1
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Peng S, Fu Y. FYN: emerging biological roles and potential therapeutic targets in cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 36740671 PMCID: PMC9901160 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family protein kinases (SFKs) play a key role in cell adhesion, invasion, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and angiogenesis during tumor development. In humans, SFKs consists of eight family members with similar structure and function. There is a high level of overexpression or hyperactivity of SFKs in tumor, and they play an important role in multiple signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. FYN is a member of the SFKs that regulate normal cellular processes. Additionally, FYN is highly expressed in many cancers and promotes cancer growth and metastasis through diverse biological functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and motility migration, as well as the development of drug resistance in many tumors. Moreover, FYN is involved in the regulation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways, including interactions with ERK, COX-2, STAT5, MET and AKT. FYN is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for various tumor types, and suppressing FYN can improve the prognosis and prolong the life of patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of FYN's structure, expression, upstream regulators, downstream substrate molecules, and biological functions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- SanFei Peng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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2
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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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3
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Jensen IJ, Li X, McGonagill PW, Shan Q, Fosdick MG, Tremblay MM, Houtman JCD, Xue HH, Griffith TS, Peng W, Badovinac VP. Sepsis leads to lasting changes in phenotype and function of memory CD8 T cells. eLife 2021; 10:e70989. [PMID: 34652273 PMCID: PMC8589447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health burden due to sepsis and the associated cytokine storm is substantial. While early intervention has improved survival during the cytokine storm, those that survive can enter a state of chronic immunoparalysis defined by transient lymphopenia and functional deficits of surviving cells. Memory CD8 T cells provide rapid cytolysis and cytokine production following re-encounter with their cognate antigen to promote long-term immunity, and CD8 T cell impairment due to sepsis can pre-dispose individuals to re-infection. While the acute influence of sepsis on memory CD8 T cells has been characterized, if and to what extent pre-existing memory CD8 T cells recover remains unknown. Here, we observed that central memory CD8 T cells (TCM) from septic patients proliferate more than those from healthy individuals. Utilizing LCMV immune mice and a CLP model to induce sepsis, we demonstrated that TCM proliferation is associated with numerical recovery of pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cells following sepsis-induced lymphopenia. This increased proliferation leads to changes in composition of memory CD8 T cell compartment and altered tissue localization. Further, memory CD8 T cells from sepsis survivors have an altered transcriptional profile and chromatin accessibility indicating long-lasting T cell intrinsic changes. The sepsis-induced changes in the composition of the memory CD8 T cell pool and transcriptional landscape culminated in altered T cell function and reduced capacity to control L. monocytogenes infection. Thus, sepsis leads to long-term alterations in memory CD8 T cell phenotype, protective function and localization potentially changing host capacity to respond to re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Physics, The George Washington UniversityWashingtonUnited States
| | | | - Qiang Shan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical CenterNutleyUnited States
| | - Micaela G Fosdick
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Mikaela M Tremblay
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jon CD Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical CenterNutleyUnited States
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Department of Urology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Center for Immunology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Minneapolis VA Health Care SystemMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington UniversityWashingtonUnited States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
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4
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Tremblay MM, Ollinger T, Houtman JCD. The membrane proximal proline-rich region and correct order of C-terminal tyrosines on the adaptor protein LAT are required for TCR-mediated signaling and downstream functions. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109790. [PMID: 32979494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary activating receptor for T cells is the T cell receptor (TCR), which is stimulated upon binding to an antigen/MHC complex. TCR activation results in the induction of regulated signaling pathways vital for T cell differentiation, cellular adhesion and cytokine release. A critical TCR-induced signaling protein is the adaptor protein LAT. Upon TCR stimulation, LAT is phosphorylated on conserved tyrosines, which facilitates the formation of multiprotein complexes needed for propagation of signaling pathways. Although the role of the conserved tyrosines in LAT-mediated signaling has been investigated, few studies have examined the role of larger regions of LAT in TCR-induced pathways. In this study, a sequence alignment of 97 mammalian LAT proteins was used to identify several "functional" domains on LAT. Using LAT mutants expressed in Jurkat E6.1 cells, we observed that the membrane proximal, proline-rich region of LAT and the correct order of domains containing conserved tyrosines are necessary for optimal TCR-mediated early signaling, cytokine production, and cellular adhesion. Together, these data show that LAT contains distinct regions whose presence and correct order are required for the propagation of TCR-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Tomye Ollinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA.
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5
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Loving HS, Underbakke ES. Conformational Dynamics of FERM-Mediated Autoinhibition in Pyk2 Tyrosine Kinase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3767-3776. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S. Loving
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric S. Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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6
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Jensen IJ, Winborn CS, Fosdick MG, Shao P, Tremblay MM, Shan Q, Tripathy SK, Snyder CM, Xue HH, Griffith TS, Houtman JC, Badovinac VP. Polymicrobial sepsis influences NK-cell-mediated immunity by diminishing NK-cell-intrinsic receptor-mediated effector responses to viral ligands or infections. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007405. [PMID: 30379932 PMCID: PMC6231673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sepsis-induced cytokine storm leads to severe lymphopenia and reduced effector capacity of remaining/surviving cells. This results in a prolonged state of immunoparalysis, that contributes to enhanced morbidity/mortality of sepsis survivors upon secondary infection. The impact of sepsis on several lymphoid subsets has been characterized, yet its impact on NK-cells remains underappreciated–despite their critical role in controlling infection(s). Here, we observed numerical loss of NK-cells in multiple tissues after cecal-ligation-and-puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. To elucidate the sepsis-induced lesions in surviving NK-cells, transcriptional profiles were evaluated and indicated changes consistent with impaired effector functionality. A corresponding deficit in NK-cell capacity to produce effector molecules following secondary infection and/or cytokine stimulation (IL-12,IL-18) further suggested a sepsis-induced NK-cell intrinsic impairment. To specifically probe NK-cell receptor-mediated function, the activating Ly49H receptor, that recognizes the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) m157 protein, served as a model receptor. Although relative expression of Ly49H receptor did not change, the number of Ly49H+ NK-cells in CLP hosts was reduced leading to impaired in vivo cytotoxicity and the capacity of NK-cells (on per-cell basis) to perform Ly49H-mediated degranulation, killing, and effector molecule production in vitro was also severely reduced. Mechanistically, Ly49H adaptor protein (DAP12) activation and clustering, assessed by TIRF microscopy, was compromised. This was further associated with diminished AKT phosphorylation and capacity to flux calcium following receptor stimulation. Importantly, DAP12 overexpression in NK-cells restored Ly49H/D receptors-mediated effector functions in CLP hosts. Finally, as a consequence of sepsis-dependent numerical and functional lesions in Ly49H+ NK-cells, host capacity to control MCMV infection was significantly impaired. Importantly, IL-2 complex (IL-2c) therapy after CLP improved numbers but not a function of NK-cells leading to enhanced immunity to MCMV challenge. Thus, the sepsis-induced immunoparalysis state includes numerical and NK-cell-intrinsic functional impairments, an instructive notion for future studies aimed in restoring NK-cell immunity in sepsis survivors. Sepsis is an exaggerated host response to infection that can initially lead to significant morbidity/mortality and a long-lasting state of immunoparalysis in sepsis survivors. Sepsis-induced immunoparalysis functionally impairs numerous lymphocyte populations, including NK-cells. However, the scope and underlying mechanisms of NK-cell impairment and the consequences for NK-cell-mediated pathogen control remain underappreciated. NK-cells contribute to early host control of pathogens through a balance of activating and inhibitory receptors, and alterations in the number and capacity of NK-cells to exert receptor-mediated immunity can lead to dramatic impairment in host control of infection. The present study defines sepsis-induced numerical and cell-intrinsic functional impairments in NK-cell response to cytokine stimulation and receptor signaling that contribute to impaired host capacity to mount NK-cell-mediated effector responses and provide protection to bacterial and/or viral pathogens. Impairments in receptor signaling were due to reduced expression of adaptor protein DAP12. Importantly, the diminished ability of NK-cells from CLP hosts to provide anti-viral (MCMV) immunity is partially restored by IL-2 complex (IL-2c) therapy, which increased the number, but not function, of protective Ly49H+ NK-cells. Thus, these findings define sepsis-induced changes of the NK-cell compartment and provide insight into potential therapeutic interventions aimed at resolving sepsis-induced immunoparalysis in sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christina S. Winborn
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Micaela G. Fosdick
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Peng Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mikaela M. Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qiang Shan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Kumar Tripathy
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Minneapolis VA Health Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jon C. Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Zhang MS, Tran PM, Wolff AJ, Tremblay MM, Fosdick MG, Houtman JCD. Glycerol monolaurate induces filopodia formation by disrupting the association between LAT and SLP-76 microclusters. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/528/eaam9095. [PMID: 29717064 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a monoglyceride with potent antimicrobial properties that suppresses T cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling and T cell effector function. Actin rearrangement is needed for the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells and for migration to sites of infection. Because of the critical role actin rearrangement plays in T cell effector function, we analyzed the effect of GML on the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton after TCR activation. We found that GML-treated human T cells were less adherent than untreated T cells and did not form actin ring structures but instead developed numerous inappropriate actin-mediated filopodia. The formation of these filopodia was not due to disruption of TCR-proximal regulators of actin or microtubule polymerization. Instead, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy demonstrated mislocalization of actin nucleation protein Arp2 microclusters, but not those containing the adaptor proteins SLP-76 and WASp, or the actin nucleation protein ARPC3, which are necessary for TCR-induced actin rearrangement. Additionally, SLP-76 microclusters colocalized with WASp and WAVE microclusters but not with LAT. Together, our data suggest that GML alters actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and identify diverse functions for GML as a T cell-suppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alexander J Wolff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mikaela M Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Micaela G Fosdick
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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8
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Jiang P, Li Z, Tian F, Li X, Yang J. Fyn/heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 signaling regulates pancreatic cancer metastasis by affecting the alternative splicing of integrin β1. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:169-183. [PMID: 28560430 PMCID: PMC5467783 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a dense desmoplastic reaction in which extracellular matrix proteins accumulate and surround tumor cells. Integrins and their related signaling molecules are associated with progression of pancreatic cancer. In the present study, the association between the metastasis of pancreatic cancer and the expression of hnRNP E1 and integrin β1 was evaluated. In vitro and in vivo experiments were designed to study the mechanism underlying the regulation of integrin β1 splicing by the Fyn/hnRNP E1 spliceosome. Expression of hnRNP E1 and integrin β1A were associated with metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Inhibition of Fyn activity upregulated the expression of P21-activated kinase 1 and promoted the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of hnRNP E1, leading to the construction of a spliceosome complex that affected the alterative splicing of integrin β1. In the hnRNP E1 spliceosome complex, hnRNP A1 and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 were responsible for binding to the pre-mRNA of integrin β1. Suppression of Fyn activity and/or overexpression of hnRNP E1 decreased the metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. In pancreatic cancer, the present study demonstrated a novel mechanism by which Fyn/hnRNP E1 signaling regulates pancreatic cancer metastasis by affecting the alternative splicing of integrin β1. hnRNP E1 and integrin β1A are associated with the metastasis of pancreatic cancer and may be novel molecular targets for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghu Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tian
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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9
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Regulation of GVBD in mouse oocytes by miR-125a-3p and Fyn kinase through modulation of actin filaments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2238. [PMID: 28533542 PMCID: PMC5440411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotically arrested oocytes are characterized by the presence of the nuclear structure known as germinal-vesicle (GV), the breakdown of which (GVBD) is associated with resumption of meiosis. Fyn is a pivotal factor in resumption of the first meiotic division; its inhibition markedly decreases the fraction of oocytes undergoing GVBD. Here, we reveal that in mouse oocytes Fyn is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-125a-3p. We demonstrate that in oocytes resuming meiosis miR-125a-3p and Fyn exhibit a reciprocal expression pattern; miR-125a-3p decreases alongside with an increase in Fyn expression. Microinjection of miR-125a-3p inhibits GVBD, an effect that is markedly reduced by Fyn over-expression, and impairs the organization of the actin rim surrounding the nucleus. Lower rate of GVBD is also observed in oocytes exposed to cytochalasin-D or blebbistatin, which interfere with actin polymerization and contractility of actin bundles, respectively. By down-regulating Fyn in HEK-293T cells, miR-125a-3p reduces the interaction between actin and A-type lamins, which constitute the nuclear-lamina. Our findings suggest a mechanism, by which a decrease in miR-125a-3p during oocyte maturation facilitates GVBD by allowing Fyn up-regulation and the resulting stabilization of the interaction between actin and A-type lamins.
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10
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Kung JE, Jura N. Structural Basis for the Non-catalytic Functions of Protein Kinases. Structure 2016; 24:7-24. [PMID: 26745528 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are known primarily for their ability to phosphorylate protein substrates, which constitutes an essential biological process. Recently, compelling evidence has accumulated that the functions of many protein kinases extend beyond phosphorylation and include an impressive spectrum of non-catalytic roles, such as scaffolding, allosteric regulation, or even protein-DNA interactions. How the conserved kinase fold shared by all metazoan protein kinases can accomplish these diverse tasks in a specific and regulated manner is poorly understood. In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanisms supporting phosphorylation-independent signaling by kinases and attempt to identify common and unique structural characteristics that enable kinases to perform non-catalytic functions. We also discuss how post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and small molecules modulate these non-canonical kinase functions. Finally, we highlight current efforts in the targeted design of small-molecule modulators of non-catalytic kinase functions, a new pharmacological challenge for which structural considerations are more important than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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11
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Dos Santos HG, Siltberg-Liberles J. Paralog-Specific Patterns of Structural Disorder and Phosphorylation in the Vertebrate SH3-SH2-Tyrosine Kinase Protein Family. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:2806-25. [PMID: 27519537 PMCID: PMC5630953 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the largest multigene families in Metazoa are the tyrosine kinases (TKs). These are important multifunctional proteins that have evolved as dynamic switches that perform tyrosine phosphorylation and other noncatalytic activities regulated by various allosteric mechanisms. TKs interact with each other and with other molecules, ultimately activating and inhibiting different signaling pathways. TKs are implicated in cancer and almost 30 FDA-approved TK inhibitors are available. However, specific binding is a challenge when targeting an active site that has been conserved in multiple protein paralogs for millions of years. A cassette domain (CD) containing SH3-SH2-Tyrosine Kinase domains reoccurs in vertebrate nonreceptor TKs. Although part of the CD function is shared between TKs, it also presents TK specific features. Here, the evolutionary dynamics of sequence, structure, and phosphorylation across the CD in 17 TK paralogs have been investigated in a large-scale study. We establish that TKs often have ortholog-specific structural disorder and phosphorylation patterns, while secondary structure elements, as expected, are highly conserved. Further, domain-specific differences are at play. Notably, we found the catalytic domain to fluctuate more in certain secondary structure elements than the regulatory domains. By elucidating how different properties evolve after gene duplications and which properties are specifically conserved within orthologs, the mechanistic understanding of protein evolution is enriched and regions supposedly critical for functional divergence across paralogs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena G Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University
| | - Jessica Siltberg-Liberles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University
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12
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Jiang H, Hegde S, Knolhoff BL, Zhu Y, Herndon JM, Meyer MA, Nywening TM, Hawkins WG, Shapiro IM, Weaver DT, Pachter JA, Wang-Gillam A, DeNardo DG. Targeting focal adhesion kinase renders pancreatic cancers responsive to checkpoint immunotherapy. Nat Med 2016; 22:851-60. [PMID: 27376576 PMCID: PMC4935930 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 690] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-agent immunotherapy has achieved limited clinical benefit to date in patients suffering from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This may be due to the presence of a uniquely immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Critical obstacles to immunotherapy in PDAC tumors include a high number of tumor-associated immunosuppressive cells and a uniquely desmoplastic stroma that acts as a barrier to T-cell infiltration. We have identified hyperactivated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity in neoplastic PDAC cells as a significant regulator of the fibrotic and immunosuppressive TME. We found that FAK activity was elevated in human PDAC tissues and correlates with high levels of fibrosis and poor CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell infiltration. Single-agent FAK inhibition using the selective FAK inhibitor VS-4718 significantly limited tumor progression, resulting in a doubling of survival in the p48-Cre/LSL-KrasG12D/p53Flox/+ (KPC) mouse model of human PDAC. This delay in tumor progression was associated with dramatically reduced tumor fibrosis, and decreased numbers of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive cells. We also found that FAK inhibition rendered the previously unresponsive KPC mouse model responsive to T cell immunotherapy and PD-1 antagonists. These data suggest that FAK inhibition increases immune surveillance by overcoming the fibrotic and immunosuppressive PDAC TME and renders tumors responsive to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samarth Hegde
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brett L Knolhoff
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John M Herndon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa A Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy M Nywening
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - William G Hawkins
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Integrating Communications within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Zhang Q, Song X, Su P, Li R, Liu C, Gou M, Wang H, Liu X, Li Q. A novel homolog of protein tyrosine kinase Fyn identified in Lampetra japonica with roles in the immune response. Gene 2016; 579:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Chapman NM, Houtman JCD. Functions of the FAK family kinases in T cells: beyond actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. Immunol Res 2015; 59:23-34. [PMID: 24816556 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T cells control the focus and extent of adaptive immunity in infectious and pathological diseases. The activation of T cells occurs when the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and costimulatory and/or adhesion receptors are engaged by their ligands. This process drives signaling that promotes cytoskeletal rearrangement and transcription factor activation, both of which regulate the quality and magnitude of the T cell response. However, it is not fully understood how different receptor-induced signals combine to alter T cell activation. The related non-receptor tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) are phosphorylated downstream of the TCR and several costimulatory and adhesion receptors. FAK family proteins integrate receptor-mediated signals that influence actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and effector T cell responses. In this review, we summarize the receptor-specific roles that FAK and Pyk2 control to influence T cell development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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15
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Bilal MY, Zhang EY, Dinkel B, Hardy D, Yankee TM, Houtman JCD. GADS is required for TCR-mediated calcium influx and cytokine release, but not cellular adhesion, in human T cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:841-50. [PMID: 25636200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GRB2 related adaptor protein downstream of Shc (GADS) is a member of the GRB2 family of adaptors and is critical for TCR-induced signaling. The current model is that GADS recruits SLP-76 to the LAT complex, which facilitates the phosphorylation of SLP-76, the activation of PLC-γ1, T cell adhesion and cytokine production. However, this model is largely based on studies of disruption of the GADS/SLP-76 interaction and murine T cell differentiation in GADS deficient mice. The role of GADS in mediating TCR-induced signals in human CD4+ T cells has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we have suppressed the expression of GADS in human CD4+ HuT78 T cells. GADS deficient HuT78 T cells displayed similar levels of TCR-induced SLP-76 and PLC-γ1 phosphorylation but exhibited substantial decrease in TCR-induced IL-2 and IFN-γ release. The defect in cytokine production occurred because of impaired calcium mobilization due to reduced recruitment of SLP-76 and PLC-γ1 to the LAT complex. Surprisingly, both GADS deficient HuT78 and GADS deficient primary murine CD8+ T cells had similar TCR-induced adhesion when compared to control T cells. Overall, our results show that GADS is required for calcium influx and cytokine production, but not cellular adhesion, in human CD4+ T cells, suggesting that the current model for T cell regulation by GADS is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Bilal
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Brittney Dinkel
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Daimon Hardy
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Thomas M Yankee
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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16
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Chapman NM, Yoder AN, Barbón KM, Bilal MY, Connolly SF, Houtman JCD. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 controls PI3-kinase activation downstream of the T cell antigen receptor in human T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:285-96. [PMID: 25387834 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a1013-568rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TCR-induced signaling controls T cell activation that drives adaptive immunity against infections, but it can also induce dysfunctional T cell responses that promote pathologic disease. The PI3K pathway regulates many downstream effector responses after TCR stimulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that induce PI3K function downstream of the TCR are not fully understood. We have previously shown that Pyk2 is activated downstream of the TCR in a PI3K-independent manner. Although Pyk2 controls adhesion, proliferation, and cytokine production in T cells, the mechanisms by which it controls these processes are not known. In this study, we generated Pyk2-deficient human T cells to elucidate further the role that this kinase plays in TCR-induced effector functions and signaling. We observed that Pyk2 localized with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K at the LAT complex and that PI3K-dependent signaling was impaired in Pyk2-deficient T cells. Likewise, functions downstream of PI3K, including IFN-γ production and proliferation, were also suppressed in human T cells deficient in Pyk2. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Pyk2 is a critical regulator of PI3K function downstream of the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ashley N Yoder
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kathryn M Barbón
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mahmood Y Bilal
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sean F Connolly
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- *Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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17
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Ophir MJ, Liu BC, Bunnell SC. The N terminus of SKAP55 enables T cell adhesion to TCR and integrin ligands via distinct mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:1021-41. [PMID: 24368808 PMCID: PMC3871428 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) triggers the assembly of "SLP-76 microclusters," which mediate signals required for T cell activation. In addition to regulating integrin activation, we show that Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein of 55 kD (SKAP55) is required for microcluster persistence and movement, junctional stabilization, and integrin-independent adhesion via the TCR. These functions require the dimerization of SKAP55 and its interaction with the adaptor adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP). A "tandem dimer" containing two ADAP-binding SKAP55 Src homology 3 (SH3) domains stabilized SLP-76 microclusters and promoted T cell adhesion via the TCR, but could not support adhesion to integrin ligands. Finally, the SKAP55 dimerization motif (DM) enabled the coimmunoprecipitation of the Rap1-dependent integrin regulator Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM), the recruitment of talin into TCR-induced adhesive junctions, and "inside-out" signaling to β1 integrins. Our data indicate that SKAP55 dimers stabilize SLP-76 microclusters, couple SLP-76 to the force-generating systems responsible for microcluster movement, and enable adhesion via the TCR by mechanisms independent of RIAM, talin, and β1 integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ophir
- Program in Immunology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, and 2 Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
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18
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Chapman NM, Connolly SF, Reinl EL, Houtman JCD. Focal adhesion kinase negatively regulates Lck function downstream of the T cell antigen receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:6208-21. [PMID: 24227778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a critical regulator of signal transduction in multiple cell types. Although this protein is activated upon TCR engagement, the cellular function that FAK plays in mature human T cells is unknown. By suppressing the function of FAK, we revealed that FAK inhibits TCR-mediated signaling by recruiting C-terminal Src kinase to the membrane and/or receptor complex following TCR activation. Thus, in the absence of FAK, the inhibitory phosphorylation of Lck and/or Fyn is impaired. Together, these data highlight a novel role for FAK as a negative regulator TCR function in human T cells. These results also suggest that changes in FAK expression could modulate sensitivity to TCR stimulation and contribute to the progression of T cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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