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Hato H, Kaneko A, Maeda C, Sakata KI, Ono Y, Mizukami Y, Kono T, Kitagawa Y. Comparison between hangeshashinto and dexamethasone for IL-1α and β-defensin 1 production by human oral keratinocytes. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:188-195. [PMID: 38278301 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1) is a antimicrobial peptide that is constantly secreted by oral tissues. Hangeshashinto (HST), a traditional Japanese medicine, has been reported to be effective against stomatitis. This study aimed to clarify the profile of HST by comparing the system of production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and hBD-1 in human oral mucosal epithelial cells with dexamethasone (DEX), a steroid used for the treatment of stomatitis. METHODS Human oral keratinocytes (HOK) were treated with HST, DEX, or HST components (baicalein, baicalin, berberine, and glycyrrhizin) for 24 h, and subsequently cultured for 24 h with or without Pam3CSK4 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cell supernatants, total RNA, and intracellular proteins were collected, and changes in IL-1α and hBD-1 protein production and gene expression were evaluated using ELISA and RT-PCR. The phosphorylation of NF-kB and the cell proliferative ability of HOK were evaluated by western blotting and XTT assay, respectively. RESULTS DEX (0.01-10 μM) significantly suppressed IL-1α and hBD-1 production induced by either Pam3CSK4 or LPS, and also decreased cell growth. In contrast, HST inhibited Pam3CSK4- and LPS-induced IL-1α production at a concentration range of 12.5-100 μg/mL without affecting the cell proliferative capacity and hBD-1 production of HOK. Baicalein and baicalin, which are flavonoid ingredients of HST, showed anti-IL-1α production. CONCLUSION HST may be useful as a therapeutic agent for stomatitis and other inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hato
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0813, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & CO., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan
| | - Chiho Maeda
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Sakata
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0813, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mizukami
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Kono
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, 065-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0813, Japan
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Wang J, Huo N, Cai C, Zhang Y, Xiao R. Circ_0087199 depletion attenuates lipopolysaccharides-induced human periodontal ligament cell injury through the miR-527/TLR4 axis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1153. [PMID: 38270303 PMCID: PMC10808845 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs participate in the development of periodontitis. The present work aims to reveal the role and mechanism of circ_0087199 in human periodontal ligament cell (PDLC) injury during periodontitis. METHODS PDLCs were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to establish a periodontitis cell model. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of circ_0087199, miR-527, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Western blot analysis assay was performed to assess protein expression. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation were investigated by cell counting kit-8, EdU assay, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Oxidative stress was evaluated by malondialdehyde assay kit and superoxide dismutase activity assay kit. The interaction between miR-527 and circ_0087199 or TLR4 was confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Circ_0087199 and TLR4 expression levels were significantly increased, while miR-527 was decreased in the periodontal ligament tissues of periodontitis patients and LPS-stimulated PDLCs when compared with controls. LPS treatment inhibited cell viability and proliferation but induced cell apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, whereas these effects were attenuated after circ_0087199 knockdown. Circ_0087199 bound to miR-527 and regulated LPS-caused PDLC damage by targeting miR-527. Additionally, the overexpression of TLR4, a target gene of miR-527, rescued miR-527 mimic-mediated effects on LPS-treated PDLCs. Further, the regulation of circ_0087199 toward TLR4 involved miR-527. CONCLUSION Circ_0087199 knockdown attenuated LPS-induced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress of PDLCs by regulating the miR-527/TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Stomatolory1st Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Na Huo
- Department of Stomatolory1st Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chuan Cai
- Department of Stomatolory1st Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Stomatolory1st Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Stomatolory1st Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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3
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Jacob TV, Doshi GM. New Promising Routes in Peptic Ulcers: Toll-like Receptors and Semaphorins. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:865-878. [PMID: 37605412 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230821102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Peptic ulcers (PU) are one of the commonest yet problematic diseases found to be existing in the majority of the population. Today, drugs from a wide range of therapeutic classes are available for the management of the disease. Still, the complications of the condition are difficult to tackle and the side effect profile is quite a concern. The literature indicates that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Semaphorins (SEMAs) have been under study for their various pharmacological actions over the past few decades. Both these signalling pathways are found to regulate immunological and inflammatory responses. Moreover, receptors and signalling molecules from the family of TLRs and SEMAs are found to have bacterial recognition and antibacterial properties which are essential in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the major causative agents of PU. Our understanding of SEMAs, a class of proteins involved in cell signalling, is relatively less developed compared to TLRs, another class of proteins involved in the immune response. SEMAs and TLRs play different roles in biological processes, with SEMAs primarily involved in guiding cell migration and axon guidance during development, while TLRs are responsible for recognizing pathogens and initiating an immune response. Here, in this review, we will discuss in detail the signalling cascade of TLRs and SEMAs and thereby understand its association with PU for future therapeutic targeting. The review also aims at providing an overview of the study that has been into exploring the role of these signalling pathways in the management of PU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa V Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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4
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Wang Y, Li X, Yan C, Xie L, Yang Y. Baicalin Exhibits a Protective Effect against Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxic Damage in Canine Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Metabolites 2023; 13:1173. [PMID: 38132855 PMCID: PMC10745033 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal failure is a common chronic disease in dogs that substantially affects both their quality of life and longevity. The objective of this study was to assess the protective mechanisms of baicalin in cisplatin-induced Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells' apoptosis model and explore the impacts of baicalin at varying doses on various indexes, such as cisplatin-induced MDCK cell apoptosis, oxidation and antioxidation, and inflammatory factors. (Methods) MDCK cells in the logarithmic growth phase were randomly divided into a control group, a model group (20 μmol/L cisplatin), and a baicalin-protection group (20 μmol/L cisplatin + 50, 25 μmol/L baicalin) and received the corresponding treatments for 24 h. The effects of cisplatin on MDCK cell apoptosis, oxidation and antioxidation, inflammatory factors, and other indicators were studied, and the relieving effect of baicalin on cisplatin-induced MDCK cell damage was explored. Calcein/PI staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed that cisplatin induced the apoptosis of MDCK cells, while baicalin effectively reduced the damage caused by cisplatin. The ELISA results demonstrated a significant elevation in the nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels within the MDCK cells following treatment with cisplatin (p < 0.01). In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activities remarkably declined (p < 0.01), while tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression within the MDCK cells were apparently elevated (p < 0.01). However, baicalin treatment resulted in opposite changes in these factors. The findings suggested that baicalin exhibits potential in mitigating cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in MDCK cells. As revealed with the Western blot results, cisplatin promoted P62, P53, and BAX protein levels, increased mTOR phosphorylation, inhibited AMPK phosphorylation, and reduced Beclin1 and BCL-2 protein levels. However, a contrasting trend was observed following baicalin treatment. Cisplatin can inhibit the activity of MDCK cells, lead to abnormalities in oxidation and antioxidation functions and cell inflammatory factors, and accelerate cell apoptosis. Moreover, baicalin can significantly alleviate the damage of cisplatin to MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Police Dog Technology, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110854, China; (Y.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China;
| | - Chuanguo Yan
- College of Police Dog Technology, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang 110854, China; (Y.W.); (C.Y.)
| | - Liuwei Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110031, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110031, China
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5
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Sun L, Lin F, Sun B, Qin Z, Chen K, Zhao L, Li J, Zhang Y, Lin L. Scutellaria polysaccharide mediates the immunity and antioxidant capacity of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 143:104678. [PMID: 36907337 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is a commercially valuable freshwater crustacean species that frequently appears a death affected by various diseases, resulting in substantial economic losses. Improving the survival rate of M. rosenbergii is a hot and essential issue for feeding the prawns. Scutellaria polysaccharide (SPS) extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis (a Chinese medicinal herb) is conducive to the survival rate of organisms by enhancing immunity and antioxidant ability. In this study, M. rosenbergii was fed 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg of SPS. The immunity and antioxidant capacity of M. rosenbergii were tested by mRNA levels and enzyme activities of related genes. The mRNA expressions of NF-κB, Toll-R, and proPO (participating in the immune response) in the heart, muscle, and hepatopancreas were decreased after four weeks of SPS feeding (P < 0.05). This indicated that long-term feeding of SPS could regulate the immune responses of M. rosenbergii tissues. The activity levels of antioxidant biomarkers, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) had significant increases in hemocytes (P < 0.05). Moreover, catalase (CAT) activities in the muscle and hepatopancreas, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all tissues, significantly decreased after four weeks of culture (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that long-term feeding of SPS could improve the antioxidant capacity of M. rosenbergii. In summary, SPS was conducive to regulating the immune capacity and enhancing the antioxidant capacity of M. rosenbergii. These results provide a theoretical basis for supporting SPS addition to the feed of M. rosenbergii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Keping Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Yulei Zhang
- Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA.
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6
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Wang J, Yang J, Xia W, Zhang M, Tang H, Wang K, Zhou C, Qian L, Fan Y. Escherichia coli enhances Th17/Treg imbalance via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in oral lichen planus. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110175. [PMID: 37058754 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated immunoinflammatory disease. Several studies have proposed that Escherichia coli (E. coli) may participate in the progress of OLP. In this study, we examined the functional role of E. coli and its supernatant via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappab (NF-κB) signaling pathway in regulating T helper (Th) 17/ regulatory T (Treg) balance and related cytokines and chemokines profile in OLP immune microenvironment. We discovered that E. coli and supernatant could activate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) and OLP-derived T cells and increase the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 17 and CCL20, thereby increasing the expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (RoRγt) and the proportion of Th17 cells. Furthermore, the co-culture experiment revealed that HOKs treated with E. coli and supernatant increased T cell proliferation and migration, which promoted HOKs apoptosis. TLR4 inhibitor (TAK-242) successfully reversed the effect of E. coli and its supernatant. Consequently, E. coli and supernatant activated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in HOKs and OLP-derived T cells, leading to increased cytokines and chemokines expression and Th17/Treg imbalance in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhui Xia
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengna Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haonan Tang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keyi Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Ye Y, Xu X, Mao B, Tang X, Cui S, Zhao J, Zhang Q. Evaluation of heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 and its supernatant for the relief of experimental periodontitis in rats. Food Funct 2023; 14:2847-2856. [PMID: 36880339 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02938c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by subgingival microbial dysbiosis, characterised by inflammation of the soft tissues of the periodontium and progressive loss of alveolar bone. Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 is a probiotic with the potential to relieve periodontitis in vitro and in vivo. Due to the cost of active strain in production applications, we considered the effectiveness of bacterial components and metabolites in alleviating experimental periodontitis. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 and its supernatant in the development of experimental periodontitis through animal experiments. The results showed that active, heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 and its supernatant all significantly reduced IL-1β levels in gingival tissue and serum (p < 0.05). Micro-computed tomography (micro CT) analysis showed that the active and heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 reduced alveolar bone loss in rats with periodontitis by 25.6% and 15.9% respectively (p < 0.05), with no change in percentage of bone volume (p > 0.05). In histomorphometric analysis, active Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 showed better results in reducing alveolar bone loss and reducing inflammatory cell recruitment at the second molar. In addition, there was no significant difference in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells after in all experimental groups (p > 0.05). Therefore, heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus fermentum CCFM1139 or its supernatant also have the ability to relieve periodontitis, and their alleviating effect may focus on the regulation of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Xianyin Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P. R. China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
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Shadan A, Pathak A, Ma Y, Pathania R, Singh RP. Deciphering the virulence factors, regulation, and immune response to Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1053968. [PMID: 36968113 PMCID: PMC10038080 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1053968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the virulence factors, regulation, and immune response to Acinetobacter baumannii infectionAcinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen and a major cause of hospital acquired infetions. Carbapenem resistant A. baumannii has been categorised as a Priority1 critial pathogen by the World Health Organisation. A. baumannii is responsible for infections in hospital settings, clinical sectors, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and bloodstream infections with a mortality rates up to 35%. With the development of advanced genome sequencing, molecular mechanisms of manipulating bacterial genomes, and animal infection studies, it has become more convenient to identify the factors that play a major role in A. baumannii infection and its persistence. In the present review, we have explored the mechanism of infection, virulence factors, and various other factors associated with the pathogenesis of this organism. Additionally, the role of the innate and adaptive immune response, and the current progress in the development of innovative strategies to combat this multidrug-resistant pathogen is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Shadan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Avik Pathak
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Ma, ; Ranjana Pathania, ; Rajnish Prakash Singh,
| | - Ranjana Pathania
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
- *Correspondence: Ying Ma, ; Ranjana Pathania, ; Rajnish Prakash Singh,
| | - Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- *Correspondence: Ying Ma, ; Ranjana Pathania, ; Rajnish Prakash Singh,
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9
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Luo H, Yu Y, Liang M, Huang Z, Jiang H, Wang Y, Qi J. Efficacy identification and active compounds screening of topically administration of Scutellaria Radix in oral ulcer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123571. [PMID: 36549214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Scutellaria Radix (SR) is often added to various preparations for the treatment of oral ulcer, but its own efficacy and active compounds are still unknown while topically administration for oral ulcer, bring obstacles in further research. We expected to demonstrate the anti-oral ulcer effect of SR and find out its hallmark compounds, so as to provide reference for its material basis research. In this study, in vivo and in vitro models were used to prove the efficacy of SR, and spectrum-effect analysis was used to figure out the active compounds. In oral ulcer rats, SR significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-8 level, raised IL-2 level in both serum and mucosa, enhanced SOD activity and decreased MDA level of serum, reduced inflammatory reaction and showed good therapeutic effect. As for in vitro models, SR increased the survival rates of H2O2 damaged HOK, inhibited the release of IL-1β and NO of LPS induced HOK and LPS induced RAW 264.7, demonstrating good efficacy on oral ulcer. Subsequently, fingerprints and cellular pharmacodynamic data for 18 batches of SR were acquired, and spectrum-effect analysis were carried out by grey correlation analysis (GRA), partial least squares regression (PLSR) and "spider-web" mode. Five potential compounds were screened out and validated by comparing with SR activity, and baicalin, baicalein, and wogonoside were finally identified as active compounds of SR. These results explained the material basis of SR in treating oral ulcer and provided a scientific evidence for the clinical application of SR in oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yu
- Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510405, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liang
- Infinitus (China) Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510405, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Heng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of stomatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, NO.305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, P. R. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China.
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Ding Y, Wang Y, Li J, Tang M, Chen H, Wang G, Guo J, Gui S. Microemulsion-thermosensitive gel composites as in situ-forming drug reservoir for periodontitis tissue repair through alveolar bone and collagen regeneration strategy. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:30-39. [PMID: 36541732 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2161574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A satisfactory clinical effect in treating periodontitis is often difficult to achieve by conventional non-surgical systemic drug delivery due to the narrow anatomical structure of the periodontal pocket and insufficient drug concentration at lesion sites. In addition, the feasibility of combating periodontal tissue lesions by restoring the alveolar bone and allowing collagen regeneration has not been fully explored. The objective of this study was to prepare a microemulsion integrating the anti-inflammatory and osteogenic active ingredients of baicalin and clove oil (BC-MEs). Then, the composite hydrogel obtained by mixing poloxamer 407 and 188 was used as the thermosensitive gel matrix to load BC-MEs and form a drug reservoir (Gel-BC-MEs) injectable in situ. Gel-BC-MEs exhibited a significant, sustained release of baicalin for 12 h, gelation temperature was 33.4 ± 0.36 °C, and pH was 5.45 ± 0.12. The experiment on a rat periodontitis model demonstrated that Gel-BC-MEs significantly improved periodontal tissue repair by collagen regeneration and osteogenesis by inhibiting osteoclast infiltration. This study proposes a novel strategy for periodontal tissue repair by enhancing the therapeutic potential of a microemulsion using an in situ nano-gel delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Maomao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hairong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guichun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, Anhui, China
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11
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Kim JY, Kwack MH, Lee EH, Lee WJ. Effects of Black Ginseng Water Extract under the Inflammatory Conditions of Cultured Sebocytes and Outer Root Sheath Cells. Ann Dermatol 2022; 34:95-104. [PMID: 35450316 PMCID: PMC8989908 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2022.34.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used in Korea for a long time as a restorative herbal medicine. Black ginseng (BG) is made from red or white ginseng by multiple steamy and dry processes. Although BG has been reported to have anti-inflammatory potential, studies on its influence on inflammatory skin disorders are lacking. Objective To investigate the effects of BG under the inflammatory conditions of cultured sebocytes and outer root sheath (ORS) cells. Methods The cultured cells were treated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 5 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 5 µg/ml LPS+50 µg/ml BG for 6 hours and 24 hours. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and Nile red staining were performed for analysis of inflammatory biomarkers and sebum-related biomarkers. Results BG brought out the increased gene and protein expression of inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α, in the LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. In addition, BG induced increased expression of TLR4, p-c-jun, p-JNK and p-iκB in LPS-treated sebocytes and ORS cells. Furthermore, it significantly increased the expression of LL-37 and the production of sebum in LPS-treated sebocytes. Conclusion It may be possible for BG to increase the expression of inflammatory biomarkers in inflammatory skin disorders, such as acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kwack
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Weon Ju Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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12
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Nrf2 in the Field of Dentistry with Special Attention to NLRP3. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010149. [PMID: 35052653 PMCID: PMC8772975 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review article was to summarize the functional implications of the nuclear factor E2-related factor or nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), with special attention to the NACHT (nucleotide-binding oligomerization), LRR (leucine-rich repeat), and PYD (pyrin domain) domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the field of dentistry. NLRP3 plays a crucial role in the progression of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses throughout the body. It is already known that this inflammasome is a key regulator of several systemic diseases. The initiation and activation of NLRP3 starts with the oral microbiome and its association with the pathogenesis and progression of several oral diseases, including periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The possible role of the inflammasome in oral disease conditions may involve the aberrant regulation of various response mechanisms, not only in the mouth but in the whole body. Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its relationship to Nrf2 is necessary for the rationale when suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory and immunological disorders. In this review, we highlighted the current knowledge about NLRP3, its likely role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory oral processes, and its crosstalk with Nrf2, which might offer future possibilities for disease prevention and targeted therapy in the field of dentistry and oral health.
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13
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Mahmoud AM, Sayed AM, Ahmed OS, Abdel-Daim MM, Hassanein EHM. The role of flavonoids in inhibiting IL-6 and inflammatory arthritis. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:746-768. [PMID: 34994311 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220107105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the synovial joints. RA has well-known clinical manifestations and can cause progressive disability and premature death along with socioeconomic burdens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the pathology of RA where it can stimulate pannus formation, osteoclastogenesis, and oxidative stress. Flavonoids are plant metabolites with beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and others. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits. Many flavonoids have demonstrated anti-arthritic activity mediated mainly through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review thoroughly discusses the accumulate data on the role of flavonoids on IL-6 in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Osama S Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
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14
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15
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Kaszuba-Zwoińska J, Novak P, Nowak B, Furgała A, Wójcik-Piotrowicz K, Piszczek P, Guzdek P, Pytko-Polończyk J. Low-frequency electromagnetic field influences human oral mucosa keratinocyte viability in response to lipopolysaccharide or minocycline treatment in cell culture conditions. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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16
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Elango AV, Vasudevan S, Shanmugam K, Solomon AP, Neelakantan P. Exploring the anti-caries properties of baicalin against Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:267-275. [PMID: 33719751 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1897789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived molecules are excellent alternatives to antibiotics as anti-infective agents owing to their minimal cytotoxicity. Herein, the anti-infective property of the hydroxyflavone baicalin, was investigated against biofilms of the key dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Baicalin inhibited sucrose-dependent biofilm formation at a concentration of 500 µg ml-1 without affecting bacterial growth. It significantly inhibited acid production for an extended period of 8 h. Microscopic analysis revealed a 6-fold reduction in the number of adhered cells with baicalin treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of the mid-log phase and biofilm cells showed marked downregulation of the virulence genes required for biofilm formation and acid production. This study sheds significant new light on the potential for baicalin to be developed into an anti-caries agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arval Viji Elango
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karthi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
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17
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Inagaki Y, Kido JI, Nishikawa Y, Kido R, Sakamoto E, Bando M, Naruishi K, Nagata T, Yumoto H. Gan-Lu-Yin (Kanroin), Traditional Chinese Herbal Extracts, Reduces Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro and Prevents Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rat Experimental Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030386. [PMID: 33498415 PMCID: PMC7926381 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gan-Lu-Yin (GLY), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, shows therapeutic effects on periodontitis, but that mechanism is not well known. This study aims to clarify the precise mechanism by investigating the inhibitory effects of GLY extracts on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and on bone resorption in periodontitis in vivo. RAW264.7 cells are cultured with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (sRANKL) and GLY extracts (0.01–1.0 mg/mL), and stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to evaluate osteoclast differentiation. Experimental periodontitis is induced by placing a nylon ligature around the second maxillary molar in rats, and rats are administered GLY extracts (60 mg/kg) daily for 20 days. Their maxillae are collected on day 4 and 20, and the levels of alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation are estimated using micro-computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis, respectively. In RAW264.7 cells, GLY extracts significantly inhibit sRANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation at a concentration of more than 0.05 mg/mL. In experimental periodontitis, administering GLY extracts significantly decreases the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the alveolar bone on day 4, and significantly inhibits the ligature-induced bone resorption on day 20. These results show that GLY extracts suppress bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation in experimental periodontitis, suggesting that GLY extracts are potentially useful for oral care in periodontitis.
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Bailly C. The implication of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in chronic periodontitis suggests novel therapeutic opportunities with natural products. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2020; 56:90-96. [PMID: 32612718 PMCID: PMC7310691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the implication of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in periodontitis is provided with the objective to propose a novel therapeutic approach. An exhaustive survey of the literature has been performed to answer two questions: (1) Is there a role for PD-1 and/or PD-L1 in the development of periodontitis? (2) Which natural products interfere with the checkpoint activity and show activity against periodontitis? All online published information was collected and analyzed. The pathogenic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, through its membrane-attached peptidoglycans, exploits the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint to evade immune response and to amplify the infection. Three anti-inflammatory natural products (and derivatives or plant extracts) active against periodontitis and able to interfere with the checkpoint were identified. Both curcumin and baicalin attenuate periodontitis and induce a down-regulation of PD-L1 in cells. The terpenoid saponin platycodin D inhibits the growth of P. gingivalis responsible for periodontitis and shows a rare capacity to induce the extracellular release of a soluble form of PD-L1, thereby restoring T cell activation. A potential PD-L1 shedding mechanism is discussed. The targeting of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint could be considered a suitable approach to improve the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The plant natural products curcumin, baicalin and platycodin D should be further evaluated as PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint modulators active against periodontitis.
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Jiang M, Li Z, Zhu G. Immunological regulatory effect of flavonoid baicalin on innate immune toll-like receptors. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104890. [PMID: 32389860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential component of the innate immune system, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of well-recognized ligand-binding receptors found in various organisms and initiate host immune responses. Activation of TLRs signaling pathways lead to the induction of numerous genes that function in host defense. Baicalin is a natural compound from the dry raw root of Scutellaria baicalensis (S. baicalensis) and it has been found to exhibit several pharmaceutical actions, such as anti-inflammation, anti-tumor and antivirus. These biological activities are mainly related to the regulatory effect of baicalin on the host immune response. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of baicalin on TLRs signaling pathways in various pathological conditions, and highlight potential targets for the development of the regulatory effect of natural compound from traditional Chinese medicine on innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Zhuoneng Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Wuhan, China
| | - Guangxun Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Sharma Y, Bala K. Role of Toll like receptor in progression and suppression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rev 2020; 14:456. [PMID: 32477468 PMCID: PMC7246341 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2020.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and one of the multifactorial process that consists of most contributing factors such as tobacco smoking, chewing and alcohol consumption that altered the intracellular environment. Recent studies have shown relevance of Toll like receptor (TLR) associated with carcinogenesis. This review aim’s to explore that how TLR associates with progression and suppression of OSCC. This review is a classical review that has confined to articles published in the past 19 years (i.e. 2000-2019) and has summarized the perspective of the authors. 62 articles were reviewed and it was found that progression and suppression of OSCC is associated with different TLRs promoting tumor development and also inhibiting the progression of oral neoplasm. It was found that TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR9 are associated with tumor development i.e. in progression of OSCC, where as suppression of OSCC through TLR3 and TLR7. We authors would like to conclude that literature survey has indicated effective TLR’s against OSCC development and can be explored to investigate other TLRs that can be used for therapeutic purposes in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Sharma
- Therapeutics and Molecular Diagnostic Lab, Centre For Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumud Bala
- Therapeutics and Molecular Diagnostic Lab, Centre For Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Carrouel F, Viennot S, Ottolenghi L, Gaillard C, Bourgeois D. Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E140. [PMID: 31941021 PMCID: PMC7022934 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many investigations have pointed out widespread use of medical nanosystems in various domains of dentistry such as prevention, prognosis, care, tissue regeneration, and restoration. The progress of oral medicine nanosystems for individual prophylaxis is significant for ensuring bacterial symbiosis and high-quality oral health. Nanomaterials in oral cosmetics are used in toothpaste and other mouthwash to improve oral healthcare performance. These processes cover nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based materials, especially domains of application related to biofilm management in cariology and periodontology. Likewise, nanoparticles have been integrated in diverse cosmetic produces for the care of enamel remineralization and dental hypersensitivity. This review summarizes the indications and applications of several widely employed nanoparticles in oral cosmetics, and describes the potential clinical implementation of nanoparticles as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and remineralizing agents in the prevention of dental caries, hypersensitivity, and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Stephane Viennot
- Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.V.); (D.B.)
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cedric Gaillard
- Institut national de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), Unité de Recherche 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), 44316 Nantes, France;
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.V.); (D.B.)
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22
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Li H, Li W, Wang Q. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 production through aryl hydrocarbon receptor/nuclear factor-κB signaling in oral epithelial cells. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:236. [PMID: 31684930 PMCID: PMC6829944 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antiinflammatory effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) has been reported in periodontitis, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Oral epithelial cells are recently highlighted as an important regulator of inflammation in this disease. This in vitro study was established to investigate the effect of 1,25D3 on key proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 production and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in oral epithelial cells upon the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from periodontal pathogens. Methods OKF6/TERT-2 oral keratinocytes were incubated with LPS and different concentrations of 1,25D3, and levels of IL-6 production were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), and activation of AhR was examined using western blot analysis, and phosphorylation of NF-κB was detected using cell-based protein phosphorylation ELISA. Results 1,25D3 inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 overexpression in OKF6/TERT-2 cells. Additionally, 1,25D3 increased VDR expression and AhR activation, and repressed NF-κB phosphorylation. Furthermore, 1,25D3 suppressed IL-6 expression and enhanced VDR expression and regulated AhR/NF-κB signaling activation in a dose-dependent manner after 48 h treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that 1,25D3 may inhibit LPS-induced IL-6 overexpression in human oral epithelial cells through AhR/NF-κB signaling. Our findings may provide an explanation for the antiinflammatory effect and therapeutic benefit of 1,25D3 in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 3rd Section S Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 3rd Section S Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, 24876 Taylor Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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Li H, Zhong X, Li W, Wang Q. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on experimental periodontitis and AhR/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in a mouse model. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180713. [PMID: 31691738 PMCID: PMC6831029 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has been known to have important regulatory functions in inflammation and immune response and shows inhibitory effects on experimental periodontitis in animal models. However, the potential mechanism has yet to be clarified. Recent studies have highlighted Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its downstream signaling as a crucial regulator of immune homeostasis and inflammatory regulation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to clarify the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) on experimental periodontitis and AhR/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in the gingival epithelium in a murine model. METHODOLOGY We induced periodontitis in male C57BL/6 wild-type mice by oral inoculation of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), and subsequently gave intraperitoneal VD3 injection to the mice every other day for 8 weeks. Afterwards, we examined the alveolar bone using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and detected the gingival epithelial protein using western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS SEM images demonstrated that alveolar bone loss was reduced in the periodontitis mouse model after VD3 supplementation. Western blot analyses and immunohistochemical staining of the gingival epithelium showed that the expression of vitamin D receptor, AhR and its downstream cytochrome P450 1A1 were enhanced upon VD3 application. Additionally, VD3 decreased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS These results implicate the alleviation of periodontitis and the alteration of AhR/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by VD3 in the mouse model. The attenuation of this periodontal disease may correlate with the regulation of AhR/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway by VD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Guangxi Medical University, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, China
| | - Xinghua Zhong
- Guangxi Medical University, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, China
| | - Wei Li
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, China
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Li H, Chen Z, Zhong X, Li J, Li W. Mangiferin alleviates experimental peri-implantitis via suppressing interleukin-6 production and Toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:325. [PMID: 31623650 PMCID: PMC6798411 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) signaling and its downstream proinflammatory cytokines are considered to be important in the progression of peri-implantitis. A natural medicine, mangiferin has exhibited modulatory effect on TLR2 signaling and anti-inflammatory effects on different diseases. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of mangiferin on peri-implantitis and the potential mechanisms by administering this drug to an experimental peri-implantitis mouse model. METHODS Maxillary left first, second, and third molars of mice were extracted, and dental implants were placed in the region of the maxillary left second molars. Then, peri-implantitis was induced by tying ligatures around implants, and mangiferin was given orally to the mice. After 6-week mangiferin treatment, bone loss around the implants was detected using micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT). Alveolar bone and inflammatory infiltrate in peri-implant tissues were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Production of interleukin-6 (IL6), a TLR2 downstream proinflammatory cytokine, in the tissue surrounding implants was measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. IL6 protein expression and TLR2 signaling pathway activation in peri-implant tissues were detected using western blot analysis. RESULTS Micro-CT demonstrated reduced bone loss in peri-implantitis upon mangiferin administration. Additionally, H&E staining showed more alveolar bone and less inflammatory infiltrate in peri-implant tissues after mangiferin application. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated lower levels of IL6 gene expression, and western blot analysis showed decreased protein expression of IL6 and TLR2, and suppressed phosphorylation of TLR2 downstream nuclear factor-κB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase after mangiferin treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the suppressive effect of mangiferin on bone damage and inflammatory infiltrate in peri-implantitis. These therapeutic effects may be associated with inhibited IL6 production and reduced TLR2 signaling activation in peri-implant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, 02142, USA. .,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, 02115, USA.
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Zhong
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, 10 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaquan Li
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14 3rd Section S Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Yu F, Xu N, Zhou Y, Li B, Li M, Wang Q, Yang X, Ge X, Zhang F, Ren X. Anti-inflammatory effect of paeoniflorin combined with baicalin in oral inflammatory diseases. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1945-1953. [PMID: 31393636 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are challenges in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of oral mucosa. Both paeoniflorin (PF) and baicalin (BAI) exert anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanism underlying their combined effects is still unclear. Here, we explored the anti-inflammatory function of the PF-BAI combination in the oral inflammatory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the proliferative capacity of HOKs with PF and BAI. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), Western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and confocal immunofluorescence were performed to study the anti-inflammatory effects of PF-BAI in LPS-stimulated human oral keratinocytes (HOKs). Immunohistochemistry and ELISA were performed to detect the levels of NF-κB p65, IKKα and IL-6, TNF-α in OLP and healthy tissues. RESULTS Compared to PF or BAI alone, the combination of PF-BAI at 5 µg/ml downregulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines more effectively (p < .05). Combined PF-BAI decreased NF-κB p65 and IκBα protein phosphorylation, leading to reduce nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Higher expression of TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB p65, and IKKα were observed in OLP than in HC tissues (p < .01). CONCLUSION The optimal combination concentration of PF and BAI at 5 µg/ml may have a positive effect on the treatment of oral inflammatory diseases, providing a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Yu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Xu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baoyin Li
- Jilin University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Changchun, China
| | - Miao Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuejun Ge
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuyun Ren
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, China
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Cheng L, Liu W, Zhang T, Xu T, Shu YX, Yuan B, Yang YM, Hu T. Evaluation of the effect of a toothpaste containing Pudilan extract on inhibiting plaques and reducing chronic gingivitis: A randomized, double-blinded, parallel controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 240:111870. [PMID: 30980892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pudilan is a famous traditional Chinese medicine compound which contains several Chinese herbal ingredients, and has been wildly used to treat a variety of inflammatory diseases in China. Recently, it was reported that Pudilan extract had been used in the oral field, especially in the treatment of minor oral ulcers for its anti-inflammatory, pain relieving, antibacterial, clearing heat, and detoxifying effects. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Pudilan extract-containing toothpaste in controlling plaques and reducing chronic gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 patients with chronic gingivitis were randomized into an experiment group and a control group (n = 60 patients per group) based on a double-blinded method. Patients in the experiment group used a Pudilan extract-containing toothpaste, whereas patients in the control group used a Pudilan toothpaste simulator, which were identical as the toothpaste used by the experiment group, except for not containing the Pudilan extract. The Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding Index (BI), and Bleeding On Probing proportion (BOP%) were recorded at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after using the toothpaste. RESULTS After using the toothpaste for 8 and 12 weeks, PI, BI, GI, and BOP% of the experiment group were significantly lower when compared to the control group (both p < 0.001). Moreover, after using the toothpaste for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the decline of the PI and GI in the experiment group were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001, except 4weeks PI p = 0.011). After 12 weeks, the PI of the experiment group decreased 35.73% (p < 0.001) whereas the GI decreased 29.04% (p < 0.001). BI and BOP decline rates were statistically significant when compared to those of the control group at 8 and 12 weeks (both p < 0.001). Moreover, at 12 weeks, the BI of the experiment group decreased 34.33% (p < 0.001) and BOP% decreased 54.71% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Toothpaste with Pudilan extract demonstrated good effect on relieving symptoms of chronic gingivitis by inhibiting plaque formation, reducing gingival inflammation and the degree of bleeding, and the bleeding rate. Toothpaste containing Pudilan extract has prospective application potentials in the prevention and treatment of chronic gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pediatric, Jinan Stomatology Hospital, Jinan, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi-Xuan Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ying-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Qi W, Yang X, Ye N, Li S, Han Q, Huang J, Wu B. TLR4 gene in the regulation of periodontitis and its molecular mechanism. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1961-1966. [PMID: 31452696 PMCID: PMC6704533 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory effect of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene on periodontitis in mice was investigated to explore its possible mechanism. Thirty C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into the blank control group (N group, n=10), the periodontitis group (P group, n=10) and the periodontitis + TAK-242 group (PT group, n=10). The mice in P and PT group were ligatured with silk threads dipped with porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in the logarithmic phase to induce experimental periodontitis, and TAK-242 was intraperitoneally injected on the day when the periodontitis model was established. After fasting for 8 h, the expression levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines were measured in each group of mice. Their alveolar bones were isolated and changes were detected. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of TLR4. After the mice were given TAK-242, the levels of hs-CPR, MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-1β in the PT group evidently increased (P<0.01) compared with those in the N group. After the mice were administered TAK-242, the alveolar bone density, the percentage of bone volume and the number of bone trabeculae in PT group were significantly reduced, and the bone trabecular space and structural model index were evidently decreased (P<0.01). In addition, the expression levels of and T-bet/GATA3 messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in peria of mice in the P group were significantly higher than those in the N group (P<0.01), whereas the expression level of Foxp3 mRNA was notably decreased (P<0.01). The involvement of TLR4 gene in the inflammatory response of periodontitis results in periodontitis, and its mechanism may be that it activates TLR4, so as to affect the expression of T-bet, GATA3 and Foxp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Qi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Guangdong Xieda Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510399, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Taike Dentalcare Clinic, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Han
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Buling Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Morris FC, Dexter C, Kostoulias X, Uddin MI, Peleg AY. The Mechanisms of Disease Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1601. [PMID: 31379771 PMCID: PMC6650576 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram negative opportunistic pathogen that has demonstrated a significant insurgence in the prevalence of infections over recent decades. With only a limited number of “traditional” virulence factors, the mechanisms underlying the success of this pathogen remain of great interest. Major advances have been made in the tools, reagents, and models to study A. baumannii pathogenesis, and this has resulted in a substantial increase in knowledge. This article provides a comprehensive review of the bacterial virulence factors, the host immune responses, and animal models applicable for the study of this important human pathogen. Collating the most recent evidence characterizing bacterial virulence factors, their cellular targets and genetic regulation, we have encompassed numerous aspects important to the success of this pathogen, including membrane proteins and cell surface adaptations promoting immune evasion, mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and community interactions. The role of innate and adaptive immune responses is reviewed and areas of paucity in our understanding are highlighted. Finally, with the vast expansion of available animal models over recent years, we have evaluated those suitable for use in the study of Acinetobacter disease, discussing their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye C Morris
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carina Dexter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xenia Kostoulias
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ikhtear Uddin
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Enhanced efficacy of baicalin-loaded TPGS polymeric micelles against periodontitis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:387-395. [PMID: 31029332 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As a chronic infectious disease, periodontitis is the main cause of teeth exfoliation due to its severe inflammatory reaction and periodontal tissue destruction. Recent reports have shown that baicalin could inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway in inflammatory activity of periodontitis, but the efficacy of baicalin is limited due to its poor water solubility. In this work, we report the fabrication and application of baicalin encapsulated D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) polymeric micelles (PMs) through thin-film hydration method. The monodispersed micelles showed a spherical shape in aqueous solution and a prolonged drug-release kinetic. After baicalin was loaded into PMs, cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction were both decreased. The expression of genes (including TNF-α, IL-1β, RANKL and NF-κB) and the phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 protein in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat gingival fibroblasts were also reduced. Further investigation of drug efficacy in a rat periodontal disease model confirmed that the use of baicalin-PMs could reduce the destruction of alveolar bone and gingival fiber. Moreover, the therapeutic effect of baicalin-PMs was significantly better than that of free baicalin. These results suggest that the direct injection of micelles containing water-insoluble drugs may become a simple but effective method for treating periodontitis.
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Protective Effect of UP446 on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Beagle Dogs. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:dj7020033. [PMID: 30925801 PMCID: PMC6631249 DOI: 10.3390/dj7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease of the gum caused by a formation of a plaque that triggers immune responses and inflammation leading to the destruction of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. Chronic usage of synthetic chemicals and antibiotics is limited by undesired adverse events to the host. A botanical composition (UP446), which consists primarily of bioflavonoids such as baicalin from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and catechins from heartwoods of Acacia catechu, was evaluated for its effect on ligature-induced periodontal disease in beagle dogs. Disease model was induced in 20 male and female dogs. After a 12-week induction of periodontitis, animals were assigned to a placebo, positive control (doxycycline), and two treatment groups consisting of five animals each. The placebo group was only administrated to normal dog chow (25 g/kg/day). In the doxycycline treatment group, animals were fed a normal diet (25 g/kg/day) and doxycycline (5 mg/kg) was orally administrated every day. Treatment of UP446 was done by feeding the regular diet formulated with 0.1% and 0.2% of UP446 by weight. Clinical indices such as plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were measured every two weeks for 12 weeks. UP446 administered to beagle dogs for 12 weeks at 0.1% and 0.2% resulted in statistically significant reductions in gingivitis, pocket depth, loss of attachment, and gum bleeding. UP446 could potentially be used alone or as an adjunct with other oral hygiene preparations for periodontal disease in both human and companion animals.
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Yu H, Zhang F, Guan X. Baicalin reverse depressive-like behaviors through regulation SIRT1-NF-kB signaling pathway in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1480-1489. [PMID: 30848526 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common and detrimental illness that affects up to 120 million people worldwide. The present study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects and mechanisms of baicalin on olfactory bulbectomized model of depression. Baicalin treatment (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly reversed the abnormal levels of sucrose consumption, open field test, and forced swimming test. Treatments with baicalin reversed the olfactory bulbectomized-induced alterations of serum corticosterone levels to a great extent. Our results further demonstrated that baicalin administration negatively regulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Furthermore, baicalin regulated Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and decreased the levels of p65 acetylation (ac-p65) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Moreover, in lipopolysaccharides-induced BV-2 cells, the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β), p65 acetylation at lysine 310, and SIRT1 expression were different in the group treated with both baicalin and nicotinamide compared with the group treated with baicalin, which suggests that baicalin regulates SIRT1 and thereby inhibits p65 acetylation. In summary, administration of baicalin reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, possibly through regulation of SIRT1-NF-kB pathway. Our findings suggest a support into the potential of baicalin in therapeutic effect for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Xidong Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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Wu SC, Chu XL, Su JQ, Cui ZQ, Zhang LY, Yu ZJ, Wu ZM, Cai ML, Li HX, Zhang ZJ. Baicalin protects mice against Salmonella typhimurium infection via the modulation of both bacterial virulence and host response. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 48:21-31. [PMID: 30195877 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The worsening problems of antibiotic resistance prompt the need for alternative strategies. Baicalin, which is isolated from Scutellaria baicalensisi, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-virulence and antimicrobial effects. Salmonella typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogenic bacteriaum that causes gastrointestinal disease in humans and many animals. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of baicalin on S. typhimurium infection in mice and its possible mechanism in vitro. STUDY DESIGN To evaluate the effect of baicalin in vivo, mice were orally administered of baicalin, and then were infected by an intragastric administration of S. typhimurium. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A against S. typhimurium were detected under the guides of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. In vitro, Caco-2 cells were infected with S. typhimurium in the presence or absence of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A at sub-MICs. METHODS In the in vivo experiment, the body weight loss, the serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), the pathological changes of the caecum and the caecum bacterial burdens were examined. The MICs and MBCs of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A against S. typhimurium were detected by two-fold serial dilutions. In vitro, Caco-2 cells were infected with S. typhimurium, and the invasion capacity, TNFα, nitrate, and LDH were analysed. The transcription levels of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 virulence associated genes (sopB, sopE, sopE2) of S. typhimurium in the presence of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A were detected by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that baicalin significantly decreased the body weight loss, the serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, and LDH, and the caecum bacterial burdens of mice challenged with S. typhimurium. Histological examination showed that baicalin decreased the lesion in the caecum of S. typhimurium-infected mice. MICs and MBCs of baicalin, and oroxylin A. against S. typhimurium were > 128 µg/ml. MICs and MBCs of baicalein against S. typhimurium were 64 µg/ml, and > 128 µg/ml, respectively. Pretreatment of Caco-2 cells or S. typhimurium with baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A significantly inhibited the invasion of Caco-2 cells by S. typhimurium in a dose-dependent manner. Sub-MICs of baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A also significantly decreased the levels of TNFα, nitrate, and LDH from S. typhimurium-infected Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the transcription levels of sopB, sopE, and sopE2 were significantly suppressed by baicalin, baicalein, and oroxylin A. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that baicalin is a promising agent for the prevention of S. typhimurium infection via the modulation of both bacterial virulence and host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Cheng Wu
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Xiu-Ling Chu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hu'nan Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Su
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, No. 1, Hu'nan Road, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, PR China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Cui
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zhen-Jiang Yu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Zong-Mei Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333, Xi'an Road, Changchun, Jilin 130062, PR China
| | - Meng-Lu Cai
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China
| | - Han-Xiao Li
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China
| | - Zi-Jie Zhang
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, No.1, Gong'ye Road, Linyi, Shandong 276000, PR China
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Fernández-Rojas B, Gutiérrez-Venegas G. Flavonoids exert multiple periodontic benefits including anti-inflammatory, periodontal ligament-supporting, and alveolar bone-preserving effects. Life Sci 2018; 209:435-454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Protective role of flavonoid baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis in periodontal disease pathogenesis: A literature review. Complement Ther Med 2018; 38:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Li C, Yang X, Pan Y, Yu N, Xu X, Tong T, Tang X, Zhang D, Liu J, Lin L. A Sialidase-DeficientPorphyromonas gingivalisMutant Strain Induces Less Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Epi4 Cells Than W83 Strain Through Regulation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway. J Periodontol 2017; 88:e129-e139. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.160815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tong Tong
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Ho MH, Guo ZM, Chunga J, Goodwin JS, Xie H. Characterization of Innate Immune Responses of Human Endothelial Cells Induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Their Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:139. [PMID: 27826542 PMCID: PMC5078693 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the blood vessels, is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide. Involvement of Porphyromonas gingivalis in atherosclerosis is supported by observations from epidemiological, clinical, immunological, and molecular studies. Previously we reported that P. gingivalis vesicles have a much higher invasive efficiency than their originating cells. Here, we further compare the role of P. gingivalis cells and their vesicles in expression of chemoattractant proteins including CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8, and adhesive molecules such as E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Both P. gingivalis 33277 cells and vesicles were able to up-regulate expression of these molecules, while the vesicles acted as more potent inducers of the inflammatory response associated with the development of atherosclerosis, consequently resulting in significant monocyte adhesion to a monolayer of HUVECs. Interestingly, we found that elevated expression of CXCL8 and E-selectin in endothelial cells induced by P. gingivalis correlated with the invasive ability of P. gingivalis cells and vesicles. Non-invasive bacterial cells and vesicles had no effect on expression of these genes. This study highlights the potential risk of P. gingivalis cells and vesicles in initiation of atherosclerosis and provides a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics against bacteria-associated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Ho
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical CollegeNashville, TN, USA
| | - Zhong-Mao Guo
- Department of Physiology, Meharry Medical CollegeNashville, TN, USA
| | | | - J. Shawn Goodwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical CollegeNashville, TN, USA
| | - Hua Xie
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical CollegeNashville, TN, USA
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Mangiferin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of interleukin-6 in human oral epithelial cells by suppressing toll-like receptor signaling. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 71:155-161. [PMID: 27517515 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral epithelial cells have currently been found to play an important role in inflammatory modulation in periodontitis. Mangiferin is a natural glucosylxanthone with anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect of mangiferin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in oral epithelial cells and the underlying mechanisms. DESIGN The levels of LPS-induced IL-6 production in OKF6/TERT-2 oral keratinocytes were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 was determined using western blot analysis. And the phosphorylation of TLR downstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was examined using cell-based protein phosphorylation ELISA kits. RESULTS We found that mangiferin reduced LPS-upregulated IL-6 production in OKF6/TERT-2 cells. Additionally, mangiferin inhibited LPS-induced TLR2 and TLR4 overexpression, and suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB, p38 MAPK and JNK. Moreover, mangiferin repressed IL-6 production and TLR signaling activation in a dose-dependent manner after 24h treatment. CONCLUSIONS Mangiferin decreases LPS-induced production of IL-6 in human oral epithelial cells by suppressing TLR signaling, and this glucosylxanthone may have potential for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Sun JY, Li DL, Dong Y, Zhu CH, Liu J, Li JD, Zhou T, Gou JZ, Li A, Zang WJ. Baicalin inhibits toll-like receptor 2/4 expression and downstream signaling in rat experimental periodontitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Leung KCF, Seneviratne CJ, Li X, Leung PC, Lau CBS, Wong CH, Pang KY, Wong CW, Wat E, Jin L. Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Scutellaria baicalensis and Pure Chlorhexidine on Oral Bacterial Biofilms. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E61. [PMID: 28335189 PMCID: PMC5302556 DOI: 10.3390/nano6040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scutellariabaicalensis (SB) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. Our recent study shows potent antibacterial effects of nanoparticle-encapsulated chlorhexidine (Nano-CHX). Herein, we explored the synergistic effects of the nanoparticle-encapsulated SB (Nano-SB) and Nano-CHX on oral bacterial biofilms. Loading efficiency of Nano-SB was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and its releasing profile was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatographyusing baicalin (a flavonoid compound of SB) as the marker. The mucosal diffusion assay on Nano-SB was undertaken in a porcine model. The antibacterial effects of the mixed nanoparticles (Nano-MIX) of Nano-SB and Nano-CHX at 9:1 (w/w) ratio were analyzed in both planktonic and biofilm modes of representative oral bacteria. The Nano-MIX was effective on the mono-species biofilms of Streptococcus (S.) mutans, S. sobrinus, Fusobacterium (F.) nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter (A.) actinomycetemcomitans (MIC 50 μg/mL) at 24 h, and exhibited an enhanced effect against the multi-species biofilms such as S. mutans, F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis (MIC 12.5 μg/mL) at 24 h that was supported by the findings of both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM). This study shows enhanced synergistic antibacterial effects of the Nano-MIX on common oral bacterial biofilms, which could be potentially developed as a novel antimicrobial agent for clinical oral/periodontal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Creativity, and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Xuan Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi-Hin Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Creativity, and Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Yan Pang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Wai Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Elaine Wat
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and Partner State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lijian Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Song B, Zhang YL, Chen LJ, Zhou T, Huang WK, Zhou X, Shao LQ. The role of Toll-like receptors in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2016; 23:168-180. [PMID: 26923115 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common infectious disease. Recent studies have indicated that the progression of periodontitis may be regulated by interactions between host immunity and periodontopathic bacteria. Although periodontopathic bacteria can destroy periodontal tissue, a dysfunctional host immune response triggered by the bacteria can lead to more severe and persistent destruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes pathogens, have been implicated in host innate immune responses to periodontopathic bacteria and in the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR-targeted drugs may hold promise to treat periodontal disease. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of TLRs in periodontitis and discusses areas needing further research. We believe TLRs may be an effective biomarker for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontitis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - W K Huang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - X Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - L Q Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Hussain F, Mittal S, Joshee N, Parajuli P. Application of Bioactive Compounds from Scutellaria in Neurologic Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 12:79-94. [PMID: 27651249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28383-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of the brain is one of the most highly researched yet mysterious areas in modern day neurology. The process of inflammation is a normal mechanism of wound healing that can result from acute injuries such as traumas or can be caused by genetic/environmental factors. After the initial insult, the immune system defenses, specifically microglial cells, are activated in order to combat the infection or injury. However, prolonged or chronic inflammation is often deleterious due mainly to accumulation of free reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain FADDIN EN.CITE. Plant-derived natural compounds have the potential to ameliorate the causes and symptoms of neuroinflammation, due to their various anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, without completely muting the immune defenses. Scutellaria is a perennial plant in the mint family that has been used to treat diseases in Asia and Eastern Europe throughout history. This chapter reviews the active components of various Scutellaria species and their mechanisms of action to prevent chronic neurologic disorders involving neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Hussain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Lande Research Building, #460, 540 E. Canfield St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, 930 Harper POB, 4100 John R. St, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Nirmal Joshee
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, USA
| | - Prahlad Parajuli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Lande Research Building, #460, 540 E. Canfield St., Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Resveratrol prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:398-408. [PMID: 26497626 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polyphenol. Periodontitis is induced by oral pathogens, where a systemic inflammatory response accompanied by oxidative stress is the major event initiating disease. We investigated how resveratrol modulates cellular responses and the mechanisms related to this modulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). We also explored whether resveratrol protects rats against alveolar bone loss in an experimental periodontitis model. Periodontitis was induced around the first upper molar of the rats by applying ligature infused with LPS. Stimulating hGFs with 5μg/ml LPS augmented the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and Toll-like receptor-4. LPS treatment also stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the phosphorylation of several protein kinases in the cells. However, the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) was inhibited by the addition of LPS. Resveratrol treatment almost completely inhibited all of these changes in LPS-stimulated cells. Specifically, resveratrol alone augmented HO-1 induction via Nrf2-mediated signaling. Histological and micro-CT analyses revealed that administration of resveratrol (5mg/kg body weight) improved ligature/LPS-mediated alveolar bone loss in rats. Resveratrol also attenuated the production of inflammation-related proteins, the formation of osteoclasts, and the production of circulating ROS in periodontitis rats. Furthermore, resveratrol suppressed LPS-mediated decreases in HO-1 and Nrf2 levels in the inflamed periodontal tissues. Collectively, our findings suggest that resveratrol protects rats from periodontitic tissue damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses and by stimulating antioxidant defense systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The aims of this study were to investigate how resveratrol modulates cellular responses and the mechanisms related to this modulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and protects rats against alveolar bone disruption in an experimental periodontitis model. Our findings suggest that resveratrol protects rats from periodontitic tissue damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses and by stimulating antioxidant defense systems. On the basis of our experiment studies, we proposed that resveratrol could be used as novel bioactive materials or therapeutic drug for the treatment of periodontitis or other inflammatory bone diseases like osteoporosis, arthritis etc. Furthermore, it could be also used for the modification or coating of implant materials as an antiinflammatory molecules which will help to accelerate bone formation. There are a few of reports suggesting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of resveratrol. However, our results highlight the cellular mechanisms by which resveratrol inhibits LPS-mediated cellular damages using human-originated gingival fibroblasts and also support the potential of resveratrol to suppress periodontitis-mediated tissue damages. We believe that the present findings might improve a clinical approach of using of resveratrol on human, although further detailed experiments will be needed.
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Sun H, Zhang J, Chen F, Chen X, Zhou Z, Wang H. Activation of RAW264.7 macrophages by the polysaccharide from the roots of Actinidia eriantha and its molecular mechanisms. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 121:388-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zhen L, Fan DS, Zhang Y, Cao XM, Wang LM. Resveratrol ameliorates experimental periodontitis in diabetic mice through negative regulation of TLR4 signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:221-8. [PMID: 25530164 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RSV) on periodontitis in diabetic mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms in vitro. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced in db/db mice by ligature application of porphyromonas gingivalis. The mice were treated with RSV (20 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 4 weeks. Alveolar bone loss, proinflammatory cytokines and TLR4 expression in the gingival tissue were measured. Cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were used for in vitro studies. The transcriptional activity of TLR4 downstream signaling was analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS RSV administration significantly decreased the blood glucose levels, and ameliorated alveolar bone loss in db/db mice with experimental periodontitis. RSV administration also suppressed the high levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TLR4 in gingival tissue of the mice. In the GECs incubated in high glucose medium, TLR4 expression was substantially upregulated, which was partly blocked in the presence of RSV. Lipopolysaccharides markedly increased the expression and secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the GECs cultured in high glucose medium, which was also partly blocked in the presence of RSV. Furthermore, RSV significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of TLR4 downstream factors NF-κB p65, p38MAPK, and STAT3. CONCLUSION RSV exerts protective effects against experimental periodontitis in db/db mice via negative regulation of TLR4 signaling.
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Pérez-Cano FJ, Massot-Cladera M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Castell M. Flavonoids Affect Host-Microbiota Crosstalk through TLR Modulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2014; 3:649-70. [PMID: 26785232 PMCID: PMC4665504 DOI: 10.3390/antiox3040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between host cells and microbes is known as crosstalk. Among other mechanisms, this takes place when certain molecules of the micro-organisms are recognized by the toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the body cells, mainly in the intestinal epithelial cells and in the immune cells. TLRs belong to the pattern-recognition receptors and represent the first line of defense against pathogens, playing a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation in the activity of such receptors can lead to the development of chronic and severe inflammation as well as immunological disorders. Among components present in the diet, flavonoids have been suggested as antioxidant dietary factors able to modulate TLR-mediated signaling pathways. This review focuses on the molecular targets involved in the modulatory action of flavonoids on TLR-mediated signaling pathways, providing an overview of the mechanisms involved in such action. Particular flavonoids have been able to modify the composition of the microbiota, to modulate TLR gene and protein expression, and to regulate the downstream signaling molecules involved in the TLR pathway. These synergistic mechanisms suggest the role of some flavonoids in the preventive effect on certain chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Malen Massot-Cladera
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria J Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Park K, Lee S, Lee YM. Sphingolipids and antimicrobial peptides: function and roles in atopic dermatitis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 21:251-7. [PMID: 24244808 PMCID: PMC3819896 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and rosacea were complicated by barrier abrogation and deficiency in innate immunity. The first defender of epidermal innate immune response is the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that exhibit a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The deficiency of these AMPs in the skin of AD fails to protect our body against virulent pathogen infections. In contrast to AD where there is a suppression of AMPs, rosacea is characterized by overexpression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP), the products of which result in chronic epidermal inflammation. In this regard, AMP generation that is controlled by a key ceramide metabolite S1P-dependent mechanism could be considered as alternate therapeutic approaches to treat these skin disorders, i.e., Increased S1P levels strongly stimulated the CAMP expression which elevated the antimicrobial activity against multiple pathogens resulting the improved AD patient skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Park
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California CA94115, USA
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Zhan X, Gao J, Liu Y, Hu J, Xue Y, Wu B. [Lactoferrin downregulates the expression of toll like receptor 4 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in human periodontal ligament cells]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2014; 32:166-170. [PMID: 24881213 PMCID: PMC7030810 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of lactoferrin (LF) on Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). METHODS Primary hPDLCs were cultured by tissue block enzymolytic method. Cells obtained from four passages were identified and used in this experiment. Cells without stimulation served as the controls and cells treated with LPS (0.1 microg x mL(-1)) comprised the LPS group. The LPS + LF group was pretreated with LPS (0.1 microg x mL(-1)) for 2 h, and then treated with LF (10 microg x mL(-1)). Four hours after LF stimulation, the mRNA expression levels of TLR4 were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein expression of TLR4 was observed by cell immunofluorescence staining after LF stimulation of 24 hours. RESULTS TLR4 mRNA expression in the LPS + LF group was significantly more decreased than that in the LPS group (P < 0.05), but exhibited no difference with that in the control group (P > 0.05). Cell immunofluorescence staining showed that the protein expression of TLR4 in the LPS + LF group was significantly more decreased than that in the LPS group (P < 0.05), but exhibited no difference with that in the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION LF can decrease the expression of TLR4 stimulated by LPS in hPDLCs, thus presenting potential application for controlling the TLR4 immune pathway of periodontitis.
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Lin M, Li L, Li L, Pokhrel G, Qi G, Rong R, Zhu T. The protective effect of baicalin against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24417870 PMCID: PMC3893527 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) increases the rates of acute kidney failure, delayed graft function, and early mortality after kidney transplantation. The pathophysiology involved includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune-mediated injury. The anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammation properties of baicalin, a flavonoid glycoside isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, have been verified. This study therefore assessed the effects of baicalin against renal IRI in rats. Methods Baicalin was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before renal ischemia. Serum and kidneys were harvested 24 h after reperfusion. Renal function and histological changes were assessed. Markers of oxidative stress, the Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 signaling pathway, mitochondrial stress, and cell apoptosis were also evaluated. Results Baicalin treatment decreased oxidative stress and histological injury, and improved kidney function, as well as inhibiting proinflammatory responses and tubular apoptosis. Baicalin pretreatment also reduced the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, p-NF-κB, and p-IκB proteins, as well as decreasing caspase-3 activity and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Conclusions Baicalin may attenuate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting proinflammatory responses and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These effects are associated with the TLR2/4 signaling pathway and mitochondrial stress.
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Feng A, Zhou G, Yuan X, Huang X, Zhang Z, Zhang T. Inhibitory effect of baicalin on iNOS and NO expression in intestinal mucosa of rats with acute endotoxemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80997. [PMID: 24312512 PMCID: PMC3846647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which baicalin modulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the mucosa of distal ileum was investigated in a rat model of acute endo-toxemia induced by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experiment demonstrated that LPS upregulated iNOS mRNA and protein expression as well as NO produc-tion (measured as the stable degradation production, nitrites). LPS not only increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) content, but also activated p38 and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and inactivated PPARγ via phosphorylation. Inhibition of p38 signalling pathway by chemical inhibitor SB202190 and small interfering RNA (siRNA) ameliorated LPS-induced iNOS generation, while suppression of PPARγ pathway by SR-202 boosted LPS-elicited iNOS expression. Baicalin treatment (I) attenuated LPS-induced iNOS mRNA and protein as well as nitrites generation, and (II) ameliorated LPS-elicited TLR4 and PPARγ production, and (III) inhibited p38/ATF2 phosphorylation leading to suppression of p38 signalling, and (IV) prevented PPARγ from phosphorylation contributing to maintainence of PPARγ bioactivity. However, SR-202 co-treatment (I) partially abrogated the inhibitory effect of baicalin on iNOS mRNA expression, and (II) partially reversed baicalin-inhibited p38 phosphorylation. In summary, baicalin could ameliorate LPS-induced iNOS and NO overproduction in mucosa of rat terminal ileum via inhibition of p38 signalling cascade and activation of PPARγ pathway. There existed a interplay between the two signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwen Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Guangrong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Xinli Huang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhengyuan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
| | - Ti Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huai'an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Huai'an, P. R. China
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