1
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Neutrophils Actively Contribute to Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Pathological Complications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121883. [PMID: 35741012 PMCID: PMC9221045 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an increase in body weight associated with an exaggerated enlargement of the adipose tissue. Obesity has serious negative effects because it is associated with multiple pathological complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and COVID-19. Nowadays, 39% of the world population is obese or overweight, making obesity the 21st century epidemic. Obesity is also characterized by a mild, chronic, systemic inflammation. Accumulation of fat in adipose tissue causes stress and malfunction of adipocytes, which then initiate inflammation. Next, adipose tissue is infiltrated by cells of the innate immune system. Recently, it has become evident that neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in blood, are the first immune cells infiltrating the adipose tissue. Neutrophils then get activated and release inflammatory factors that recruit macrophages and other immune cells. These immune cells, in turn, perpetuate the inflammation state by producing cytokines and chemokines that can reach other parts of the body, creating a systemic inflammatory condition. In this review, we described the recent findings on the role of neutrophils during obesity and the initiation of inflammation. In addition, we discuss the involvement of neutrophils in the generation of obesity-related complications using diabetes as a prime example.
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2
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Hwang J, Yoo JA, Yoon H, Han T, Yoon J, An S, Cho JY, Lee J. The Role of Leptin in the Association between Obesity and Psoriasis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:11-21. [PMID: 32690821 PMCID: PMC7771847 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines which contribute to various metabolic processes, such as blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, inflammation and angiogenesis. The biology of adipose tissue in an obese individual is abnormally altered in a manner that increases the body’s vulnerability to immune diseases, such as psoriasis. Psoriasis is considered a chronic inflammatory skin disease which is closely associated with being overweight and obese. Additionally, secretion of leptin, a type of adipokine, increases dependently on adipose cell size and adipose accumulation. Likewise, high leptin levels also aggravate obesity via development of leptin resistance, suggesting that leptin and obesity are closely related. Leptin induction in psoriatic patients is mainly driven by the interleukin (IL)-23/helper T (Th) 17 axis pathway. Furthermore, leptin can have an effect on various types of immune cells such as T cells and dendritic cells. Here, we discuss the relationship between obesity and leptin expression as well as the linkage between effect of leptin on immune cells and psoriasis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ah Yoo
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology & Biocosmetics Research Center, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungkee Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Han
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongchan Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoljun An
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology & Biocosmetics Research Center, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Wang F, Zuo Z, Yang Z, Chen K, Fang J, Cui H, Shu G, Zhou Y, Geng Y, Ouyang P. Delayed Pulmonary Apoptosis of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice following Escherichia coli Infection through the Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1968539. [PMID: 31772700 PMCID: PMC6854188 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1968539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of pathogens causing nosocomial pneumonia and could induce pulmonary excessive apoptosis. Although much has been learned about metabolic diseases induced by obesity, the information linking bacterial pneumonia to obesity is limited. Accordingly, we investigated the apoptosis of normal (lean) and diet-induced obesity (DIO, fed a high-fat diet) mice after nasal instillation with E. coli. Lung tissues were obtained at 0 (preinfection), 12, 24, and 72 h after infection, and acute pulmonary inflammation was observed at 12 h. Elevated cell apoptosis and percentage of pulmonary cells depolarized with collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) occurred in response to bacterial infection. The relative mRNA and protein expressions of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 increased, but Bcl-2 decreased in the lung. Interestingly, the apoptotic percentage and most of apoptosis-associated factors mentioned above peaked at 12 or 24 h in the lean-E. coli group, while at 24 or 72 h in the DIO-E. coli group. Taken together, these findings indicated that the E. coli pneumonia caused excessive pulmonary apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated pathway, and the apoptosis was delayed in the DIO mice with E. coli pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Yang
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Kejie Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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4
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Pseudoginsenoside-F11 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing Neutrophil Infiltration and Accelerating Neutrophil Clearance. Inflammation 2019; 42:1857-1868. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Obesity, Fat Mass and Immune System: Role for Leptin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:640. [PMID: 29910742 PMCID: PMC5992476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation associated with a dysfunctional fat mass. Adipose tissue is now considered an extremely active endocrine organ that secretes cytokine-like hormones, called adipokines, either pro- or anti-inflammatory factors bridging metabolism to the immune system. Leptin is historically one of most relevant adipokines, with important physiological roles in the central control of energy metabolism and in the regulation of metabolism-immune system interplay, being a cornerstone of the emerging field of immunometabolism. Indeed, leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system and leptin has been shown to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the latest data regarding the role of leptin as a mediator of immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders and autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victor Campos-Cabaleiro
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- Servizo Galego de Saude, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Piekarski A, Nagarajan G, Ishola P, Flees J, Greene ES, Kuenzel WJ, Ohkubo T, Maier H, Bottje WG, Cline MA, Dridi S. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates the Effect of Leptin on Avian Autophagy in a Tissue-Specific Manner. Front Physiol 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 29867578 PMCID: PMC5963154 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular self-digestion process, plays an integral role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Although emerging evidence indicate that the endocrine system regulates autophagy in mammals, there is still a scarcity of information on autophagy in avian (non-mammalian) species. Here, we show that intracerebroventricular administration of leptin reduces feed intake, modulates the expression of feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides, activates leptin receptor and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Ob-Rb/STAT) pathway, and significantly increases the expression of autophagy-related proteins (Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, beclin1, and LC3B) in chicken hypothalamus, liver, and muscle. Similarly, leptin treatment activates Ob-Rb/STAT pathway and increased the expression of autophagy-related markers in chicken hypothalamic organotypic cultures, muscle (QM7) and hepatocyte (Sim-CEL) cell cultures as well as in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells-overexpressing chicken Ob-Rb and STAT3. To define the downstream mediator(s) of leptin's effects on autophagy, we determined the role of the master energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Leptin treatment significantly increased the phosphorylated levels of AMPKα1/2 at Thr172 site in chicken hypothalamus and liver, but not in muscle. Likewise, AMPKα1/2 was activated by leptin in chicken hypothalamic organotypic culture and Sim-CEL, but not in QM7 cells. Blocking AMPK activity by compound C reverses the autophagy-inducing effect of leptin. Together, these findings indicate that AMPK mediates the effect of leptin on chicken autophagy in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Piekarski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Gurueswar Nagarajan
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Peter Ishola
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Joshua Flees
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Wayne J. Kuenzel
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Takeshi Ohkubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Helena Maier
- Nidovirus-Cell Interactions Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Walter G. Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Mark A. Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Involvement of the PI3K/Akt/NF- κB Signaling Pathway in the Attenuation of Severe Acute Pancreatitis-Associated Acute Lung Injury by Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Extract. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9698410. [PMID: 29359164 PMCID: PMC5735615 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9698410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sedum sarmentosum Bunge possesses excellent anti-inflammatory properties and was used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge extract (SSBE) on severe acute pancreatitis-associated (SAP-associated) acute lung injury (ALI) in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Here, we used a sodium taurocholate-induced SAP rat model to determine the role of SSBE in ALI. During the course of pancreatitis, the expressions of phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in the lungs were upregulated. Meanwhile, a parallel increase in the levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the lungs was observed after the induction of SAP. Treatment with SSBE significantly reduced the expression of p-Akt and p-p65 in the lungs and attenuated the severity of SAP-associated ALI compared to the SAP group at 12 h and 24 h. In summary, this study showed that SSBE has beneficial effects on SAP-associated ALI, probably through the PI3-K/Akt signaling pathways by suppressing the NF-κB activities.
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8
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Kim IS, Lee JS. S100A8 and S100A9 Secreted by Allergens in Monocytes Inhibit Spontaneous Apoptosis of Normal and Asthmatic Neutrophils via the Lyn/Akt/ERK Pathway. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- In Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon , Korea
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
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9
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Abella V, Scotece M, Conde J, Pino J, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez-Reino JJ, Mera A, Lago F, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:100-109. [PMID: 28053336 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is one of the most relevant factors secreted by adipose tissue and the forerunner of a class of molecules collectively called adipokines. Initially discovered in 1994, its crucial role as a central regulator in energy homeostasis has been largely described during the past 20 years. Once secreted into the circulation, leptin reaches the central and peripheral nervous systems and acts by binding and activating the long form of leptin receptor (LEPR), regulating appetite and food intake, bone mass, basal metabolism, reproductive function and insulin secretion, among other processes. Research on the regulation of different adipose tissues has provided important insights into the intricate network that links nutrition, metabolism and immune homeostasis. The neuroendocrine and immune systems communicate bi-directionally through common ligands and receptors during stress responses and inflammation, and control cellular immune responses in several pathological situations including immune-inflammatory rheumatic diseases. This Review discusses the latest findings regarding the role of leptin in the immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effect on autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Javier Conde
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Av. Valdecilla, Santander 39008, Spain
| | - Juan J Gómez-Reino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Department of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, CIBERCV (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares), Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana S/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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10
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Abstract
Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue and acts in brain centers to control critical physiological functions. Leptin receptors are especially abundant in the hypothalamus and trigger specific neuronal subpopulations, and activate several intracellular signaling events, including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and mTOR pathway. Although most studies focus on its role in energy intake and expenditure, leptin also plays a critical role in many central nervous system diseases.
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11
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Mo Y, Tang L, Ma Y, Wu S. Pramipexole pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through upregulation of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1119-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Pothen JJ, Poynter ME, Lundblad LKA, Bates JHT. Dissecting the inflammatory twitch in allergically inflamed mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1003-9. [PMID: 26944087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00036.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously advanced the hypothesis that the allergic inflammatory response in the lungs occurs as a self-limited sequence of events that begins with the onset of inflammation and then resolves back to baseline over a predetermined time course (Pothen JJ, Poynter ME, Bates JH. J Immunol 190: 3510-3516, 2013). In the present study we tested a key prediction of this hypothesis, which is that the instigation of the allergic inflammatory response should be accompanied by a later refractory period during which the response cannot be reinitiated. We challenged groups of ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice for 3, 14, 21 and 31 consecutive days with aerosolized ovalbumin. We measured airways responsiveness as well as cell counts and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after the final challenge in subgroups from each group. In other subgroups we performed the same measurements following rest periods and after a final single recall challenge with antigen. We determined that the refractory periods for GM-CSF, KC, and IL-5 are no longer than 10 days, while those for IFNγ and IL-10 are no longer than 28 days. The refractory periods for total leukocytes and neutrophils were no greater than 28 days, while that for eosinophils was more than 28 days. The refractory period for airways resistance was less than 17, while for lung elastance it was longer than 28 days. Our results thus demonstrate that the components of the allergic inflammatory response in the lung have finite refractory periods, with the refractory period of the entire response being in the order of a month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Pothen
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Lennart K A Lundblad
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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13
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Jin Y, Bai Y, Li Q, Bhugul PA, Huang X, Liu L, Pan L, Ni H, Chen B, Sun H, Zhang Q, Hehir M, Zhou M. Reduced Pancreatic Exocrine Function and Organellar Disarray in a Canine Model of Acute Pancreatitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148458. [PMID: 26895040 PMCID: PMC4760769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the pancreatic exocrine function in a canine model and to analyze the changes in organelles of pancreatic acinar cells during the early stage of acute pancreatitis (AP). AP was induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate (0.5 ml/kg) into the main pancreatic duct of dogs. The induction of AP resulted in serum hyperamylasemia and a marked reduction of amylase activity in the pancreatic fluid (PF). The pancreatic exocrine function was markedly decreased in subjects with AP compared with the control group. After the induction of AP, histological examination showed acinar cell edema, cytoplasmic vacuolization, fibroblasts infiltration, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the interstitium. Electron micrographs after the induction of AP revealed that most of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) were dilated and that some of the ribosomes were no longer located on the RER. The mitochondria were swollen, with shortened and broken cristae. The present study demonstrated, in a canine model, a reduced volume of PF secretion with decreased enzyme secretion during the early stage of AP. Injury of mitochondria and dilatation and degranulation of RER may be responsible for the reduced exocrine function in AP. Furthermore, the present model and results may be useful for researching novel therapeutic measures in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Jin
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongyu Bai
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | - Xince Huang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lewei Liu
- YueQing Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, YueQing People’s Hospital, Yueqing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liangliang Pan
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haizhen Ni
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bicheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Michael Hehir
- Ningbo University Medical School, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengtao Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Suzukawa M, Koketsu R, Baba S, Igarashi S, Nagase H, Yamaguchi M, Matsutani N, Kawamura M, Shoji S, Hebisawa A, Ohta K. Leptin enhances ICAM-1 expression, induces migration and cytokine synthesis, and prolongs survival of human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L801-11. [PMID: 26276826 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00365.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is rising interest in how obesity affects respiratory diseases, since epidemiological findings indicate a strong relationship between the two conditions. Leptin is a potent adipokine produced mainly by adipocytes. It regulates energy storage and expenditure and also induces inflammation. Previous studies have shown that leptin is able to activate inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and granulocytes, but little is known about its effect on lung structural cells. The present study investigated the effects of leptin on human airway epithelial cells by using human primary airway epithelial cells and a human airway epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. Flow cytometry showed enhanced ICAM-1 expression by both of those cells in response to leptin, and that effect was abrogated by dexamethasone or NF-κB inhibitor. Flow cytometry and quantitative PCR showed that airway epithelial cells expressed leptin receptor (Ob-R), whose expression level was downregulated by leptin itself. Multiplex cytokine analysis demonstrated enhanced production of CCL11, G-CSF, VEGF, and IL-6 by BEAS-2B cells stimulated with leptin. Furthermore, transfection of Ob-R small interference RNA decreased the effect of leptin on CCL11 production as assessed by quantitative PCR. Finally, leptin induced migration of primary airway epithelial cells toward leptin, suppressed BEAS-2B apoptosis induced with TNF-α and IFN-γ, and enhanced proliferation of primary airway epithelial cells. In summary, leptin was able to directly activate human airway epithelial cells by binding to Ob-R and by NF-κB activation, resulting in upregulation of ICAM-1 expression, induction of CCL11, VEGF, G-CSF, and IL-6 synthesis, induction of migration, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhancement of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Suzukawa
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan;
| | | | - Shintaro Baba
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Igarashi
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Masao Yamaguchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Noriyuki Matsutani
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kawamura
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shoji
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Hebisawa
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ohta
- National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Martín-González J, Carmona-Fernández A, Pérez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Sánchez-Margalet V, Segura-Egea JJ. Expression and immunohistochemical localization of leptin in human periapical granulomas. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20:e334-9. [PMID: 25662559 PMCID: PMC4464921 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, initially described as an adipocyte-derived hormone to regulate weight control, is expressed in normal and inflamed human dental pulp, being up-regulated during pulp experimental inflammation. Leptin receptor (LER) has been identified in human periapical granulomas. The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize the expression of leptin in human periapical granulomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen periapical inflammatory lesions were obtained from extracted human teeth and teeth which underwent periapical surgery. After their morphological categorization as periapical granulomas and gradation of the inflammatory infiltrate, they were examined by immunohistochemistry using human leptin policlonal antibodies. Leptin mRNA expression was also determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and the amount of leptin protein was analyzed by immunoblot. RESULTS All periapical lesions exhibited the characteristic of chronic granulomatous inflammatory process with inflammatory infiltrate grade III. Leptin+ cells were detected in 13 periapical granulomas (86.6%). The median number of Leptin+ cells in periapical granulomas was 1.70 (0.00-7.4). Amongst the inflammatory cells in the periapical granulomas, only macrophages were reactive to leptin antibodies. Western blot analysis revealed the presence in all samples of a protein with apparent molecular weight of approximately 16 kDa, corresponding to the estimated molecular weights of leptin. The expression of leptin mRNA was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis and the size of the amplified fragment (296 bp for leptin and 194 bp for cyclophilin) was assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, it has been demonstrated that human periapical granuloma expresses the adipokine leptin.
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16
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Pothen JJ, Poynter ME, Bates JHT. A computational model of unresolved allergic inflammation in chronic asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L384-90. [PMID: 25526738 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed an agent-based computational model to demonstrate the feasibility of a novel hypothesis we term the inflammatory twitch. This hypothesis potentially explains the dynamics of the normal response to allergic inflammation in the lung (Pothen JJ, Poynter ME, Bates JH. J Immunol 190: 3510-3516, 2013) on the basis that antigenic stimulation sets in motion both the onset of inflammation and its subsequent resolution. The result is a self-limited inflammatory event that is similar in a formal sense to a skeletal muscle twitch. We hypothesize here that the chronic airway inflammation characteristic of asthma may represent the failure of the inflammatory twitch to resolve back to baseline. Our model provides a platform with which to perform virtual experiments aimed at investigating possible mechanisms leading to accentuation and/or prolongation of the inflammatory twitch. We used our model to determine how the inflammatory twitch is modified by knocking out certain cell types, interfering with cell activity, and altering cell lifetimes. Increasing the duration of activation of proinflammatory cells (considered to be chiefly neutrophils and eosinophils) markedly accentuated and prolonged the inflammatory twitch. This aberrant twitch behavior was largely abrogated by knocking out T-helper cells (simulating the effect of corticosteroids). The aberrant inflammatory twitch was also normalized by reducing the lifetime of the proinflammatory cells, suggesting that increasing apoptosis of these cells may be a therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Pothen
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jason H T Bates
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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17
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Conde J, Scotece M, Abella V, López V, Pino J, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. An update on leptin as immunomodulator. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1165-70. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.942289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Coactivation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in PCB153-induced NF-κB activation and caspase inhibition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Uddin S, Hussain AR, Khan OS, Al-Kuraya KS. Role of dysregulated expression of leptin and leptin receptors in colorectal carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:871-9. [PMID: 24014051 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a multifunctional adipose-derived cytokine that plays a critical role in bodyweight homeostasis and energy balance. Plasma level of leptin is an indicator of the amount of energy stored in adipose tissues. Recently, leptin and leptin receptor dysregulation have been reported in a variety of malignant cells including colorectal cancers (CRCs). There are growing evidence that leptin may be the link between obesity and CRC carcinogenesis. Leptin influence the growth and proliferation of cancer cells via activation of various growth and survival signaling pathways including JAK/STAT, PI3-kinase/AKT, and/or MAP kinases. In this review, current understanding of leptin and its receptor's roles in the pathogenesis of colonogenic cancer has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Uddin
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia,
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