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Dowty JG, Yu C, Hosseinpour M, Joo JE, Wong EM, Nguyen-Dumont T, Rosenbluh J, Giles GG, Milne RL, MacInnis RJ, Dugué PA, Southey MC. Heritable methylation marks associated with prostate cancer risk. Fam Cancer 2023; 22:313-317. [PMID: 36708485 PMCID: PMC10275808 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-022-00325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation marks that are inherited from parents to offspring are known to play a role in cancer risk and could explain part of the familial risk for cancer. We therefore conducted a genome-wide search for heritable methylation marks associated with prostate cancer risk. Peripheral blood DNA methylation was measured for 133 of the 469 members of 25 multiple-case prostate cancer families, using the EPIC array. We used these families to systematically search the genome for methylation marks with Mendelian patterns of inheritance, then we tested the 1,000 most heritable marks for association with prostate cancer risk. After correcting for multiple testing, 41 heritable methylation marks were associated with prostate cancer risk. Separate analyses, based on 869 incident cases and 869 controls from a prospective cohort study, showed that 9 of these marks near the metastable epiallele VTRNA2-1 were also nominally associated with aggressive prostate cancer risk in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Dowty
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chenglong Yu
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahnaz Hosseinpour
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Research Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jihoon Eric Joo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tu Nguyen-Dumont
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph Rosenbluh
- Cancer Research Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 3800, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre-Antoine Dugué
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 3168, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, 3004, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in developed countries. The results of large trials indicate that the proportion of PCa attributable to hereditary factors is as high as 15%, highlighting the importance of genetic testing. Despite improved understanding of the prevalence of pathogenic variants among men with PCa, it remains unclear which men will most benefit from genetic testing. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on genetic testing in primary PCa and its impact on routine clinical practice. We outline current guideline recommendations on genetic testing, most importantly, for mutations in BRCA1/2, MMR, CHEK2, PALB2, and HOXB13 genes, as well as various single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with an increased risk of developing PCa. The implementation of genetic testing in clinical practice, especially in young patients with aggressive tumors or those with positive family history, represents a new challenge for the coming years and will identify men with pathogenic variants who may benefit from early screening/intervention and specific therapeutic options.
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Rare Germline Pathogenic Variants Identified by Multigene Panel Testing and the Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071495. [PMID: 33804961 PMCID: PMC8036662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Identifying which men at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis have, or will progress to, an aggressive fatal disease will allow clinicians to assist men in making better informed treatment decisions. This will not only be important for those men whose disease is likely to remain indolent and who are currently undergoing unnecessary treatment procedures, but also for those who may need to be targeted with immediate and potentially life-saving therapy. Our case-control study confirms that men who carry BRCA1, BRCA2 and ATM germline pathogenic variants are at increased risk of aggressive disease and provides risk estimates that will be used by clinicians to improve counselling. Abstract While gene panel sequencing is becoming widely used for cancer risk prediction, its clinical utility with respect to predicting aggressive prostate cancer (PrCa) is limited by our current understanding of the genetic risk factors associated with predisposition to this potentially lethal disease phenotype. This study included 837 men diagnosed with aggressive PrCa and 7261 controls (unaffected men and men who did not meet criteria for aggressive PrCa). Rare germline pathogenic variants (including likely pathogenic variants) were identified by targeted sequencing of 26 known or putative cancer predisposition genes. We found that 85 (10%) men with aggressive PrCa and 265 (4%) controls carried a pathogenic variant (p < 0.0001). Aggressive PrCa odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Increased risk of aggressive PrCa (OR (95% confidence interval)) was identified for pathogenic variants in BRCA2 (5.8 (2.7–12.4)), BRCA1 (5.5 (1.8–16.6)), and ATM (3.8 (1.6–9.1)). Our study provides further evidence that rare germline pathogenic variants in these genes are associated with increased risk of this aggressive, clinically relevant subset of PrCa. These rare genetic variants could be incorporated into risk prediction models to improve their precision to identify men at highest risk of aggressive prostate cancer and be used to identify men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer who require urgent treatment.
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Chung JS, Morgan TM, Hong SK. Clinical implications of genomic evaluations for prostate cancer risk stratification, screening, and treatment: a narrative review. Prostate Int 2020; 8:99-106. [PMID: 33102389 PMCID: PMC7557186 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New classification systems based on molecular features have been introduced to improve precision medicine for prostate cancer (PCa). This review covers the increasing risk of PCa and the differences in response to targeted therapy that are related to specific gene variations. We believe that genomic evaluations will be useful for guiding PCa risk stratification, screening, and treatment. We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for articles related to genomic testing for PCa that were published in 2020 or earlier. There is increasing evidence that germline mutations in DNA repair genes, such as BRCA1/2 or ATM, are closely related to the development and aggressiveness of PCa. Targeted prostate-specific antigen screening based on the presence of germline alterations in DNA repair genes is recommend to achieve an early diagnosis of PCa. In cases of localized PCa, even if it has a favorable risk classification, patients under active surveillance with these gene alterations are likely to develop aggressive PCa. Thus, active treatment may be preferable to active surveillance for these patients. In cases of metastatic castration–resistant PCa, BRCA1/2 and DNA mismatch repair genes may be useful biomarkers for predicting the response to androgen receptor–targeting agents, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, platinum chemotherapy, prostate-specific membrane antigen–targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radium-223. Genomic evaluations may allow for risk stratification of patients with PCa based on their molecular features, which may help guide precision medicine for treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Chung
- Department of Urology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Todd M Morgan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Korea
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5
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Application Areas of Traditional Molecular Genetic Methods and NGS in relation to Hereditary Urological Cancer Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:7363102. [PMID: 32612654 PMCID: PMC7317306 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7363102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing (NGS) is widely used for diagnosing hereditary cancer syndromes. Often, exome sequencing and extended gene panel approaches are the only means that can be used to detect a pathogenic germline mutation in the case of multiple primary tumors, early onset, a family history of cancer, or a lack of specific signs associated with a particular syndrome. Certain germline mutations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that determine specific clinical phenotypes may occur in mutation hot spots. Diagnosis of such cases, which involve hereditary cancer, does not require NGS, but may be made using PCR and Sanger sequencing. Diagnostic criteria and professional community guidelines developed for hereditary cancers of particular organs should be followed when ordering molecular diagnostic tests for a patient. This review focuses on urological oncology associated with germline mutations. Clinical signs and genetic diagnostic laboratory tests for hereditary forms of renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer are summarized. While exome sequencing, or, conversely, traditional molecular genetic methods are the procedure of choice in some cases, in most situations, sequencing of multigene panels that are specifically aimed at detecting germline mutations in early onset renal cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder cancer seems to be the basic solution for molecular genetic diagnosis of hereditary cancers.
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6
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Nguyen-Dumont T, MacInnis RJ, Steen JA, Theys D, Tsimiklis H, Hammet F, Mahmoodi M, Pope BJ, Park DJ, Mahmood K, Severi G, Bolton D, Milne RL, Giles GG, Southey MC. Rare germline genetic variants and risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2142-2149. [PMID: 32338768 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Few genetic risk factors have been demonstrated to be specifically associated with aggressive prostate cancer (PrCa). Here, we report a case-case study of PrCa comparing the prevalence of germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) genetic variants in 787 men with aggressive disease and 769 with nonaggressive disease. Overall, we observed P/LP variants in 11.4% of men with aggressive PrCa and 9.8% of men with nonaggressive PrCa (two-tailed Fisher's exact tests, P = .28). The proportion of BRCA2 and ATM P/LP variant carriers in men with aggressive PrCa exceeded that observed in men with nonaggressive PrCa; 18/787 carriers (2.3%) and 4/769 carriers (0.5%), P = .004, and 14/787 carriers (0.02%) and 5/769 carriers (0.01%), P = .06, respectively. Our findings contribute to the extensive international effort to interpret the genetic variation identified in genes included on gene-panel tests, for which there is currently an insufficient evidence-base for clinical translation in the context of PrCa risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tú Nguyen-Dumont
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A Steen
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derrick Theys
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Tsimiklis
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fleur Hammet
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maryam Mahmoodi
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard J Pope
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victoria Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J Park
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP Inserm U1018, Faculté de Médecine - Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine - UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victoria Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Pilarski R. The Role of BRCA Testing in Hereditary Pancreatic and Prostate Cancer Families. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019; 39:79-86. [PMID: 31099688 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_238977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beyond breast and ovarian cancers, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase risks for pancreatic and prostate cancers and contribute to the prevalence of these cancers. Mutations in a number of other genes have also been shown to increase the risk for these cancers as well. Genetic testing is playing an increasingly important role in the treatment of patients with pancreatic and prostate cancer and is now recommended for all patients with pancreatic or metastatic prostate cancer, as well as patients with high Gleason grade prostate cancer and a remarkable family history. Identification of an inherited mutation can direct evaluation of the patient for other cancer risks as well as identification and management of disease in at-risk relatives. Growing evidence suggests improved responses to PARP inhibitors and other therapies in patients with mutations in the BRCA and other DNA repair genes. Although more work must be done to clarify the prevalence and penetrance of mutations in genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 in patients with pancreatic and prostate cancer, in most cases, testing is now being done with a panel of multiple genes. Because of the complexities in panel testing and the increased likelihood of finding variants of uncertain significance, pre- and post-test genetic counseling are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pilarski
- 1 Division of Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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8
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Nyberg T, Govindasami K, Leslie G, Dadaev T, Bancroft E, Ni Raghallaigh H, Brook MN, Hussain N, Keating D, Lee A, McMahon R, Morgan A, Mullen A, Osborne A, Rageevakumar R, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles R, Antoniou AC. Homeobox B13 G84E Mutation and Prostate Cancer Risk. Eur Urol 2019; 75:834-845. [PMID: 30527799 PMCID: PMC6470122 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homeobox B13 (HOXB13) G84E mutation has been recommended for use in genetic counselling for prostate cancer (PCa), but the magnitude of PCa risk conferred by this mutation is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To obtain precise risk estimates for mutation carriers and information on how these vary by family history and other factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two-fold: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published risk estimates, and a kin-cohort study comprising pedigree data on 11983 PCa patients enrolled during 1993-2014 from 189 UK hospitals and who had been genotyped for HOXB13 G84E. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Relative and absolute PCa risks. Complex segregation analysis with ascertainment adjustment to derive age-specific risks applicable to the population, and to investigate how these vary by family history and birth cohort. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS A meta-analysis of case-control studies revealed significant heterogeneity between reported relative risks (RRs; range: 0.95-33.0, p<0.001) and differences by case selection (p=0.007). Based on case-control studies unselected for PCa family history, the pooled RR estimate was 3.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.78-4.23). In the kin-cohort study, PCa risk for mutation carriers varied by family history (p<0.001). There was a suggestion that RRs decrease with age, but this was not significant (p=0.068). We found higher RR estimates for men from more recent birth cohorts (p=0.004): 3.09 (95% CI 2.03-4.71) for men born in 1929 or earlier and 5.96 (95% CI 4.01-8.88) for men born in 1930 or later. The absolute PCa risk by age 85 for a male HOXB13 G84E carrier varied from 60% for those with no PCa family history to 98% for those with two relatives diagnosed at young ages, compared with an average risk of 15% for noncarriers. Limitations include the reliance on self-reported cancer family history. CONCLUSIONS PCa risks for HOXB13 G84E mutation carriers are heterogeneous. Counselling should not be based on average risk estimates but on age-specific absolute risk estimates tailored to individual mutation carriers' family history and birth cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY Men who carry a hereditary mutation in the homeobox B13 (HOXB13) gene have a higher than average risk for developing prostate cancer. In our study, we examined a large number of families of men with prostate cancer recruited across UK hospitals, to assess what other factors may contribute to this risk and to assess whether we could create a precise model to help in predicting a man's prostate cancer risk. We found that the risk of developing prostate cancer in men who carry this genetic mutation is also affected by a family history of prostate cancer and their year of birth. This information can be used to assess more personalised prostate cancer risks to men who carry HOXB13 mutations and hence better counsel them on more personalised risk management options, such as tailoring prostate cancer screening frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Nyberg
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Koveela Govindasami
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Goska Leslie
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Holly Ni Raghallaigh
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mark N Brook
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nafisa Hussain
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Diana Keating
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Romayne McMahon
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Angela Morgan
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mullen
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Andrea Osborne
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Reshma Rageevakumar
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, Division of Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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McReynolds KM, Connors LM. Genomics of Prostate Cancer: What Nurses Need to Know. Semin Oncol Nurs 2019; 35:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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10
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Zhen JT, Syed J, Nguyen KA, Leapman MS, Agarwal N, Brierley K, Llor X, Hofstatter E, Shuch B. Genetic testing for hereditary prostate cancer: Current status and limitations. Cancer 2018; 124:3105-3117. [PMID: 29669169 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of prostate cancer diagnoses may be associated with a strong hereditary component. Men who have multiple single-gene polymorphisms and a family history of prostate cancer have a significantly greater risk of developing prostate cancer. Numerous single-gene alterations have been confirmed to increase the risk of prostate cancer. These include breast cancer genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2, respectively), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), mutS homologs 2 and 6 (MSH2 and MSH6, respectively), postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), homeobox B13 (HOXB13), checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), nibrin (NBN), BRCA1-interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 (BRIP1), and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Currently, there are no uniform guidelines on the definition of hereditary prostate cancer and genetic testing. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, which is capable of testing multiple genes simultaneously, and the approval of olaparib for BRCA1/BRCA2 or ATM-mutated, metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, it is being recognized that the results of genetic testing have an impact on therapeutic strategies. In this review, the authors examine the role of genetic counseling and testing, the challenges of insurance coverage for testing, the available germline and somatic testing panels, and the complexity of each testing method and its implications. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tu Zhen
- Frank H. Netter School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jamil Syed
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kevin Anh Nguyen
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael S Leapman
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Karina Brierley
- Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Smilow Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xavier Llor
- Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Smilow Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Erin Hofstatter
- Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Smilow Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Brian Shuch
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Cancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Smilow Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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11
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Impact of the G84E variant on HOXB13 gene and protein expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded prostate tumours. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17778. [PMID: 29259341 PMCID: PMC5736598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The HOXB13 G84E variant is associated with risk of prostate cancer (PCa), however the role this variant plays in PCa development is unknown. This study examined 751 cases, 450 relatives and 355 controls to determine the contribution of this variant to PCa risk in Tasmania and investigated HOXB13 gene and protein expression in tumours from nine G84E heterozygote variant and 13 wild-type carriers. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry showed that HOXB13 gene and protein expression did not differ between tumour samples from variant and wild-type carriers. Allele-specific transcription revealed that two of seven G84E carriers transcribed both the variant and wild-type allele, while five carriers transcribed the wild-type allele. Methylation of surrounding CpG sites was lower in the variant compared to the wild-type allele, however overall methylation across the region was very low. Notably, tumour characteristics were less aggressive in the two variant carriers that transcribed the variant allele compared to the five that did not. This study has shown that HOXB13 expression does not differ between tumour tissue of G84E variant carriers and non-carriers. Intriguingly, the G84E variant allele was rarely transcribed in carriers, suggesting that HOXB13 expression may be driven by the wild-type allele in the majority of carriers.
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12
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Lotan TL, Torres A, Zhang M, Tosoian JJ, Guedes LB, Fedor H, Hicks J, Ewing CM, Isaacs SD, Johng D, De Marzo AM, Isaacs WB. Somatic molecular subtyping of prostate tumors from HOXB13 G84E carriers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22772-22782. [PMID: 28186998 PMCID: PMC5410261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A recurrent germline mutation (G84E) in the HOXB13 gene is associated with early onset and family history-positive prostate cancer in patients of European descent, occurring in up to 5% of prostate cancer families. To date, the molecular features of prostate tumors occurring in HOXB13 G84E carriers have not been studied in a large cohort of patients. We identified 101 heterozygous carriers of G84E who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer between 1985 and 2011 and matched these men by race, age and tumor grade to 99 HOXB13 wild-type controls. Immunostaining for HOXB13, PTEN, ERG, p53 and SPINK1 as well as RNA in situ hybridization for ETV1/4/5 were performed using genetically validated assays. Tumors from G84E carriers generally expressed HOXB13 protein at a level comparable to benign and wild-type glands. ETS gene expression (either ERG or ETV1/4/5) was seen in 36% (36/101) of tumors from G84E carriers compared to 68% (65/96) of the controls (p < 0.0001). PTEN was lost in 11% (11/101) of G84E carriers compared to 25% (25/99) of the controls (p = 0.014). PTEN loss was enriched among ERG-positive compared to ERG-negative tumors in both groups of patients. Nuclear accumulation of the p53 protein, indicative of underlying TP53 missense mutations, was uncommon in both groups, occurring in 1% (1/101) of the G84E carriers versus 2% (2/92) of the controls (p = NS). Taken together, these data suggest that genes other than ERG and PTEN may drive carcinogenesis/progression in the majority of men with germline HOXB13 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Lotan
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alba Torres
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Departments of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- Departments of Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liana B Guedes
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen Fedor
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Hicks
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles M Ewing
- Departments of Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah D Isaacs
- Departments of Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dorhyun Johng
- Departments of Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Departments of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Raju A, Nair SV, Lakshmanan V. Biophytum sensitivum
nanomedicine reduces cell viability and nitrite production in prostate cancer cells. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arathy Raju
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular MedicineAmrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochi Campus 682041KeralaIndia
| | - Shantikumar V. Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular MedicineAmrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochi Campus 682041KeralaIndia
| | - Vinoth‐Kumar Lakshmanan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular MedicineAmrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreAmrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham UniversityKochi Campus 682041KeralaIndia
- Department of Biomedical SciencesChonnam National University Medical School160 Baeksuh‐Roh, Dong‐GuGwangju 61469Korea (ROK)
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14
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Giri VN, Obeid E, Gross L, Bealin L, Hyatt C, Hegarty SE, Montgomery S, Forman A, Bingler R, Kelly WK, Dicker AP, Winheld S, Trabulsi EJ, Chen DY, Lallas CD, Allen BA, Daly MB, Gomella LG. Inherited Mutations in Men Undergoing Multigene Panel Testing for Prostate Cancer: Emerging Implications for Personalized Prostate Cancer Genetic Evaluation. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:PO.16.00039. [PMID: 34164591 PMCID: PMC8210976 DOI: 10.1200/po.16.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multigene panels are commercially available for the evaluation of prostate cancer (PCA) predisposition, which necessitates tailored genetic counseling (GC) for men. Here we describe emerging results of Genetic Evaluation of Men, prospective multigene testing study in PCA to inform personalized genetic counseling, with emerging implications for referrals, cancer screening, and precision therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligibility criteria for men affected by or at high risk for PCA encompass age, race, family history (FH), and PCA stage/grade. Detailed demographic, clinical, and FH data were obtained from participants and medical records. Multigene testing was conducted after GC. Mutation rates were summarized by eligibility criteria and compared across FH data. The 95% CI of mutation prevalence was constructed by using Poisson distribution. RESULTS Of 200 men enrolled, 62.5% had PCA. Eleven (5.5%; 95% CI, 3.0% to 9.9%) had mutations; 63.6% of mutations were in DNA repair genes. FH of breast cancer was significantly associated with mutation status (P = .004), and FH that met criteria for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome was significantly associated with PCA (odds ratio, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.05 to 5.18). Variants of uncertain significance were reported in 70 men (35.0%). Among mutation carriers, 45.5% had personal/FH concordant with the gene. A tailored GC model was developed based on emerging findings. CONCLUSION Multigene testing for PCA identifies mutations mostly in DNA repair genes, with implications for precision therapy. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive genetic evaluation for PCA beyond metastatic disease, including early-stage disease with strong FH. Detailed FH is important for referrals of men for genetic evaluation. The results inform precision GC and cancer screening for men and their male and female blood relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda N. Giri
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elias Obeid
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Laura Gross
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lisa Bealin
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Colette Hyatt
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Sarah E. Hegarty
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Susan Montgomery
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Andrea Forman
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ruth Bingler
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - William K. Kelly
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Adam P. Dicker
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Stephanie Winheld
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Edouard J. Trabulsi
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - David Y.T. Chen
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Costas D. Lallas
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian A. Allen
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Mary B. Daly
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Leonard G. Gomella
- Veda N. Giri, Laura Gross, Colette Hyatt, Sarah E. Hegarty, William K. Kelly, Adam P. Dicker, Stephanie Winheld, Edouard J. Trabulsi, Costas D. Lallas, and Leonard G. Gomella, Thomas Jefferson University; Elias Obeid, Lisa Bealin, Susan Montgomery, Andrea Forman, Ruth Bingler, David Y.T. Chen, and Mary B. Daly, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Brian A. Allen, Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, UT
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15
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Chandrasekaran G, Hwang EC, Kang TW, Kwon DD, Park K, Lee JJ, Lakshmanan VK. Computational Modeling of complete HOXB13 protein for predicting the functional effect of SNPs and the associated role in hereditary prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43830. [PMID: 28272408 PMCID: PMC5363706 DOI: 10.1038/srep43830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human HOXB13 gene encodes a 284 amino acid transcription factor belonging to the homeobox gene family containing a homeobox and a HoxA13 N-terminal domain. It is highly linked to hereditary prostate cancer, the majority of which is manifested as a result of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). In silico analysis of 95 missense SNP's corresponding to the non-homeobox region of HOXB13 predicted 21 nsSNP's to be potentially deleterious. Among 123 UTR SNPs analysed by UTRScan, rs543028086, rs550968159, rs563065128 were found to affect the UNR_BS, GY-BOX and MBE UTR signals, respectively. Subsequent analysis by PolymiRTS revealed 23 UTR SNPs altering the miRNA binding site. The complete HOXB13_M26 protein structure was modelled using MODELLER v9.17. Computational analysis of the 21 nsSNP's mapped into the HOXB13_M26 protein revealed seven nsSNP's (rs761914407, rs8556, rs138213197, rs772962401, rs778843798, rs770620686 and rs587780165) seriously resulting in a damaging and deleterious effect on the protein. G84E, G135E, and A128V resulted in increased, while, R215C, C66R, Y80C and S122R resulted in decreased protein stability, ultimately predicted to result in the altered binding patterns of HOXB13. While the genotype-phenotype based effects of nsSNP's were assessed, the exact biological and biochemical mechanism driven by the above predicted SNPs still needs to be extensively evaluated by in vivo and GWAS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eu Chang Hwang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Deuk Kwon
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsung Park
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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16
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Win AK, Jenkins MA, Dowty JG, Antoniou AC, Lee A, Giles GG, Buchanan DD, Clendenning M, Rosty C, Ahnen DJ, Thibodeau SN, Casey G, Gallinger S, Le Marchand L, Haile RW, Potter JD, Zheng Y, Lindor NM, Newcomb PA, Hopper JL, MacInnis RJ. Prevalence and Penetrance of Major Genes and Polygenes for Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:404-412. [PMID: 27799157 PMCID: PMC5336409 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although high-risk mutations in identified major susceptibility genes (DNA mismatch repair genes and MUTYH) account for some familial aggregation of colorectal cancer, their population prevalence and the causes of the remaining familial aggregation are not known.Methods: We studied the families of 5,744 colorectal cancer cases (probands) recruited from population cancer registries in the United States, Canada, and Australia and screened probands for mutations in mismatch repair genes and MUTYH We conducted modified segregation analyses using the cancer history of first-degree relatives, conditional on the proband's age at diagnosis. We estimated the prevalence of mutations in the identified genes, the prevalence of HR for unidentified major gene mutations, and the variance of the residual polygenic component.Results: We estimated that 1 in 279 of the population carry mutations in mismatch repair genes (MLH1 = 1 in 1,946, MSH2 = 1 in 2,841, MSH6 = 1 in 758, PMS2 = 1 in 714), 1 in 45 carry mutations in MUTYH, and 1 in 504 carry mutations associated with an average 31-fold increased risk of colorectal cancer in unidentified major genes. The estimated polygenic variance was reduced by 30% to 50% after allowing for unidentified major genes and decreased from 3.3 for age <40 years to 0.5 for age ≥70 years (equivalent to sibling relative risks of 5.1 to 1.3, respectively).Conclusions: Unidentified major genes might explain one third to one half of the missing heritability of colorectal cancer.Impact: Our findings could aid gene discovery and development of better colorectal cancer risk prediction models. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(3); 404-12. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Ko Win
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Dowty
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonis C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Lee
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel D Buchanan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Clendenning
- Colorectal Oncogenomics Group, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe Rosty
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dennis J Ahnen
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Robert W Haile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, California
| | - John D Potter
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yingye Zheng
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J MacInnis
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Cardoso M, Maia S, Paulo P, Teixeira MR. Oncogenic mechanisms of HOXB13 missense mutations in prostate carcinogenesis. Oncoscience 2016; 3:288-296. [PMID: 28050579 PMCID: PMC5116946 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recurrent germline mutation HOXB13 p.(Gly84Glu) (G84E) has recently been identified as a risk factor for prostate cancer. In a recent study, we have performed full sequencing of the HOXB13 gene in 462 Portuguese prostate cancer patients with early-onset and/or familial/hereditary disease, and identified two novel missense mutations, p.(Ala128Asp) (A128D) and p.(Phe240Leu) (F240L), that were predicted to be damaging to protein function. In the present work we aimed to investigate the potential oncogenic role of these mutations, comparing to that of the recurrent G84E mutation and wild-type HOXB13. We induced site-directed mutagenesis in a HOXB13 expression vector and established in vitro cell models of prostate carcinogenesis with stable overexpression of either the wild-type or the mutated HOXB13 variants. By performing in vitro assays we observed that, while the wild-type promotes proliferation, also observed with the F240L variant along with a decrease in apoptosis, the A128D mutation decreases apoptosis and promotes anchorage independent growth. No phenotypic impact was observed for the G84E mutation in the cell line model used. Our data show that specific HOXB13 mutations are involved in the acquisition of different cancer-associated capabilities and further support an oncogenic role for HOXB13 in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cardoso
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Maia
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Paulo
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Cancer Genetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Genetics, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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18
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the United States as well as most Western countries. A significant proportion of men report having a positive family history of prostate cancer in a first-degree relative (father, brother, son), which is important in that family history is one of the only established risk factors for the disease and plays a role in decision-making for prostate cancer screening. Familial aggregation of prostate cancer is considered a surrogate marker of genetic susceptibility to developing the disease, but shared environment cannot be excluded as an explanation for clustering of cases among family members. Prostate cancer is both a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease with inherited factors predicted to account for 40%-50% of cases, comprised of both rare highly to moderately penetrant gene variants, as well as common genetic variants of low penetrance. Most notably, HOXB13 and BRCA2 mutations have been consistently shown to increase prostate cancer risk, and are more commonly observed among patients diagnosed with early-onset disease. A recurrent mutation in HOXB13 has been shown to predispose to hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), and BRCA2 mutations to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also identified approximately 100 loci that associate with modest (odds ratios <2.0) increases in prostate cancer risk, only some of which have been replicated in subsequent studies. Despite these efforts, genetic testing in prostate cancer lags behind other common tumors like breast and colorectal cancer. To date, National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines have highly selective criteria for BRCA1/2 testing for men with prostate cancer based on personal history and/or specific family cancer history. Tumor sequencing is also leading to the identification of germline mutations in prostate cancer patients, informing the scope of inheritance. Advances in genetic testing for inherited and familial prostate cancer (FPC) are needed to inform personalized cancer risk screening and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veda N Giri
- Cancer Risk Assessment and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Center of Excellence for Cancer Risk, Prevention, and Control Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine Department of Oncology, Detroit, MI
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19
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Beebe-Dimmer JL, Hathcock M, Yee C, Okoth LA, Ewing CM, Isaacs WB, Cooney KA, Thibodeau SN. The HOXB13 G84E Mutation Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1366-72. [PMID: 26108461 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rare nonconservative substitution (G84E) in the HOXB13 gene has been shown to be associated with risk of prostate cancer. DNA samples from male patients included in the Mayo Clinic Biobank (MCB) were genotyped to determine the frequency of the G84E mutation and its association with various cancers. METHODS Subjects were genotyped using a custom TaqMan (Applied Biosystems) assay for G84E (rs138213197). In addition to donating a blood specimen, all MCB participants completed a baseline questionnaire to collect information on medical history and family history of cancer. RESULTS Forty-nine of 9,012 male patients were carriers of G84E (0.5%). Thirty-one percent (n = 2,595) of participants had been diagnosed with cancer, including 51.1% of G84E carriers compared with just 30.6% of noncarriers (P = 0.004). G84E was most frequently observed among men with prostate cancer compared with men without cancer (P < 0.0001). However, the mutation was also more commonly observed in men with bladder cancer (P = 0.06) and leukemia (P = 0.01). G84E carriers were more likely to have a positive family history of prostate cancer in a first-degree relative compared to noncarriers (36.2% vs. 16.0%, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the association between the HOXB13 G84E variant and prostate cancer and suggests a novel association between G84E and leukemia and a suggestive association with bladder cancer. Future investigation is warranted to confirm these associations in order to improve our understanding of the role of germline HOXB13 mutations in human cancer. IMPACT The associations between HOXB13 and prostate, leukemia, and bladder suggest that this gene is important in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Matthew Hathcock
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cecilia Yee
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Linda A Okoth
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan. University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles M Ewing
- Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William B Isaacs
- Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan. University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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Doppler ultrasound measurement of resistance index in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2015; 101:644-9. [PMID: 26045118 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of cancer diagnosis worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment of PCa is critical since the long-term prognosis is excellent in patients with tumors confined to the prostate gland. The current meta-analysis investigates the diagnostic value of resistive index (RI) measurement using color Doppler ultrasound in patients with PCa. Electronic literature databases were exhaustively searched for relevant studies published prior to May 31, 2014. Nine studies met our predetermined inclusion criteria for the present meta-analysis. The methodologic quality of the selected studies was independently assessed by 2 reviewers based on Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Our meta-analysis results showed that RI values were significantly higher in malignant prostate tissues compared to normal prostate tissues (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12~0.73, p = 0.007) and benign prostate tissues (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.26~0.56, p<0.001). Subgroup analysis based on the diagnostic instruments used revealed that RI values were accurate in diagnosis of PCa when compared between malignant tissue vs normal tissue and malignant tissue vs benign tissue (all p<0.05). Taken together, our findings support the potential clinical applications of RI values in diagnosis of PCa.
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21
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Kote-Jarai Z, Mikropoulos C, Leongamornlert DA, Dadaev T, Tymrakiewicz M, Saunders EJ, Jones M, Jugurnauth-Little S, Govindasami K, Guy M, Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Neal DE, Lane JA, Dearnaley D, Wilkinson RA, Sawyer EJ, Morgan A, Antoniou AC, Eeles RA. Prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E germline mutation in British men and correlation with prostate cancer risk, tumour characteristics and clinical outcomes. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:756-761. [PMID: 25595936 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rare recurrent missense variant in HOXB13 (rs138213197/G84E) was recently reported to be associated with hereditary prostate cancer. Population-based studies have established that, since the frequency of this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) varies between geographic regions, the associated proportion of prostate cancer (PrCa) risk contribution is also highly variable by country. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is the largest comprehensive case-control study assessing the prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E variant to date and is the first in the UK population. We genotyped 8652 men diagnosed with PrCa within the UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study (UKGPCS) and 5252 healthy men from the UK ProtecT study. RESULTS HOXB13 G84E was identified in 0.5% of the healthy controls and 1.5% of the PrCa cases, and it was associated with a 2.93-fold increased risk of PrCa [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94-4.59; P = 6.27 × 10(-8)]. The risk was even higher among men with family history of PrCa [odds ratio (OR) = 4.53, 95% CI 2.86-7.34; P = 3.1 × 10(-8)] and in young-onset PrCa (diagnosed up to the age of 55 years; OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.98-5.00; P = 6.1 × 10(-7)). There was no significant association between Gleason Score, presenting prostate specific antigen, tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage or NCCN risk group and carrier status. HOXB13 G84E was not associated with overall or cancer-specific survival. We found that the polygenic PrCa risk score (PR score), calculated using the 71 known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PrCa and the HOXB13 G84E variant act multiplicatively on PrCa risk. Based on the estimated prevalence and risk, this rare variant explains ∼1% of the familial risk of PrCa in the UK population. CONCLUSIONS The clinical importance of HOXB13 G84E in PrCa management has not been established. This variant was found to have no effect on prognostic implications but could be used for stratifying screening, by identifying men at high risk. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBERS Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT): NCT02044172. UK GENETIC PROSTATE CANCER STUDY Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Studies (UKGPCS): NCT01737242.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - T Dadaev
- Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | | | | | - M Jones
- Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | | | | | - M Guy
- Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - F C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford; Faculty of Medical Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford
| | - J L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol
| | - D E Neal
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge
| | - J A Lane
- Surgical Oncology (Uro-Oncology: S4), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge
| | | | | | | | - A Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Research, London
| | - A C Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge
| | - R A Eeles
- Institute of Cancer Research, London; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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22
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Hoffmann TJ, Sakoda LC, Shen L, Jorgenson E, Habel LA, Liu J, Kvale MN, Asgari MM, Banda Y, Corley D, Kushi LH, Quesenberry CP, Schaefer C, Van Den Eeden SK, Risch N, Witte JS. Imputation of the rare HOXB13 G84E mutation and cancer risk in a large population-based cohort. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004930. [PMID: 25629170 PMCID: PMC4309593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient approach to characterizing the disease burden of rare genetic variants is to impute them into large well-phenotyped cohorts with existing genome-wide genotype data using large sequenced referenced panels. The success of this approach hinges on the accuracy of rare variant imputation, which remains controversial. For example, a recent study suggested that one cannot adequately impute the HOXB13 G84E mutation associated with prostate cancer risk (carrier frequency of 0.0034 in European ancestry participants in the 1000 Genomes Project). We show that by utilizing the 1000 Genomes Project data plus an enriched reference panel of mutation carriers we were able to accurately impute the G84E mutation into a large cohort of 83,285 non-Hispanic White participants from the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment and Health Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging cohort. Imputation authenticity was confirmed via a novel classification and regression tree method, and then empirically validated analyzing a subset of these subjects plus an additional 1,789 men from Kaiser specifically genotyped for the G84E mutation (r2 = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.37−0.77). We then show the value of this approach by using the imputed data to investigate the impact of the G84E mutation on age-specific prostate cancer risk and on risk of fourteen other cancers in the cohort. The age-specific risk of prostate cancer among G84E mutation carriers was higher than among non-carriers. Risk estimates from Kaplan-Meier curves were 36.7% versus 13.6% by age 72, and 64.2% versus 24.2% by age 80, for G84E mutation carriers and non-carriers, respectively (p = 3.4×10−12). The G84E mutation was also associated with an increase in risk for the fourteen other most common cancers considered collectively (p = 5.8×10−4) and more so in cases diagnosed with multiple cancer types, both those including and not including prostate cancer, strongly suggesting pleiotropic effects. An efficient approach to characterizing the disease burden of rare genetic variants is to impute them into existing well-phenotyped cohorts with genome-wide data by using large sequenced reference panels; however, the efficacy of this approach remains controversial. A recent study suggested that it is not possible to impute the rare HOXB13 G84E variant using neighboring SNP markers. We show that by using an enriched reference sequenced sample of 22 mutation carriers, we were able to impute this mutation into a large cohort of 83,285 non-Hispanic White individuals from the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. The imputation was confirmed via a novel classification and regression tree method, and then empirically validated by direct mutation genotyping of a subset of 1,673 of these individuals in addition to 1,789 other men from Kaiser. Using the same GERA cohort, we then confirmed that the G84E mutation is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, and estimated the age-specific risk for carriers of the mutation. Finally, we obtained evidence that the mutation is associated with additional types of cancer in the GERA cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lori C. Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Shen
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Laurel A. Habel
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Kvale
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maryam M. Asgari
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Yambazi Banda
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence H. Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Quesenberry
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Van Den Eeden
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Neil Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Northern California, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Yow MA, Tabrizi SN, Severi G, Bolton DM, Pedersen J, Longano A, Garland SM, Southey MC, Giles GG. Detection of infectious organisms in archival prostate cancer tissues. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:579. [PMID: 25106851 PMCID: PMC4132904 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroepidemiological studies have reported associations between exposure to sexually transmitted organisms and prostate cancer risk. This study sought DNA evidence of candidate organisms in archival prostate cancer tissues with the aim of assessing if a subset of these cancers show any association with common genital infections. METHODS 221 archival paraffin-embedded tissue blocks representing 128 histopathologically confirmed prostate cancers comprising 52 "aggressive" (Gleason score ≥ 7) and 76 "non-aggressive" (Gleason score ≤ 6) TURP or radical prostatectomy specimens were examined, as well as unaffected adjacent tissue when available. Representative tissue sections were subjected to DNA extraction, quality tested and screened by PCR for HSV-1, HSV-2, XMRV, BKV, HPV, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. RESULTS 195 of 221 DNA samples representing 49 "aggressive" and 66 "non-aggressive" prostate cancer cases were suitable for analysis after DNA quality assessment. Overall, 12.2% (6/49) aggressive and 7.6% (5/66) non-aggressive cases were positive for any of the candidate organisms. Mycoplasma genitalium DNA was detected in 4/66 non-aggressive, 5/49 aggressive cancers and in one cancer-unaffected adjacent tissue block of an aggressive case. Ureaplasma urealyticum DNA was detected in 0/66 non-aggressive and 1/49 aggressive cancers and HSV DNA in 1/66 non-aggressive and 0/49 aggressive cancers. This study did not detect BKV, XMRV, T. vaginalis, U. parvum, C. trachomatis or HPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS The low prevalence of detectable microbial DNA makes it unlikely that persistent infection by the selected candidate microorganisms contribute to prostate cancer risk, regardless of tumour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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24
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Decker B, Ostrander EA. Dysregulation of the homeobox transcription factor gene HOXB13: role in prostate cancer. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2014; 7:193-201. [PMID: 25206306 PMCID: PMC4157396 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s38117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common noncutaneous cancer in men, and epidemiological studies suggest that about 40% of PC risk is heritable. Linkage analyses in hereditary PC families have identified multiple putative loci. However, until recently, identification of specific risk alleles has proven elusive. Cooney et al used linkage mapping and segregation analysis to identify a putative risk locus on chromosome 17q21-22. In search of causative variant(s) in genes from the candidate region, a novel, potentially deleterious G84E substitution in homeobox transcription factor gene HOXB13 was observed in multiple hereditary PC families. In follow-up testing, the G84E allele was enriched in cases, especially those with an early diagnosis or positive family history of disease. This finding was replicated by others, confirming HOXB13 as a PC risk gene. The HOXB13 protein plays diverse biological roles in embryonic development and terminally differentiated tissue. In tumor cell lines, HOXB13 participates in a number of biological functions, including coactivation and localization of the androgen receptor and FOXA1. However, no consensus role has emerged and many questions remain. All HOXB13 variants with a proposed role in PC risk are predicted to damage the protein and lie in domains that are highly conserved across species. The G84E variant has the strongest epidemiological support and lies in a highly conserved MEIS protein-binding domain, which binds cofactors required for activation. On the basis of epidemiological and biological data, the G84E variant likely modulates the interaction between the HOXB13 protein and the androgen receptor, as well as affecting FOXA1-mediated transcriptional programming. However, further studies of the mutated protein are required to clarify the mechanisms by which this translates into PC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Decker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Smith SC, Palanisamy N, Zuhlke KA, Johnson AM, Siddiqui J, Chinnaiyan AM, Kunju LP, Cooney KA, Tomlins SA. HOXB13 G84E-related familial prostate cancers: a clinical, histologic, and molecular survey. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:615-26. [PMID: 24722062 PMCID: PMC3988475 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent genetic epidemiologic studies identified a germline mutation in the homeobox transcription factor, HOXB13 G84E, which is associated with markedly increased risk for prostate cancer, particularly early-onset hereditary prostate cancer. The histomorphologic and molecular features of cancers arising in such carriers have not been studied. Here, we reviewed prostatectomy specimens from 23 HOXB13 G84E mutation carriers, mapping the total cancer burden by anatomically distinct cancer focus and evaluating morphologic features. We also assessed basic molecular subtypes for all cancer foci (ERG/SPINK1 status) by dual immunohistochemistry staining on full sections. The cohort showed a median age of 58 years, a median serum PSA level of 5.7 ng/mL, and a median of 6 cancer foci (range, 1 to 14) per case. Of evaluable cases, dominant foci were Gleason score 6 in 23%, 3+4=7 in 41%, 4+3=7 in 23%, and ≥8 in 14%; biochemical recurrence was observed in 1 case over a median of 36 months follow-up. Histologic review found a high prevalence of cases showing cancers with a spectrum of features previously described with pseudohyperplastic carcinomas, with 45% of cases showing a dominant focus with such features. Molecular subtyping revealed a strikingly low prevalence of ERG cancer with increased prevalence of SPINK1 cancer (dominant focus ERG 17%, SPINK1 26%, ERG/SPINK1 52%, single ERG/SPINK1 focus 4%). One ERG/SPINK1 dominant focus showed aberrant p63 immunophenotype. In summary, HOXB13 G84E variant-related prostate cancers show frequent pseudohyperplastic-type features and markedly low prevalence of ERG cancers relative to unselected cases and, especially, to early-onset cohorts. These findings suggest that novel molecular pathways may drive disease in HOXB13 G84E carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kimberly A. Zuhlke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna M. Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kathleen A. Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Scott A. Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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26
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Beebe-Dimmer JL, Isaacs WB, Zuhlke KA, Yee C, Walsh PC, Isaacs SD, Johnson AM, Ewing CE, Humphreys EB, Chowdhury WH, Montie JE, Cooney KA. Prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E prostate cancer risk allele in men treated with radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2014; 113:830-5. [PMID: 24148311 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of the G84E mutation in the homeobox transcription factor, or HOXB13, gene using DNA samples from 9559 men with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS DNA samples from men treated with radical prostatectomy at the University of Michigan and John Hopkins University were genotyped for G84E and this was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The frequency and distribution of this allele was determined according to specific patient characteristics (family history, age at diagnosis, pathological Gleason grade and stage). RESULTS Of 9559 patients, 128 (1.3%) were heterozygous carriers of G84E. Patients who possessed the variant were more likely to have a family history of prostate cancer than those who did not (46.0 vs 35.4%; P = 0.006). G84E carriers were also more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age than non-carriers (55.2 years vs 58.1 years; P < 0.001). No difference in the proportion of patients diagnosed with high grade or advanced stage tumours according to carrier status was observed. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, carriers of the rare G84E variant in HOXB13 were both younger at the time of diagnosis and more likely to have a family history of prostate cancer compared with homozygotes for the wild-type allele. No significant differences in allele frequency were detected according to selected clinical characteristics of prostate cancer. Further investigation is required to evaluate the role of HOXB13 in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Detroit, MI, USA
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27
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Mikropoulos C, Goh C, Leongamornlert D, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles R. Translating genetic risk factors for prostate cancer to the clinic: 2013 and beyond. Future Oncol 2014; 10:1679-94. [PMID: 25145435 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the male UK population, with over 40,000 new cases per year. PrCa has a complex, polygenic predisposition, due to rare variants such as BRCA and common variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). With the introduction of genome-wide association studies, 78 susceptibility loci (SNPs) associated with PrCa risk have been identified. Genetic profiling could risk-stratify a population, leading to the discovery of a higher proportion of clinically significant disease and a reduction in the morbidity related to age-based prostate-specific antigen screening. Based on the combined risk of the 78 SNPs identified so far, the top 1% of the risk distribution has a 4.7-times higher risk of developing PrCa compared with the average of the general population.
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28
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Abstract
The Hox genes are an evolutionarily conserved family of genes, which encode a class of important transcription factors that function in numerous developmental processes. Following their initial discovery, a substantial amount of information has been gained regarding the roles Hox genes play in various physiologic and pathologic processes. These processes range from a central role in anterior-posterior patterning of the developing embryo to roles in oncogenesis that are yet to be fully elucidated. In vertebrates there are a total of 39 Hox genes divided into 4 separate clusters. Of these, mutations in 10 Hox genes have been found to cause human disorders with significant variation in their inheritance patterns, penetrance, expressivity and mechanism of pathogenesis. This review aims to describe the various phenotypes caused by germline mutation in these 10 Hox genes that cause a human phenotype, with specific emphasis paid to the genotypic and phenotypic differences between allelic disorders. As clinical whole exome and genome sequencing is increasingly utilized in the future, we predict that additional Hox gene mutations will likely be identified to cause distinct human phenotypes. As the known human phenotypes closely resemble gene-specific murine models, we also review the homozygous loss-of-function mouse phenotypes for the 29 Hox genes without a known human disease. This review will aid clinicians in identifying and caring for patients affected with a known Hox gene disorder and help recognize the potential for novel mutations in patients with phenotypes informed by mouse knockout studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C Quinonez
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, D5240 MPB/Box 5718, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5718, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Innis
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, D5240 MPB/Box 5718, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5718, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Human Genetics, 1241 E. Catherine, 4909 Buhl Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
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29
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Southey MC. The Role of New Sequencing Technology in Identifying Rare Mutations in New Susceptibility Genes for Cancer. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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