1
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Ramos C, Gerakopoulos V, Oehler R. Metastasis-associated fibroblasts in peritoneal surface malignancies. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:407-419. [PMID: 38783165 PMCID: PMC11300623 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over decades, peritoneal surface malignancies (PSMs) have been associated with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. However, advancements in perioperative systemic chemotherapy, cytoreductive surgery (CRS), and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have significantly improved clinical outcomes. PSMs predominantly result from the spread of intra-abdominal neoplasia, which then form secondary peritoneal metastases. Colorectal, ovarian, and gastric cancers are the most common contributors. Despite diverse primary origins, the uniqueness of the peritoneum microenvironment shapes the common features of PSMs. Peritoneal metastization involves complex interactions between tumour cells and the peritoneal microenvironment. Fibroblasts play a crucial role, contributing to tumour development, progression, and therapy resistance. Peritoneal metastasis-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) in PSMs exhibit high heterogeneity. Single-cell RNA sequencing technology has revealed that immune-regulatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) seem to be the most prevalent subtype in PSMs. In addition, other major subtypes as myofibroblastic CAFs (myCAFs) and matrix CAFs (mCAFs) were frequently observed across PSMs studies. Peritoneal MAFs are suggested to originate from mesothelial cells, submesothelial fibroblasts, pericytes, endothelial cells, and omental-resident cells. This plasticity and heterogeneity of CAFs contribute to the complex microenvironment in PSMs, impacting treatment responses. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing targeted and local therapies to improve PSMs patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Ramos
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vasileios Gerakopoulos
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Mohamed AH, Shafie A, Abdulmonem WA, Alzahrani HS, Ashour AA, Hjazi A, Jamal A, Aldreiwish AD, Kamal MA, Ahmad F, Khan N. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential therapeutic benefits and challenges in the treatment and pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155422. [PMID: 38981347 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are acknowledged for their remarkable ability to undergo differentiation into various cell types. In addition, they exhibit anti-tumor characteristics, prompting endeavors to modify MSCs for employment in cancer therapies. On the contrary, it is imperative to recognize that MSCs have been extensively linked to pathways that facilitate the advancement of tumors. Numerous research studies have sought to modify MSCs for clinical application; however, the outcomes have been ambiguous, potentially due to the heterogeneity of MSC populations. Furthermore, the conflicting roles of MSCs in suppressing and promoting tumor growth present a challenge to the appropriateness of their use in anti-cancer therapies. Currently, there exists a lack of comprehensive comprehension concerning the anti-tumor and pro-tumor characteristics of MSCs for gastric cancer (GC). This article discusses the influence of MSCs on GC, the underlying mechanisms, the origins of MSCs, and their effects. This review article also elucidates how MSCs exhibit dual characteristics of promoting and inhibiting tumor growth. Hence, it is of utmost importance that clinical inquiries aimed at utilizing MSCs as a therapeutic intervention for cancer consider the potentiality of MSCs to accelerate the progression of GC. It is crucial to exercise caution throughout the process of developing MSC-based cellular therapies to enhance their anti-cancer attributes while simultaneously eliminating their tumor-promoting impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma'a H Mohamed
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technologies, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hilla, Babil 51001, Iraq.
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Swed Alzahrani
- Counselling healthy marriage, maternity and children hospital, Jeddah second cluster, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Adnan Ashour
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry. Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Allolo D Aldreiwish
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Azhar Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- Respiratory Care Department, College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Diriya, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazia Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
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3
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Ranjan P, Dutta RK, Colin K, Li J, Zhang Q, Lal H, Qin G, Verma SK. Bone marrow-fibroblast progenitor cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promote cardiac fibrosis via miR-21-5p and integrin subunit αV signalling. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e152. [PMID: 38947170 PMCID: PMC11212340 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is the hallmark of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is leading cause of death worldwide. Previously, we have shown that interleukin-10 (IL10) reduces pressure overload (PO)-induced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the recruitment of bone marrow fibroblast progenitor cells (FPCs) to the heart. However, the precise mechanism of FPC involvement in cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. Recently, exosomes and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have been linked to CVD progression. Thus, we hypothesized that pro-fibrotic miRNAs enriched in sEV-derived from IL10 KO FPCs promote cardiac fibrosis in pressure-overloaded myocardium. Small EVs were isolated from FPCs cultured media and characterized as per MISEV-2018 guidelines. Small EV's miRNA profiling was performed using Qiagen fibrosis-associated miRNA profiler kit. For functional analysis, sEVs were injected in the heart following TAC surgery. Interestingly, TGFβ-treated IL10-KO-FPCs sEV increased profibrotic genes expression in cardiac fibroblasts. The exosomal miRNA profiling identified miR-21a-5p as the key player, and its inhibition with antagomir prevented profibrotic signalling and fibrosis. At mechanistic level, miR-21a-5p binds and stabilizes ITGAV (integrin av) mRNA. Finally, miR-21a-5p-silenced in sEV reduced PO-induced cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which inflammatory FPC-derived sEV exacerbate cardiac fibrosis through the miR-21a-5p/ITGAV/Col1α signalling pathway, suggesting miR-21a-5p as a potential therapeutic target for treating hypertrophic cardiac remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Ranjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Roshan Kumar Dutta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Karen Colin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- UAB School of Health ProfessionsThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Qinkun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Hind Lal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular DiseaseThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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4
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Wu Y, Han W, Dong H, Liu X, Su X. The rising roles of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment reprogramming and cancer immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e541. [PMID: 38585234 PMCID: PMC10999178 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are indispensable for intercellular communications. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the living environment of tumor cells, which is composed of various components, including immune cells. Based on TME, immunotherapy has been recently developed for eradicating cancer cells by reactivating antitumor effect of immune cells. The communications between tumor cells and TME are crucial for tumor development, metastasis, and drug resistance. Exosomes play an important role in mediating these communications and regulating the reprogramming of TME, which affects the sensitivity of immunotherapy. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the role of exosomes in TME reprogramming and the impact of exosomes on immunotherapy. Here, we review the communication role of exosomes in regulating TME remodeling and the efficacy of immunotherapy, as well as summarize the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we also introduce the potential application of the artificially modified exosomes as the delivery systems of antitumor drugs. Further efforts in this field will provide new insights on the roles of exosomes in intercellular communications of TME and cancer progression, thus helping us to uncover effective strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Clinical Medical Research Center of the Affiliated HospitalInner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Wenyan Han
- Clinical Laboratorythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
| | - Hairong Dong
- Clinical LaboratoryHohhot first hospitalHohhotChina
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department IKey Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Peking University Cancer Hospital and InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center of the Affiliated HospitalInner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhotChina
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5
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Díaz del Arco C, Fernández Aceñero MJ, Ortega Medina L. Liquid biopsy for gastric cancer: Techniques, applications, and future directions. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:1680-1705. [PMID: 38617733 PMCID: PMC11008373 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i12.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
After the study of circulating tumor cells in blood through liquid biopsy (LB), this technique has evolved to encompass the analysis of multiple materials originating from the tumor, such as nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, tumor-educated platelets, and other metabolites. Additionally, research has extended to include the examination of samples other than blood or plasma, such as saliva, gastric juice, urine, or stool. LB techniques are diverse, intricate, and variable. They must be highly sensitive, and pre-analytical, patient, and tumor-related factors significantly influence the detection threshold, diagnostic method selection, and potential results. Consequently, the implementation of LB in clinical practice still faces several challenges. The potential applications of LB range from early cancer detection to guiding targeted therapy or immunotherapy in both early and advanced cancer cases, monitoring treatment response, early identification of relapses, or assessing patient risk. On the other hand, gastric cancer (GC) is a disease often diagnosed at advanced stages. Despite recent advances in molecular understanding, the currently available treatment options have not substantially improved the prognosis for many of these patients. The application of LB in GC could be highly valuable as a non-invasive method for early diagnosis and for enhancing the management and outcomes of these patients. In this comprehensive review, from a pathologist's perspective, we provide an overview of the main options available in LB, delve into the fundamental principles of the most studied techniques, explore the potential utility of LB application in the context of GC, and address the obstacles that need to be overcome in the future to make this innovative technique a game-changer in cancer diagnosis and treatment within clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz del Arco
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - M Jesús Fernández Aceñero
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Luis Ortega Medina
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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6
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Li Y, Zheng Y, Tan X, Du Y, Wei Y, Liu S. Extracellular vesicle-mediated pre-metastatic niche formation via altering host microenvironments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367373. [PMID: 38495881 PMCID: PMC10940351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The disordered growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer are mainly attributed to bidirectional cell-cell interactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells are involved in orchestrating the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMNs). Tumor-derived EVs mediate bidirectional communication between tumor and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. EVs carrying mRNAs, small RNAs, microRNAs, DNA fragments, proteins and metabolites determine metastatic organotropism, enhance angiogenesis, modulate stroma cell phenotypes, restructure the extracellular matrix, induce immunosuppression and modify the metabolic environment of organs. Evidence indicates that EVs educate stromal cells in secondary sites to establish metastasis-supportive microenvironments for seeding tumor cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of PMN formation and the underlying mechanisms mediated by EVs. Potential approaches to inhibit cancer metastasis by inhibiting the formation of PMNs are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Operating Room, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxing Du
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanglong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Shan C, Liang Y, Wang K, Li P. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapy Resistance: from Biology to Clinical Opportunity. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:347-366. [PMID: 38164177 PMCID: PMC10750277 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.88500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stromal cells characterized by their properties of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation, which make them prominent in regenerative medicine. MSCs have shown significant potential for the treatment of various diseases, primarily through the paracrine effects mediated by soluble factors, specifically extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transferring various bioactive substances, including proteins, RNA, DNA, and lipids, highlighting the contribution of MSC-EVs in regulating cancer development and progression. Remarkably, increasing evidence indicates the association between MSC-EVs and resistance to various types of cancer treatments, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and endocrinotherapy. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in the biogenesis, isolation, and characterization of MSC-EVs, with an emphasis on their functions in cancer therapy resistance. The clinical applications and future prospects of MSC-EVs for mitigating cancer therapy resistance and enhancing drug delivery are also discussed. Elucidating the role and mechanism of MSC-EVs in the development of treatment resistance in cancer, as well as evaluating the clinical significance of MSC-EVs, is crucial for advancing our understanding of tumor biology. Meanwhile, inform the development of effective treatment strategies for cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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8
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Guo S, Huang J, Li G, Chen W, Li Z, Lei J. The role of extracellular vesicles in circulating tumor cell-mediated distant metastasis. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:193. [PMID: 38037077 PMCID: PMC10688140 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research has demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are very closely related in the process of distant tumor metastasis. Primary tumors are shed and released into the bloodstream to form CTCs that are referred to as seeds to colonize and grow in soil-like distant target organs, while EVs of tumor and nontumor origin act as fertilizers in the process of tumor metastasis. There is no previous text that provides a comprehensive review of the role of EVs on CTCs during tumor metastasis. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanisms of EVs on CTCs during tumor metastasis, including the ability of EVs to enhance the shedding of CTCs, protect CTCs in circulation and determine the direction of CTC metastasis, thus affecting the distant metastasis of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Guo
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Genpeng Li
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jianyong Lei
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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9
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Hazrati A, Malekpour K, Mirsanei Z, Khosrojerdi A, Rahmani-Kukia N, Heidari N, Abbasi A, Soudi S. Cancer-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: role in progression and potential targets for therapeutic approaches. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280601. [PMID: 38022534 PMCID: PMC10655012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignancies contain a relatively small number of Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), constituting a crucial tumor microenvironment (TME) component. These cells comprise approximately 0.01-5% of the total TME cell population. MSC differentiation potential and their interaction with the tumor environment enable these cells to affect tumor cells' growth, immune evasion, metastasis, drug resistance, and angiogenesis. This type of MSC, known as cancer-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (CA-MSCs (interacts with tumor/non-tumor cells in the TME and affects their function by producing cytokines, chemokines, and various growth factors to facilitate tumor cell migration, survival, proliferation, and tumor progression. Considering that the effect of different cells on each other in the TME is a multi-faceted relationship, it is essential to discover the role of these relationships for targeting in tumor therapy. Due to the immunomodulatory role and the tissue repair characteristic of MSCs, these cells can help tumor growth from different aspects. CA-MSCs indirectly suppress antitumor immune response through several mechanisms, including decreasing dendritic cells (DCs) antigen presentation potential, disrupting natural killer (NK) cell differentiation, inducing immunoinhibitory subsets like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Treg cells, and immune checkpoint expression to reduce effector T cell antitumor responses. Therefore, if these cells can be targeted for treatment so that their population decreases, we can hope for the treatment and improvement of the tumor conditions. Also, various studies show that CA-MSCs in the TME can affect other vital aspects of a tumor, including cell proliferation, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this review article, we will discuss in detail some of the mechanisms by which CA-MSCs suppress the innate and adaptive immune systems and other mechanisms related to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirsanei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nasim Rahmani-Kukia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Heidari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Hosseini R, Hosseinzadeh N, Asef-Kabiri L, Akbari A, Ghezelbash B, Sarvnaz H, Akbari ME. Small extracellular vesicle TGF-β in cancer progression and immune evasion. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1309-1322. [PMID: 37344681 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a well-known cytokine that controls various processes in normal physiology and disease context. Strong preclinical and clinical literature supports the crucial roles of the TGF-β in several aspects of cancer biology. Recently emerging evidence reveals that the release of TGF-β from tumor/immune/stromal cells in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) plays an important part in tumor development and immune evasion. Hence, this review aims to address the packaging, release, and signaling pathways of TGF-β carried in sEVs (sEV-TGF-β) in cancer, and to explore its underpinning roles in tumor development, growth, progression, metastasis, etc. We also highlight key progresses in deciphering the roles of sEV-TGF-β in subverting anti-tumor immune responses. The paper ends with a focus on the clinical significance of TGF-β carried in sEVs and draws attention to its diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hosseini
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nashmin Hosseinzadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Asef-Kabiri
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Akbari
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ghezelbash
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Mitchell MI, Loudig O. Communicator Extraordinaire: Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumor Microenvironment Are Essential Local and Long-Distance Mediators of Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2534. [PMID: 37760975 PMCID: PMC10526527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumors are increasingly being described as a complex "ecosystem", that includes many different cell types, secreted growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microvessels, that altogether create the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, epithelial cancer cells control the function of surrounding stromal cells and the non-cellular ECM components in an intricate orchestra of signaling networks specifically designed for cancer cells to exploit surrounding cells for their own benefit. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the tumor microenvironment are essential mediators in the reprogramming of surrounding stromal cells, which include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which are responsible for the promotion of neo-angiogenesis, immune cell evasion, and invasion which are essential for cancer progression. Perhaps most importantly, tumor-derived EVs play critical roles in the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells through their two-fold role in initiating cancer cell invasion and the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche, both of which are vital for tumor cell migration, homing, and colonization at secondary tumor sites. This review discusses extracellular vesicle trafficking within the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, focusing on the complex role that EVs play in orchestrating cancer-to-stromal cell communication in order to promote the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
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12
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Tan S, Tang H, Wang Y, Xie P, Li H, Zhang Z, Zhou J. Tumor cell-derived exosomes regulate macrophage polarization: Emerging directions in the study of tumor genesis and development. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19296. [PMID: 37662730 PMCID: PMC10474436 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As an extracellular vesicle, exosomes play an important role in intercellular information transmission, delivering cargos of the parent cell, such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids, activating different signaling pathways in the target cell and regulating inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. In particular, exosomes secreted by tumor cells can change the function of surrounding cells, creating a microenvironment conducive to tumor growth and metastasis. For example, after macrophages phagocytose exosomes and accept their cargos, they activate macrophage polarization-related signaling pathways and polarize macrophages into M1 or M2 types to exert antitumor or protumor functions. Currently, the study of exosomes affecting the polarization of macrophages has attracted increasing attention. Therefore, this paper reviews relevant studies in this field to better understand the mechanism of exosome-induced macrophage polarization and provide evidence for exploring novel targets for tumor therapy and new diagnostic markers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Tan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haodong Tang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiahua Zhou
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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13
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Xia B, Liu Y, Wang J, Lu Q, Lv X, Deng K, Yang J. Emerging role of exosome-shuttled noncoding RNAs in gastrointestinal cancers: From intercellular crosstalk to clinical utility. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106880. [PMID: 37543095 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer remains a significant global health burden. The pursuit of advancing the comprehension of tumorigenesis, along with the identification of reliable biomarkers and the development of precise therapeutic strategies, represents imperative objectives in this field. Exosomes, small membranous vesicles released by most cells, commonly carry functional biomolecules, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are specifically sorted and encapsulated by exosomes. Exosome-mediated communication involves the release of exosomes from tumor or stromal cells and the uptake by nearby or remote recipient cells. The bioactive cargoes contained within these exosomes exert profound effects on the recipient cells, resulting in significant modifications in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and distinct alterations in gastrointestinal tumor behaviors. Due to the feasibility of isolating exosomes from various bodily fluids, exosomal ncRNAs have shown great potential as liquid biopsy-based indicators for different gastrointestinal cancers, using blood, ascites, saliva, or bile samples. Moreover, exosomes are increasingly recognized as natural delivery vehicles for ncRNA-based therapeutic interventions. In this review, we elucidate the processes of ncRNA-enriched exosome biogenesis and uptake, examine the regulatory and functional roles of exosomal ncRNA-mediated intercellular crosstalk in gastrointestinal TME and tumor behaviors, and explore their potential clinical utility in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Xiuhe Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
| | - Jinlin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
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14
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Jain DP, Dinakar YH, Kumar H, Jain R, Jain V. The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer-a review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:481-498. [PMID: 37842237 PMCID: PMC10571058 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prominent form of cancer in men and confers the highest mortality after lung cancer. The term "extracellular vesicles" refers to minute endosomal-derived membrane microvesicles and it was demonstrated that extracellular vesicles affect the environment in which tumors originate. Extracellular vesicles' involvement is also established in the development of drug resistance, angiogenesis, stemness, and radioresistance in various cancers including prostate cancer. Extracellular vesicles influence the general environment, processes, and growth of prostate cancer and can be a potential area that offers a significant lead in prostate cancer therapy. In this review, we have elaborated on the multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in various processes involved in the development of prostate cancer, and their multitude of applications in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer through the encapsulation of various bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Yirivinti Hayagreeva Dinakar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Rupshee Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
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15
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Louback RDA, Martins-Cardoso K, Tinoco LW, Collino F, de Barros APDN, Fortuna-Costa A, Monteiro RQ, Rossi MID, Lindoso RS. Aspirin Affects MDA-MB-231 Vesicle Production and Their Capacity to Induce Fibroblasts towards a Pro-Invasive State. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12020. [PMID: 37569393 PMCID: PMC10419278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term administration of aspirin (ASA, acetylsalicylic acid) in oncogenic patients has been related to a reduction in cancer risk incidence, but its precise mechanism of action is unclear. The activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is a key element in tumor progression and can be triggered by cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Targeting the communication between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) may control cancer progression. Our aim was to investigate the effect of ASA on breast cancer cells, focusing on EV secretion and their effect on the biological properties of CAFs. As a result, ASA was shown to reduce the amount and alter the size distribution of EVs produced by MDA-MB-231 tumor cells. Fibroblasts stimulated with EVs derived from MDA-MB-231 treated with ASA (EV-ASA) showed a lower expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) but not fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in respect to the ones stimulated with EVs from untreated breast cancer cells (EV-CTR). Furthermore, invasion assays using a three-dimensional (3D) fibroblast spheroid model showed reduced MDA-MB-231 invasion towards fibroblast spheroids pretreated with EV-ASA as compared to spheroids prepared with EV-CTR-stimulated fibroblasts. This suggests that ASA partially inhibits the ability of tumor EVs to stimulate CAFs to promote cancer invasion. In conclusion, ASA can interfere with tumor communication by reducing EV secretion by breast tumor cells as well as by interfering with their capacity to stimulate fibroblasts to become CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela de Assiz Louback
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (R.d.A.L.); (A.P.D.N.d.B.); (A.F.-C.)
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospiyal, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941913, Brazil
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (R.Q.M.)
| | - Karina Martins-Cardoso
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (R.Q.M.)
| | - Luzineide W. Tinoco
- Laboratory for Analysis and Development of Enzyme Inhibitors, Natural Products Research Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil;
| | - Federica Collino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Paediatric Nephro-Urology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Paula D. N. de Barros
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (R.d.A.L.); (A.P.D.N.d.B.); (A.F.-C.)
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospiyal, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941913, Brazil
| | - Anneliese Fortuna-Costa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (R.d.A.L.); (A.P.D.N.d.B.); (A.F.-C.)
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospiyal, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941913, Brazil
| | - Robson Q. Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (K.M.-C.); (R.Q.M.)
| | - Maria Isabel Doria Rossi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941590, Brazil; (R.d.A.L.); (A.P.D.N.d.B.); (A.F.-C.)
- Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospiyal, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941913, Brazil
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
- National Center of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine/REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941902, Brazil
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16
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Grizzi G, Salati M, Bonomi M, Ratti M, Holladay L, De Grandis MC, Spada D, Baiocchi GL, Ghidini M. Circulating Tumor DNA in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Future Clinical Applications and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119421. [PMID: 37298371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is still one of the most aggressive cancers with a few targetable alterations and a dismal prognosis. A liquid biopsy allows for identifying and analyzing the DNA released from tumor cells into the bloodstream. Compared to tissue-based biopsy, liquid biopsy is less invasive, requires fewer samples, and can be repeated over time in order to longitudinally monitor tumor burden and molecular changes. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has been recognized to have a prognostic role in all the disease stages of GC. The aim of this article is to review the current and future applications of ctDNA in gastric adenocarcinoma, in particular, with respect to early diagnosis, the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) following curative surgery, and in the advanced disease setting for treatment decision choice and therapeutic monitoring. Although liquid biopsies have shown potentiality, pre-analytical and analytical steps must be standardized and validated to ensure the reproducibility and standardization of the procedures and data analysis methods. Further research is needed to allow the use of liquid biopsy in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Salati
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Bonomi
- Oncology Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Lauren Holladay
- Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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17
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Wu B, Shi X, Jiang M, Liu H. Cross-talk between cancer stem cells and immune cells: potential therapeutic targets in the tumor immune microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 36810098 PMCID: PMC9942413 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor progression, recurrence and chemoresistance due to their typical stemness characteristics. CSCs are preferentially distributed in niches, and those niche sites exhibit characteristics typical of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex interactions between CSCs and TME illustrate these synergistic effects. The phenotypic heterogeneity within CSCs and the spatial interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment led to increased therapeutic challenges. CSCs interact with immune cells to protect themselves against immune clearance by exploiting the immunosuppressive function of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. CSCs also can protect themselves against immune surveillance by excreting extracellular vesicles (EVs), growth factors, metabolites and cytokines into the TME, thereby modulating the composition of the TME. Therefore, these interactions are also being considered for the therapeutic development of anti-tumor agents. We discuss here the immune molecular mechanisms of CSCs and comprehensively review the interplay between CSCs and the immune system. Thus, studies on this topic seem to provide novel ideas for reinvigorating therapeutic approaches to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Xiang Shi
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Meixi Jiang
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032 China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
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18
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Extracellular Vesicles: New Classification and Tumor Immunosuppression. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010110. [PMID: 36671802 PMCID: PMC9856004 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-surrounded vesicles carrying various types of molecules. These EV cargoes are often used as pathophysiological biomarkers and delivered to recipient cells whose fates are often altered in local and distant tissues. Classical EVs are exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, while recent studies discovered autophagic EVs, stressed EVs, and matrix vesicles. Here, we classify classical and new EVs and non-EV nanoparticles. We also review EVs-mediated intercellular communication between cancer cells and various types of tumor-associated cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipocytes, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and immune cells. Of note, cancer EVs play crucial roles in immunosuppression, immune evasion, and immunotherapy resistance. Thus, cancer EVs change hot tumors into cold ones. Moreover, cancer EVs affect nonimmune cells to promote cellular transformation, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), chemoresistance, tumor matrix production, destruction of biological barriers, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and metastatic niche formation.
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19
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Izquierdo-Altarejos P, Cabrera-Pastor A, Martínez-García M, Sánchez-Huertas C, Hernández A, Moreno-Manzano V, Felipo V. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells reduce neuroinflammation in hippocampus and restore cognitive function in hyperammonemic rats. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36593485 PMCID: PMC9806918 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hyperammonemia, a main contributor to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), leads to neuroinflammation which alters neurotransmission leading to cognitive impairment. There are no specific treatments for the neurological alterations in HE. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reduce neuroinflammation in some pathological conditions. The aims were to assess if treatment of hyperammonemic rats with EVs from MSCs restores cognitive function and analyze the underlying mechanisms. EVs injected in vivo reach the hippocampus and restore performance of hyperammonemic rats in object location, object recognition, short-term memory in the Y-maze and reference memory in the radial maze. Hyperammonemic rats show reduced TGFβ levels and membrane expression of TGFβ receptors in hippocampus. This leads to microglia activation and reduced Smad7-IkB pathway, which induces NF-κB nuclear translocation in neurons, increasing IL-1β which alters AMPA and NMDA receptors membrane expression, leading to cognitive impairment. These effects are reversed by TGFβ in the EVs from MSCs, which activates TGFβ receptors, reducing microglia activation and NF-κB nuclear translocation in neurons by normalizing the Smad7-IkB pathway. This normalizes IL-1β, AMPA and NMDA receptors membrane expression and, therefore, cognitive function. EVs from MSCs may be useful to improve cognitive function in patients with hyperammonemia and minimal HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Izquierdo-Altarejos
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XLaboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XLaboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain ,grid.476458.c0000 0004 0427 8560Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Martínez-García
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XLaboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Huertas
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XNeuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain ,grid.466805.90000 0004 1759 6875Laboratory of Bilateral Neural Circuits, Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Alberto Hernández
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XOptical and Confocal Microscopy Service, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XNeuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- grid.418274.c0000 0004 0399 600XLaboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Eduardo Primo-Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
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20
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The role of exosomes in the molecular mechanisms of metastasis: Focusing on EMT and cancer stem cells. Life Sci 2022; 310:121103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Clemente-González C, Carnero A. Role of the Hypoxic-Secretome in Seed and Soil Metastatic Preparation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235930. [PMID: 36497411 PMCID: PMC9738438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor growth, the delivery of oxygen to cells is impaired due to aberrant or absent vasculature. This causes an adaptative response that activates the expression of genes that control several essential processes, such as glycolysis, neovascularization, immune suppression, and the cancer stemness phenotype, leading to increased metastasis and resistance to therapy. Hypoxic tumor cells also respond to an altered hypoxic microenvironment by secreting vesicles, factors, cytokines and nucleic acids that modify not only the immediate microenvironment but also organs at distant sites, allowing or facilitating the attachment and growth of tumor cells and contributing to metastasis. Hypoxia induces the release of molecules of different biochemical natures, either secreted or inside extracellular vesicles, and both tumor cells and stromal cells are involved in this process. The mechanisms by which these signals that can modify the premetastatic niche are sent from the primary tumor site include changes in the extracellular matrix, recruitment and activation of different stromal cells and immune or nonimmune cells, metabolic reprogramming, and molecular signaling network rewiring. In this review, we will discuss how hypoxia might alter the premetastatic niche through different signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Clemente-González
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERONC (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERONC (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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22
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Naito Y, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Intercellular crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts via extracellular vesicles. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:367. [PMID: 36424598 PMCID: PMC9686122 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression through direct contact and indirect interactions, such as via secretory molecules. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the principal components of such communication with cancer cells, modulating cancer metastasis and tumour mechanics and influencing angiogenesis, the immune system, and therapeutic resistance. Over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as regulatory agents in intercellular communication. EVs enable the transfer of functional molecules, including proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), to recipient cells. Cancer cells utilize EVs to dictate the specific characteristics of CAFs within the tumour microenvironment, thereby promoting cancer progression. In response to such "education" by cancer cells, CAFs contribute to cancer progression via EVs. In this review, we summarize experimental data indicating the pivotal roles of EVs in intercellular communication between cancer cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Naito
- grid.410821.e0000 0001 2173 8328Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- grid.410793.80000 0001 0663 3325Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023 Japan
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23
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Ahmadi M, Mahmoodi M, Shoaran M, Nazari-Khanamiri F, Rezaie J. Harnessing Normal and Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes for Cancer Therapy: Opportunity and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213974. [PMID: 36430452 PMCID: PMC9699149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There remains a vital necessity for new therapeutic approaches to combat metastatic cancers, which cause globally over 8 million deaths per year. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display aptitude as new therapeutic choices for cancer treatment. Exosomes, the most important mediator of MSCs, regulate tumor progression. The potential of harnessing exosomes from MSCs (MSCs-Exo) in cancer therapy is now being documented. MSCs-Exo can promote tumor progression by affecting tumor growth, metastasis, immunity, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. However, contradictory evidence has suggested that MSCs-Exo suppress tumors through several mechanisms. Therefore, the exact association between MSCs-Exo and tumors remains controversial. Accordingly, the applications of MSCs-Exo as novel drug delivery systems and standalone therapeutics are being extensively explored. In addition, engineering MSCs-Exo for targeting tumor cells has opened a new avenue for improving the efficiency of antitumor therapy. However, effective implementation in the clinical trials will need the establishment of standards for MSCs-Exo isolation and characterization as well as loading and engineering methods. The studies outlined in this review highlight the pivotal roles of MSCs-Exo in tumor progression and the promising potential of MSCs-Exo as therapeutic drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5665665811, Iran
| | - Monireh Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 3815688349, Iran
| | - Maryam Shoaran
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5665665811, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Nazari-Khanamiri
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 5714783734, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-9148548503; Fax: +98-4432222010
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24
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Huang D, Rao D, Xi X, Zhang Z, Zhong T. Application of extracellular vesicles proteins in cancer diagnosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1007360. [PMID: 36407096 PMCID: PMC9666910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early tumor diagnosis is crucial for its treatment and reduction of death, with effective tumor biomarkers being important tools. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles secreted by cells with various biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. They harbor a double membrane structure. Previous studies on EVs in cancer diagnosis and therapy focused on miRNAs. Nonetheless, EVs contain proteins that represent physiological and pathological state of their parental cells. EVs proteins can reflect the pathological state of some diseases, which provides a basis for diagnosis and treatment. This study describes the role of EVs in cancer and summarizes the use of EVs proteins as diagnostic markers in different cancer types. Specifically, we discuss the potential and shortcomings of EVs as tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defa Huang
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Dingyu Rao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xuxiang Xi
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zuxiong Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zuxiong Zhang, ; Tianyu Zhong,
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zuxiong Zhang, ; Tianyu Zhong,
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25
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Sun H, Wang X, Wang X, Xu M, Sheng W. The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:874. [PMID: 36244987 PMCID: PMC9573863 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in anticancer therapy, the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) remains unsatisfactory. Research in recent years has shown that the malignant behavior of cancer is not only attributable to tumor cells but is partly mediated by the activity of the cancer stroma and controlled by various molecular networks in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most abundant mesenchymal cell components of the stroma and extensively participate in the malignant development of GC malignancy. CAFs modulate the biological properties of tumor cells in multiple ways, including the secretion of various bioactive molecules that have effects through paracrine and autocrine signaling, the release of exosomes, and direct interactions, thereby affecting GC initiation and development. However, there is marked heterogeneity in the cellular origins, phenotypes, and functions of CAFs in the TME of GC. Furthermore, variations in factors, such as proteins, microRNAs, and lncRNAs, affect interactions between CAFs and GC cells, although, the potential molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this review, we aim to describe the current knowledge of the cellular features and heterogeneity of CAFs and discuss how these factors are regulated in CAFs, with a focus on how they affect GC biology. This review provides mechanistic insight that could inform therapeutic strategies and improve the prognosis of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Midie Xu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.11841.3d0000 0004 0619 8943Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
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26
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Likonen D, Pinchasi M, Beery E, Sarsor Z, Signorini LF, Gervits A, Sharan R, Lahav M, Raanani P, Uziel O. Exosomal telomerase transcripts reprogram the microRNA transcriptome profile of fibroblasts and partially contribute to CAF formation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16415. [PMID: 36180493 PMCID: PMC9525320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that cancer cells change their microenvironment from normal to tumor-supportive state to provide sustained tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. These processes are partially carried out by exosomes, nano-sized vesicles secreted from cells, shuttled from donor to recipient cells containing a cargo of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. By transferring biologically active molecules, cancer-derived exosomes may transform microenvironmental cells to become tumor supportive. Telomerase activity is regarded as a hallmark of cancer. We have recently shown that the transcript of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), is packaged in cancer cells derived- exosomes. Following the engulfment of the hTERT transcript into fibroblasts, it is translated into a fully active enzyme [after assembly with its RNA component (hTERC) subunit]. Telomerase activity in the recipient, otherwise telomerase negative cells, provides them with a survival advantage. Here we show that exosomal telomerase might play a role in modifying normal fibroblasts into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by upregulating \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm{\alpha }$$\end{document}αSMA and Vimentin, two CAF markers. We also show that telomerase activity changes the transcriptome of microRNA in these fibroblasts. By ectopically expressing microRNA 342, one of the top identified microRNAs, we show that it may mediate the proliferative phenotype that these cells acquire upon taking-up exosomal hTERT, providing them with a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Likonen
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Maria Pinchasi
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Zinab Sarsor
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Asia Gervits
- School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roded Sharan
- School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pia Raanani
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
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27
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Liu Z, Kong Y, Dang Q, Weng S, Zheng Y, Ren Y, Lv J, Li N, Han Y, Han X. Liquid Biopsy in Pre-Metastatic Niche: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958360. [PMID: 35911705 PMCID: PMC9334814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination represents a hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the high mortality rate. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates a time-series event—pre-metastatic niche (PMN) has a profound impact on cancer metastasis. Exosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTC), and tumor microenvironment components, as critical components in PMN establishment, could be monitored by liquid biopsy. Intensive studies based on the molecular profile of liquid biopsy have made it a viable alternative to tissue biopsy. Meanwhile, the complex molecular mechanism and intercellular interaction are great challenges for applying liquid biopsy in clinical practice. This article reviews the cellular and molecular components involved in the establishment of the PMN and the promotion of metastasis, as well as the mechanisms of their interactions. Better knowledge of the characteristics of the PMN may facilitate the application of liquid biopsy for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youyang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Lv
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinwei Han,
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28
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Removal of small extracellular vesicles inhibits the progression of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2022; 25:712-725. [PMID: 35368210 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-022-01293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination is extremely poor and effective treatment for peritoneal dissemination has not been established. Gastric cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles play an important role in the development of a favorable microenvironment for peritoneal metastasis and progression of peritoneal dissemination. Here, we aimed to investigate the transformation of gastric cancer cells by removing gastric cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles and to develop a novel therapy for inhibiting peritoneal dissemination. METHODS Gastric cancer cells were cultured in medium containing gastric cancer- and peritoneal mesothelium-derived small extracellular vesicles and in medium from which small extracellular vesicles were removed by ultracentrifugation. Cell function assays were performed in vitro, and the alternations in gene expression in gastric cancer cells were analyzed. The inhibitory effect of intraperitoneal lavage on peritoneal dissemination was investigated in vivo as a method to remove gastric cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles. RESULTS Removal of gastric cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles suppressed the proliferative and migrative abilities of gastric cancer cells and the adhesion of gastric cancer cells to peritoneal mesothelial cells. It altered the expression of several genes related to the cell cycle and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways of gastric cancer cells, leading to the inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth and peritoneal dissemination in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insights into a novel therapy for inhibiting the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer by targeting gastric cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles to improve the prognosis of gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis.
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29
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Li Q. Role of exosomes in cellular communication between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:240. [PMID: 35720493 PMCID: PMC9185148 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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30
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Comprehensive Analysis of PDLIM3 Expression Profile, Prognostic Value, and Correlations with Immune Infiltrates in Gastric Cancer. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2039447. [PMID: 35647201 PMCID: PMC9135576 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2039447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein PDZ and LIM domain 3 (PDLIM3) is a cytoskeletal protein, colocalizing with α-actinin on the Z line of mature muscle fibers. It plays a key role in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), muscular dystrophy, and tumor progression. However, correlations between PDLIM3 expression, prognosis, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in gastric cancer are unknown. Therefore, we leveraged the Oncomine, GEPIA, GEO, and HPA databases to evaluate PDLIM3 expression in tumors. We also quantified PDLIM3 expression in 15 matched pairs of gastric tumor and nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. The Kaplan-Meier method was employed to determine the relationship between PDLIM3 expression and clinical outcomes. GO and KEGG analyses were performed to illuminate the molecular mechanisms of action of PDLIM3. TIMER2.0 and GEPIA were applied to investigate correlations between PDLIM3 expression and gene marker subsets signifying immune infiltration, with TIMER2.0 exploring the correlations between PDLIM3 and related signaling pathways. Gastric cancer tissues were found to express more PDLIM3 than nontumor tissues. PDLIM3 overexpression was associated with shorter OS and PFS of gastric cancer patients (OS
,
; PFS
,
). PDLIM3 was also positively correlated with worse OS and PFS according to gastric cancer staging, Her-2 overexpression, differentiation grade, and Lauren classification. PDLIM3 was shown to be associated with immunological responses by GO, while it was related to PI3K/Akt signal pathways by KEGG analysis. Furthermore, increased PDLIM3 expression was significantly correlated with greater infiltration of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. PDLIM3 expression had significant positive correlations with a variety of immune marker subsets. Finally, correlations were found between PDLIM3 and crucial markers of signaling pathways involving PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK. Thus, upregulation of PDLIM3 was significantly associated with poor prognosis, immune cell infiltration, and activation of two key signal pathways in gastric cancer. We propose that PDLIM3 could be used as a biomarker to predict prognosis and immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer.
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31
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Li X, Li X, Zhang B, He B. The Role of Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Progression. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:9133658. [PMID: 35571530 PMCID: PMC9095362 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9133658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small portion of tumor cells with self-renewal ability in tumor tissues and are a key factor in tumor resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. CSCs produce a large number of exosomes through various mechanisms, such as paracrine and autocrine signaling. Studies have shown that CSC-derived exosomes (CSC-Exos) carry a variety of gene mutations and specific epigenetic modifications indicative of unique cell phenotypes and metabolic pathways, enabling exchange of information in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. In addition, CSC-Exos carry a variety of metabolites, especially proteins and miRNAs, which can activate signaling pathways to further promote tumor development. CSC-Exos have dual effects on cancer development. Due to advances in liquid biopsy technology for early cancer detection, CSCs-Exos may become an important tool for early cancer diagnosis and therapeutic drug delivery. In this article, we will review how CSC-Exos exert the above effects based on the above two aspects and explore their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Baoyu He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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32
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Cancer cell's internal and external warriors: Autophagosomes and exosomes. Life Sci 2022; 300:120552. [PMID: 35452638 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
"That survival instinct, that will to live, that need to get back to life again, is more powerful than any consideration of taste, decency, politeness, manners, civility, anything. It's such a powerful force." This quote by famous director Danny Boyle is a perfect analogy to describe the cancer cell's inexhaustible drive to persist against all odds. In order to adapt to a hostile environment, the cancer cells rely on multiple mechanisms including immune escape, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, extravasation, autophagy, exosome release among others. Cancer cells depute their internal and external warriors, autophagosomes and exosomes, to dwell in the belligerent tumor microenvironment. It is quite reasonable for a cancer cell, striving to survive, to invest in pathways that will provide the maximum advantage. Autophagy is an important cellular degradation pathway, while the exosome pathway provides an alternative cargo disposal mechanism to maintain the homeostasis and cell survival. While autophagic degradation provides the essential nutrients to rapidly dividing cells, exosomal secretion ensures that the tumor microenvironment is attuned to accommodate the swiftly expanding tumor mass. Studies have revealed that exosomes secreted by cancer cells can modulate autophagy in recipient cells, while autophagy can influence the biogenesis of exosomes. Autophagy and exosome crosstalk is extremely complex and it is only beginning to be recognized and documented. This review is focused on discussing the roles of autophagy and exosomes in the cancer cell's adaptation to the tumor microenvironment and how the two pathways are coordinately regulated to facilitate cancer cell survival.
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33
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Rodrigues-Junior DM, Tsirigoti C, Lim SK, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Extracellular Vesicles and Transforming Growth Factor β Signaling in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:849938. [PMID: 35493080 PMCID: PMC9043557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.849938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complexity in mechanisms that drive cancer development and progression is exemplified by the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which suppresses early-stage hyperplasia, yet assists aggressive tumors to achieve metastasis. Of note, several molecules, including mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, and proteins known to be associated with the TGF-β pathway have been reported as constituents in the cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are secreted vesicles delimited by a lipid bilayer and play critical functions in intercellular communication, including regulation of the tumor microenvironment and cancer development. Thus, this review aims at summarizing the impact of EVs on TGF-β signaling by focusing on mechanisms by which EV cargo can influence tumorigenesis, metastatic spread, immune evasion and response to anti-cancer treatment. Moreover, we emphasize the potential of TGF-β-related molecules present in circulating EVs as useful biomarkers of prognosis, diagnosis, and prediction of response to treatment in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrysoula Tsirigoti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (A*-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Aristidis Moustakas,
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34
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Gu J, Wang M, Wang X, Li J, Liu H, Lin Z, Yang X, Zhang X, Liu H. Exosomal miR-483-5p in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Malignant Progression of Multiple Myeloma by Targeting TIMP2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:862524. [PMID: 35300408 PMCID: PMC8921260 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.862524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) is one crucial component of the multiple myeloma (MM) microenvironment and supports the malignant progression of MM. Whether BMSCs act on MM cells via exosomes has not been well characterized. Herein, we used microarrays to screen out differentially expressed miRNAs in BMSCs from patients with MM (MM-MSCs) or benign diseases (BD-MSCs). We found that miR-483-5p was highly expressed in MM-MSCs, which may be transported through exosomes from MM-MSCs to MM cells to increase miR-483-5p expression in them. We then investigated the role and mechanism of miR-483-5p in the aggressive progression of MM in vitro. We verified that miR-483-5p promoted MM cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Then we predicted and validated that TIMP2, a tumor suppressor gene, is the downstream target of miR-483-5p in MM. In summary, our study indicated that MM-MSCs promote MM malignant progression via the release of exosomes and regulation of miR-483-5p/TIMP2 axis, suggesting an essential role of BMSCs derived exosomal miRNA in MM and a potential marker for MM diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Gu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Maoye Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zenghua Lin
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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35
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Emerging function and clinical significance of extracellular vesicle noncoding RNAs in lung cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:814-833. [PMID: 35317517 PMCID: PMC8908047 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a commonly diagnosed cancer with an unsatisfactory prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles that mediate cell-cell communication by transporting various biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, are important noncoding transcripts that play critical roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, especially in cancer. ncRNAs have been verified to be packaged into EVs and transported between LC cells and stromal cells, regulating multiple LC malignant phenotypes, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and treatment resistance. Additionally, EVs can be detected in various body fluids and are associated with the stage, grade, and metastasis of LC. Herein, we summarize the biological characteristics and functions of EV ncRNAs in the biological processes of LC, focusing on their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of LC as well as their probable role in the clinical treatment of LC. EV ncRNAs provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism underlying LC pathogenesis and development, which might benefit numerous LC patients in the future.
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36
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Giusti I, Di Francesco M, Poppa G, Esposito L, D'Ascenzo S, Dolo V. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Normal Human Fibroblasts to a Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Like Phenotype, Sustaining a Pro-Tumorigenic Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:839880. [PMID: 35280782 PMCID: PMC8905682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.839880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment have been proven to actively participate in tumor progression; they can be “educated” by cancer cells acquiring an activated state and, as such, are identified as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs); CAFs, in turn, remodel tumor stroma to be more advantageous for cancer progression by modulating several processes, including angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and drug access, presumably driving the chemoresistance. That is why they are believed to hamper the response to clinical therapeutic options. The communication between cancer cells and fibroblasts can be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), composed of both exosomes (EXOs) and microvesicles (MVs). To verify the role of different subpopulations of EVs in this cross-talk, a nearly pure subpopulation of EXO-like EVs and the second one of mixed EXO- and MV-like EVs were isolated from ovarian cancer cells and administered to fibroblasts. It turned out that EVs can activate fibroblasts to a CAF-like state, supporting their proliferation, motility, invasiveness, and enzyme expression; EXO-like EV subpopulation seems to be more efficient in some of those processes, suggesting different roles for different EV subpopulations. Moreover, the secretome of these “activated” fibroblasts, composed of both soluble and EV-associated molecules, was, in turn, able to modulate the response of bystander cells (fibroblasts, tumor, and endothelial cells), supporting the idea that EVs sustain the mutual cross-talk between tumor cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giusti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marianna Di Francesco
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Poppa
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Letizia Esposito
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Ascenzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenza Dolo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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37
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Rao D, Huang D, Sang C, Zhong T, Zhang Z, Tang Z. Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as Drug Delivery Vehicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:797359. [PMID: 35186913 PMCID: PMC8854766 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.797359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are tiny vesicles with a double membrane structure that cells produce. They range in diameter from 40 to 150 nm and may contain a variety of biomolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. Exosomes have low toxicity, low immunogenicity, and the ability to encapsulate a wide variety of substances, making them attractive drug delivery vehicles. MSCs secrete large amounts of exosomes and hence serve as an excellent source of exosomes. MSCs-derived exosomes have regenerative and tissue repair functions comparable to MSCs and can circumvent the risks of immune rejection and infection associated with MSC transplantation, indicating that they may be a viable alternative to MSCs’ biological functions. In this review, we summarized the drug delivery methods and advantages of exosomes, as well as the advancement of MSC exosomes as drug carriers. The challenges and prospects of using exosomes as drug delivery vectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyu Rao
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Defa Huang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chengpeng Sang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong, ; Zuxiong Zhang, ; Zhixian Tang,
| | - Zuxiong Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong, ; Zuxiong Zhang, ; Zhixian Tang,
| | - Zhixian Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganna Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyu Zhong, ; Zuxiong Zhang, ; Zhixian Tang,
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Tang D, Liu S, Shen H, Deng G, Zeng S. Extracellular Vesicles Promote the Formation of Pre-Metastasis Niche in Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:813015. [PMID: 35173726 PMCID: PMC8841609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.813015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fourth in the incidence of malignant tumors. The early clinical manifestations of GC lack specificity. Most patients are already at an advanced stage when they are first diagnosed, and their late progression is mainly due to peritoneal metastasis. A pre-metastatic microenvironment is formed, before the macroscopic tumor metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles released by cells into body fluids. Recent studies have shown that EVs can affect the tumor microenvironment by carrying cargos to participate in cell-to-cell communication. EVs derived from GC cells mediate the regulation of the pre-metastasis niche and act as a coordinator between tumor cells and normal stroma, immune cells, inflammatory cells, and tumor fibroblasts to promote tumor growth and metastasis. This review highlights the regulatory role of EVs in the pre-metastatic niche of GC and mulls EVs as a potential biomarker for liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gongping Deng
- Department of Emergency, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Gongping Deng, ; Shan Zeng,
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Gongping Deng, ; Shan Zeng,
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Su H, Ren W, Zhang D. Research progress on exosomal proteins as diagnostic markers of gastric cancer (review article). Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:203-218. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of tumors and the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The diagnosis of GC is critical to its prevention and treatment. Available tumor markers are the crucial step for GC diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that proteins in exosomes are potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for GC. Exosomes, secreted by cells, are cup-shaped with a diameter of 30–150 nm under the electron microscope. They are also surrounded by lipid bilayers and are widely found in various body fluids. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. The examination of exosomal proteins has the advantages of quickness, easy sampling, and low pain and cost, as compared with the routine inspection method of GC, which may lead to marked developments in GC diagnosis. This article summarized the exosomal proteins with a diagnostic and prognostic potential in GC, as well as exosomal proteins involved in GC progression.
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Zhang H, Xing J, Dai Z, Wang D, Tang D. Exosomes: the key of sophisticated cell-cell communication and targeted metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:9. [PMID: 35033111 PMCID: PMC8760644 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common malignancies. Unfortunately, the lack of effective methods of treatment and diagnosis has led to poor prognosis coupled with a very high mortality rate. So far, the pathogenesis and progression mechanisms of pancreatic cancer have been poorly characterized. Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by most cells, contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and are involved in diverse functions such as intercellular communications, biological processes, and cell signaling. In pancreatic cancer, exosomes are enriched with multiple signaling molecules that mediate intercellular communication with control of immune suppression, mutual promotion between pancreas stellate cells and pancreatic cancer cells, and reprogramming of normal cells. In addition, exosomes can regulate the pancreatic cancer microenvironment and promote the growth and survival of pancreatic cancer. Exosomes can also build pre-metastatic micro-ecological niches and facilitate the targeting of pancreatic cancer. The ability of exosomes to load cargo and target allows them to be of great clinical value as a biomarker mediator for targeted drugs in pancreatic cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Juan Xing
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhujiang Dai
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
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Garnier D, Ratcliffe E, Briand J, Cartron PF, Oliver L, Vallette FM. The Activation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Glioblastoma Microvesicles Alters Their Exosomal Secretion of miR-100-5p, miR-9-5p and let-7d-5p. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010112. [PMID: 35052791 PMCID: PMC8773192 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor, and despite initial response to chemo- and radio-therapy, the persistence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) unfortunately always results in tumor recurrence. It is now largely admitted that tumor cells recruit normal cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and components of their environment, to participate in tumor progression, building up what is called the tumor microenvironment (TME). While growth factors and cytokines constitute essential messengers to pass on signals between tumor and TME, recent uncovering of extracellular vesicles (EVs), composed of microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, opened new perspectives to define the modalities of this communication. In the GBM context particularly, we investigated what could be the nature of the EV exchange between GSCs and MSCs. We show that GSCs MVs can activate MSCs into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-like cells, that subsequently increase their secretion of exosomes. Moreover, a significant decrease in anti-tumoral miR-100-5p, miR-9-5p and let-7d-5p was observed in these exosomes. This clearly suggests a miRNA-mediated GBM tumor promotion by MSCs exosomes, after their activation by GBM MVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Garnier
- CRCINA INSERM U1232, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (E.R.); (J.B.); (P.-F.C.); (L.O.); (F.M.V.)
- LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L’Ouest, 44800 Saint Herblain, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Edward Ratcliffe
- CRCINA INSERM U1232, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (E.R.); (J.B.); (P.-F.C.); (L.O.); (F.M.V.)
- LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L’Ouest, 44800 Saint Herblain, France
| | - Joséphine Briand
- CRCINA INSERM U1232, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (E.R.); (J.B.); (P.-F.C.); (L.O.); (F.M.V.)
- LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L’Ouest, 44800 Saint Herblain, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA INSERM U1232, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (E.R.); (J.B.); (P.-F.C.); (L.O.); (F.M.V.)
- LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L’Ouest, 44800 Saint Herblain, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- CRCINA INSERM U1232, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (E.R.); (J.B.); (P.-F.C.); (L.O.); (F.M.V.)
- LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L’Ouest, 44800 Saint Herblain, France
| | - François M. Vallette
- CRCINA INSERM U1232, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (E.R.); (J.B.); (P.-F.C.); (L.O.); (F.M.V.)
- LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L’Ouest, 44800 Saint Herblain, France
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Yang Y, Meng WJ, Wang ZQ. Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:803974. [PMID: 35047411 PMCID: PMC8761735 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) might be responsible for tumor initiation, relapse, metastasis and treatment resistance of GC. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells and other extracellular components, which plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The properties of CSCs are regulated by cells and extracellular matrix components of the TME in some unique manners. This review will summarize current literature regarding the effects of CSCs and TME on the progression and therapy resistance of GC, while emphasizing the potential for developing successful anti-tumor therapy based on targeting the TME and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Jian Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Villegas-Pineda JC, Lizarazo-Taborda MDR, Ramírez-de-Arellano A, Pereira-Suárez AL. Exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs: The Modulator Keys of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Genesis and Progression of Malignant Neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717478. [PMID: 34912797 PMCID: PMC8667074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is made up of a universe of molecular and cellular components that promote or inhibit the development of neoplasms. Among the molecular elements are cytokines, metalloproteinases, proteins, mitochondrial DNA, and nucleic acids, within which the ncRNAs: miRNAs and lncRNAs stand out due to their direct modulating effects on the genesis and progression of various cancers. Regarding cellular elements, the solid tumor microenvironment is made up of tumor cells, healthy adjacent epithelial cells, immune system cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, which are capable of generating a modulating communication network with the other components of the tumor microenvironment through, among other mechanisms, the secretion of exosomal vesicles loaded with miRNAs and lncRNAs. These ncRNAs are key pieces in developing neoplasms since they have diverse effects on cancer cells and healthy cells, favoring or negatively regulating protumoral cellular events, such as migration, invasion, proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and resistance to treatment. Due to the growing number of relevant evidence in recent years, this work focused on reviewing, analyzing, highlighting, and showing the current state of research on exosomal ncRNAs derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts and their effects on different neoplasms. A future perspective on using these ncRNAs as real therapeutic tools in the treatment of cancer patients is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Zhang F, Guo J, Zhang Z, Qian Y, Wang G, Duan M, Zhao H, Yang Z, Jiang X. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome: A tumor regulator and carrier for targeted tumor therapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 526:29-40. [PMID: 34800567 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Several studies have shown that exosomes secreted by MSCs (MSCs-Exo) play an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and drug resistance. However, contradictory results have suggested that MSCs-Exo can also suppress tumors through specific mechanisms, such as regulating immune responses and intercellular signaling. Consequently, the relationship between MSCs-Exo and tumors remains controversial. However, it is undeniable that exosomes, as natural vesicles, can be excellent drug carriers and show promise for application in targeted tumor therapy. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of MSCs-Exo in tumor progression and their potential as drug delivery systems in targeted therapy. We argue that MSCs-Exo can be used as safe carriers of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenghou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yiping Qian
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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The Role of Exosomes and Their Applications in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212204. [PMID: 34830085 PMCID: PMC8622108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are very small extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple cell types and are extensively distributed in various biological fluids. Recent research indicated that exosomes can participate in regulating the tumor microenvironment and impacting tumor proliferation and progression. Due to the extensive enrollment in cancer development, exosomes have become a focus of the search for a new therapeutic method for cancer. Exosomes can be utilized for the therapeutic delivery of small molecules, proteins and RNAs to target cancer cells with a high efficiency. Exosome-carried proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are being tested as promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, even as potential treatment targets for cancer. Moreover, different sources of exosomes exhibit multiple performances in cancer applications. In this review, we elaborate on the specific mechanism by which exosomes affect the communication between tumors and the microenvironment and state the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomes in cancers.
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46
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Lu L, Fang S, Zhang Y, Jin L, Xu W, Liang Z. Exosomes and Exosomal circRNAs: The Rising Stars in the Progression, Diagnosis and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:8121-8129. [PMID: 34737640 PMCID: PMC8558314 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s331221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor affecting human health, with occult onset and poor prognosis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all cells, which can reflect the state of source cells or tissues. It is reported that exosomes are involved in almost all processes of GC. Exosomes provided a window to understand changes in cell or tissue states by carrying active components such as circular RNAs (circRNAs). CircRNAs are a naturally occurring class of endogenous noncoding RNAs and abnormal expression during the occurrence and development of GC. Exosomal circRNAs are those circRNAs stably existing in exosomes and having high clinical values as novel potential diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers of GC, which have the characteristics of abnormal expression, tissue specificity and development stage specificity. Herein, we briefly summarize the functions and roles and the current research progress of exosomes and exosomal circRNAs in GC with a focus on the potential application for GC progression, diagnosis and prognosis. We also prospected the clinical application of exosomes and exosomal circRNAs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Child Healthcare Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shikun Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Longtao Jin
- Child Healthcare Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
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Villasante A, Godier-Furnemont A, Hernandez-Barranco A, Coq JL, Boskovic J, Peinado H, Mora J, Samitier J, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Horizontal transfer of the stemness-related markers EZH2 and GLI1 by neuroblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles in stromal cells. Transl Res 2021; 237:82-97. [PMID: 34217898 PMCID: PMC9204390 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial pediatric solid cancer originating from undifferentiated neural crest cells. NB cells express EZH2 and GLI1 genes that are known to maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of cancer stem cells (CSC) in NB. Recent studies suggest that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can regulate the transformation of surrounding cells into CSC by transferring tumor-specific molecules they contain. However, the horizontal transfer of EVs molecules in NB remains largely unknown. We report the analysis of NB-derived EVs in bioengineered models of NB that are based on a collagen 1/hyaluronic acid scaffold designed to mimic the native tumor niche. Using these models, we observed an enrichment of GLI1 and EZH2 mRNAs in NB-derived EVs. As a consequence of the uptake of NB-derived EVs, the host cells increased the expression levels of GLI1 and EZH2. These results suggest the alteration of the expression profile of stromal cells through an EV-based mechanism, and point the GLI1 and EZH2 mRNAs in the EV cargo as diagnostic biomarkers in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Villasante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,USA; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Alberto Hernandez-Barranco
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Johanne Le Coq
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Oncology Department, Pediatric Cancer Center Barcelona, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York,USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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AL-Abedi R, Tuncay Cagatay S, Mayah A, Brooks SA, Kadhim M. Ionising Radiation Promotes Invasive Potential of Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Exosomes in the Process. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111570. [PMID: 34769002 PMCID: PMC8583851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the cells that are exposed to radiation, non-irradiated cells can unveil radiation effects as a result of intercellular communication, which are collectively defined as radiation induced bystander effects (RIBE). Exosome-mediated signalling is one of the core mechanisms responsible for multidirectional communication of tumor cells and their associated microenvironment, which may result in enhancement of malignant tumor phenotypes. Recent studies show that exosomes and exosome-mediated signalling also play a dynamic role in RIBE in cancer cell lines, many of which focused on altered exosome cargo or their effects on DNA damage. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how these changes in exosome cargo are reflected in other functional characteristics of cancer cells from the aspects of invasiveness and metastasis. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to investigate exosome-mediated bystander effects of 2 Gy X-ray therapeutic dose of ionizing radiation on the invasive potential of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro via assessing Matrigel invasion potential, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristics and the extent of glycosylation, as well as underlying plausible molecular mechanisms. The findings show that exosomes derived from irradiated MCF-7 cells enhance invasiveness of bystander MCF-7 cells, possibly through altered miRNA and protein content carried in exosomes.
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49
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He C, Wang L, Li L, Zhu G. Extracellular vesicle-orchestrated crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumors. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101231. [PMID: 34601397 PMCID: PMC8493591 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
EVs mediate the interaction between tumor and stromal cells in the TME. Tumors mediate CAF-like activation of stromal cells through EVs. CAF-derived EVs promote tumor proliferation, metastasis and therapeutic resistance.
Communication networks in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a crucial role in tumor progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are among the most abundant stromal cells in the TME. Bidirectional signal transduction between cancer cells and CAFs within the TME is important for cancer development and treatment responsiveness. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying proteins, miRNAs, and other biomolecules are secreted into the extracellular matrix (ECM), which has been demonstrated to be an important communication medium between tumors and CAFs. Tumors regulate the activation of CAFs by secreting EVs. Conversely, CAFs can also affect tumor proliferation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance through EVs. Here, we will classify EV cargoes and discuss the role of EV-mediated interactions between CAFs and tumors, reviewing current knowledge in combination with our confirmed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshi He
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guiquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Inoue T, Hayashi Y, Tsujii Y, Yoshii S, Sakatani A, Kimura K, Uema R, Kato M, Saiki H, Shinzaki S, Iijima H, Takehara T. Suppression of autophagy promotes fibroblast activation in p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19524. [PMID: 34593902 PMCID: PMC8484348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of p53 in cancer cells activates the transformation of normal tissue fibroblasts into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts; this promotes tumor progression through a variety of mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. The role of autophagy in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in tumor progression has not been elucidated. We aimed to clarify the significance of autophagy in fibroblasts, focusing on the TP53 status in co-cultured human colorectal cancer cell lines (TP53-wild-type colon cancer, HCT116; TP53-mutant colon cancer, HT29; fibroblast, CCD-18Co) in vitro. Autophagy in fibroblasts was significantly suppressed in association with ACTA2, CXCL12, TGFβ1, VEGFA, FGF2, and PDGFRA mRNA levels, when co-cultured with p53-deficient HCT116sh p53 cells. Exosomes isolated from the culture media of HCT116sh p53 cells significantly suppressed autophagy in fibroblasts via inhibition of ATG2B. Exosomes derived from TP53-mutant HT29 cells also suppressed autophagy in fibroblasts. miR-4534, extracted from the exosomes of HCT116sh p53 cells, suppressed ATG2B in fibroblasts. In conclusion, a loss of p53 function in colon cancer cells promotes the activation of surrounding fibroblasts through the suppression of autophagy. Exosomal miRNAs derived from cancer cells may play a pivotal role in the suppression of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keiichi Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Uema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Minoru Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Saiki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
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