid species belonging to the Eunicidae + Onuphidae clade, one of the latest clades to diverge. Eunicidans inhabit soft and hard substrates from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans. The few freshwater species are restricted to Histriobdellidae, a family exclusively commensal/parasite of crustaceans. The reproductive biology, development and ecology of most families are poorly known and the information available suggests low dispersal ability. However, all families have records of widely distributed species. Scrutiny of these wide distributions has often revealed the presence of exotic species or more than one species. The exploration of the deep-sea and of new habitats has led to recent descriptions of new species. Furthermore, the revision of type specimens, the examination of new morphological features and the use of molecular data have revealed hidden biodiversity under unjustified synonyms, poor understanding of morphological features and incomplete descriptions. Molecular studies are still very few or nonexistent for the families Histriobdellidae, Hartmaniellidae, Lumbrineridae and Oenonidae. The integration of new methodologies for morphological and molecular study, along with information on biological and ecological traits appears to be the path to improve the knowledge on the diversity of Eunicida.
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5
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Goode SL, Rowden AA, Bowden DA, Clark MR. Resilience of seamount benthic communities to trawling disturbance. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105086. [PMID: 32889447 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite bottom trawling being the most widespread, severe disturbance affecting deep-sea environments, it remains uncertain whether recovery is possible once trawling has ceased. Here, we review information regarding the resilience of seamount benthic communities to trawling. We focus on seamounts because benthic communities associated with these features are especially vulnerable to trawling as they are often dominated by emergent, sessile epifauna, and trawling on seamounts can be highly concentrated. We perform a meta-analysis to investigate whether any taxa demonstrate potential for recovery once trawling has ceased. Our findings indicate that mean total abundance can gradually increase after protection measures are placed, although taxa exhibit various responses, from no recovery to intermediate/high recovery, resistance, or signs of early colonisation. We use our results to recommend directions for future research to improve our understanding of the resilience of seamount benthic communities, and thereby inform the management of trawling impacts on these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah L Goode
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand; Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Ashley A Rowden
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand; Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David A Bowden
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Malcolm R Clark
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Species-specific genetic variation in response to deep-sea environmental variation amongst Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem indicator taxa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2844. [PMID: 32071333 PMCID: PMC7028729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological processes that shape spatial genetic patterns of population structure is critical for understanding evolutionary dynamics and defining significant evolutionary and management units in the deep sea. Here, the role of environmental factors (topographic, physico-chemical and biological) in shaping the population genetic structure of four deep-sea habitat-forming species (one sponge - Poecillastra laminaris, three corals - Goniocorella dumosa, Madrepora oculata, Solenosmilia variabilis) was investigated using seascape genetics. Genetic data (nuclear and mitochondrial sequences and microsatellite multilocus genotypes) and environmental variables were employed to build individual-based and population-level models. The results indicated that environmental factors affected genetic variation differently amongst the species, as well as at different geographic scales. For individual-based analyses, different environmental variables explained genetic variation in P. laminaris (dissolved oxygen), G. dumosa (dynamic topography), M. oculata (sea surface temperature and surface water primary productivity), and S. variabilis (tidal current speed). At the population level, factors related to current and food source explained the regional genetic structure in all four species, whilst at the geomorphic features level, factors related to food source and topography were most important. Environmental variation in these parameters may be acting as barriers to gene flow at different scales. This study highlights the utility of seascape genetic studies to better understand the processes shaping the genetic structure of organisms, and to identify environmental factors that can be used to locate sites for the protection of deep-sea Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems.
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The use of spatially explicit genetic variation data from four deep-sea sponges to inform the protection of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5482. [PMID: 30940897 PMCID: PMC6445101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The United Nations General Assembly has called for greater protection of the world’s deep-sea species and of features such as Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). Sponges are important components of VMEs and information about their spatially explicit genetic diversity can inform management decisions concerning the placement of protected areas. We employed a spatially explicit hierarchical testing framework to examine genetic variation amongst archived samples of four deep-sea sponges in the New Zealand region. For Poecillastra laminaris Sollas 1886, significant mitochondrial (COI, Cytb) and nuclear DNA (microsatellite) genetic differences were observed between provinces, amongst north-central-south regions and amongst geomorphic features. For Penares sp. no significant structure was detected (COI, 12S) across the same areas. For both Neoaulaxinia persicum Kelly, 2007 (COI, 12S) and Pleroma menoui Lévi & Lévi 1983 (COI) there was no evidence of genetic differentiation within their northern only regional distributions. Of 10 separate species-by-marker tests for isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-depth, only the isolation-by-depth test for N. persicum for COI was significant. The use of archived samples highlights how historical material may be used to support national and international management decisions. The results are discussed in the broader context of existing marine protected areas, and possible future design of spatial management measures for protecting VMEs in the New Zealand region.
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Bors EK, Herrera S, Morris JA, Shank TM. Population genomics of rapidly invading lionfish in the Caribbean reveals signals of range expansion in the absence of spatial population structure. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3306-3320. [PMID: 30962894 PMCID: PMC6434604 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Range expansions driven by global change and species invasions may have significant genomic, evolutionary, and ecological implications. During range expansions, strong genetic drift characterized by repeated founder events can result in decreased genetic diversity with increased distance from the center of the historic range, or the point of invasion. The invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans, into waters off the US East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea provides a natural system to study rapid range expansion in an invasive marine fish with high dispersal capabilities. We report results from 12,759 single nucleotide polymorphism loci sequenced by restriction enzyme-associated DNA sequencing for nine P. volitans sampling areas in the invaded range, including Florida and other sites throughout the Caribbean, as well as mitochondrial control region D-loop data. Analyses revealed low to no spatially explicit metapopulation genetic structure, which is partly consistent with previous finding of little structure within ocean basins, but partly divergent from initial reports of between-basin structure. Genetic diversity, however, was not homogeneous across all sampled sites. Patterns of genetic diversity correlate with invasion pathway. Observed heterozygosity, averaged across all loci within a population, decreases with distance from Florida while expected heterozygosity is mostly constant in sampled populations, indicating population genetic disequilibrium correlated with distance from the point of invasion. Using an F ST outlier analysis and a Bayesian environmental correlation analysis, we identified 256 and 616 loci, respectively, that could be experiencing selection or genetic drift. Of these, 24 loci were shared between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K. Bors
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusetts
- Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
| | - Santiago Herrera
- Department of Biological SciencesLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvania
| | - James A. Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean ServiceNational Centers for Coastal Ocean ScienceBeaufortNorth Carolina
| | - Timothy M. Shank
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusetts
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9
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Balbar AC, Metaxas A. The current application of ecological connectivity in the design of marine protected areas. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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10
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Taylor ML, Roterman CN. Invertebrate population genetics across Earth's largest habitat: The deep-sea floor. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4872-4896. [PMID: 28833857 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the deep sea being the largest habitat on Earth, there are just 77 population genetic studies of invertebrates (115 species) inhabiting non-chemosynthetic ecosystems on the deep-sea floor (below 200 m depth). We review and synthesize the results of these papers. Studies reveal levels of genetic diversity comparable to shallow-water species. Generally, populations at similar depths were well connected over 100s-1,000s km, but studies that sampled across depth ranges reveal population structure at much smaller scales (100s-1,000s m) consistent with isolation by adaptation across environmental gradients, or the existence of physical barriers to connectivity with depth. Few studies were ocean-wide (under 4%), and 48% were Atlantic-focused. There is strong emphasis on megafauna and commercial species with research into meiofauna, "ecosystem engineers" and other ecologically important species lacking. Only nine papers account for ~50% of the planet's surface (depths below 3,500 m). Just two species were studied below 5,000 m, a quarter of Earth's seafloor. Most studies used single-locus mitochondrial genes revealing a common pattern of non-neutrality, consistent with demographic instability or selective sweeps; similar to deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna. The absence of a clear difference between vent and non-vent could signify that demographic instability is common in the deep sea, or that selective sweeps render single-locus mitochondrial studies demographically uninformative. The number of population genetics studies to date is miniscule in relation to the size of the deep sea. The paucity of studies constrains meta-analyses where broad inferences about deep-sea ecology could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Taylor
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C N Roterman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Zeng C, Rowden AA, Clark MR, Gardner JPA. Population genetic structure and connectivity of deep-sea stony corals (Order Scleractinia) in the New Zealand region: Implications for the conservation and management of vulnerable marine ecosystems. Evol Appl 2017; 10:1040-1054. [PMID: 29151859 PMCID: PMC5680633 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea stony corals, which can be fragile, long-lived, late to mature and habitat-forming, are defined as vulnerable marine ecosystem indicator taxa. Under United Nations resolutions, these corals require protection from human disturbance such as fishing. To better understand the vulnerability of stony corals (Goniocorella dumosa, Madrepora oculata, Solenosmilia variabilis) to disturbance within the New Zealand region and to guide marine protected area design, genetic structure and connectivity were determined using microsatellite loci and DNA sequencing. Analyses compared population genetic differentiation between two biogeographic provinces, amongst three subregions (north-central-south) and amongst geomorphic features. Extensive population genetic differentiation was revealed by microsatellite variation, whilst DNA sequencing revealed very little differentiation. For G. dumosa, genetic differentiation existed amongst regions and geomorphic features, but not between provinces. For M. oculata, only a north-central-south regional structure was observed. For S. variabilis, genetic differentiation was observed between provinces, amongst regions and amongst geomorphic features. Populations on the Kermadec Ridge were genetically different from Chatham Rise populations for all three species. A significant isolation-by-depth pattern was observed for both marker types in G. dumosa and also in ITS of M. oculata. An isolation-by-distance pattern was revealed for microsatellite variation in S. variabilis. Medium to high levels of self-recruitment were detected in all geomorphic populations, and rates and routes of genetic connectivity were species-specific. These patterns of population genetic structure and connectivity at a range of spatial scales indicate that flexible spatial management approaches are required for the conservation of deep-sea corals around New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology Hunan Agricultural University Changsha China.,School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand.,National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research Kilbirnie Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ashley A Rowden
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research Kilbirnie Wellington New Zealand
| | - Malcolm R Clark
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research Kilbirnie Wellington New Zealand
| | - Jonathan P A Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
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12
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Miller KJ, Gunasekera RM. A comparison of genetic connectivity in two deep sea corals to examine whether seamounts are isolated islands or stepping stones for dispersal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46103. [PMID: 28393887 PMCID: PMC5385499 DOI: 10.1038/srep46103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological processes in the deep sea are poorly understood due to the logistical constraints of sampling thousands of metres below the ocean’s surface and remote from most land masses. Under such circumstances, genetic data provides unparalleled insight into biological and ecological relationships. We use microsatellite DNA to compare the population structure, reproductive mode and dispersal capacity in two deep sea corals from seamounts in the Southern Ocean. The solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus has widespread dispersal consistent with its global distribution and resilience to disturbance. In contrast, for the matrix-forming colonial coral Solenosmilia variabilis asexual reproduction is important and the dispersal of sexually produced larvae is negligible, resulting in isolated populations. Interestingly, despite the recognised impacts of fishing on seamount communities, genetic diversity on fished and unfished seamounts was similar for both species, suggesting that evolutionary resilience remains despite reductions in biomass. Our results provide empirical evidence that a group of seamounts can function either as isolated islands or stepping stones for dispersal for different taxa. Furthermore different strategies will be required to protect the two sympatric corals and consequently the recently declared marine reserves in this region may function as a network for D. dianthus, but not for S. variabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Miller
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of Western Australia (MO96), 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Pante E, Puillandre N, Viricel A, Arnaud-Haond S, Aurelle D, Castelin M, Chenuil A, Destombe C, Forcioli D, Valero M, Viard F, Samadi S. Species are hypotheses: avoid connectivity assessments based on pillars of sand. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:525-44. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pante
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs); UMR 7266 CNRS - Université de La Rochelle; 2 rue Olympe de Gouges 17042 La Rochelle France
| | - Nicolas Puillandre
- ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN; UPMC (University Paris 06); EPHE - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; CP26, 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Amélia Viricel
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs); UMR 7266 CNRS - Université de La Rochelle; 2 rue Olympe de Gouges 17042 La Rochelle France
| | | | - Didier Aurelle
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS, IRD; Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Magalie Castelin
- Aquatic Animal Health Section; Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Pacific Biological Station; 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo BC Canada V9T 6N7
| | - Anne Chenuil
- Aix Marseille Université; CNRS, IRD; Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University Paris 06; Station Biologique de Roscoff F-29680 Roscoff France
- CNRS, Laboratory Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae; Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Univ Paris 06, UMI 3614, UPMC, PUCCh, UACh; Station Biologique de Roscoff F-29680 Roscoff France
| | - Didier Forcioli
- Faculté des Sciences; Université Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Equipe Symbiose Marine UMR 7138; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
- UMR 7138 Evolution Paris Seine; Université Pierre et Marie Curie - CNRS; 7 Quai St Bernard 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Myriam Valero
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University Paris 06; Station Biologique de Roscoff F-29680 Roscoff France
- CNRS, Laboratory Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae; Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Univ Paris 06, UMI 3614, UPMC, PUCCh, UACh; Station Biologique de Roscoff F-29680 Roscoff France
| | - Frédérique Viard
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University Paris 06; Station Biologique de Roscoff F-29680 Roscoff France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Laboratory Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment; Team Diversity and Connectivity in Coastal Marine Landscapes, UMR 7144; Station Biologique de Roscoff F-29680 Roscoff France
| | - Sarah Samadi
- ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN; UPMC (University Paris 06); EPHE - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle; Sorbonne Universités; CP26, 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
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