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Castillo-Corujo A, Uchida Y, Saaranen MJ, Ruddock LW. Escherichia coli Cytoplasmic Expression of Disulfide-Bonded Proteins: Side-by-Side Comparison between Two Competing Strategies. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1126-1134. [PMID: 38563095 PMCID: PMC11180911 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2311.11025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The production of disulfide bond-containing recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli has traditionally been done by either refolding from inclusion bodies or by targeting the protein to the periplasm. However, both approaches have limitations. Two broad strategies were developed to allow the production of proteins with disulfide bonds in the cytoplasm of E. coli: i) engineered strains with deletions in the disulfide reduction pathways, e.g. SHuffle, and ii) the co-expression of oxidative folding catalysts, e.g. CyDisCo. However, to our knowledge, the relative effectiveness of these strategies has not been properly evaluated. Here, we systematically compare the purified yields of 14 different proteins of interest (POI) that contain disulfide bonds in their native state when expressed in both systems. We also compared the effects of different background strains, commonly used promoters, and two media types: defined and rich autoinduction. In rich autoinduction media, POI which can be produced in a soluble (non-native) state without a system for disulfide bond formation were produced in higher purified yields from SHuffle, whereas all other proteins were produced in higher purified yields using CyDisCo. In chemically defined media, purified yields were at least 10x higher in all cases using CyDisCo. In addition, the quality of the three POI tested was superior when produced using CyDisCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Castillo-Corujo
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Mirva J. Saaranen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Lloyd W. Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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Castillo-Corujo A, Saaranen MJ, Ruddock LW. Cytoplasmic production of Fabs in chemically defined media in fed-batch fermentation. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106404. [PMID: 37979630 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Fragment of antigen-binding region (Fab) of antibodies are important biomolecules, with a broad spectrum of functionality in the biomedical field. While full length antibodies are usually produced in mammalian cells, the smaller size, lack of N-glycosylation and less complex structure of Fabs make production in microbial cell factories feasible. Since Fabs contain disulfide bonds, such production is often done in the periplasm, but there the formation of the inter-molecular disulfide bond between light and heavy chains can be problematic. Here we studied the use of the CyDisCo system (cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli) to express two Fabs (Herceptin and Maa48) in the cytoplasm of E. coli in fed-batch fermentation using a generic chemically defined media. We were able to solubly express both Fabs with purified yields of 565 mg/L (Maa48) and 660 mg/L (Herceptin) from low density fermentation. Both proteins exhibited CD spectra consistent with natively folded protein and both were biologically active. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of high-level production of biological active Fabs in the cytoplasm of E. coli in industrially relevant fermentation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirva J Saaranen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Ishizawa Y, Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Kawahara R, Dohmae N, Simizu S. Identification and characterization of collagen-like glycosylation and hydroxylation of CCN1. Glycobiology 2019; 29:696-704. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCCN1 is a secreted protein and belongs to the CCN family of matricellular proteins. CCN1 binds to various cell surface receptors; thus, CCN1 has important functions in cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis through a variety of signaling pathways. We have reported that CCN1 is O-fucosylated and that this O-fucosylation regulates the secretion of CCN1 into the extracellular region. In this study, we detected collagen-like glycosylation and hydroxylation at Lys203 of recombinant CCN1 by mass spectrometry. We then examined the role of collagen-like glycosylation in the functions of CCN1. As a result, we found that a deficiency in collagen-like glycosylation decreased the secretion of CCN1 using wild-type CCN1- and collagen-like glycosylation-defective mutant CCN1-overexpressing cell lines. Further, knockout of lysyl hydroxylase3, a multifunctional protein with hydroxylase and glucosyltransferase activities, impaired the secretion and glycosylation level of recombinant CCN1. Previous studies reported that collagen glycosylation of Lys residues mediated by lysyl hydroxylase3 is glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylation, presuming that this collagen-like glycosylation detected at Lys203 of recombinant CCN1 in this study might be glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate the novel function of the collagen-like glycosylation of CCN1 and suggest that lysyl hydroxylase3-mediated glycosylation is important for CCN1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Ishizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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He Z, Chen Y, Hua L, Ding R, Liang C. Oligomerization status and post-translational modification of adiponectin: A possible association between adiponectin and risk of coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2019; 277:28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
2-Oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases (2OGXs) catalyze a remarkably diverse range of oxidative reactions. In animals, these comprise hydroxylations and N-demethylations proceeding via hydroxylation; in plants and microbes, they catalyze a wider range including ring formations, rearrangements, desaturations, and halogenations. The catalytic flexibility of 2OGXs is reflected in their biological functions. After pioneering work identified the roles of 2OGXs in collagen biosynthesis, research revealed they also function in plant and animal development, transcriptional regulation, nucleic acid modification/repair, fatty acid metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, including of medicinally important antibiotics. In plants, 2OGXs are important agrochemical targets and catalyze herbicide degradation. Human 2OGXs, particularly those regulating transcription, are current therapeutic targets for anemia and cancer. Here, we give an overview of the biochemistry of 2OGXs, providing examples linking to biological function, and outline how knowledge of their enzymology is being exploited in medicine, agrochemistry, and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Thomas M Leissing
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Richard J Hopkinson
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom; .,Current affiliation for Richard J. Hopkinson: Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom;
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
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Collagen beta (1- O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) is required for the secretion of high molecular weight adiponectin and affects lipid accumulation. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170105. [PMID: 28428430 PMCID: PMC5434890 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin is dependent on post-translational modification (PTM) of conserved lysines in the collagenous domain. The present study aims to characterize the enzymes responsible for the PTM of conserved lysines which leads to HMW adiponectin secretion, and to define its significance in relation to obesity. Collagen beta (1-O) galactosyltransferase 1 (GLT25D1) was knocked down in HEK cells modified for the stable expression of adiponectin (adiponectin expressing human embryonic kidney cells, Adipo-HEK) as well as in Simpson Golabi-Behmel-Syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes. Knockdown of GLT25D1 caused a significant decrease in HMW adiponectin in Adipo-HEK cells with no change in total adiponectin. Knockdown in the SGBS cells caused an increase in lipid accumulation yet inhibited adipogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation with adiponectin and mass spectrometry showed that adiponectin formed a protein complex with lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) and GLT25D1. Transient overexpression of GLT25D1 showed that the intracellular retention of LH3 was dependent on GLT25D1. To determine whether changes in GLT25D1 were significant in obesity, mice were fed a standard chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks. GLT25D1 was significantly decreased in mice fed HFD which coincided with a decrease in HMW adiponectin. We conclude that GLT25D1 regulates HMW adiponectin secretion and lipid accumulation, consistent with changes in mice after high-fat feeding. These results suggest a novel function of GLT25D1 leading to decreased HMW adiponectin secretion in early obesity.
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Lutteroth KR, Harris PWR, Wright TH, Kaur H, Sparrow K, Yang SH, Cooper GJS, Brimble MA. Incorporation of ‘click’ chemistry glycomimetics dramatically alters triple-helix stability in an adiponectin model peptide. Org Biomol Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A striking decrease in thermal stability was observed upon incorporation of triazole-linked galactosylated-lysine into an adiponectin model peptide, suggesting possible applications of ‘click’ glycomimetics in bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Lutteroth
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Tom H. Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Harveen Kaur
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Kevin Sparrow
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
| | - Garth J. S. Cooper
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Centre for Advanced Discovery & Experimental Therapeutics (CADET)
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences
- The University of Auckland
- Auckland
- New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery
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Gjaltema RAF, Bank RA. Molecular insights into prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation of fibrillar collagens in health and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 52:74-95. [PMID: 28006962 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2016.1269716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a macromolecule that has versatile roles in physiology, ranging from structural support to mediating cell signaling. Formation of mature collagen fibrils out of procollagen α-chains requires a variety of enzymes and chaperones in a complex process spanning both intracellular and extracellular post-translational modifications. These processes include modifications of amino acids, folding of procollagen α-chains into a triple-helical configuration and subsequent stabilization, facilitation of transportation out of the cell, cleavage of propeptides, aggregation, cross-link formation, and finally the formation of mature fibrils. Disruption of any of the proteins involved in these biosynthesis steps potentially result in a variety of connective tissue diseases because of a destabilized extracellular matrix. In this review, we give a revised overview of the enzymes and chaperones currently known to be relevant to the conversion of lysine and proline into hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, respectively, and the O-glycosylation of hydroxylysine and give insights into the consequences when these steps are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger A F Gjaltema
- a MATRIX Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- a MATRIX Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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Identification of a microRNA (miR-663a) induced by ER stress and its target gene PLOD3 by a combined microRNome and proteome approach. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:285-303. [PMID: 27233793 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate gene expression to support important physiological functions. Significant evidences suggest that miRs play a crucial role in many pathological events and in the cell response to various stresses. METHODS With the aim to identify new miRs induced by perturbation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, we analysed miR expression profiles of thapsigargin (TG)-treated cells by microarray. In order to identify miR-663a-regulated genes, we evaluated proteomic changes in miR-663a-overexpressing cells by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometric identification of the differentially represented proteins. Microarray and proteomic analyses were supported by biochemical validation. RESULTS Results of microarray revealed 24 differentially expressed miRs; among them, miR-663a turned out to be by ER stress and under the control of the PERK pathway of the unfolded protein response. Proteomic analysis revealed that PLOD3, which is the gene encoding for collagen-modifying lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3), is regulated by miR-663a. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-663a indeed reduces LH3 expression by targeting to 3'-UTR of PLOD3 mRNA. Interestingly, miR-663a inhibition of LH3 expression generates reduced extracellular accumulation of type IV collagen, thus suggesting the involvement of miR-663a in modulating collagen 4 secretion in physiological conditions and in response to ER stress. CONCLUSION The finding of the ER stress-induced PERK-miR-663a pathway may have important implications in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of this miR in normal and/or pathological conditions.
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Watt SA, Dayal JHS, Wright S, Riddle M, Pourreyron C, McMillan JR, Kimble RM, Prisco M, Gartner U, Warbrick E, McLean WHI, Leigh IM, McGrath JA, Salas-Alanis JC, Tolar J, South AP. Lysyl Hydroxylase 3 Localizes to Epidermal Basement Membrane and Is Reduced in Patients with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137639. [PMID: 26380979 PMCID: PMC4575209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is caused by mutations in COL7A1 resulting in reduced or absent type VII collagen, aberrant anchoring fibril formation and subsequent dermal-epidermal fragility. Here, we identify a significant decrease in PLOD3 expression and its encoded protein, the collagen modifying enzyme lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3), in RDEB. We show abundant LH3 localising to the basement membrane in normal skin which is severely depleted in RDEB patient skin. We demonstrate expression is in-part regulated by endogenous type VII collagen and that, in agreement with previous studies, even small reductions in LH3 expression lead to significantly less secreted LH3 protein. Exogenous type VII collagen did not alter LH3 expression in cultured RDEB keratinocytes and we show that RDEB patients receiving bone marrow transplantation who demonstrate significant increase in type VII collagen do not show increased levels of LH3 at the basement membrane. Our data report a direct link between LH3 and endogenous type VII collagen expression concluding that reduction of LH3 at the basement membrane in patients with RDEB will likely have significant implications for disease progression and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Watt
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sheila Wright
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Riddle
- Stem Cell Institute and Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Celine Pourreyron
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - James R. McMillan
- The Centre for Children’s Burns Research, Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Roy M. Kimble
- The Centre for Children’s Burns Research, Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marco Prisco
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Gartner
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Warbrick
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - W. H. Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Irene M. Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - John A. McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), London, United Kingdom
| | - Julio C. Salas-Alanis
- Basic Sciences Department, Medicine School, University of Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute and Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. South
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Li MM, Corcoran M, Zhang S, Cooper GJS. Essential roles of insulin, AMPK signaling and lysyl and prolyl hydroxylases in the biosynthesis and multimerization of adiponectin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:164-77. [PMID: 25240468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the adiponectin molecule are essential for its full bioactivity, and defects in PTMs leading to its defective production and multimerization have been linked to the mechanisms of insulin resistance, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. Here we observed that, in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, decreased insulin signaling caused by blocking of insulin receptors (InsR) with an anti-InsR blocking antibody, increased rates of adiponectin secretion, whereas concomitant elevations in insulin levels counteracted this effect. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling regulated adiponectin production by modulating the expression of adiponectin receptors, the secretion of adiponectin, and eventually the expression of adiponectin itself. We found that lysyl hydroxylases (LHs) and prolyl hydroxylases (PHs) were expressed in white-adipose tissue of ob/ob mice, wherein LH3 levels were increased compared with controls. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, both non-specific inhibition of LHs and PHs by dipyridyl, and specific inhibition of LHs by minoxidil and of P4H with ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, caused significant suppression of adiponectin production, more particularly of the higher-order isoforms. Transient gene knock-down of LH3 (Plod3) caused a suppressive effect, especially on the high molecular-weight (HMW) isoforms. These data indicate that PHs and LHs are both required for physiological adiponectin production and in particular are essential for the formation/secretion of the HMW isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ming-Ming Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie Corcoran
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom; Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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Risteli M, Ruotsalainen H, Bergmann U, Venkatraman Girija U, Wallis R, Myllylä R. Lysyl hydroxylase 3 modifies lysine residues to facilitate oligomerization of mannan-binding lectin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113498. [PMID: 25419660 PMCID: PMC4242627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) is a multifunctional protein with lysyl hydroxylase, galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities. The LH3 has been shown to modify the lysine residues both in collagens and also in some collagenous proteins. In this study we show for the first time that LH3 is essential for catalyzing formation of the glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysines of mannan-binding lectin (MBL), the first component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. Furthermore, loss of the terminal glucose units on the derivatized lysine residues in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking the LH3 protein leads to defective disulphide bonding and oligomerization of rat MBL-A, with a decrease in the proportion of the larger functional MBL oligomers. The oligomerization could be completely restored with the full length LH3 or the amino-terminal fragment of LH3 that possesses the glycosyltransferase activities. Our results confirm that LH3 is the only enzyme capable of glucosylating the galactosylhydroxylysine residues in proteins with a collagenous domain. In mice lacking the lysyl hydroxylase activity of LH3, but with untouched galactosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase activities, reduced circulating MBL-A levels were observed. Oligomerization was normal, however and residual lysyl hydroxylation was compensated in part by other lysyl hydroxylase isoenzymes. Our data suggest that LH3 is commonly involved in biosynthesis of collagenous proteins and the glucosylation of galactosylhydroxylysines residues by LH3 is crucial for the formation of the functional high-molecular weight MBL oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Risteli
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Heli Ruotsalainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Russell Wallis
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Raili Myllylä
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Neely BA, Carlin KP, Arthur JM, McFee WE, Janech MG. Ratiometric Measurements of Adiponectin by Mass Spectrometry in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) with Iron Overload Reveal an Association with Insulin Resistance and Glucagon. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:132. [PMID: 24065958 PMCID: PMC3778387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels are reduced in humans with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Similar to humans with insulin resistance, managed bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) diagnosed with hemochromatosis (iron overload) have higher levels of 2 h post-prandial plasma insulin than healthy controls. A parallel reaction monitoring assay for dolphin serum adiponectin was developed based on tryptic peptides identified by mass spectrometry. Using identified post-translational modifications, a differential measurement was constructed. Total and unmodified adiponectin levels were measured in sera from dolphins with (n = 4) and without (n = 5) iron overload. This measurement yielded total adiponectin levels as well as site specific percent unmodified adiponectin that may inversely correlate with HMW adiponectin. Differences in insulin levels between iron overload cases and controls were observed 2 h post-prandial, but not during the fasting state. Thus, post-prandial as well as fasting serum adiponectin levels were measured to determine whether adiponectin and insulin would follow similar patterns. There was no difference in total adiponectin or percent unmodified adiponectin from case or control fasting animals. There was no difference in post-prandial total adiponectin levels between case and control dolphins (mean ± SD) at 763 ± 298 and 727 ± 291 pmol/ml, respectively (p = 0.91); however, percent unmodified adiponectin was significantly higher in post-prandial cases compared to controls (30.0 ± 6.3 versus 17.0 ± 6.6%, respectively; p = 0.016). Interestingly, both total and percent unmodified adiponectin were correlated with glucagon levels in controls (r = 0.999, p < 0.001), but not in cases, which is possibly a reflection of insulin resistance. Although total adiponectin levels were not significantly different, the elevated percent unmodified adiponectin follows a trend similar to HMW adiponectin reported for humans with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Neely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kevin P. Carlin
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - John M. Arthur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Wayne E. McFee
- NOAA’s Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael G. Janech
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- *Correspondence: Michael G. Janech, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, 829 Clinical Sciences Building, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA e-mail:
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