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Zhao L, Tang S, Chen F, Ren X, Han X, Zhou X. Regulation of macrophage polarization by targeted metabolic reprogramming for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Mol Med 2024; 30:96. [PMID: 38914953 PMCID: PMC11197188 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe and common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that is frequently identified with a poor prognosis. Macrophages play an important role in its pathogenesis. Different macrophage subtypes have different effects on lupus-affected kidneys. Based on their origin, macrophages can be divided into monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMacs) and tissue-resident macrophages (TrMacs). During nephritis, TrMacs develop a hybrid pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functional phenotype, as they do not secrete arginase or nitric oxide (NO) when stimulated by cytokines. The infiltration of these mixed-phenotype macrophages is related to the continuous damage caused by immune complexes and exposure to circulating inflammatory mediators, which is an indication of the failure to resolve inflammation. On the other hand, MoMacs differentiate into M1 or M2 cells under cytokine stimulation. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, while the M2 main phenotype is essentially anti-inflammatory and promotes tissue repair. Conversely, MoMacs undergo differentiation into M1 or M2 cells in response to cytokine stimulation. M1 macrophages are considered pro-inflammatory cells and secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, whereas the M2 main phenotype is primarily anti-inflammatory and promotes tissue repair. Moreover, based on cytokine expression, M2 macrophages can be further divided into M2a, M2b, and M2c phenotypes. M2a and M2c have anti-inflammatory effects and participate in tissue repair, while M2b cells have immunoregulatory and pro-inflammatory properties. Further, memory macrophages also have a role in the advancement of LN. Studies have demonstrated that the polarization of macrophages is controlled by multiple metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, sphingolipid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and arginine metabolism. The changes in these metabolic pathways can be regulated by substances such as fish oil, polyenylphosphatidylcholine, taurine, fumaric acid, metformin, and salbutamol, which inhibit M1 polarization of macrophages and promote M2 polarization, thereby alleviating LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhao
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road No. 56, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Shuqin Tang
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road No. 56, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Fahui Chen
- The Third Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Xiya Ren
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road No. 56, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiutao Han
- The Third Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Shuangta East Street No. 29, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China.
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Maines LW, Keller SN, Smith RA, Green CL, Smith CD. The Sphingolipid-Modulating Drug Opaganib Protects against Radiation-Induced Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis: Potential Uses as a Medical Countermeasure and in Cancer Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2322. [PMID: 38396999 PMCID: PMC10888706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic pathology resulting from excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components that leads to the loss of tissue function. Pulmonary fibrosis can follow a variety of diverse insults including ischemia, respiratory infection, or exposure to ionizing radiation. Consequently, treatments that attenuate the development of debilitating fibrosis are in desperate need across a range of conditions. Sphingolipid metabolism is a critical regulator of cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and pathologic inflammation, processes that are all involved in fibrosis. Opaganib (formerly ABC294640) is the first-in-class investigational drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Opaganib inhibits key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism, including sphingosine kinase-2 and dihydroceramide desaturase, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting autophagy. Herein, we demonstrate in mouse models of lung damage following exposure to ionizing radiation that opaganib significantly improved long-term survival associated with reduced lung fibrosis, suppression of granulocyte infiltration, and reduced expression of IL-6 and TNFα at 180 days after radiation. These data further demonstrate that sphingolipid metabolism is a critical regulator of fibrogenesis, and specifically show that opaganib suppresses radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Because opaganib has demonstrated an excellent safety profile during clinical testing in other diseases (cancer and COVID-19), the present studies support additional clinical trials with this drug in patients at risk for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Charles D. Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA 17036, USA
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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Issleny BM, Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Stiban J. Sphingolipids: From structural components to signaling hubs. Enzymes 2023; 54:171-201. [PMID: 37945171 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In late November 2019, Prof. Lina M. Obeid passed away from cancer, a disease she spent her life researching and studying its intricate molecular underpinnings. Along with her husband, Prof. Yusuf A. Hannun, Obeid laid down the foundations of sphingolipid biochemistry and oversaw its remarkable evolution over the years. Lipids are a class of macromolecules that are primarily associated with cellular architecture. In fact, lipids constitute the perimeter of the cell in such a way that without them, there cannot be cells. Hence, much of the early research on lipids identified the function of this class of biological molecules as merely structural. Nevertheless, unlike proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, lipids are elaborately diverse as they are not made up of monomers in polymeric forms. This diversity in structure is clearly mirrored by functional pleiotropy. In this chapter, we focus on a major subset of lipids, sphingolipids, and explore their historic rise from merely inert structural components of plasma membranes to lively and necessary signaling molecules that transmit various signals and control many cellular processes. We will emphasize the works of Lina Obeid since she was an integral pillar of the sphingolipid research world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul M Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | | | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine.
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Tian J, Chang S, Wang J, Chen J, Xu H, Huang T, Wang J, Kang J, Fan W, Wang Y. S1P/S1PR1 axis promotes macrophage M1 polarization through NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Lupus nephritis. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:55-66. [PMID: 37379683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as well as the leading cause of mortality in patients. Previous studies revealed that S1P level is elevated in plasma samples of SLE patients and murine lupus models. FTY720, targeting S1P receptors, exhibited therapeutic effects in improving the nephritis symptoms of lupus mouse models. However, few studies have discussed the potential relevance of S1P/S1PR to the pathogenesis of LN. Macrophages have been shown to be an important causative agent of renal inflammation, while the pro-inflammatory M1-type promotes kidney injury and inflammation during LN. Importantly, macrophages express various S1P receptors, and how they respond to S1P in the setting of LN remains unclear. Therefore, we examined the level of S1P in the lupus MRL/lpr mice and explored the ensuing interaction of macrophages and S1P. We found that S1P level was elevated in the MRL/lpr mice with a subsequent enhancement of the S1PR1 expression, and blocking S1PR1 by FTY720, the nephritis symptoms of MRL/lpr mice were improved. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that elevated S1P level increase the M1-type macrophage accumulation. And the in-vitro studies proved that S1P/S1PR1 was involved in the promotion of macrophage polarization towards M1 type through activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings confer a novel role to macrophage S1PR1 and provide a new perspective for targeting S1P during LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Sijia Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingshu Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Huanyu Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Taiping Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiping Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Smith CD, Maines LW, Keller SN, Katz Ben-Yair V, Fathi R, Plasse TF, Levitt ML. Recent Progress in the Development of Opaganib for the Treatment of Covid-19. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:2199-2211. [PMID: 35855741 PMCID: PMC9288228 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to exert extensive humanitarian and economic stress across the world. Although antivirals active against mild disease have been identified recently, new drugs to treat moderate and severe Covid-19 patients are needed. Sphingolipids regulate key pathologic processes, including viral proliferation and pathologic host inflammation. Opaganib (aka ABC294640) is a first-in-class clinical drug targeting sphingolipid metabolism for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. Recent work demonstrates that opaganib also has antiviral activity against several viruses including SARS-CoV-2. A recently completed multinational Phase 2/3 clinical trial of opaganib in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 demonstrated that opaganib can be safely administered to these patients, and more importantly, resulted in a 62% decrease in mortality in a large subpopulation of patients with moderately severe Covid-19. Furthermore, acceleration of the clearance of the virus was observed in opaganib-treated patients. Understanding the biochemical mechanism for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of opaganib is essential for optimizing Covid-19 treatment protocols. Opaganib inhibits three key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism: sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2); dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1); and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Herein, we describe a tripartite model by which opaganib suppresses infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting SK2, DES1 and GCS. The potential impact of modulation of sphingolipid signaling on multi-organ dysfunction in Covid-19 patients is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
- Correspondence: Charles D Smith, Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, 1214 Research Blvd, Suite 2015, Hummelstown, PA, 17036, USA, Tel +1 843 814 9257, Email
| | - Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
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Ueda N. A Rheostat of Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate as a Determinant of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074010. [PMID: 35409370 PMCID: PMC9000186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate sphingolipid metabolism, including enzymes that generate ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and a ROS-antioxidant rheostat determines the metabolism of ceramide-S1P. ROS induce ceramide production by activating ceramide-producing enzymes, leading to apoptosis, while they inhibit S1P production, which promotes survival by suppressing sphingosine kinases (SphKs). A ceramide-S1P rheostat regulates ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic/anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis, survival, cell proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Ceramide inhibits the mitochondrial respiration chain and induces ceramide channel formation and the closure of voltage-dependent anion channels, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, altered Bcl-2 family protein expression, ROS generation and disturbed calcium homeostasis. This activates ceramide-induced signaling pathways, leading to apoptosis. These events are mitigated by S1P/S1P receptors (S1PRs) that restore mitochondrial function and activate signaling pathways. SphK1 promotes survival and cell proliferation and inhibits inflammation, while SphK2 has the opposite effect. However, both SphK1 and SphK2 promote fibrosis. Thus, a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat modulates oxidant-induced kidney injury by affecting mitochondrial function, ROS production, Bcl-2 family proteins, calcium homeostasis and their downstream signaling pathways. This review will summarize the current evidence for a role of interaction between ROS-antioxidants and ceramide-SphKs/S1P and of a ceramide-SphKs/S1P rheostat in the regulation of oxidative stress-mediated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, 3-8 Kuramitsu, Hakusan 924-8588, Japan
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8
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Sphk2 deletion is involved in structural abnormalities and Th17 response but does not aggravate colon inflammation induced by sub-chronic stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4073. [PMID: 35260749 PMCID: PMC8904788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory process that characterizes inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is mainly driven by T-cell response to microbial and environmental antigens. Psychological stress is a potential trigger of clinical flares of IBD, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in T-cell recruitment. Hence, stress impact and the absence of sphingosine kinase 2 (Sphk2), an enzyme of S1P metabolism, were evaluated in the colon of mice after sub-chronic stress exposure. Here, we show that sub-chronic stress increased S1P in the mouse colon, possibly due to a decrease in its degradation enzymes and Sphk2. S1P accumulation could lead to inflammation and immune dysregulation reflected by upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, inhibition of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, cytokine-expression profile towards a T-helper lymphocyte 17 (Th17) polarization, plasmacytosis, decrease in IgA+ lymphoid lineage cells (CD45+)/B cells/plasmablasts, and increase in IgM+ B cells. Stress also enhanced intestinal permeability. Sphk2 knockout mice presented a cytokine-expression profile towards a boosted Th17 response, lower expression of claudin 3,4,7,8, and structural abnormalities in the colon. Intestinal pathophysiology should consider stress and S1P as modulators of the immune response. S1P-based drugs, including Sphk2 potentiation, represent a promising approach to treat IBD.
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Tian J, Huang T, Chang S, Wang Y, Fan W, Ji H, Wang J, Yang J, Kang J, Zhou Y. Role of sphingosine-1-phosphate mediated signalling in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106584. [PMID: 34352381 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disease characterized by the malfunction of the immune system and the persistent presence of an inflammatory environment. Multiple organs can be affected during SLE, leading to heterogeneous manifestations, which eventually result in the death of patients. Due to the lack of understanding regarding the pathogenesis of SLE, the currently available treatments remain suboptimal. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a central bioactive lipid of sphingolipid metabolism, which serves a pivotal role in regulating numerous physiological and pathological processes. As a well-recognized regulator of lymphocyte trafficking, S1P has been shown to be closely associated with autoimmune diseases, including SLE. Importantly, S1P levels have been found to be elevated in patients with SLE. In murine models of lupus, the increased levels of S1P also contribute to disease activity and organ impairment. Moreover, data from several studies also support the hypothesis that S1P receptors and its producer-sphingosine kinases (SPHK) may serve as the potential targets for the treatment of SLE and its co-morbidities. Given the significant success that intervening with S1P signaling has achieved in treating multiple sclerosis, further exploration of its role in SLE is necessary. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to summarize the recent advances in understanding the potential mechanism by which S1P influences SLE, with a primary focus on its role in immune regulation and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Taiping Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Sijia Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiping Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - He Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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10
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Torres W, Chávez-Castillo M, Peréz-Vicuña JL, Carrasquero R, Díaz MP, Gomez Y, Ramírez P, Cano C, Rojas-Quintero J, Chacín M, Velasco M, de Sanctis JB, Bermudez V. Potential role of bioactive lipids in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4434-4451. [PMID: 34036919 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210525164734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, which involves a pathological inflammatory response against articular cartilage in multiple joints throughout the body. It is a complex disorder associated with comorbidities such as depression, lymphoma, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), which significantly deteriorate patients' quality of life and prognosis. This has ignited a large initiative to elucidate the physiopathology of RA, aiming to identify new therapeutic targets and approaches in its multidisciplinary management. Recently, various lipid bioactive products have been proposed to have an essential role in this process; including eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, phospholipids/sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids. Dietary interventions using omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or treatment with synthetic endocannabinoids agonists have been shown to significantly ameliorate RA symptoms. Indeed, the modulation of lipid metabolism may be crucial in the pathophysiology and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wheeler Torres
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - José L Peréz-Vicuña
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - Rubén Carrasquero
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - María P Díaz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - Yosselin Gomez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - Paola Ramírez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - Clímaco Cano
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center. School of Medicine. University of Zulia. Maracaibo. Venezuela
| | - Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. 0
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla. Colombia
| | - Manuel Velasco
- Universidad Central de Venezuela, Escuela de Medicina José María Vargas, Caracas. Venezuela
| | - Juan Bautista de Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. Palacky University. Czech Republic
| | - Valmore Bermudez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla. Colombia
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11
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Imeri F, Stepanovska Tanturovska B, Schwalm S, Saha S, Zeng-Brouwers J, Pavenstädt H, Pfeilschifter J, Schaefer L, Huwiler A. Loss of sphingosine kinase 2 enhances Wilm's tumor suppressor gene 1 and nephrin expression in podocytes and protects from streptozotocin-induced podocytopathy and albuminuria in mice. Matrix Biol 2021; 98:32-48. [PMID: 34015468 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that is now appreciated as key regulatory factor for various cellular functions in the kidney, including matrix remodeling. It is generated by two sphingosine kinases (Sphk), Sphk1 and Sphk2, which are ubiquitously expressed, but have distinct enzymatic activities and subcellular localizations. In this study, we have investigated the role of Sphk2 in podocyte function and its contribution to diabetic nephropathy. We show that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced nephropathy and albuminuria in mice is prevented by genetic depletion of Sphk2. This protection correlated with an increased protein expression of the transcription factor Wilm's tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1) and its target gene nephrin, and a reduced macrophage infiltration in immunohistochemical renal sections of STZ-treated Sphk2-/- mice compared to STZ-treated wildtype mice. To investigate changes on the cellular level, we used an immortalized human podocyte cell line and generated a stable knockdown of Sphk2 (Sphk2-kd) by a lentiviral transduction method. These Sphk2-kd cells accumulated sphingosine as a consequence of the knockdown, and showed enhanced nephrin and WT1 mRNA and protein expressions similar to the finding in Sphk2 knockout mice. Treatment of wildtype podocytes with the highly selective Sphk2 inhibitor SLM6031434 caused a similar upregulation of nephrin and WT1 expression. Furthermore, exposing cells to the profibrotic mediator transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) resulted on the one side in reduced nephrin and WT1 expression, but on the other side, in upregulation of various profibrotic marker proteins, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1. All these effects were reverted by Sphk2-kd and SLM6031434. Mechanistically, the protection by Sphk2-kd may depend on accumulated sphingosine and inhibited PKC activity, since treatment of cells with exogenous sphingosine not only reduced the phosphorylation pattern of PKC substrates, but also increased WT1 protein expression. Moreover, the selective stable knockdown of PKCδ increased WT1 expression, suggesting the involvement of this PKC isoenzyme in WT1 regulation. The glucocorticoid dexamethasone, which is a treatment option in many glomerular diseases and is known to mediate a nephroprotection, not only downregulated Sphk2 and enhanced cellular sphingosine, but also enhanced WT1 and nephrin expressions, thus, suggesting that parts of the nephroprotective effect of dexamethasone is mediated by Sphk2 downregulation. Altogether, our data demonstrated that loss of Sphk2 is protective in diabetes-induced podocytopathy and can prevent proteinuria, which is a hallmark of many glomerular diseases. Thus, Sphk2 could serve as a new attractive pharmacological target to treat proteinuric kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faik Imeri
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephanie Schwalm
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Sarbari Saha
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Jinyang Zeng-Brouwers
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Herrmann Pavenstädt
- Medizinische Klinik D, University Hospital Münster, Münster D-48149, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany.
| | - Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, Bern CH-3010, Switzerland.
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12
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Studstill CJ, Pritzl CJ, Seo YJ, Kim DY, Xia C, Wolf JJ, Nistala R, Vijayan M, Cho YB, Kang KW, Lee SM, Hahm B. Sphingosine kinase 2 restricts T cell immunopathology but permits viral persistence. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6523-6538. [PMID: 32897877 DOI: 10.1172/jci125297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are often established by the exploitation of immune-regulatory mechanisms that result in nonfunctional T cell responses. Viruses that establish persistent infections remain a serious threat to human health. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) generates sphingosine 1-phosphate, which is a molecule known to regulate multiple cellular processes. However, little is known about SphK2's role during the host immune responses to viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that SphK2 functions during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Cl 13 (LCMV Cl 13) infection to limit T cell immune pathology, which subsequently aids in the establishment of virus-induced immunosuppression and the resultant viral persistence. The infection of Sphk2-deficient (Sphk2-/-) mice with LCMV Cl 13 led to the development of nephropathy and mortality via T cell-mediated immunopathology. Following LCMV infection, Sphk2-/- CD4+ T cells displayed increased activity and proliferation, and these cells promoted overactive LCMV Cl 13-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Notably, oral instillation of an SphK2-selective inhibitor promoted protective T cell responses and accelerated the termination of LCMV Cl 13 persistence in mice. Thus, SphK2 is indicated as an immunotherapeutic target for the control of persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Curtis J Pritzl
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Chuan Xia
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer J Wolf
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Madhuvanthi Vijayan
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yong-Bin Cho
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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13
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Ishay Y, Rotnemer-Golinkin D, Ilan Y. The role of the sphingosine axis in immune regulation: A dichotomy in the anti-inflammatory effects between sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine kinase 2-dependent pathways. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211053274. [PMID: 34789044 PMCID: PMC8645305 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211053274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sphingosine kinase has been identified as playing a central role in the immune cascade, being a common mediator in the cellular response to a variety of signals. The different effects of sphingosine kinase 1 and 2 (SphK1 and SphK2, respectively) activity have not been completely characterized. Aim: To determine the different roles played by SphK1 and SphK2 in the regulation of immune-mediated disorders. Methods: Nine groups of mice were studied. Concanavalin A (ConA) injection was used to induce immune-mediated hepatitis. Mice were treated with SphK1 inhibitor (termed SphK-I) and SphK2 inhibitor (termed ABC294640), prior to ConA injection, and effects of treatment on liver enzymes, subsets of T lymphocytes, and serum levels of cytokines were observed. Results: While liver enzyme elevation was ameliorated by administration of SphK1 inhibitor, SphK2 inhibitor-treated mice did not show this tendency. A marked decrease in expression of CD25+ T-cells and Foxp+ T-cells was observed in mice treated with a high dose of SphK1 inhibitor. Alleviation of liver damage was associated with a statistically significant reduction of serum IFNγ levels in mice treated with SphK1 inhibitor and not in those treated with SphK2 inhibitor. Conclusions: Early administration of SphK1 inhibitor in a murine model of immune-mediated hepatitis alleviated liver damage and inflammation with a statistically significant reduction in IFN-γ levels. The data support a dichotomy in the anti-inflammatory effects of SphK1 and SphK2, and suggests that isoenzyme-directed therapies can improve the effect of targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical
Center, Jerusalem Israel
| | | | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical
Center, Jerusalem Israel
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14
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Drexler Y, Molina J, Mitrofanova A, Fornoni A, Merscher S. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolism and Signaling in Kidney Diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:9-31. [PMID: 33376112 PMCID: PMC7894665 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolites have gained attention because of their essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of kidney diseases. Studies in models of experimental and clinical nephropathies have described accumulation of sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolites, and it has become clear that the intracellular sphingolipid composition of renal cells is an important determinant of renal function. Proper function of the glomerular filtration barrier depends heavily on the integrity of lipid rafts, which include sphingolipids as key components. In addition to contributing to the structural integrity of membranes, sphingolipid metabolites, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), play important roles as second messengers regulating biologic processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. This review will focus on the role of S1P in renal cells and how aberrant extracellular and intracellular S1P signaling contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Drexler
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension/Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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15
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Harden OC, Hammad SM. Sphingolipids and Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Organ Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586737. [PMID: 33101319 PMCID: PMC7546393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that involves multiple organs and disproportionality affects females, especially African Americans from 15 to 44 years of age. SLE can lead to end organ damage including kidneys, lungs, cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric systems, with cardiovascular complications being the primary cause of death. Usually, SLE is diagnosed and its activity is assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index (SLICC/ACR), and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) Scales, which unfortunately often occurs after a certain degree of systemic involvements, disease activity or organ damage already exists. There is certainly a need for the identification of early biomarkers to diagnose and assess disease activity as well as to evaluate disease prognosis and response to treatment earlier in the course of the disease. Here we review advancements made in the area of sphingolipidomics as a diagnostic/prognostic tool for SLE and its co-morbidities. We also discuss recent reports on differential sphingolipid metabolism and blood sphingolipid profiles in SLE-prone animal models as well as in diverse cohorts of SLE patients. In addition, we address targeting sphingolipids and their metabolism as a method of treating SLE and some of its complications. Although such treatments have already shown promise in preventing organ-specific pathology caused by SLE, further investigational studies and clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Harden
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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16
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Leuti A, Fazio D, Fava M, Piccoli A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids, inflammation and chronic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:133-169. [PMID: 32628989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation represents one of the most prominent examples. Inflammation serves as a well-conserved defence mechanism, triggered in the event of chemical, mechanical or microbial damage, that is meant to eradicate the source of damage and restore tissue function. However, excessive inflammatory signals, or impairment of pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory pathways leads to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic pathologies. All main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids - namely eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophopsholipids and endocannabinoids - have been consistently involved in the chronic inflammation that characterises pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. This review gathers the current knowledge concerning the involvement of endogenous bioactive lipids in the pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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17
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Grassi S, Mauri L, Prioni S, Cabitta L, Sonnino S, Prinetti A, Giussani P. Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors and Metabolic Enzymes as Druggable Targets for Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31427962 PMCID: PMC6689979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is characterized by a high content of sphingolipids and by a high diversity in terms of different structures. Stage- and cell-specific sphingolipid metabolism and expression are crucial for brain development and maintenance toward adult age. On the other hand, deep dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism, leading to altered sphingolipid pattern, is associated with the majority of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, even those totally lacking a common etiological background. Thus, sphingolipid metabolism has always been regarded as a promising pharmacological target for the treatment of brain disorders. However, any therapeutic hypothesis applied to complex amphipathic sphingolipids, components of cellular membranes, has so far failed probably because of the high regional complexity and specificity of the different biological roles of these structures. Simpler sphingosine-based lipids, including ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate, are important regulators of brain homeostasis, and, thanks to the relative simplicity of their metabolic network, they seem a feasible druggable target for the treatment of brain diseases. The enzymes involved in the control of the levels of bioactive sphingoids, as well as the receptors engaged by these molecules, have increasingly allured pharmacologists and clinicians, and eventually fingolimod, a functional antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors with immunomodulatory properties, was approved for the therapy of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Considering the importance of neuroinflammation in many other brain diseases, we would expect an extension of the use of such analogs for the treatment of other ailments in the future. Nevertheless, many aspects other than neuroinflammation are regulated by bioactive sphingoids in healthy brain and dysregulated in brain disease. In this review, we are addressing the multifaceted possibility to address the metabolism and biology of bioactive sphingosine 1-phosphate as novel targets for the development of therapeutic paradigms and the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Prioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Cabitta
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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18
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Mohammed S, Vineetha NS, James S, Aparna JS, Lankadasari MB, Allegood JC, Li QZ, Spiegel S, Harikumar KB. Examination of the role of sphingosine kinase 2 in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. FASEB J 2019; 33:7061-7071. [PMID: 30840833 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of type 1 IFN that causes multiple organ dysfunctions. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) that secrete large amounts of IFN have recently been implicated in the initiation of the disease in preclinical mouse models. Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, is produced by 2 highly conserved isoenzymes, sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1 and SphK2, and regulates diverse processes important for immune responses and autoimmunity. However, not much is known about the role of SphK2 in autoimmune disorders. In this work, we examined the role of SphK2 in pDC development and activation and in the pristane-induced lupus model in mice that mimics the hallmarks of the human disease. Increases in pDC-specific markers were observed in peripheral blood of SphK2 knockout mice. In agreement, the absence of SphK2 increased the differentiation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand dendritic cells as well as expression of endosomal TLRs, TLR7 and TLR9, that modulate production of IFN. Surprisingly, however, SphK2 deficiency did not affect the initiation or progression of pristane-induced lupus. Moreover, although absence of SphK2 increased pDC frequency in pristane-induced lupus, there were no major changes in their activation status. Additionally, SphK2 expression was unaltered in lupus patients. Taken together, our results suggest that SphK2 may play a role in dendritic cell development. Yet, because its deletion had no effect on the clinical lupus parameters in this preclinical model, inhibitors of SphK2 might not be useful for treatment of this devastating disease.-Mohammed, S., Vineetha, N. S., James, S., Aparna, J. S., Lankadasari, M. B., Allegood, J. C., Li, Q.-Z., Spiegel, S., Harikumar, K. B. Examination of the role of sphingosine kinase 2 in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Mohammed
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Nalanda S Vineetha
- Department of Nephrology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shirley James
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Manendra Babu Lankadasari
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Jeremy C Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; and
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; and
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19
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Huwiler A, Pfeilschifter J. Sphingolipid signaling in renal fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:230-247. [PMID: 29343457 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, various sphingolipid subspecies have gained increasing attention as important signaling molecules that regulate a multitude of physiological and pathophysiological processes including inflammation and tissue remodeling. These mediators include ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the cerebroside glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and the gangliosides GM3 and Gb3. These lipids have been shown to accumulate in various chronic kidney diseases that typically end in renal fibrosis and ultimately renal failure. This review will summarize the effects and contributions of those enzymes that regulate the generation and interconversion of these lipids, notably the acid sphingomyelinase, the acid sphingomyelinase-like protein SMPDL3B, the sphingosine kinases, the S1P lyase, the glucosylceramide synthase, the GM3 synthase, and the α-galactosidase A, to renal fibrotic diseases. Strategies of manipulating these enzymes for therapeutic purposes and the impact of existing drugs on renal pathologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Huwiler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital INO-F, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe- University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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20
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Arish M, Alaidarous M, Ali R, Akhter Y, Rub A. Implication of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in diseases: molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:437-446. [PMID: 28758826 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1358282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling is emerging as a critical regulator of cellular processes that is initiated by the intracellular production of bioactive lipid molecule, sphingosine-1-phosphate. Binding of sphingosine-1-phosphate to its extracellular receptors activates diverse downstream signaling that play a critical role in governing physiological processes. Increasing evidence suggests that this signaling pathway often gets impaired during pathophysiological and diseased conditions and hence manipulation of this signaling pathway may be beneficial in providing treatment. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of S1P signaling pathway and the versatile role of the participating candidates in context with several disease conditions. Finally, we discussed its possible role as a novel drug target in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahat Ali
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- c Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences , Central University of Himachal Pradesh , Shahpur, Kangra , India
| | - Abdur Rub
- a Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University) , New Delhi , India.,b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
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21
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Sphingosine kinase 2 activates autophagy and protects neurons against ischemic injury through interaction with Bcl-2 via its putative BH3 domain. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2912. [PMID: 28682313 PMCID: PMC5550846 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous findings suggest that sphingosine kinase 2 (SPK2) mediates ischemic tolerance and autophagy in cerebral preconditioning. The aim of this study was to determine by which mechanism SPK2 activates autophagy in neural cells. In both primary murine cortical neurons and HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells, overexpression of SPK2 increased LC3II and enhanced the autophagy flux. SPK2 overexpression protected cortical neurons against oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) injury, as evidenced by improvement of neuronal morphology, increased cell viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase release. The inhibition of autophagy effectively suppressed the neuroprotective effect of SPK2. SPK2 overexpression reduced the co-immunoprecipitation of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, while Beclin-1 knockdown inhibited SPK2-induced autophagy. Both co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down analysis suggest that SPK2 directly interacts with Bcl-2. SPK2 might interact to Bcl-2 in the cytoplasm. Notably, an SPK2 mutant with L219A substitution in its putative BH3 domain was not able to activate autophagy. A Tat peptide fused to an 18-amino acid peptide encompassing the native, but not the L219A mutated BH3 domain of SPK2 activated autophagy in neural cells. The Tat-SPK2 peptide also protected neurons against OGD injury through autophagy activation. These results suggest that SPK2 interacts with Bcl-2 via its BH3 domain, thereby dissociating it from Beclin-1 and activating autophagy. The observation that Tat-SPK2 peptide designed from the BH3 domain of SPK2 activates autophagy and protects neural cells against OGD injury suggest that this structure may provide the basis for a novel class of therapeutic agents against ischemic stroke.
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22
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Sphingosine-1-phosphate is involved in inflammatory reactions in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:535-545. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Modulation of Neuroinflammation in the Central Nervous System: Role of Chemokines and Sphingolipids. Adv Ther 2017; 34:396-420. [PMID: 28054310 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-016-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a process involved in the pathogenesis of different disorders, both autoimmune, such as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, and degenerative, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In the central nervous system, the local milieu is tightly regulated by different mediators, among which are chemoattractant cytokines, also known as chemokines. These small molecules are able to modulate trafficking of immune cells in the course of nervous system development or in response to tissue damage, and different patterns of chemokine molecule and receptor expression have been described in several neuroinflammatory disorders. In recent years, a number of studies have highlighted a pivotal role of sphingolipids in regulating neuroinflammation. Sphingolipids have different functions, among which are the control of leukocyte egress from lymphonodes into inflamed tissues, the expression of various mediators of inflammation and a direct effect on the cells of the central nervous system as regulators of neuroinflammation. In the future, a better knowledge of these two groups of mediators could provide insight into the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory disorders and could help develop novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies.
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24
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Pitman MR, Costabile M, Pitson SM. Recent advances in the development of sphingosine kinase inhibitors. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1349-1363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Vogt D, Stark H. Therapeutic Strategies and Pharmacological Tools Influencing S1P Signaling and Metabolism. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:3-51. [PMID: 27480072 DOI: 10.1002/med.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades the study of the sphingolipid anabolic, catabolic, and signaling pathways has attracted enormous interest. Especially the introduction of fingolimod into market as first p.o. therapeutic for the treatment of multiple sclerosis has boosted this effect. Although the complex regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and other catabolic and anabolic sphingosine-related compounds is not fully understood, the influence on different (patho)physiological states from inflammation to cytotoxicity as well as the availability of versatile pharmacological tools that represent new approaches to study these states are described. Here, we have summarized various aspects concerning the many faces of sphingolipid function modulation by different pharmacological tools up to clinical candidates. Due to the immense heterogeneity of physiological or pharmacological actions and complex cross regulations, it is difficult to predict their role in upcoming therapeutic approaches. Currently, inflammatory, immunological, and/or antitumor aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Vogt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Tiper IV, East JE, Subrahmanyam PB, Webb TJ. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling impacts lymphocyte migration, inflammation and infection. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw063. [PMID: 27354294 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingosine containing lipid intermediate obtained from ceramide. S1P is known to be an important signaling molecule and plays multiple roles in the context of immunity. This lysophospholipid binds and activates G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as S1P receptors 1-5 (S1P1-5). Once activated, these GPCRs mediate signaling that can lead to alterations in cell proliferation, survival or migration, and can also have other effects such as promoting angiogenesis. In this review, we will present evidence demonstrating a role for S1P in lymphocyte migration, inflammation and infection, as well as in cancer. The therapeutic potential of targeting S1P receptors, kinases and lyase will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Tiper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 685 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James E East
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 685 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Priyanka B Subrahmanyam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 685 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 685 W Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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Zhang R, Li L, Yuan L, Zhao M. Hypoxic preconditioning protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell apoptosis via sphingosine kinase 2 and FAK/AKT pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 100:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Al Gadban MM, Alwan MM, Smith KJ, Hammad SM. Accelerated vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: role of macrophage. Clin Immunol 2015; 157:133-44. [PMID: 25638414 PMCID: PMC4410070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition that is considered a major cause of death worldwide. Striking phenomena of atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is its high incidence in young patients. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that differentiate from hematopoietic progenitors and reside in different tissues to preserve tissue integrity. Macrophages scavenge modified lipids and play a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. When activated, macrophages secret inflammatory cytokines. This activation triggers apoptosis of cells in the vicinity of macrophages. As such, macrophages play a significant role in tissue remodeling including atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. In spite of studies carried on identifying the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis, this role has not been studied thoroughly in SLE-associated atherosclerosis. In this review, we address factors released by macrophages as well as extrinsic factors that may control macrophage behavior and their effect on accelerated development of atherosclerosis in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Al Gadban
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mohamed M Alwan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kent J Smith
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Patwardhan NN, Morris EA, Kharel Y, Raje MR, Gao M, Tomsig JL, Lynch KR, Santos WL. Structure-activity relationship studies and in vivo activity of guanidine-based sphingosine kinase inhibitors: discovery of SphK1- and SphK2-selective inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1879-1899. [PMID: 25643074 DOI: 10.1021/jm501760d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that acts as a ligand for five G-protein coupled receptors (S1P1-5) whose downstream effects are implicated in a variety of important pathologies including sickle cell disease, cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. The synthesis of S1P is catalyzed by sphingosine kinase (SphK) isoforms 1 and 2, and hence, inhibitors of this phosphorylation step are pivotal in understanding the physiological functions of SphKs. To date, SphK1 and 2 inhibitors with the potency, selectivity, and in vivo stability necessary to determine the potential of these kinases as therapeutic targets are lacking. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of guanidine-based SphK inhibitors bearing an oxadiazole ring in the scaffold. Our studies demonstrate that SLP120701, a SphK2-selective inhibitor (Ki = 1 μM), decreases S1P levels in histiocytic lymphoma (U937) cells. Surprisingly, homologation with a single methylene unit between the oxadiazole and heterocyclic ring afforded a SphK1-selective inhibitor in SLP7111228 (Ki = 48 nM), which also decreased S1P levels in cultured U937 cells. In vivo application of both compounds, however, resulted in contrasting effect in circulating levels of S1P. Administration of SLP7111228 depressed blood S1P levels while SLP120701 increased levels of S1P. Taken together, these compounds provide an in vivo chemical toolkit to interrogate the effect of increasing or decreasing S1P levels and whether such a maneuver can have implications in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj N Patwardhan
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emily A Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yugesh Kharel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Mithun R Raje
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jose L Tomsig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Kevin R Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Webster L Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Abstract
The transfer of the gamma phosphate from ATP to sphingosine (Sph) to generate a small signaling molecule, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), is catalyzed by sphingosine kinases (SphK), which exist as two isoforms, SphK1 and SphK2. SphK is a key regulator of S1P and the S1P:Sph/ceramide ratio. Increases in S1P levels have been linked to diseases including sickle cell disease, cancer, and fibrosis. Therefore, SphKs are potential targets for drug discovery. However, the current chemical biology toolkit needed to validate these enzymes as drug targets is inadequate. With this review, we survey in vivo active SphK inhibitors and highlight the need for developing more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Webster L. Santos
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin R. Lynch
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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31
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Merscher S, Fornoni A. Podocyte pathology and nephropathy - sphingolipids in glomerular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:127. [PMID: 25126087 PMCID: PMC4115628 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are components of the lipid rafts in plasma membranes, which are important for proper function of podocytes, a key element of the glomerular filtration barrier. Research revealed an essential role of sphingolipids and sphingolipid metabolites in glomerular disorders of genetic and non-genetic origin. The discovery that glucocerebrosides accumulate in Gaucher disease in glomerular cells and are associated with clinical proteinuria initiated intensive research into the function of other sphingolipids in glomerular disorders. The accumulation of sphingolipids in other genetic diseases including Tay-Sachs, Sandhoff, Fabry, hereditary inclusion body myopathy 2, Niemann-Pick, and nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type and its implications with respect to glomerular pathology will be discussed. Similarly, sphingolipid accumulation occurs in glomerular diseases of non-genetic origin including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), HIV-associated nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and lupus nephritis. Sphingomyelin metabolites, such as ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate have also gained tremendous interest. We recently described that sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3b (SMPDL3b) is expressed in podocytes where it modulates acid sphingomyelinase activity and acts as a master modulator of danger signaling. Decreased SMPDL3b expression in post-reperfusion kidney biopsies from transplant recipients with idiopathic FSGS correlates with the recurrence of proteinuria in patients and in experimental models of xenotransplantation. Increased SMPDL3b expression is associated with DKD. The consequences of differential SMPDL3b expression in podocytes in these diseases with respect to their pathogenesis will be discussed. Finally, the role of sphingolipids in the formation of lipid rafts in podocytes and their contribution to the maintenance of a functional slit diaphragm in the glomerulus will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Merscher
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sandra Merscher, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 628, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail: ; Alessia Fornoni, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 633, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail:
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Sandra Merscher, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 628, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail: ; Alessia Fornoni, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Batchelor Building, Room 633, Miami, FL 33136, USA e-mail:
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Snider AJ. Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate: regulators in autoimmune and inflammatory disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8. [PMID: 24416079 DOI: 10.2217/ijr.13.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes are beginning to be recognized as critical mediators in biological processes, specifically in inflammation and autoimmunity. Sphingosine kinases (SKs) and their lipid product sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) play essential roles in inflammatory signaling processes, as well as disease development and progression. SKs can be activated by numerous growth factors and cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, leading to the generation of S1P. S1P exerts its biological effects on intracellular and extracellular targets, such as S1P receptors. In addition to roles in inflammatory signaling pathways SKs, S1P and S1P receptors have been implicated in immune cell function and trafficking, specifically in lymphocytes. This review will discuss the contribution of the bioactive sphingolipid S1P, its generating enzyme SK, and its cell surface receptors in the inflammatory and autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Snider
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Health Sciences Center L15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Schwalm S, Pfeilschifter J, Huwiler A. Targeting the sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1-phosphate pathway to treat chronic inflammatory kidney diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:44-9. [PMID: 23789924 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases including glomerulonephritis are often accompanied by acute or chronic inflammation that leads to an increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) production and subsequent glomerulosclerosis. Glomerulonephritis is one of the leading causes for end-stage renal failure with high morbidity and mortality, and there are still only a limited number of drugs for treatment available. In this MiniReview, we discuss the possibility of targeting sphingolipids, specifically the sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) pathway, as new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of glomerulonephritis, as this pathway was demonstrated to be dysregulated under disease conditions. Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a multifunctional signalling molecule, which was shown to influence several hallmarks of glomerulonephritis including mesangial cell proliferation, renal inflammation and fibrosis. Most importantly, the site of action of S1P determines the final effect on disease progression. Concerning renal fibrosis, extracellular S1P acts pro-fibrotic via activation of cell surface S1P receptors, whereas intracellular S1P was shown to attenuate the fibrotic response. Interference with S1P signalling by treatment with FTY720, an S1P receptor modulator, resulted in beneficial effects in various animal models of chronic kidney diseases. Also, sonepcizumab, a monoclonal anti-S1P antibody that neutralizes extracellular S1P, and a S1P-degrading recombinant S1P lyase are promising new strategies for the treatment of glomerulonephritis. In summary, especially due to the bifunctionality of S1P, the SphK1/S1P pathway provides multiple target sites for the treatment of chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schwalm
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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