1
|
Issahaku AR, Wilhelm A, Schutte-Smith M, Erasmus E, Visser H. Elucidating the binding mechanisms of GABA and Muscimol as an avenue to discover novel GABA-mimetic small molecules. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38520326 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2331088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling is the principal inhibitory pathway in the central nervous system. It is critical in neuronal cell proliferation and fate determination. Any aberration in GABA inhibition results in psychiatric and neurological diseases. Thus, modulating GABAergic neurotransmission has become the basis of drug therapy for psychiatric and several neurological diseases. Though GABA and muscimol are classical inhibitors of GABA receptors, the search for novel inhibitors continues unabated. In this study, the binding mechanism of GABA and muscimol was elucidated and applied in the search for small molecule GABAergic inhibitors using comprehensive computational techniques. It was revealed that a high-affinity binding of GABA and muscimol was mediated by a water molecule involving α1Thr129 and then stabilized by strong interactions including salt bridges with β2Glu155 and α1Arg66 amidst hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, and π -cation interactions with other residues. The binding of GABA and muscimol was also characterized by stability and deeper penetration into the hydrophobic core of the protein which resulted in conformational changes of the binding pocket and domain, by inducing correlated motions of the residues. Thermodynamics analysis showed GABA and muscimol exhibited total binding free energies of -19.85 ± 8.83 Kcal/mol and -26.55 ± 3.42 Kcal/mol, respectively. A pharmacophore model search, based on the energy contributions of implicating binding residues, resulted in the identification of ZINC68604167, ZINC19735138, ZINC04202466, ZINC00901626, and ZINC01532854 as potential GABA-mimetic compounds from metabolites and natural products libraries. This study has elucidated the binding mechanisms of GABA and muscimol and successfully applied in the identification of GABA-mimetic compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Elizabeth Erasmus
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Hendrik Visser
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohamad FH, Mohamad Jamali MA, Che Has AT. Structure-function Studies of GABA (A) Receptors and Related computer-aided Studies. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:804-817. [PMID: 37750966 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA (A) receptor) is a membrane protein activated by the neurotransmitter GABA. Structurally, this major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the human central nervous system is a pentamer that can be built from a selection of 19 subunits consisting of α(1,2,3,4,5 or 6), β (1,2 or 3), γ (1,2 or 3), ρ (1,2 or 3), and δ, π, θ, and ε. This creates several possible pentameric arrangements, which also influence the pharmacological and physiological properties of the receptor. The complexity and heterogeneity of the receptors are further increased by the addition of short and long splice variants in several subunits and the existence of multiple allosteric binding sites and expansive ligands that can bind to the receptors. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of the receptors is required to gain novel insights into the consequences of receptor dysfunction and subsequent drug development studies. Notably, advancements in computational-aided studies have facilitated the elucidation of residual interactions and exploring energy binding, which may otherwise be challenging to investigate. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the structure and function of GABA (A) receptors obtained from advancements in computational-aided applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatin H Mohamad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Arif Mohamad Jamali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akbar S, Subhan F, Akbar A, Habib F, Shahbaz N, Ahmad A, Wadood A, Salman S. Targeting Anti-Inflammatory Pathways to Treat Diabetes-Induced Neuropathy by 6-Hydroxyflavanone. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112552. [PMID: 37299516 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is evident that inflammation and metabolic syndrome instigated by diabetes mellitus can precipitate diabetes-induced neuropathy (DIN) and pain. In order to find an effective therapeutic method for diabetes-related problems, a multi-target-directed ligand model was used. 6-Hydroxyflavanone (6-HF) carrying anti-inflammatory and anti-neuropathic pain potential due to its quadruplicate mechanisms, targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), and opioid and GABA-A receptors was investigated. The anti-inflammatory potential of the test drug was confirmed utilizing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo tests. A molecular simulation approach was utilized to observe the interaction of 6-HF with the inflammatory enzyme COX-2 as well as opioid and GABA-A receptors. The same was confirmed via in vitro COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitory assays. In vivo tests were performed to analyze the thermal anti-nociception in the hot-plate analgesiometer and anti-inflammatory action in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rodents. The potential anti-nociceptive effect of 6-HF was evaluated in the DIN model in rats. The Naloxone and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) antagonists were used to confirm the underlying mechanism of 6-HF. The molecular modeling studies revealed a favorable interaction of 6-HF with the identified protein molecules. In vitro inhibitory studies revealed that 6-HF inhibited the COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes significantly. The 6-HF at dosages of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg substantially reduced heat nociception in a hot plate analgesiometer as well as carrageenan-induced paw edema in rodent models. The authors discovered that 6-HF had anti-nociception properties in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy model. According to the findings of this study, 6-HF was demonstrated to diminish inflammation caused by diabetes as well as its anti-nociception effect in DIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Akbar
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Subhan
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Aroosha Akbar
- North West Institute of Health Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Habib
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Naila Shahbaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Shankar Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Saad Salman
- Department of Pharmacy, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gc JB, Szlenk CT, Diyaolu A, Obi P, Wei H, Shi X, Gibson KM, Natesan S, Roullet JB. Allosteric modulation of α1β3γ2 GABA A receptors by farnesol through the neurosteroid sites. Biophys J 2023; 122:849-867. [PMID: 36721367 PMCID: PMC10027449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, all-trans farnesol, a 15-carbon isoprenol, is a product of the mevalonate pathway. It is the natural substrate of alcohol dehydrogenase and a substrate for CYP2E1, two enzymes implicated in ethanol metabolism. Studies have shown that farnesol is present in the human brain and inhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at much lower concentrations than ethanol. Here we show that farnesol modulates the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs), some of which also mediate the sedative activity of ethanol. Electrophysiology experiments performed in HEK cells expressing human α1β3γ2 or α6β3γ2 GABAARs revealed that farnesol increased chloride currents through positive allosteric modulation of these receptors and showed dependence on both the alcoholic functional group of farnesol and the length of the alkyl chain for activity. In silico studies using long-timescale unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the human α1β3γ2 GABAA receptors revealed that farnesol modulates the channel by directly binding to the transmembrane neurosteroid-binding site, after partitioning into the surrounding membrane and reaching the receptor by lateral diffusion. Channel activation by farnesol was further characterized by several structural and dynamic variables, such as global twisting of the receptor's extracellular domain, tilting of the transmembrane M2 helices, radius, cross-sectional area, hydration status, and electrostatic potential of the channel pore. Our results expand the pharmacological activities of farnesol to yet another class of ion channels implicated in neurotransmission, thus providing a novel path for understanding and treatment of diseases involving GABAA receptor dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan B Gc
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Christopher T Szlenk
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Ayobami Diyaolu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Peter Obi
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Eurofins Panlabs, Inc., St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Xutong Shi
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - K Michael Gibson
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Senthil Natesan
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Characterization of adjacent charged residues near the agonist binding site of the nematode UNC-49 GABA receptor. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 252:111521. [PMID: 36100173 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The UNC-49 receptor is a Cys-loop GABA receptor that is unique to the nematode phylum. The receptor differs from mammalian GABA receptors both in amino acid sequence and pharmacology which highlights its potential as a novel anthelmintic target. Sequence differences within and near the various ligand-binding loops of the nematode receptor suggest that there could be structural differences compared to mammalian receptors that result in different pharmacological and functional features. Here we investigated three residues in the UNC-49 receptor from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus: K181, E183, and T230. Analysis of these residues was conducted via site-directed mutagenesis, electrophysiology, MD simulations, and mutant cycling analysis. In the UNC-49 receptor, E183 lies in close proximity to K181 where together they appear to play a role in GABA sensitivity and pharmacology, possibly interacting via an ionic bond. While the introduction of single alanine residues at each position separately had a negative impact on GABA EC50, the double alanine mutant (K181A/E183A) exhibited wildtype-level GABA EC50 and some differences in pharmacology. Overall, this study has revealed a potentially novel role for these two residues in nematode UNC-49 GABA receptors that could aid in understanding their function.
Collapse
|
6
|
Glutamate and GABA A receptor crosstalk mediates homeostatic regulation of neuronal excitation in the mammalian brain. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:340. [PMID: 36184627 PMCID: PMC9527238 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a proper balance between the glutamate receptor-mediated neuronal excitation and the A type of GABA receptor (GABAAR) mediated inhibition is essential for brain functioning; and its imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of many brain disorders including neurodegenerative diseases and mental illnesses. Here we identify a novel glutamate-GABAAR interaction mediated by a direct glutamate binding of the GABAAR. In HEK293 cells overexpressing recombinant GABAARs, glutamate and its analog ligands, while producing no current on their own, potentiate GABA-evoked currents. This potentiation is mediated by a direct binding at a novel glutamate binding pocket located at the α+/β− subunit interface of the GABAAR. Moreover, the potentiation does not require the presence of a γ subunit, and in fact, the presence of γ subunit significantly reduces the potency of the glutamate potentiation. In addition, the glutamate-mediated allosteric potentiation occurs on native GABAARs in rat neurons maintained in culture, as evidenced by the potentiation of GABAAR-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents and tonic currents. Most importantly, we found that genetic impairment of this glutamate potentiation in knock-in mice resulted in phenotypes of increased neuronal excitability, including decreased thresholds to noxious stimuli and increased seizure susceptibility. These results demonstrate a novel cross-talk between excitatory transmitter glutamate and inhibitory GABAAR. Such a rapid and short feedback loop between the two principal excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission systems may play a critical homeostatic role in fine-tuning the excitation-inhibition balance (E/I balance), thereby maintaining neuronal excitability in the mammalian brain under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Investigation of [3H]diazepam derivatives as allosteric modulators of GABAA receptor α1β2γ2 subtypes: combination of molecular docking/dynamic simulations, pharmacokinetics/drug-likeness prediction, and QSAR analysis. Struct Chem 2022; 34:791-823. [PMID: 35971551 PMCID: PMC9365687 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a data set of [3H] diazepam derivatives was analyzed using various computational methods: molecular docking/dynamic simulations, and QSAR analysis. The main aims of these studies are to understand the binding mechanisms by which benzodiazepines allosterically modulate GABAA receptor α1β2γ2 subtypes, from inducing neuronal inhibition at lower doses to the anesthetic effect at higher doses, and also, to define the structural requirements that contribute to improving the response of GABAA/α1β2γ2 receptor to benzodiazepine drugs. The results of the molecular docking study allowed selecting Ro12-6377 and proflazepam as the best modulators for the four binding sites simultaneously. Subsequently, the stability of the selected complexes was investigated by performing molecular dynamics simulation. The latter confirmed the features of both modulators to exert direct effects on the chloride-channel lining residues. Pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness profile were assessed through in silico tool. Furthermore, a QSAR analysis was conducted using an improved vemolecular dynamics simulations proposed byrsion of PLS regression. The goodness of fit and the predictive power of the resulting PLS model were estimated according to internal and external validation parameters: R2 = 0.632, R2adj = 0.584, F = 12.806; p-value = 6.2050e − 07, Q2loo = 0.639, and Q2F3 = 0.813. Clearly, the obtained results ensure the predictive ability of the developed QSAR model for the design of new high-potency benzodiazepine drugs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Anxiety in Duckweed–Metabolism and Effect of Diazepam on Lemna minor. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The fate of pharmaceuticals in the human body, from their absorption to excretion is well studied. However, medication often leaves the patient’s body in an unchanged or metabolised, yet still active, form. Diazepam and its metabolites, ranging up to 100 µg/L, have been detected in surface waters worldwide; therefore, the question of its influence on model aquatic plants, such as duckweed (Lemna minor), needs to be addressed. Lemna was cultivated in a Steinberg medium containing diazepam in three concentrations—0.2, 20, and 2000 µg/L. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), leaf count, mass, and the fluorescence quantum yield of photosynthesis were assessed. The medium was also analysed by LC-MS/MS to determine the concentration of diazepam metabolites. Our results show no negative impact of diazepam on Lemna minor, even in concentrations significantly higher than those that are ecotoxicologically relevant. On the contrary, the influence of diazepam on Lemna suggests growth stimulation and a similarity to the effect diazepam has on the human body. The comparison to the human body may be accurate because γ-Aminobutyric acid-like (GABA-like) receptors responsible for the effect in humans have also been recently described in plants. Therefore, our results can open an interesting scientific area, indicating that GABA receptors and interference with benzodiazepines are evolutionarily much older than previously anticipated. This could help to answer more questions related to the reaction of aquatic organisms to micropollutants such as psychopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
9
|
The Case for Clinical Trials with Novel GABAergic Drugs in Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020322. [PMID: 35207609 PMCID: PMC8876029 DOI: 10.3390/life12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus have become the surprising menaces of relative economic well-being worldwide. Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) has a prominent role in the control of blood glucose, energy homeostasis as well as food intake at several levels of regulation. The effects of GABA in the body are exerted through ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors. This treatise will focus on the pharmacologic targeting of GABAA receptors to reap beneficial therapeutic effects in diabetes mellitus and obesity. A new crop of drugs selectively targeting GABAA receptors has been under investigation for efficacy in stroke recovery and cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Although these trials have produced mixed outcomes the compounds are safe to use in humans. Preclinical evidence is summarized here to support the rationale of testing some of these compounds in diabetic patients receiving insulin in order to achieve better control of blood glucose levels and to combat the decline of cognitive performance. Potential therapeutic benefits could be achieved (i) By resetting the hypoglycemic counter-regulatory response; (ii) Through trophic actions on pancreatic islets, (iii) By the mobilization of antioxidant defence mechanisms in the brain. Furthermore, preclinical proof-of-concept work, as well as clinical trials that apply the novel GABAA compounds in eating disorders, e.g., olanzapine-induced weight-gain, also appear warranted.
Collapse
|
10
|
Coaviche-Yoval A, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Andrade-Jorge E, Sánchez-Labastida LA, Luna H, Tovar-Miranda R. In silico and in vivo neuropharmacological evaluation of two γ-amino acid isomers derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, as ligands of GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor. Amino Acids 2022; 54:215-228. [PMID: 34854957 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission systems are involved in seizures and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Benzofuran derivatives often serve as the core in drugs used to treat such neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to synthesize new γ-amino acids structurally related to GABA and derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, analyze in silico their potential toxicity, ADME properties, and affinity for the GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor, and evaluate their potential activity and neuronal mechanisms in a murine model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)- and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures. The in silico analysis evidenced a low risk of toxicity for the test compounds as well as the probability that they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach their targets in the CNS. According to docking simulations, these compounds bind at the active site of the NMDA glutamate receptor with high affinity. The in vivo assays demonstrated that 4 protects against 4-AP-induced seizure episodes, suggesting negative allosteric modulation (NAMs) at the glutamatergic NMDA receptor. Contrarily, 3 (the regioisomer of 4) and its racemic derivatives (cis-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans) were previously described to exacerbate such episodes, pointing to their positive allosteric modulation (PAMs) of the same receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Coaviche-Yoval
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - José G Trujillo-Ferrara
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Erik Andrade-Jorge
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala-UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Luis A Sánchez-Labastida
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Héctor Luna
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Tovar-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Comprehensive Genome-Wide Identification and Transcript Profiling of GABA Pathway Gene Family in Apple ( Malus domestica). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121973. [PMID: 34946926 PMCID: PMC8700813 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, is a significant component of the free amino acid pool in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. GABA is involved in pH regulation, maintaining C/N balance, plant development and defence, as well as a compatible osmolyte and an alternative pathway for glutamate utilization via anion flux. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) and GABA transaminase (GABA-T, EC 2.6.1.19) are two key enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of GABA. Recently, GABA transporters (GATs), protein and aluminium-activated malate transporter (ALMT) proteins which function as GABA receptors, have been shown to be involved in GABA regulation. However, there is no report on the characterization of apple GABA pathway genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of the GABA pathway gene family in the apple genome. A total of 24 genes were identified including five GAD genes (namely MdGAD 1–5), two GABA-T genes (namely MdGABA-T 1,2), 10 GAT genes (namely GAT 1–10) and seven ALMT genes (namely MdALMT1–7). These genes were randomly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses grouped GABA shunt genes into three clusters—cluster I, cluster II, and cluster III—which had three, four, and five genes, respectively. The expression profile analysis revealed significant MdGAD4 expression levels in both fruit and flower organs, except pollen. However, there were no significant differences in the expression of other GABA shunt genes in different tissues. This work provides the first characterization of the GABA shunt gene family in apple and suggests their importance in apple response to abiotic stress. These results can serve as a guide for future studies on the understanding and functional characterization of these gene families.
Collapse
|
12
|
Coaviche-Yoval A, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Andrade-Jorge E, Sánchez-Labastida LA, Luna H, Tovar-Miranda R. In silico and in vivo neuropharmacological evaluation of two γ-amino acid isomers derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, as ligands of GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor. Amino Acids 2021. [PMID: 34854957 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03108-2.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission systems are involved in seizures and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Benzofuran derivatives often serve as the core in drugs used to treat such neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to synthesize new γ-amino acids structurally related to GABA and derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, analyze in silico their potential toxicity, ADME properties, and affinity for the GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor, and evaluate their potential activity and neuronal mechanisms in a murine model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)- and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures. The in silico analysis evidenced a low risk of toxicity for the test compounds as well as the probability that they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach their targets in the CNS. According to docking simulations, these compounds bind at the active site of the NMDA glutamate receptor with high affinity. The in vivo assays demonstrated that 4 protects against 4-AP-induced seizure episodes, suggesting negative allosteric modulation (NAMs) at the glutamatergic NMDA receptor. Contrarily, 3 (the regioisomer of 4) and its racemic derivatives (cis-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans) were previously described to exacerbate such episodes, pointing to their positive allosteric modulation (PAMs) of the same receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Coaviche-Yoval
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.,Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - José G Trujillo-Ferrara
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Erik Andrade-Jorge
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala-UNAM, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. De México, Mexico
| | - Luis A Sánchez-Labastida
- Departamentos de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, 11340, Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Héctor Luna
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, 04960, Coyoacán, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Tovar-Miranda
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n Col. Industrial Animas, Xalapa, 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nin-Hill A, Mueller NPF, Molteni C, Rovira C, Alfonso-Prieto M. Photopharmacology of Ion Channels through the Light of the Computational Microscope. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12072. [PMID: 34769504 PMCID: PMC8584574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical control and investigation of neuronal activity can be achieved and carried out with photoswitchable ligands. Such compounds are designed in a modular fashion, combining a known ligand of the target protein and a photochromic group, as well as an additional electrophilic group for tethered ligands. Such a design strategy can be optimized by including structural data. In addition to experimental structures, computational methods (such as homology modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and enhanced sampling techniques) can provide structural insights to guide photoswitch design and to understand the observed light-regulated effects. This review discusses the application of such structure-based computational methods to photoswitchable ligands targeting voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. Structural mapping may help identify residues near the ligand binding pocket amenable for mutagenesis and covalent attachment. Modeling of the target protein in a complex with the photoswitchable ligand can shed light on the different activities of the two photoswitch isomers and the effect of site-directed mutations on photoswitch binding, as well as ion channel subtype selectivity. The examples presented here show how the integration of computational modeling with experimental data can greatly facilitate photoswitchable ligand design and optimization. Recent advances in structural biology, both experimental and computational, are expected to further strengthen this rational photopharmacology approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-H.); (C.R.)
| | - Nicolas Pierre Friedrich Mueller
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carla Molteni
- Physics Department, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.N.-H.); (C.R.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3]diazepino[1,2- a]benzimidazole Derivatives as Promising Anxiolytic and Analgesic Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196049. [PMID: 34641593 PMCID: PMC8512782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of novel 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3]diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives 2 were obtained by alkylation mainly in the 1H-tautomeric form of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3]diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole or its 8,9-dimethyl-substituted analog 4-chlorobenzyl bromide, 4-chloroacetic acid fluoroanilide, and 4-tert-butylphenacyl bromide in neutral medium. Compounds 3 were cyclized and synthesized earlier with 11-phenacyl-substituted diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles upon heating in conc. HBr. The chemical structures of the compounds were clarified by using the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR) technique. Anxiolytic properties were evaluated using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests. The analgesic effect of compounds was estimated with the tail flick (TF) and hot plate (HP) methods. Besides, possible the influence of the test compounds on motor activities of the animals was examined by the Grid, Wire, and Rotarod tests. Compounds 2d and 3b were the most active due to their prominent analgesic and anxiolytic potentials, respectively. The results of the performed in silico analysis showed that the high anxiolytic activity of compound 3b is explained by the combination of a pronounced interaction mainly with the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor with a prominent interaction with both the specific and allosteric sites of the 5-HT2A receptor.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghit A, Assal D, Al-Shami AS, Hussein DEE. GABA A receptors: structure, function, pharmacology, and related disorders. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:123. [PMID: 34417930 PMCID: PMC8380214 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background γ-Aminobutyric acid sub-type A receptors (GABAARs) are the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. They are a family of ligand-gated ion channel with significant physiological and therapeutic implications. Main body GABAARs are heteropentamers formed from a selection of 19 subunits: six α (alpha1-6), three β (beta1-3), three γ (gamma1-3), three ρ (rho1-3), and one each of the δ (delta), ε (epsilon), π (pi), and θ (theta) which result in the production of a considerable number of receptor isoforms. Each isoform exhibits distinct pharmacological and physiological properties. However, the majority of GABAARs are composed of two α subunits, two β subunits, and one γ subunit arranged as γ2β2α1β2α1 counterclockwise around the center. The mature receptor has a central chloride ion channel gated by GABA neurotransmitter and modulated by a variety of different drugs. Changes in GABA synthesis or release may have a significant effect on normal brain function. Furthermore, The molecular interactions and pharmacological effects caused by drugs are extremely complex. This is due to the structural heterogeneity of the receptors, and the existence of multiple allosteric binding sites as well as a wide range of ligands that can bind to them. Notably, dysfunction of the GABAergic system contributes to the development of several diseases. Therefore, understanding the relationship between GABAA receptor deficits and CNS disorders thus has a significant impact on the discovery of disease pathogenesis and drug development. Conclusion To date, few reviews have discussed GABAA receptors in detail. Accordingly, this review aims to summarize the current understanding of the structural, physiological, and pharmacological properties of GABAARs, as well as shedding light on the most common associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ghit
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Dina Assal
- Department of Biotechnology, American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Al-Shami
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Diaa Eldin E Hussein
- Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Port of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Involvement of GABA A Receptors in the Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Hydroxycitronellal. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9929805. [PMID: 34222487 PMCID: PMC8225436 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9929805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxycitronellal (HC) is a monoterpene present in essential oils of aromatic plants of different species, obtained from semisynthesis of citronellal, and is widely used as a fragrance in cosmetics. The objective of this work was to evaluate the possible anxiolytic-like activity of HC and its possible mechanism of action using in vivo and in silico methodologies. Swiss male mice (Mus musculus) were treated with HC (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) and subjected to the rota rod, elevated plus maze, and open field tests. No significant impairments were observed in the rota rod tests for the motor activity of the animals treated with HC at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg, i.p., indicating no myo-relaxing or sedative effects. In the elevated plus maze, HC (in the three doses) induced significant increases in the percentage of entries (respectively, 34.8%, 33.8%, and 38.6%) and in the length of stay (respectively, 49.9%, 56.1%, and 57.0%) in the open arms of the EPM, as well as the number of crossings in the open field tests. The mechanism of action of the compound's anxiolytic-like activity can be attributed to the involvement of GABAA receptors, and this interaction was observed in in vivo and in silico studies. For HC, the results suggest anxiolytic-like effects, possibly via modulation of the GABAergic system. The use of natural products to treat anxiety can become an alternative to existing synthetic products.
Collapse
|
17
|
Opretzka LCF, de Freitas HF, Espírito-Santo RF, Abreu LS, Alves IM, Tavares JF, Velozo EDS, Castilho MS, Villarreal CF. 5- O-methylcneorumchromone K Exerts Antinociceptive Effects in Mice via Interaction with GABAA Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073413. [PMID: 33810317 PMCID: PMC8037321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper pharmacological control of pain is a continuous challenge for patients and health care providers. Even the most widely used medications for pain treatment are still ineffective or unsafe for some patients, especially for those who suffer from chronic pain. Substances containing the chromone scaffold have shown a variety of biological activities, including analgesic effects. This work presents for the first time the centrally mediated antinociceptive activity of 5-O-methylcneorumchromone K (5-CK). Cold plate and tail flick tests in mice showed that the 5-CK-induced antinociception was dose-dependent, longer-lasting, and more efficacious than that induced by morphine. The 5-CK-induced antinociception was not reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone. Topological descriptors (fingerprints) were employed to narrow the antagonist selection to further investigate 5-CK's mechanism of action. Next, based on the results of fingerprints analysis, functional antagonist assays were conducted on nociceptive tests. The effect of 5-CK was completely reversed in both cold plate and tail-flick tests by GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline, but not by atropine or glibenclamide. Molecular docking studies suggest that 5-CK binds to the orthosteric binding site, with a similar binding profile to that observed for bicuculline and GABA. These results evidence that 5-CK has a centrally mediated antinociceptive effect, probably involving the activation of GABAergic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Carolina França Opretzka
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Renan Fernandes Espírito-Santo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador CEP 40 296-710, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58 050-585, Brazil; (L.S.A.); (J.F.T.)
| | - Iura Muniz Alves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58 050-585, Brazil; (L.S.A.); (J.F.T.)
| | - Eudes da Silva Velozo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
| | - Cristiane Flora Villarreal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Terapêutica Experimental, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador CEP 40 170-115, Brazil; (L.C.F.O.); (H.F.d.F.); (R.F.E.-S.); (I.M.A.); (E.d.S.V.); (M.S.C.)
- Laboratório de Engenharia Tecidual e Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador CEP 40 296-710, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-71-3283-6933
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de F Cesário HPS, Silva FCO, Ferreira MKA, de Menezes JESA, Dos Santos HS, Nogueira CES, de L Silva KSB, Hajdu E, Silveira ER, Pessoa ODL. Anxiolytic-like effect of brominated compounds from the marine sponge Aplysina fulva on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): Involvement of the GABAergic system. Neurochem Int 2021; 146:105021. [PMID: 33741413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are commonly used to treat disorders of the central nervous system, including anxiety. However, due to their adverse effects, there is a continuing interest in discovering new safe and effective drugs. Marine natural products have emerged as a prolific source of bioactive nitrogenated compounds. Aiming to discover new biologically active natural compounds, the marine sponge Aplysina fulva, a nitrogen-bearing heterocyst producer, was investigated. The main isolated compounds (4, 6, and 9) were evaluated on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). A group of fishes (n = 6) was preliminarily subjected to acute toxicity, and open field tests using 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL (v. o.) of those compounds was performed. The anxiolytic effect was further investigated in the light/dark assay based on the locomotor response at zebrafish. Interactions through the GABAergic system were investigated using flumazenil, a silent modulator of GABA receptors. To improve the results, a study of molecular docking using the GABAA receptor also was performed. Based on the results, the bromotyrosine derivative compounds 4, 6, and 9 exhibited anxiolytic-like effects mediated by the GABAergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hozana Patrícia S de F Cesário
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jane Eire S A de Menezes
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, CE, 60174-903, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Synthesis and Biocatalysis of Organic Compounds, Vale do Acaraú University, Sobral, CE, 62040-370, Brazil
| | - Carlos E S Nogueira
- Department of Physics, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, 63041-145, Brazil
| | - Karísia S B de L Silva
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Hajdu
- Department of Invertebrates, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Edilberto R Silveira
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Otília Deusdênia L Pessoa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maltsev DV, Spasov AA, Yakovlev DS, Vassiliev PM, Skripka MO, Miroshnikov MV, Sultanova KT, Kochetkov AN, Divaeva LN, Kuzmenko TA, Morkovnik AS. Searching for new anxiolytic agents among derivatives of 11-dialkylaminoethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodiazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105792. [PMID: 33705965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A study on the anxiolytic activity of the new derivatives of 11-dialkylaminoethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodiazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole, containing privileged scaffolds of benzodiazepine and benzimidazole in their structure, was conducted. The cytotoxic properties of low levels of six compounds were preliminary determined in vitro using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test. The screening of these substances for anxiolytic activity was conducted using elevated plus maze (EPM) test in vivo, and DAB-21 was found to be the most active compound. The acute toxicity of DAB-21 was determined as less toxic than that of diazepam. The dose-dependent effect of the most active compound revealed a minimum dose of 1.26 mg/kg, which resulted in the maximum counterphobic effect. The effect of DAB-21 was superior in a number of tests compared with that of diazepam, which indicated a high level of tranquilizing activity for DAB-21. The results of in silico docking analysis suggest that DAB-21 should have a slightly lower anxiolytic activity than diazepam, but should exhibit greater specific affinity for the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor, in comparison with its GABA-binding site. The interaction between DAB-21 and flumazenil in terms of EPM verifies the GABAergic mechanism of action of DAB-21. Our results highlight the potential of 11-dialkylaminomethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodiazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles as promising compounds in the search for new highly effective anxiolytics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy V Maltsev
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia; Volgograd Medical Research Center; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Spasov
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia; Volgograd Medical Research Center; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Dmitriy S Yakovlev
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia; Volgograd Medical Research Center; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Pavel M Vassiliev
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Maria O Skripka
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Miroshnikov
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Kira T Sultanova
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia; Volgograd Medical Research Center; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Andrey N Kochetkov
- Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics; 1 Pavshikh Bortsov sq., Volgograd, Russia
| | - Lyudmila N Divaeva
- Southern Federal University, Research Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry; 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya str., Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Kuzmenko
- Southern Federal University, Research Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry; 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya str., Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anatolii S Morkovnik
- Southern Federal University, Research Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry; 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya str., Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An Innovatory GABA Receptor Modulator and Liver Oxidase System Microsomal Cytochrome P450 Activator in Patients with Alcoholism. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Bhagat K, Singh JV, Pagare PP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Kaur G, Kinarivala N, Gandu S, Singh H, Sharma S, Bedi PMS. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression. Mol Divers 2021; 25:551-601. [PMID: 32170466 PMCID: PMC8422677 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasa Gandu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Development Biology Graduate Program, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bera I, Payghan PV. Use of Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Structure-Based Drug Discovery. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3339-3349. [PMID: 31480998 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190903153043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional drug discovery is a lengthy process which involves a huge amount of resources. Modern-day drug discovers various multidisciplinary approaches amongst which, computational ligand and structure-based drug designing methods contribute significantly. Structure-based drug designing techniques require the knowledge of structural information of drug target and drug-target complexes. Proper understanding of drug-target binding requires the flexibility of both ligand and receptor to be incorporated. Molecular docking refers to the static picture of the drug-target complex(es). Molecular dynamics, on the other hand, introduces flexibility to understand the drug binding process. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to provide a systematic review on the usage of molecular dynamics simulations to aid the process of structure-based drug design. METHOD This review discussed findings from various research articles and review papers on the use of molecular dynamics in drug discovery. All efforts highlight the practical grounds for which molecular dynamics simulations are used in drug designing program. In summary, various aspects of the use of molecular dynamics simulations that underline the basis of studying drug-target complexes were thoroughly explained. RESULTS This review is the result of reviewing more than a hundred papers. It summarizes various problems that use molecular dynamics simulations. CONCLUSION The findings of this review highlight how molecular dynamics simulations have been successfully implemented to study the structure-function details of specific drug-target complexes. It also identifies the key areas such as stability of drug-target complexes, ligand binding kinetics and identification of allosteric sites which have been elucidated using molecular dynamics simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Bera
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Pavan V Payghan
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Department, CSIR-IICB, Kolkata, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Spokane, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mortensen M, Huckvale R, Pandurangan AP, Baker JR, Smart TG. Optopharmacology reveals a differential contribution of native GABA A receptors to dendritic and somatic inhibition using azogabazine. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108135. [PMID: 32445639 PMCID: PMC7482436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors (GABAARs) are inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels in the brain that are crucial for controlling neuronal excitation. To explore their physiological roles in cellular and neural network activity, it is important to understand why specific GABAAR isoforms are distributed not only to various brain regions and cell types, but also to specific areas of the membrane in individual neurons. To address this aim we have developed a novel photosensitive compound, azogabazine, that targets and reversibly inhibits GABAARs. The receptor selectivity of the compound is based on the competitive antagonist, gabazine, and photosensitivity is conferred by a photoisomerisable azobenzene group. Azogabazine can exist in either cis or trans conformations that are controlled by UV and blue light respectively, to affect receptor inhibition. We report that the trans-isomer preferentially binds and inhibits GABAAR function, whilst promotion of the cis-isomer caused unbinding of azogabazine from GABAARs. Using cultured cerebellar granule cells, azogabazine in conjunction with UV light applied to defined membrane domains, revealed higher densities of GABAARs at somatic inhibitory synapses compared to those populating proximal dendritic zones, even though the latter displayed a higher number of synapses per unit area of membrane. Azogabazine also revealed more pronounced GABA-mediated inhibition of action potential firing in proximal dendrites compared to the soma. Overall, azogabazine is a valuable addition to the photochemical toolkit that can be used to interrogate GABAAR function and inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mortensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rosemary Huckvale
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Arun P Pandurangan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mortensen M, Krall J, Kongstad KT, Brygger BM, Lenzi O, Francotte P, Sørensen TE, Nielsen B, Jensen AA, Smart TG, Frølund B. Developing New 4-PIOL and 4-PHP Analogues for Photoinactivation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4669-4684. [PMID: 31589403 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical roles played by GABAA receptors as inhibitory regulators of excitation in the central nervous system has been known for many years. Aberrant GABAA receptor function and trafficking deficits have also been associated with several diseases including anxiety, depression, epilepsy, and insomnia. As a consequence, important drug groups such as the benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and many general anesthetics have become established as modulators of GABAA receptor activity. Nevertheless, there is much we do not understand about the roles and mechanisms of GABAA receptors at neural network and systems levels. It is therefore crucial to develop novel technologies and especially chemical entities that can interrogate GABAA receptor function in the nervous system. Here, we describe the chemistry and characterization of a novel set of 4-PIOL and 4-PHP analogues synthesized with the aim of developing a toolkit of drugs that can photoinactivate GABAA receptors. Most of these new analogues show higher affinities/potencies compared with the respective lead compounds. This is indicative of cavernous areas being present near their binding sites that can be potentially associated with novel receptor interactions. The 4-PHP azide-analogue, 2d, possesses particularly impressive nanomolar affinity/potency and is an effective UV-inducible photoinhibitor of GABAA receptors with considerable potential for photocontrol of GABAA receptor function in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mortensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Krall
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kenneth T Kongstad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Benjamin M Brygger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ombretta Lenzi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM) , University of Liege , Avenue de l'Hôpital, 1, B36 , B-4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Troels E Sørensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Trevor G Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology , University College London , Gower Street , London WC1E 6BT , United Kingdom
| | - Bente Frølund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pathophysiology of and therapeutic options for a GABRA1 variant linked to epileptic encephalopathy. Mol Brain 2019; 12:92. [PMID: 31707987 PMCID: PMC6842544 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of a de novo GABRA1 (R214C) variant in a child with epileptic encephalopathy (EE), describe its functional characterization and pathophysiology, and evaluate its potential therapeutic options. The GABRA1 (R214C) variant was identified using whole exome sequencing, and the pathogenic effect of this mutation was investigated by comparing wild-type (WT) α1 and R214C α1 GABAA receptor-expressing HEK cells. GABA-evoked currents in these cells were recorded using whole-cell, outside-out macro-patch and cell-attached single-channel patch-clamp recordings. Changes to surface and total protein expression levels of WT α1 and R214C α1 were quantified using surface biotinylation assay and western blotting, respectively. Finally, potential therapeutic options were explored by determining the effects of modulators, including diazepam, insulin, and verapamil, on channel gating and receptor trafficking of WT and R214C GABAA receptors. We found that the GABRA1 (R214C) variant decreased whole-cell GABA-evoked currents by reducing single channel open time and both surface and total GABAA receptor expression levels. The GABA-evoked currents in R214C GABAA receptors could only be partially restored with benzodiazepine (diazepam) and insulin. However, verapamil treatment for 24 h fully restored the function of R214C mutant receptors, primarily by increasing channel open time. We conclude that the GABRA1 (R214C) variant reduces channel activity and surface expression of mutant receptors, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of genetic EE. The functional restoration by verapamil suggests that it is a potentially new therapeutic option for patients with the R214C variant and highlights the value of precision medicine in the treatment of genetic EEs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Dawson A, Trumper P, de Souza JO, Parker H, Jones MJ, Hales TG, Hunter WN. Engineering a surrogate human heteromeric α/β glycine receptor orthosteric site exploiting the structural homology and stability of acetylcholine-binding protein. IUCRJ 2019; 6:1014-1023. [PMID: 31709057 PMCID: PMC6830221 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251901114x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein-engineering methods have been exploited to produce a surrogate system for the extracellular neurotransmitter-binding site of a heteromeric human ligand-gated ion channel, the glycine receptor. This approach circumvents two major issues: the inherent experimental difficulties in working with a membrane-bound ion channel and the complication that a heteromeric assembly is necessary to create a key, physiologically relevant binding site. Residues that form the orthosteric site in a highly stable ortholog, acetylcholine-binding protein, were selected for substitution. Recombinant proteins were prepared and characterized in stepwise fashion exploiting a range of biophysical techniques, including X-ray crystallography, married to the use of selected chemical probes. The decision making and development of the surrogate, which is termed a glycine-binding protein, are described, and comparisons are provided with wild-type and homomeric systems that establish features of molecular recognition in the binding site and the confidence that the system is suited for use in early-stage drug discovery targeting a heteromeric α/β glycine receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dawson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Paul Trumper
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Juliana Oliveira de Souza
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Holly Parker
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Mathew J. Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Tim G. Hales
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - William N. Hunter
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Seifikalhor M, Aliniaeifard S, Hassani B, Niknam V, Lastochkina O. Diverse role of γ-aminobutyric acid in dynamic plant cell responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:847-867. [PMID: 30739138 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a four-carbon non-protein amino acid, is found in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Although, ample research into GABA has occurred in mammals as it is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter; in plants, a role for GABA has often been suggested as a metabolite that changes under stress rather than as a signal, as no receptor or motif for GABA binding was identified until recently and many aspects of its biological function (ranging from perception to function) remain to be answered. In this review, flexible properties of GABA in regulation of plant responses to various environmental biotic and abiotic stresses and its integration in plant growth and development either as a metabolite or a signaling molecule are discussed. We have elaborated on the role of GABA in stress adaptation (i.e., salinity, hypoxia/anoxia, drought, temperature, heavy metals, plant-insect interplay and ROS-related responses) and its contribution in non-stress-related biological pathways (i.e., involvement in plant-microbe interaction, contribution to the carbon and nitrogen metabolism and governing of signal transduction pathways). This review aims to represent the multifunctional contribution of GABA in various biological and physiological mechanisms under stress conditions; the objective is to review the current state of knowledge about GABA role beyond stress-related responses. Our effort is to place findings about GABA in an organized and broader context to highlight its shared metabolic and biologic functions in plants under variable conditions. This will provide potential modes of GABA crosstalk in dynamic plant cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Seifikalhor
- Department of Plant Biology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Batool Hassani
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Niknam
- Department of Plant Biology, Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms in Iran, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155, Iran
| | - Oksana Lastochkina
- Bashkir Research Institute of Agriculture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Maleeva G, Wutz D, Rustler K, Nin-Hill A, Rovira C, Petukhova E, Bautista-Barrufet A, Gomila-Juaneda A, Scholze P, Peiretti F, Alfonso-Prieto M, König B, Gorostiza P, Bregestovski P. A photoswitchable GABA receptor channel blocker. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2661-2677. [PMID: 30981211 PMCID: PMC6609548 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anion-selective Cys-loop receptors (GABA and glycine receptors) provide the main inhibitory drive in the CNS. Both types of receptor operate via chloride-selective ion channels, though with different kinetics, pharmacological profiles, and localization. Disequilibrium in their function leads to a variety of disorders, which are often treated with allosteric modulators. The few available GABA and glycine receptor channel blockers effectively suppress inhibitory currents in neurons, but their systemic administration is highly toxic. With the aim of developing an efficient light-controllable modulator of GABA receptors, we constructed azobenzene-nitrazepam (Azo-NZ1), which is composed of a nitrazepam moiety merged to an azobenzene photoisomerizable group. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The experiments were carried out on cultured cells expressing Cys-loop receptors of known subunit composition and in brain slices using patch-clamp. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modelling approaches were applied to evaluate the mechanism of action of Azo-NZ1. KEY RESULTS At visible light, being in trans-configuration, Azo-NZ1 blocked heteromeric α1/β2/γ2 GABAA receptors, ρ2 GABAA (GABAC ), and α2 glycine receptors, whereas switching the compound into cis-state by UV illumination restored the activity. Azo-NZ1 successfully photomodulated GABAergic currents recorded from dentate gyrus neurons. We demonstrated that in trans-configuration, Azo-NZ1 blocks the Cl-selective ion pore of GABA receptors interacting mainly with the 2' level of the TM2 region. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Azo-NZ1 is a soluble light-driven Cl-channel blocker, which allows photo-modulation of the activity induced by anion-selective Cys-loop receptors. Azo-NZ1 is able to control GABAergic postsynaptic currents and provides new opportunities to study inhibitory neurotransmission using patterned illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galyna Maleeva
- INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Wutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karin Rustler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Petukhova
- Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Antoni Bautista-Barrufet
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Gomila-Juaneda
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franck Peiretti
- INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, C2VN, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Network Biomedical Research Center in Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Department of Normal Physiology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Scott S, Aricescu AR. A structural perspective on GABA A receptor pharmacology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:189-197. [PMID: 31129381 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
GABAA receptors are pentameric ligand-gated chloride channels of crucial importance for the vertebrate nervous system physiology. They typically modulate the fast inhibitory neurotransmission, and represent the target receptors for major classes of drugs used in the clinic, such as benzodiazepines and general anesthetics. Recent technological progress in structural biology, in particular single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, has led to fundamental advances in understanding the detailed organization and signalling mechanisms of major GABAA receptor subtypes. This effort culminated with the high-resolution structural analysis of an intact, full-length human heteropentameric receptor, α1β3γ2, in a lipid bilayer and in complex with small molecule ligands including the commonly used benzodiazepines diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). These structures reveal multiple aspects of receptor activation and provide a path for rational design of subunit-specific GABAA receptor modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Scott
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Alexandru Radu Aricescu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK; Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Silva AR, Grosso C, Delerue-Matos C, Rocha JM. Comprehensive review on the interaction between natural compounds and brain receptors: Benefits and toxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:87-115. [PMID: 31029947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given their therapeutic activity, natural products have been used in traditional medicines throughout the centuries. The growing interest of the scientific community in phytopharmaceuticals, and more recently in marine products, has resulted in a significant number of research efforts towards understanding their effect in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson (PD) and Huntington (HD). Several studies have shown that many of the primary and secondary metabolites of plants, marine organisms and others, have high affinities for various brain receptors and may play a crucial role in the treatment of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) in mammalians. Actually, such compounds may act on the brain receptors either by agonism, antagonism, allosteric modulation or other type of activity aimed at enhancing a certain effect. The current manuscript comprehensively reviews the state of the art on the interactions between natural compounds and brain receptors. This information is of foremost importance when it is intended to investigate and develop cutting-edge drugs, more effective and with alternative mechanisms of action to the conventional drugs presently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we reviewed the effect of 173 natural products on neurotransmitter receptors, diabetes related receptors, neurotrophic factor related receptors, immune system related receptors, oxidative stress related receptors, transcription factors regulating gene expression related receptors and blood-brain barrier receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, P-4249-015, Porto, Portugal
| | - João M Rocha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology (DB), University of Minho (UM), Campus Gualtar, P-4710-057, Braga, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Grupo de investigação de Química Orgânica Aplicada (QUINOA), Laboratório de polifenóis alimentares, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica (DQB), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, P-4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liao VWY, Chua HC, Kowal NM, Chebib M, Balle T, Ahring PK. Concatenated γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors revisited: Finding order in chaos. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:798-819. [PMID: 30988061 PMCID: PMC6572006 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit concatenation is a powerful technique used to control the assembly of structurally diverse heteromeric receptors such as GABAARs. Liao et al. find that existing GABAAR concatemers do not assemble as expected and describe refinements that allow expression of uniform receptor populations. γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian central nervous system, are arguably the most challenging member of the pentameric Cys-loop receptors to study due to their heteromeric structure. When two or more subunits are expressed together in heterologous systems, receptors of variable subunit type, ratio, and orientation can form, precluding accurate interpretation of data from functional studies. Subunit concatenation is a technique that involves the linking of individual subunits and in theory allows the precise control of the uniformity of expressed receptors. In reality, the resulting concatemers from widely used constructs are flexible in their orientation and may therefore assemble with themselves or free GABAAR subunits in unexpected ways. In this study, we examine functional responses of receptors from existing concatenated constructs and describe refinements necessary to allow expression of uniform receptor populations. We find that dimers from two commonly used concatenated constructs, β-23-α and α-10-β, assemble readily in both the clockwise and the counterclockwise orientations when coexpressed with free subunits. Furthermore, we show that concatemers formed from new tetrameric α-10-β-α-β and α-10-β-α-γ constructs also assemble in both orientations with free subunits to give canonical αβγ receptors. To restrict linker flexibility, we systematically shorten linker lengths of dimeric and pentameric constructs and find optimized constructs that direct the assembly of GABAARs only in one orientation, thus eliminating the ambiguity associated with previously described concatemers. Based on our data, we revisit some noncanonical GABAAR configurations proposed in recent years and explain how the use of some concatenated constructs may have led to wrong conclusions. Our results help clarify current contradictions in the literature regarding GABAAR subunit stoichiometry and arrangement. The lessons learned from this study may guide future efforts in understanding other related heteromeric receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Wan Yu Liao
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Han Chow Chua
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalia Magdalena Kowal
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mary Chebib
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip Kiær Ahring
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Acar MF, Sari S, Dalkara S. Synthesis, in vivo anticonvulsant testing, and molecular modeling studies of new nafimidone derivatives. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:606-616. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa F. Acar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
- Server Gazi PharmacyMerkez Efendi Denizli Turkey
| | - Suat Sari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Sevim Dalkara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The pentameric γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors are ion channels activated by ligands, which intervene in the rapid inhibitory transmission in the mammalian CNS. Due to their rich pharmacology and therapeutic potential, it is essential to understand their structure and function thoroughly. This deep characterization was hampered by the lack of experimental structural information for many years. Thus, computational techniques have been extensively combined with experimental data, in order to undertake the study of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and their interaction with drugs. Here, we review the exciting journey made to assess the structures of these receptors and outline major outcomes. Finally, we discuss the brand new structure of the α1β2γ2 subtype and the amazing advances it brings to the field.
Collapse
|
34
|
Payghan PV, Nath Roy S, Bhattacharyya D, Ghoshal N. Cross-talk between allosteric and orthosteric binding sites of γ-amino butyric acid type A receptors (GABAA-Rs): A computational study revealing the structural basis of selectivity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:3065-3080. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1508367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan V. Payghan
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gottschald Chiodi C, Baptista-Hon DT, Hunter WN, Hales TG. Amino acid substitutions in the human homomeric β 3 GABA A receptor that enable activation by GABA. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2375-2385. [PMID: 30545943 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that mediate synaptic inhibition throughout the central nervous system. The α1β2γ2 receptor is the major subtype in the brain; GABA binds at the β2(+)α1(-) interface. The structure of the homomeric β3 GABAAR, which is not activated by GABA, has been solved. Recently, four additional heteromeric structures were reported, highlighting key residues required for agonist binding. Here, we used a protein engineering method, taking advantage of knowledge of the key binding residues, to create a β3(+)α1(-) heteromeric interface in the homomeric human β3 GABAAR that enables GABA-mediated activation. Substitutions were made in the complementary side of the orthosteric binding site in loop D (Y87F and Q89R), loop E (G152T), and loop G (N66D and A70T). The Q89R and G152T combination enabled low-potency activation by GABA and potentiation by propofol but impaired direct activation by higher propofol concentrations. At higher concentrations, GABA inhibited gating of β3 GABAAR variants containing Y87F, Q89R, and G152T. Reversion of Phe87 to tyrosine abolished GABA's inhibitory effect and partially recovered direct activation by propofol. This tyrosine is conserved in homomeric GABAARs and in the Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel and may be essential for the absence of an inhibitory effect of GABA on homomeric channels. This work demonstrated that only two substitutions, Q89R and G152T, in β3 GABAAR are sufficient to reconstitute GABA-mediated activation and suggests that Tyr87 prevents inhibitory effects of GABA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gottschald Chiodi
- From Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Daniel T Baptista-Hon
- The Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - William N Hunter
- From Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Tim G Hales
- The Institute of Academic Anaesthesia, Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Probing the molecular basis for affinity/potency- and efficacy-based subtype-selectivity exhibited by benzodiazepine-site modulators at GABAA receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:339-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Özdemir Z, Sari S, Karakurt A, Dalkara S. Synthesis, anticonvulsant screening, and molecular modeling studies of new arylalkylimidazole oxime ether derivatives. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:269-280. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Özdemir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryInonu University Malatya Turkey
| | - Suat Sari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Arzu Karakurt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryInonu University Malatya Turkey
| | - Sevim Dalkara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryHacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Foster J, Cochrane E, Khatami MH, Habibi SA, de Haan H, Forrester SG. A mutational and molecular dynamics study of the cys-loop GABA receptor Hco-UNC-49 from Haemonchus contortus: Agonist recognition in the nematode GABA receptor family. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:534-539. [PMID: 30361167 PMCID: PMC6287672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The UNC-49 receptor is a unique nematode γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel that may prove to be a novel target for the development of nematocides. Here we have characterized various charged amino acid residues in and near the agonist binding site of the UNC-49 receptor from the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contorts. Utilizing the Caenorhabditis elegans GluCl crystal structure as a template, a model was generated and various charged residues [D83 (loop D), E131 (loop A), H137 (pre-loop E), R159 (Loop E), E185 (Loop B) and R241 (Loop C)] were investigated based on their location and conservation. These residues may contribute to structure, function, and molecular interactions with agonists. It was found that all residues chosen were important for receptor function to varying degrees. Results of the mutational analysis and molecular simulations suggest that R159 may be interacting with D83 by an ionic interaction that may be crucial for general GABA receptor function. We have used the results from this study as well as knowledge of residues involved in GABA receptor binding to identify sequence patterns that may assist in understanding the function of lesser known GABA receptor subunits from parasitic nematodes. Key functional residues were investigated in the Hco-UNC-49 receptor. A glutamic acid in the binding pocket (loop B) is essential for agonist recognition. Interaction between residues in different binding loops are important for function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Foster
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Everett Cochrane
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hassan Khatami
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Sarah A Habibi
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Hendrick de Haan
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Sean G Forrester
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe Street North, Oshawa, ON, L1H 7K4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Giraudo A, Krall J, Nielsen B, Sørensen TE, Kongstad KT, Rolando B, Boschi D, Frølund B, Lolli ML. 4-Hydroxy-1,2,3-triazole moiety as bioisostere of the carboxylic acid function: a novel scaffold to probe the orthosteric γ-aminobutyric acid receptor binding site. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:311-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
40
|
Knoflach F, Hernandez MC, Bertrand D. Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30175997 PMCID: PMC6128072 DOI: 10.3791/57842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript presents a step-by-step protocol for screening compounds at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and its use towards the identification of novel molecules active in preclinical assays from an in vitro recombinant receptor to their pharmacological effects at native receptors in rodent brain slices. For compounds binding at the benzodiazepine site of the receptor, the first step is to set up a primary screen that consists of developing radioligand binding assays on cell membranes expressing the major GABAA subtypes. Then, taking advantage of the heterologous expression of rodent and human GABAA receptors in Xenopus oocytes or HEK 293 cells, it is possible to explore, in electrophysiological assays, the physiological properties of the different receptor subtypes and the pharmacological properties of the identified compounds. The Xenopus oocyte system will be presented here, starting with the isolation of the oocytes and their microinjection with different mRNAs, up to the pharmacological characterization using two-electrode voltage clamps. Finally, recordings conducted in rodent brain slices will be described that are used as a secondary physiological test to assess the activity of molecules at their native receptors in a well-defined neuronal circuit. Extracellular recordings using population responses of multiple neurons are demonstrated together with the drug application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Knoflach
- Discovery Neuroscience, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Synthesis, anticonvulsant activity, and molecular modeling studies of novel 1-phenyl/1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-triazol-1-yl)ethanol ester derivatives. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
42
|
Bharate SS, Mignani S, Vishwakarma RA. Why Are the Majority of Active Compounds in the CNS Domain Natural Products? A Critical Analysis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10345-10374. [PMID: 29989814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule natural products (NPs) have a long and successful track record of providing first-in-class drugs and pharmacophore (scaffolds) in all therapeutic areas, serving as a bridge between modern and traditional medicine. This trajectory has been remarkably successful in three key areas of modern therapeutics: cancers, infections, and CNS diseases. Beginning with the discovery of morphine 200 years ago, natural products have remained the primary source of new drugs/scaffolds for CNS diseases. In this perspective, we address the question: why are the majority of active compounds in the CNS domain natural products? Our analysis indicates that ∼84% approved drugs for CNS diseases are NPs or NP-inspired, and interestingly, 20 natural products provided more than 400 clinically approved CNS drugs. We have discussed unique physicochemical properties of NPs and NP-inspired vis-à-vis synthetic drugs, isoform selectivity, and evolutionary relationship, providing a rationale for increasing focus on natural product driven discovery for next-generation drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali S Bharate
- Preformulation Laboratory, PK-PD Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Serge Mignani
- UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique , Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS , 45 rue des Saints Pères , 75006 Paris , France.,CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG , Universidade da Madeira , Campus da Penteada , 9020-105 Funchal , Portugal.,Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road , Jammu 180001 , India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
De Boeck M, Damilano G, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Evaluation of 11 ionic liquids as potential extraction solvents for benzodiazepines from whole blood using liquid-liquid microextraction combined with LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2018; 184:369-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
44
|
Flavones-bound in benzodiazepine site on GABA A receptor: Concomitant anxiolytic-like and cognitive-enhancing effects produced by Isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-Diosmetin. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 831:77-86. [PMID: 29738701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that flavones can modulate memory and anxiety-like behaviour. However, these therapeutic effects are inconsistent and induce of adverse effects, which have been associated with interactions at the Benzodiazepine (BZ)-binding site. To improve our understanding of flavone effects on memory and anxiety, we employed a plus-maze discriminative avoidance task. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential of the compounds in modulating GABAA receptors via BZ-binding site using molecular modelling studies. Adult male Wistar rats were treated 30 min before training session with Vicenin-2 (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg), Vitexin (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg), Isovitexin (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg) and 0.1 mg/kg 6-C-glycoside-Diosmetin, vehicle and a GABAA receptor agonist. The analysis of the time spent in the non-aversive vs aversive enclosed arms during the test session and percentage of time in the open arms within the training session revealed that treatment with Isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-Diosmetin had memory-enhancing and anxiolytic-like effects (P < 0.001). In contrast, treatment with a higher dose of Diazepam impaired short-and long-term memory when it alleviated anxiety level. Docking studies revealed that flavones docked in a very similar way to that observed to the Diazepam, except by a lack of interaction in residue α1His101 in the BZ-binding site on GABAA receptors, which may be related to memory-enhancing effect. The occurrence of the α1His101 interaction could justify the memory-impairing observed following Diazepam treatment. These findings provide the first evidence that Isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-Diosmetin could exert their memory-enhancing and anxiolytic-like effects via GABAA receptor modulation, which likely occurs via their benzodiazepine-binding site.
Collapse
|
45
|
Amundarain MJ, Viso JF, Zamarreño F, Giorgetti A, Costabel M. Orthosteric and benzodiazepine cavities of the α 1β 2γ 2 GABA A receptor: insights from experimentally validated in silico methods. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1597-1615. [PMID: 29633901 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1462733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid-type A (GABAA) receptors mediate fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system of mammals. They are modulated via several sites by numerous compounds, which include GABA, benzodiazepines, ethanol, neurosteroids and anaesthetics among others. Due to their potential as targets of novel drugs, a detailed knowledge of their structure-function relationships is needed. Here, we present the model of the α1β2γ2 subtype GABAA receptor in the APO state and in complex with selected ligands, including agonists, antagonists and allosteric modulators. The model is based on the crystallographic structure of the human β3 homopentamer GABAA receptor. The complexes were refined using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. This allowed a broad description of the binding modes and the detection of important interactions in agreement with experimental information. From the best of our knowledge, this is the only model of the α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor that represents altogether the desensitized state of the channel and comprehensively describes the interactions of ligands of the orthosteric and benzodiazepines binding sites in agreement with the available experimental data. Furthermore, it is able to explain small differences regarding the binding of a variety of chemically divergent ligands. Finally, this new model may pave the way for the design of focused experimental studies that will allow a deeper description of the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Amundarain
- a Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR) , Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), CONICET , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - Juan Francisco Viso
- a Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR) , Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), CONICET , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - Fernando Zamarreño
- a Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR) , Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), CONICET , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- b Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, Department of Biotechnology , University of Verona , Verona , Italy.,c Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9 , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - Marcelo Costabel
- a Departamento de Física, Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR) , Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), CONICET , Bahía Blanca , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pflanz NC, Daszkowski AW, Cornelison GL, Trudell JR, Mihic SJ. An intersubunit electrostatic interaction in the GABA A receptor facilitates its responses to benzodiazepines. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8264-8274. [PMID: 29622679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR), acting at the α-γ subunit interface to enhance GABAAR function. GABA or benzodiazepine binding induces distinct conformational changes in the GABAAR. The molecular rearrangements in the GABAAR following benzodiazepine binding remain to be fully elucidated. Using two molecular models of the GABAAR, we identified electrostatic interactions between specific amino acids at the α-γ subunit interface that were broken by, or formed after, benzodiazepine binding. Using two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we investigated these interactions by substituting one or both amino acids of each potential pair. We found that Lys104 in the α1 subunit forms an electrostatic bond with Asp75 of the γ2 subunit after benzodiazepine binding and that this bond stabilizes the positively modified state of the receptor. Substitution of these two residues to cysteine and subsequent covalent linkage between them increased the receptor's sensitivity to low GABA concentrations and decreased its response to benzodiazepines, producing a GABAAR that resembles a benzodiazepine-bound WT GABAAR. Breaking this bond restored sensitivity to GABA to WT levels and increased the receptor's response to benzodiazepines. The α1 Lys104 and γ2 Asp75 interaction did not play a role in ethanol or neurosteroid modulation of GABAAR, suggesting that different modulators induce different conformational changes in the receptor. These findings may help explain the additive or synergistic effects of modulators acting at the GABAAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Pflanz
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Anna W Daszkowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Garrett L Cornelison
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - James R Trudell
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - S John Mihic
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institutes for Neuroscience and Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pálvölgyi A, Móricz K, Pataki Á, Mihalik B, Gigler G, Megyeri K, Udvari S, Gacsályi I, Antoni FA. Loop F of the GABA A receptor alpha subunit governs GABA potency. Neuropharmacology 2018; 128:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
48
|
Mograbi KDM, de Castro ACF, de Oliveira JAR, Sales PJB, Covolan L, Del Bel EA, de Souza AS. Effects of GABAa receptor antagonists on motor behavior in pharmacological Parkinson's disease model in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13081. [PMID: 28351968 PMCID: PMC5371543 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA)a receptor antagonists on motor behavioral tasks in a pharmacological model of Parkinson disease (PD) in rodents. Ninety‐six Swiss mice received intraperitoneal injection of Haloperidol (1 mg/kg) to block dopaminergic receptors. GABAa receptors antagonists Bicuculline (1 and 5 mg/kg) and Flumazenil (3 and 6 mg/kg) were used for the assessment of the interaction among these neurotransmitters, in this PD model. The motor behavior of the animals was evaluated in the catalepsy test (30, 60, and 90 min after drugs application), through open field test (after 60 min) and trough functional gait assessment (after 60 min). Both Bicuculline and Flumazenil were able to partially reverse catalepsy induced by Haloperidol. In the open field test, Haloperidol reduced the number of horizontal and vertical exploration of the animals, which was not reversed trough application of GABAa antagonists. Furthermore, the functional gait assessment was not sensitive enough to detect motor changes in this animal model of PD. There is an interaction between dopamine and GABA in the basal ganglia and the blocking GABAa receptors may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla De Michelis Mograbi
- Laboratory of Biophysiopharmacology, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciene Covolan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Albert Schiaveto de Souza
- Laboratory of Biophysiopharmacology, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Li W, Ding L, Liu HM, You Q. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking of ropivacaine analogs as local anesthetic agents. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
50
|
Etherington LA, Mihalik B, Pálvölgyi A, Ling I, Pallagi K, Kertész S, Varga P, Gunn BG, Brown AR, Livesey MR, Monteiro O, Belelli D, Barkóczy J, Spedding M, Gacsályi I, Antoni FA, Lambert JJ. Selective inhibition of extra-synaptic α5-GABA A receptors by S44819, a new therapeutic agent. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:353-364. [PMID: 28807671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) GABAA receptors (GABAARs) mediate neuronal inhibition and are important therapeutic targets. GABAARs are composed of 5 subunits, drawn from 19 proteins, underpinning expression of 20-30 GABAAR subtypes. In the CNS these isoforms are heterogeneously expressed and exhibit distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. We report the discovery of S44819, a novel tricyclic oxazolo-2,3-benzodiazepine-derivative, that selectively inhibits α5-subunit-containing GABAARs (α5-GABAARs). Current α5-GABAAR inhibitors bind to the "benzodiazepine site". However, in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant α5-GABAARs, S44819 had no effect on 3H-flumazenil binding, but displaced the GABAAR agonist 3H-muscimol and competitively inhibited the GABA-induced responses. Importantly, we reveal that the α5-subunit selectivity is uniquely governed by amino acid residues within the α-subunit F-loop, a region associated with GABA binding. In mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons, S44819 enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP), blocked a tonic current mediated by extrasynaptic α5-GABAARs, but had no effect on synaptic GABAARs. In mouse thalamic neurons, S44819 had no effect on the tonic current mediated by δ-GABAARs, or on synaptic (α1β2γ2) GABAARs. In rats, S44819 enhanced object recognition memory and reversed scopolamine-induced impairment of working memory in the eight-arm radial maze. In conclusion, S44819 is a first in class compound that uniquely acts as a potent, competitive, selective antagonist of recombinant and native α5-GABAARs. Consequently, S44819 enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity and exhibits pro-cognitive efficacy. Given this profile, S44819 may improve cognitive function in neurodegenerative disorders and facilitate post-stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori-An Etherington
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Balázs Mihalik
- Biotalentum Kft, Gödöllő, Aulich Lajos u. 26, 2100, Hungary
| | | | - István Ling
- Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, H1106, Budapest, Pf.100, Hungary
| | | | | | - Péter Varga
- Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, H1106, Budapest, Pf.100, Hungary
| | - Ben G Gunn
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Adam R Brown
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew R Livesey
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Olivia Monteiro
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Delia Belelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Michael Spedding
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, 78290, France
| | | | | | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee University, Dundee, DD19SY, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|