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p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Enhances Reovirus Replication by Facilitating Efficient Virus Entry, Capsid Uncoating, and Postuncoating Steps. J Virol 2023; 97:e0000923. [PMID: 36744961 PMCID: PMC9972948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00009-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus serotype 3 Dearing is an oncolytic virus currently undergoing multiple clinical trials as a potential cancer therapy. Previous clinical trials have emphasized the importance of prescreening patients for prognostic markers to improve therapeutic success. However, only generic cancer markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Hras, Kras, Nras, Braf, and p53 are currently utilized, with limited benefit in predicting therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling during reovirus infection. Using a panel of specific p38 MAPK inhibitors and an inactive inhibitor analogue, p38 MAPK signaling was found to be essential for establishment of reovirus infection by enhancing reovirus endocytosis, facilitating efficient reovirus uncoating at the endo-lysosomal stage, and augmenting postuncoating replication steps. Using a broad panel of human breast cancer cell lines, susceptibility to reovirus infection corresponded with virus binding and uncoating efficiency, which strongly correlated with status of the p38β isoform. Together, results suggest p38β isoform as a potential prognostic marker for early stages of reovirus infection that are crucial to successful reovirus infection. IMPORTANCE The use of Pelareorep (mammalian orthoreovirus) as a therapy for metastatic breast cancer has shown promising results in recent clinical trials. However, the selection of prognostic markers to stratify patients has had limited success due to the fact that these markers are upstream receptors and signaling pathways that are present in a high percentage of cancers. This study demonstrates that the mechanism of action of p38 MAPK signaling plays a key role in establishment of reovirus infection at both early entry and late replication steps. Using a panel of breast cancer cell lines, we found that the expression levels of the MAPK11 (p38β) isoform are a strong determinant of reovirus uncoating and infection establishment. Our findings suggest that selecting prognostic markers that target key steps in reovirus replication may improve patient stratification during oncolytic reovirus therapy.
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McNamara A, Roebke K, Danthi P. Cell Killing by Reovirus: Mechanisms and Consequences. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:133-153. [PMID: 32986138 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection of host cells by mammalian reovirus in culture or in tissues of infected animals results in cell death. Cell death of infected neurons and myocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of reovirus-induced encephalitis and myocarditis in a newborn mouse model. Thus, reovirus-induced cell death has been used to investigate the basis of viral disease. Depending on the cell type, infection of host cells by reovirus results in one of two forms of cell death-apoptosis and necroptosis. In addition to the obvious differences in how these two forms of cell death are executed, the mechanisms by which reovirus infection initiates and transduces signals that lead to each of these types of cell death are distinct. In this review, we discuss how apoptosis and necroptosis are triggered by events at different stages of infection. We also describe how innate immune recognition of reovirus genomic material and type I interferon signaling pathways connect with the core components of the apoptosis and necroptosis machinery. The impact of different cell death mediators on viral pathogenesis and the potential of reovirus as an oncolytic vector are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McNamara
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Katherine Roebke
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Kennedy BE, Giacomantonio M, Murphy JP, Cutler S, Sadek M, Konda P, Paulo JA, Pathak GP, Renkens SH, Grieve S, Pol J, Gygi SP, Richardson C, Gaston D, Reiman A, Kroemer G, Elnenaei MO, Gujar SA. NAD+ depletion enhances reovirus-induced oncolysis in multiple myeloma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:695-706. [PMID: 35284625 PMCID: PMC8904403 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell energy metabolism plays an important role in dictating the efficacy of oncolysis by oncolytic viruses. To understand the role of multiple myeloma metabolism in reovirus oncolysis, we performed semi-targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics on 12 multiple myeloma cell lines and revealed a negative correlation between NAD+ levels and susceptibility to oncolysis. Likewise, a negative correlation was observed between the activity of the rate-limiting NAD+ synthesis enzyme NAMPT and oncolysis. Indeed, depletion of NAD+ levels by pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT using FK866 sensitized several myeloma cell lines to reovirus-induced killing. The myelomas that were most sensitive to this combination therapy expressed a functional p53 and had a metabolic and transcriptomic profile favoring mitochondrial metabolism over glycolysis, with the highest synergistic effect in KMS12 cells. Mechanistically, U-13C-labeled glucose flux, extracellular flux analysis, multiplex proteomics, and cell death assays revealed that the reovirus + FK866 combination caused mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion, leading to enhanced autophagic cell death in KMS12 cells. Finally, the combination of reovirus and NAD+ depletion achieved greater antitumor effects in KMS12 tumors in vivo and patient-derived CD138+ multiple myeloma cells. These findings identify NAD+ depletion as a potential combinatorial strategy to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virus-based therapies in multiple myeloma.
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Berry JTL, Muñoz LE, Rodríguez Stewart RM, Selvaraj P, Mainou BA. Doxorubicin Conjugation to Reovirus Improves Oncolytic Efficacy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:556-572. [PMID: 32995480 PMCID: PMC7493048 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the United States. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype associates with higher rates of relapse, shorter overall survival, and aggressive metastatic disease. Hormone therapy is ineffective against TNBC, leaving patients with limited therapeutic options. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) preferentially infects and kills transformed cells, and a genetically engineered reassortant reovirus infects and kills TNBC cells more efficiently than prototypical strains. Reovirus oncolytic efficacy is further augmented by combination with topoisomerase inhibitors, including the frontline chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. However, long-term doxorubicin use correlates with toxicity to healthy tissues. Here, we conjugated doxorubicin to reovirus (reo-dox) to control drug delivery and enhance reovirus-mediated oncolysis. Our data indicate that conjugation does not impair viral biology and enhances reovirus oncolytic capacity in TNBC cells. Reo-dox infection promotes innate immune activation, and crosslinked doxorubicin retains DNA-damaging properties within infected cells. Importantly, reovirus and reo-dox significantly reduce primary TNBC tumor burden in vivo, with greater reduction in metastatic burden after reo-dox inoculation. Together, these data demonstrate that crosslinking chemotherapeutic agents to oncolytic viruses facilitates functional drug delivery to cells targeted by the virus, making it a viable approach for combination therapy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson T L Berry
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Roxana M Rodríguez Stewart
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Bernardo A Mainou
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Closely related reovirus lab strains induce opposite expression of RIG-I/IFN-dependent versus -independent host genes, via mechanisms of slow replication versus polymorphisms in dsRNA binding σ3 respectively. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008803. [PMID: 32956403 PMCID: PMC7529228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dearing isolate of Mammalian orthoreovirus (T3D) is a prominent model of virus-host relationships and a candidate oncolytic virotherapy. Closely related laboratory strains of T3D, originating from the same ancestral T3D isolate, were recently found to exhibit significantly different oncolytic properties. Specifically, the T3DPL strain had faster replication kinetics in a panel of cancer cells and improved tumor regression in an in vivo melanoma model, relative to T3DTD. In this study, we discover that T3DPL and T3DTD also differentially activate host signalling pathways and downstream gene transcription. At equivalent infectious dose, T3DTD induces higher IRF3 phosphorylation and expression of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) than T3DPL. Using mono-reassortants with intermediate replication kinetics and pharmacological inhibitors of reovirus replication, IFN responses were found to inversely correlate with kinetics of virus replication. In other words, slow-replicating T3D strains induce more IFN signalling than fast-replicating T3D strains. Paradoxically, during co-infections by T3DPL and T3DTD, there was still high IRF3 phosphorylation indicating a phenodominant effect by the slow-replicating T3DTD. Using silencing and knock-out of RIG-I to impede IFN, we found that IFN induction does not affect the first round of reovirus replication but does prevent cell-cell spread in a paracrine fashion. Accordingly, during co-infections, T3DPL continues to replicate robustly despite activation of IFN by T3DTD. Using gene expression analysis, we discovered that reovirus can also induce a subset of genes in a RIG-I and IFN-independent manner; these genes were induced more by T3DPL than T3DTD. Polymorphisms in reovirus σ3 viral protein were found to control activation of RIG-I/ IFN-independent genes. Altogether, the study reveals that single amino acid polymorphisms in reovirus genomes can have large impact on host gene expression, by both changing replication kinetics and by modifying viral protein activity, such that two closely related T3D strains can induce opposite cytokine landscapes.
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Effect of COL4A1 Expression on the Survival of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Breast Cancer Patients. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:5209695. [PMID: 32565804 PMCID: PMC7255048 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5209695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimal therapy for each patient depends on their subtype, anatomic cancer stage, gene status, and preferences. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated tumors have shown attenuated tumor growth, but the therapy cannot completely reduce tumor cell dissemination to blood stream and distant metastasis. Though it has been indicated that the protein of the collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) gene is induced by p53 to inhibit angiogenesis and tumorigenic activity in cancer cells, its prognostic significance in breast cancer (BC) patients has not yet been fully elucidated. We analysed 206 BC and fresh paired-match adjacent normal breast tissue from tissue microarrays (TMAs) and COL4A1-stained TMAs using immunohistochemistry. These were used to evaluate COL4A1 expression in BC and to analyse the relationship between this expression and clinicopathological factors and prognosis. The expression of the COL4A1 protein was significantly higher in normal adjacent tissue than in the tumor tissues of BC (P < 0.0001). The low COL4A1 expression of the BC patients had decreased metastasis incidence ratio than those exhibiting high COL4A1 expression (P=0.034). Low COL4A1 expression in the tumor cells of BC patients was found to significantly reduce the overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) rates of neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients (P=0.047 and P=0.025, respectively). We also validated the results to ensure their consistency with a web server program for survival analysis from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (P=0.057). Additionally, COL4A1 expression was positively correlated with p53 expression (P=0.00076). Thus, we present clinical evidence that COL4A1 expression can be used as a biomarker of better prognosis of BC patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a powerful tool for studying viral replication and pathogenesis. Most reovirus infections are subclinical, however recent work has catapulted reovirus into the clinical spotlight. Recent Findings Owing to its capacity to kill cancer cells more efficiently than normal cells, reovirus is under development as a therapeutic for a variety of cancers. New efforts have focused on genetically engineering reovirus to increase its oncolytic capacity, and determining how reovirus potentiates immunotherapy. Other recent studies highlight a potential role for reovirus in celiac disease (CeD). Using mouse models of CeD, reovirus caused loss of oral tolerance to dietary antigens, opening the possibility that reovirus could trigger CeD in humans. Summary We will focus on new developments in reovirus oncolysis and studies suggesting a role for reovirus as a trigger for celiac disease (CeD) that make reovirus a potential friend and foe to human health.
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NF-κB Signaling in Targeting Tumor Cells by Oncolytic Viruses-Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110426. [PMID: 30413032 PMCID: PMC6265863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy became a promising therapeutic approach, leading to the introduction of a novel generation of anticancer drugs. However, despite evoking an antitumor response, introducing an oncolytic virus (OV) to the patient is still inefficient to overcome both tumor protective mechanisms and the limitation of viral replication by the host. In cancer treatment, nuclear factor (NF)-κB has been extensively studied among important therapeutic targets. The pleiotropic nature of NF-κB transcription factor includes its involvement in immunity and tumorigenesis. Therefore, in many types of cancer, aberrant activation of NF-κB can be observed. At the same time, the activity of NF-κB can be modified by OVs, which trigger an immune response and modulate NF-κB signaling. Due to the limitation of a monotherapy exploiting OVs only, the antitumor effect can be enhanced by combining OV with NF-κB-modulating drugs. This review describes the influence of OVs on NF-κB activation in tumor cells showing NF-κB signaling as an important aspect, which should be taken into consideration when targeting tumor cells by OVs.
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Phillips MB, Stuart JD, Rodríguez Stewart RM, Berry JT, Mainou BA, Boehme KW. Current understanding of reovirus oncolysis mechanisms. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:53-63. [PMID: 29942799 PMCID: PMC6005300 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s143808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is under development as a cancer virotherapy. Clinical trials demonstrate that reovirus-based therapies are safe and tolerated in patients with a wide variety of cancers. Although reovirus monotherapy has proven largely ineffective, reovirus sensitizes cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Clinical trials are underway to test the efficacy of reovirus in combination with chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens and to evaluate the effectiveness of reovirus in conjunction with immunotherapies. Central to the use of reovirus to treat cancer is its capacity to directly kill cancer cells and alter the cellular environment to augment other therapies. Apoptotic cell death is a prominent mechanism of reovirus cancer cell killing. However, reoviruses can also kill cancer cells through nonapoptotic mechanisms. Here, we describe mechanisms of reovirus cancer cell killing, highlight how reovirus is used in combination with existing cancer treatments, and discuss what is known as to how reovirus modulates cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johnasha D Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Evidence for Oncolytic Virotherapy: Where Have We Got to and Where Are We Going? Viruses 2015; 7:6291-312. [PMID: 26633468 PMCID: PMC4690862 DOI: 10.3390/v7122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have seen an increased interest in immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease. In particular, there has been significant enthusiasm for oncolytic virotherapy, with a large amount of pre-clinical data showing promise in animal models in a wide range of tumour types. How do we move forward into the clinical setting and translate something which has such potential into meaningful clinical outcomes? Here, we review how the field of oncolytic virotherapy has developed thus far and what the future may hold.
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Al-Halabi R, Abou Merhi R, Chakilam S, El-Baba C, Hamade E, Di Fazio P, Ocker M, Schneider-Stock R, Gali-Muhtasib H. Gallotannin is a DNA damaging compound that induces senescence independently of p53 and p21 in human colon cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:1037-50. [PMID: 24798519 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant secondary metabolite gallotannin (GT) is the simplest hydrolyzable tannin shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties in several cell lines and to inhibit tumor development in different animal models. Here, we determined if GT induces senescence and DNA damage and investigated the involvement of p53 and p21 in this response. Using HCT116 human colon cancer cells wildtype for p53(+/+) /p21(+/+) and null for p53(+/+) /p21(-/-) or p53(-/-) /p21(+/+) , we found that GT induces senescence independently of p21 and p53. GT was found to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by altering the redox balance in the cell, mainly by reducing the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Using the key antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine, dithiothreitol, SOD, and catalase, we showed that ROS were partially involved in the senescence response. Furthermore, GT-induced cell cycle arrest in S-phase in all HCT116 cell lines. At later time points, we noticed that p53 and p21 null cells escaped complete arrest and re-entered cell cycle provoking higher rates of multinucleation. The senescence induction by GT was irreversible and was accompanied by significant DNA damage as evidenced by p-H2AX staining. Our findings indicate that GT is an interesting anti colon cancer agent which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Al-Halabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raghida Abou Merhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Saritha Chakilam
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institut of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chirine El-Baba
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institut of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hamade
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institut of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Polettini J, Behnia F, Taylor BD, Saade GR, Taylor RN, Menon R. Telomere Fragment Induced Amnion Cell Senescence: A Contributor to Parturition? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137188. [PMID: 26397719 PMCID: PMC4580414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS)-induced senescence of the amniochorion has been associated with parturition at term. We investigated whether telomere fragments shed into the amniotic fluid (AF) correlated with labor status and tested if exogenous telomere fragments (T-oligos) could induce human and murine amnion cell senescence. In a cross-sectional clinical study, AF telomere fragment concentrations quantitated by a validated real-time PCR assay were higher in women in labor at term compared to those not in labor. In vitro treatment of primary human amnion epithelial cells with 40 μM T-oligos ([TTAGGG]2) that mimic telomere fragments, activated p38MAPK, produced senescence-associated (SA) β-gal staining and increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 production compared to cells treated with complementary DNA sequences (Cont-oligos, [AATCCC]2). T-oligos injected into the uteri of pregnant CD1 mice on day 14 of gestation, led to increased p38MAPK, SA-β-gal (SA β-gal) staining in murine amniotic sacs and higher AF IL-8 levels on day 18, compared to saline treated controls. In summary, term labor AF samples had higher telomere fragments than term not in labor AF. In vitro and in situ telomere fragments increased human and murine amnion p38MAPK, senescence and inflammatory cytokines. We propose that telomere fragments released from senescent fetal cells are indicative of fetal cell aging. Based on our data, these telomere fragments cause oxidative stress associated damages to the term amniotic sac and force them to release other DAMPS, which, in turn, provide a sterile immune response that may be one of the many inflammatory signals required to initiate parturition at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossimara Polettini
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP–Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Faranak Behnia
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brandie D. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - George R. Saade
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Berard AR, Severini A, Coombs KM. Comparative proteomic analyses of two reovirus T3D subtypes and comparison to T1L identifies multiple novel proteins in key cellular pathogenic pathways. Proteomics 2015; 15:2113-35. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R. Berard
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada R3E 0J9
- Manitoba Center for Proteomics and Systems Biology; Room 799 John Buhler Research Centre University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada R3E 3P4
| | - Alberto Severini
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada R3E 0J9
- National Microbiology Laboratory; Public Health Agency of Canada; 1015 Arlington St. Winnipeg Canada R3E 3R2
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada R3E 0J9
- Manitoba Center for Proteomics and Systems Biology; Room 799 John Buhler Research Centre University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada R3E 3P4
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health; Room 641 John Buhler Research Center; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Canada R3E 3P4
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14
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Cooper T, Biron VL, Fast D, Tam R, Carey T, Shmulevitz M, Seikaly H. Oncolytic activity of reovirus in HPV positive and negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 44:8. [PMID: 25890191 PMCID: PMC4348167 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-015-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of patients with advanced stages of head and neck cancer requires a multidisciplinary and multimodality treatment approach which includes a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. These toxic treatment protocols have significantly improved survival outcomes in a distinct population of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal cancer. HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a challenge to treat because there is only a modest improvement in survival with the present treatment regimens, requiring innovative and new treatment approaches. Oncolytic viruses used as low toxicity adjunct cancer therapies are novel, potentially effective treatments for HNSCC. One such oncolytic virus is Respiratory Orphan Enteric virus or reovirus. Susceptibility of HNSCC cells towards reovirus infection and reovirus-induced cell death has been previously demonstrated but has not been compared in HPV positive and negative HNSCC cell lines. OBJECTIVES To compare the infectivity and oncolytic activity of reovirus in HPV positive and negative HNSCC cell lines. METHODS Seven HNSCC cell lines were infected with serial dilutions of reovirus. Two cell lines (UM-SCC-47 and UM-SCC-104) were positive for type 16 HPV. Infectivity was measured using a cell-based ELISA assay 18 h after infection. Oncolytic activity was determined using an alamar blue viability assay 96 h after infection. Non-linear regression models were used to calculate the amounts of virus required to infect and to cause cell death in 50% of a given cell line (EC50). EC50 values were compared. RESULTS HPV negative cells were more susceptible to viral infection and oncolysis compared to HPV positive cell lines. EC50 for infectivity at 18 h ranged from multiplicity of infection (MOI) values (PFU/cell) of 18.6 (SCC-9) to 3133 (UM-SCC 104). EC50 for cell death at 96 h ranged from a MOI (PFU/cell) of 1.02×10(2) (UM-SCC-14A) to 3.19×10(8) (UM-SCC-47). There was a 3×10(6) fold difference between the least susceptible cell line (UM-SCC-47) and the most susceptible line (UM-SCC 14A) EC50 for cell death at 96 h. CONCLUSIONS HPV negative HNSCC cell lines appear to demonstrate greater reovirus infectivity and virus-mediated oncolysis compared to HPV positive HNSCC. Reovirus shows promise as a novel therapy in HNSCC, and may be of particular benefit in HPV negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cooper
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4 University of Alberta Hospital, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Center, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Vincent L Biron
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4 University of Alberta Hospital, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Center, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - David Fast
- Faculty of Science 1-001 CCIS, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Raymond Tam
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2J2 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada.
| | - Thomas Carey
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, 5311B Med Sci I, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA.
| | - Maya Shmulevitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-142 J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4 University of Alberta Hospital, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Center, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
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15
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Chakrabarty R, Tran H, Selvaggi G, Hagerman A, Thompson B, Coffey M. The oncolytic virus, pelareorep, as a novel anticancer agent: a review. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:761-74. [PMID: 25693885 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pelareorep (REOLYSIN®) is an investigational new drug, a proprietary formulation consisting of a live, replication-competent, naturally occurring Reovirus Type 3 Dearing strain. Through several preclinical studies it was determined that reovirus can exhibit profound cytotoxic effects on cancer cells predominantly with an activated RAS-signalling pathway. Moreover, it was discovered that reoviruses can "hitchhike" on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cells, thereby evading neutralizing antibodies of the host immune system. Cell carriage, targeted delivery, triggering host immune response and other inherent characteristics of the reovirus led to its further advancement into cancer therapy. When injected into Sprague-Dawley rats, the viral routes of clearance, predominantly through the spleen and liver, remained consistent with earlier studies. Toxicology findings were considered incidental and not associated with pelareorep when tested in animal models. Pelareorep demonstrated a high level of homogeneity at the amino acid level and genetic stability when compared to the master and working virus banks. The drug is manufactured in a 100 L bioreactor after which it is purified and formulated for use in pre-clinical, clinical and research studies. Over the past few decades, we have witnessed a paradigm shift from conventional therapy to the conceivable use of oncolytic viruses for the treatment of cancer. This review will detail pre-clinical evidence of anticancer activity of pelareorep that has led to extensive clinical development. Several Phase I-II clinical trials have been completed or are ongoing in cancer patients on a broad spectrum of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romit Chakrabarty
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., 210, 1167 Kensington Cr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1X7, Canada
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16
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Clements D, Helson E, Gujar SA, Lee PW. Reovirus in cancer therapy: an evidence-based review. Oncolytic Virother 2014; 3:69-82. [PMID: 27512664 PMCID: PMC4918368 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s51321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus, a double-stranded ribonucleic acid virus and benign human pathogen, preferentially infects and kills cancer cells in its unmodified form, and is one of the leading oncolytic viruses currently undergoing clinical trials internationally. With 32 clinical trials completed or ongoing thus far, reovirus has demonstrated clinical therapeutic applicability against a multitude of cancers, including but not limited to breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, malignant gliomas, advanced head and neck cancers, and metastatic ovarian cancers. Phase I trials have demonstrated that reovirus is safe to use via both intralesional/intratumoral and systemic routes of administration, with the most common adverse reactions being grade I/II toxicities, such as flu-like illness (fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever/chills, dizziness), diarrhea, and lymphopenia. In subsequent Phase II trials, reovirus administration was demonstrated to successfully decrease tumor size and promote tumor necrosis, thereby complementing compelling preclinical evidence of tumor destruction by the virus. Importantly, reovirus has been shown to be effective as a monotherapy, as well as in combination with other anticancer options, including radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, such as gemcitabine, docetaxel, paclitaxel, and carboplatin. Of note, the first Phase III clinical trial using reovirus in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin for the treatment of head and neck cancers is under way. Based on the evidence from clinical trials, we comprehensively review the use of reovirus as an anticancer agent, acknowledge key obstacles, and suggest future directions to ultimately potentiate the efficacy of reovirus oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erin Helson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Patrick Wk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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17
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Hwang CC, Umeki S, Kubo M, Hayashi T, Shimoda H, Mochizuki M, Maeda K, Baba K, Hiraoka H, Coffey M, Okuda M, Mizuno T. Oncolytic reovirus in canine mast cell tumor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73555. [PMID: 24073198 PMCID: PMC3779226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of reovirus has reached phase II and III clinical trials in human cancers. However, this is the first study to report the oncolytic effects of reovirus in veterinary oncology, focusing on canine mast cell tumor (MCT), the most common cutaneous tumor in dogs. As human and canine cancers share many similarities, we hypothesized that the oncolytic effects of reovirus can be exploited in canine cancers. The objective of this study was to determine the oncolytic effects of reovirus in canine MCT in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. We demonstrated that MCT cell lines were highly susceptible to reovirus as indicated by marked cell death, high production of progeny virus and virus replication. Reovirus induced apoptosis in the canine MCT cell lines with no correlation to their Ras activation status. In vivo studies were conducted using unilateral and bilateral subcutaneous MCT xenograft models with a single intratumoral reovirus treatment and apparent reduction of tumor mass was exhibited. Furthermore, cell death was induced by reovirus in primary canine MCT samples in vitro. However, canine and murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMCMC) were also susceptible to reovirus. The combination of these results supports the potential value of reovirus as a therapy in canine MCT but warrants further investigation on the determinants of reovirus susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Chew Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Saori Umeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahito Kubo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masami Mochizuki
- Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Baba
- Yamaguchi University Animal Medical Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hiraoka
- Yamaguchi University Animal Medical Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Masaru Okuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Growth hormone is a cellular senescence target in pituitary and nonpituitary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3331-9. [PMID: 23940366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310589110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature proliferative arrest in benign or early-stage tumors induced by oncoproteins, chromosomal instability, or DNA damage is associated with p53/p21 activation, culminating in either senescence or apoptosis, depending on cell context. Growth hormone (GH) elicits direct peripheral metabolic actions as well as growth effects mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Locally produced peripheral tissue GH, in contrast to circulating pituitary-derived endocrine GH, has been proposed to be both proapoptotic and prooncogenic. Pituitary adenomas expressing and secreting GH are invariably benign and exhibit DNA damage and a senescent phenotype. We therefore tested effects of nutlin-induced p53-mediated senescence in rat and human pituitary cells. We show that DNA damage senescence induced by nutlin triggers the p53/p21 senescent pathway, with subsequent marked induction of intracellular pituitary GH in vitro. In contrast, GH is not induced in cells devoid of p53. Furthermore we show that p53 binds specific GH promoter motifs and enhances GH transcription and secretion in senescent pituitary adenoma cells and also in nonpituitary (human breast and colon) cells. In vivo, treatment with nutlin results in up-regulation of both p53 and GH in the pituitary gland, as well as increased GH expression in nonpituitary tissues (lung and liver). Intracrine GH acts in pituitary cells as an apoptosis switch for p53-mediated senescence, likely protecting the pituitary adenoma from progression to malignancy. Unlike in the pituitary, in nonpituitary cells GH exerts antiapoptotic properties. Thus, the results show that GH is a direct p53 transcriptional target and fulfills criteria as a p53 target gene. Induced GH is a readily measurable cell marker for p53-mediated cellular senescence.
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