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Serafin B, Kamen A, de Crescenzo G, Henry O. Antibody-independent surface plasmon resonance assays for influenza vaccine quality control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:307. [PMID: 38656587 PMCID: PMC11043112 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors have emerged as a powerful platform for bioprocess monitoring due to their ability to detect biointeractions in real time, without the need for labeling. Paramount for the development of a robust detection platform is the immobilization of a ligand with high specificity and affinity for the in-solution species of interest. Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, much effort has been made toward the development of quality control platforms for influenza A vaccine productions, many of which have employed SPR for detection. Due to the rapid antigenic drift of influenza's principal surface protein, hemagglutinin, antibodies used for immunoassays need to be produced seasonally. The production of these antibodies represents a 6-8-week delay in immunoassay and, thus, vaccine availability. This review focuses on SPR-based assays that do not rely on anti-HA antibodies for the detection, characterization, and quantification of influenza A in bioproductions and biological samples. KEY POINTS: • The single radial immunodiffusion assay (SRID) has been the gold standard for the quantification of influenza vaccines since 1979. Due to antigenic drift of influenza's hemagglutinin protein, new antibody reagents for the SRID assay must be produced each year, requiring 6-8 weeks. The resulting delay in immunoassay availability is a major bottleneck in the influenza vaccine pipeline. This review highlights ligand options for the detection and quantification of influenza viruses using surface plasmon resonance biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Serafin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory de Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Narayan K, Paduraru C, Blake T, Arunachalam AB. Rapid determination of influenza vaccine potency by an SPR-based method using subtype or lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128683. [PMID: 37457687 PMCID: PMC10344355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Potency testing and release of annual influenza vaccines require preparation, calibration, and distribution of reference antigens (RAs) and antisera every year, which takes an average of 8 to 12 weeks, and can be a major limiting factor in pandemic situations. Here we describe for the first time a robust Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based method that employs influenza subtype or lineage hemagglutinin (HA) specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to measure the HA concentration in influenza multivalent vaccines. Implementing such an advanced test method will at the very least eliminate the rate-limiting and laborious efforts of making antisera reagents annually, and thus expedite the influenza vaccine delivery to the public by at least 6 weeks. Results demonstrate that the SPR-based method, developed using Biacore, is robust and not influenced by the type of RAs (inactivated whole virus, split, or subunit vaccine-derived materials), whether they are used as monovalent or multivalent preparations. HA concentrations obtained for monovalent drug substances (DS) or quadrivalent drug products (DP) of inactivated influenza split vaccine showed a tight correlation (the best fit value for the slope is 1.001 with R2 of 0.9815 and P-value <0.0001) with the corresponding values obtained by the current potency assay, Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID). Supplementary analysis of the results by the Bland-Altman plot demonstrated good agreement between the SPR and SRID methods, with no consistent bias of the SPR versus SRID method. We further demonstrate that the SPR-based method can be used to estimate HA concentrations in intermediates of the influenza vaccine manufacturing process containing varying matrices and impurity levels. Further, the results demonstrate that the method is sensitive to detecting degradation of HA caused by elevated temperature, low pH, and freezing. It is evident from this report and other published work that the advancement of analytical techniques and the early findings are encouraging for the implementation of alternate potency assays with far-reaching benefits covering both seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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3
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Carnell GW, Trombetta CM, Ferrara F, Montomoli E, Temperton NJ. Correlation of Influenza B Haemagglutination Inhibiton, Single-Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-Based Microneutralisation Assays for Immunogenicity Testing of Seasonal Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:100. [PMID: 33525543 PMCID: PMC7911544 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B is responsible for a significant proportion of the global morbidity, mortality and economic loss caused by influenza-related disease. Two antigenically distinct lineages co-circulate worldwide, often resulting in mismatches in vaccine coverage when vaccine predictions fail. There are currently operational issues with gold standard serological assays for influenza B, such as lack of sensitivity and requirement for specific antigen treatment. This study encompasses the gold standard assays with the more recent Pseudotype-based Microneutralisation assay in order to study comparative serological outcomes. Haemagglutination Inhibition, Single Radial Haemolysis and Pseudotype-based Microneutralisation correlated strongly for strains in the Yamagata lineage; however, it correlated with neither gold standard assays for the Victoria lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (G.W.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.M.T.); or (E.M.)
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (G.W.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (C.M.T.); or (E.M.)
- VisMederi srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nigel J. Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (G.W.C.); (F.F.)
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4
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Lemieux M, Lorbetskie B, Luebbert C, Walrond L, Li C, Li X, Cyr T, Sauvé S, Johnston M, Farnsworth A. The differential effect of sub-micron level HA aggregates on influenza potency assays. Vaccine 2019; 37:5276-5287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Lorbetskie B, Cunningham AM, Lemieux M, Durno L, Farnsworth A, Wang J, Li C, Li X, Gilbert M, Sauvé S, Girard M. Selective Capture and Determination of Receptor-Binding Hemagglutinin in Influenza Vaccine Preparations Using a Coupled Receptor-Binding/RP-HPLC Assay. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8908-8917. [PMID: 31251585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccine potency is determined by the quantification of immunologically active hemagglutinin capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies upon immunization. Currently, the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) method is the standard in vitro potency assay used for lot release of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines. Despite the proven usage of SRID, significant limitations such as the time-consuming preparation of reagents and limited dynamic range warrant the need for the development of alternative potency assays. Such alternative approaches need to discriminate and quantify relevant hemagglutinin material, provide strain identity, and be independent of strain-specific and seasonal reagents. Herein, we present a proof of concept method that combines the capture of conformationally well-folded hemagglutinin via a sialic acid binding step with the resolving power of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for strain identity and determination. Details of the protocol for the selective capture of receptor-binding hemagglutinin, its release from the receptor, and its relative determination are presented. This approach was found to provide flexibility for the reagents to be used and was adaptable to varying strain compositions of influenza vaccines. This proof of concept approach was developed as an antibody-independent methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Lorbetskie
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Cunningham
- National Research Council Canada , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Michèle Lemieux
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Laura Durno
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , National Institute for Food and Drug Control of China , No.2 Tiantan Xili , Beijing 10050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals , National Institute for Food and Drug Control of China , No.2 Tiantan Xili , Beijing 10050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1H 8M5 , Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada , Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Simon Sauvé
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Michel Girard
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate , Health Canada , 251 Sir Frederick Banting , Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
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6
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Engelhardt OG, Edge C, Dunleavy U, Guilfoyle K, Harvey R, Major D, Newman R, Penn R, Skeldon S, Storey C, Wheeler J, Wood J, Minor P. Comparison of single radial immunodiffusion, SDS-PAGE and HPLC potency assays for inactivated influenza vaccines shows differences in ability to predict immunogenicity of haemagglutinin antigen. Vaccine 2018; 36:4339-4345. [PMID: 29895503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current gold-standard potency test for inactivated influenza vaccines is the single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) assay. A number of alternative potency tests for inactivated influenza vaccines have been proposed in recent years. Evaluation of these new potency tests commonly involves comparison with SRD, in order to ascertain that the new method obtains values that correlate with those measured by the standard potency test. Here, we extended comparison of two methods, reverse-phase HPLC and SDS-PAGE, with SRD by assessing the methods' capacity to detect loss of potency induced by various deliberate treatments of vaccine samples. We demonstrate that neither of these methods detected the loss of potency observed by SRD; importantly, neither SDS-PAGE nor reverse-phase HPLC reflected results from mouse experiments that showed decreased immunogenicity and protection in vivo. These results emphasise the importance of assessing the stability-indicating nature, ie the ability to measure loss of vaccine potency, of any potential new potency assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Chantal Edge
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Una Dunleavy
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Kate Guilfoyle
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Diane Major
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Robert Newman
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Rebecca Penn
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sarah Skeldon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Claire Storey
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jun Wheeler
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - John Wood
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Philip Minor
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
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8
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Wood JM, Weir JP. Standardisation of inactivated influenza vaccines-Learning from history. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:195-201. [PMID: 29356318 PMCID: PMC5820418 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The single radial immunodiffusion assay has been the accepted method for determining the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines since 1978. The worldwide adoption of this assay for vaccine standardisation was facilitated through collaborative studies that demonstrated a high level of reproducibility and its applicability to the different types of influenza vaccine being produced at that time. Clinical evidence indicated the relevance of SRID as a potency assay. Unique features of the SRID assay are likely responsible for its longevity even as newer technologies for vaccine characterisation have been developed and refined. Nevertheless, there are significant limitations to the SRID assay that indicate the need for improvement, and there has been a substantial amount of work undertaken in recent years to develop and evaluate alternative potency assays, including collaborative studies involving research laboratories, regulatory agencies and vaccine manufacturers. Here, we provide an overview of the history of inactivated influenza vaccine potency testing, the current state of alternative assay development and the some of the major challenges to be overcome before implementation of new assays for potency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Wood
- Formerly National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Bushey, Herts, UK
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluations and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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9
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Buffin S, Ikhelef N, Prudent J, Dubayle J, Nougarede N, Varenne MP, Moste C, Legastelois I. A latex agglutination assay to quantify the amount of hemagglutinin protein in adjuvanted low-dose influenza monovalent vaccines. J Virol Methods 2018; 251:46-53. [PMID: 29030070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To formulate inactivated influenza vaccines, the concentration of hemagglutinin (HA) must be accurately determined. The standard test currently used to measure HA in influenza vaccines is the Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. We developed a very rapid, simple and sensitive alternative quantitative HA assay, namely the Latex Agglutination Assay (LAA). The LAA uses the Spherotest® technology, which is based on the agglutination of HA-specific immunoglobulin-coated latex beads. The amount of HA in a sample is calculated from the level of bead agglutination by a simple absorbance measurement at 405nm against a standard curve generated using a monovalent vaccine standard. In less than 2hours, tens of samples could be quantified using the LAA as opposed to 2days for the SRID assay. Ten steps are required to complete an SRID assay as compared to 6 steps for the LAA, from sample preparation through spectrophotometric analysis. Furthermore, the limit of detection of the LAA was found to be approximately 15ng HA/mL, similar to an ELISA, with the quantification of less than 1.8μg HA/mL. The quantification limit of the SRID is usually considered to be approximately 5μg HA/mL. The development of the assay and a comparison of the titers obtained by SRID and LAA for several monovalent vaccines corresponding to various strains were performed. For A/H5N1 and A/H1N1 monovalent vaccines, the LAA was found to be linear and accurate as compared to the SRID. The precision of the LAA was close to that of the standard test, and good reproducibility from one laboratory to another was observed. Moreover, the LAA enabled HA quantification in AlOOH-adjuvanted and in emulsion-adjuvanted low-dose vaccines as well as unadjuvanted vaccines. In conclusion, LAA may be useful to rapidly and accurately measure influenza HA protein in monovalent vaccines, especially in those containing less than 5μg/mL of HA in the presence of an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buffin
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | | | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseline Dubayle
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Moste
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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10
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Vasudevan A, Woerner A, Schmeisser F, Verma S, Williams O, Weir JP. Potency determination of inactivated H7 influenza vaccines using monoclonal antibody-based ELISA and biolayer interferometry assays. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 12:250-258. [PMID: 29152878 PMCID: PMC5820428 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay, the accepted method for determining potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, measures an immunogenic form of the influenza hemagglutinin. Nevertheless, alternative methods for measuring vaccine potency have been explored to address some of the weaknesses of the SRID assay, including limited sensitivity and the requirement for large amounts of standardized reagents. Monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐based potency assays also have the ability to detect and measure relevant immunogenic forms of HA. Objectives The objective of this study was to continue evaluation of mAb‐based alternative methods for measuring the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines, focusing on A(H7N9) pandemic influenza vaccines. Methods Several murine mAbs that recognize different epitopes on the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) were identified and characterized. These mAbs were evaluated in both a mAb‐capture ELISA and a mAb‐based biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay. Results Results indicated that potency of inactivated A(H7N9) vaccines, including vaccine samples that were stressed by heat treatment, measured by either alternative method correlated well with potency determined by the traditional SRID potency assay. Conclusions The availability of multiple H7 mAbs, directed to different HA epitopes, provides needed redundancy in the potency analysis as A(H7N9) viruses continue to evolve antigenically and suggests the importance of having a broad, well‐characterized panel of mAbs available for development of vaccines against influenza strains with pandemic potential. In addition, the results highlight the potential of mAb‐based platform such as ELISA and BLI for development as alternative methods for determining the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Vasudevan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amy Woerner
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Swati Verma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ollie Williams
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jerry P Weir
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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11
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Carvalho SB, Moleirinho MG, Wheatley D, Welsh J, Gantier R, Alves PM, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT. Universal label-free in-process quantification of influenza virus-like particles. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28514082 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are becoming established as vaccines, in particular for influenza pandemics, increasing the interest in the development of VLPs manufacturing bioprocess. However, for complex VLPs, the analytical tools used for quantification are not yet able to keep up with the bioprocess progress. Currently, quantification for Influenza relies on traditional methods: hemagglutination assay or Single Radial Immunodiffusion. These analytical technologies are time-consuming, cumbersome, and not supportive of efficient downstream process development and monitoring. Hereby we report a label-free tool that uses Biolayer interferometry (BLI) technology applied on an Octet platform to quantify Influenza VLPs at all stages of bioprocess. Human (α2,6-linked sialic acid) and avian (α2,3-linked sialic acid) biotinylated receptors associated with streptavidin biosensors were used, to quantify hemagglutinin content in several mono- and multivalent Influenza VLPs. The applied method was able to quantify hemagglutinin from crude samples up to final bioprocessing VLP product. BLI technology confirmed its value as a high throughput analytical tool with high sensitivity and improved detection limits compared to traditional methods. This simple and fast method allowed for real-time results, which are crucial for in-line monitoring of downstream processing, improving process development, control and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Carvalho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mafalda G Moleirinho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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12
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Verma S, Soto J, Vasudevan A, Schmeisser F, Alvarado-Facundo E, Wang W, Weiss CD, Weir JP. Determination of influenza B identity and potency in quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines using lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175733. [PMID: 28423025 PMCID: PMC5396888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-circulation of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B virus, represented by prototype viruses B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988, has led to the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines that contain two influenza B antigens. The inclusion of two influenza B antigens presents challenges for the production and regulation of inactivated quadrivalent vaccines, including the potential for cross-reactivity of the reagents used in identity and potency assays because of the relative close relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) from the two virus lineages. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the two lineages of influenza B HA were generated and characterized and used to set-up simple identity tests that distinguish the influenza B antigens in inactivated trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines. The lineage-specific mAbs bound well to the HA of influenza B strains included in influenza vaccines over a period of more than 10 years, suggesting that identity tests using such lineage-specific mAbs would not necessarily have to be updated with every influenza B vaccine strain change. These lineage-specific mAbs were also used in an antibody capture ELISA format to quantify HA in vaccine samples, including monovalent, trivalent, and quadrivalent vaccine samples from various manufacturers. The results demonstrated correlation with HA values determined by the traditional single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. Further, the antibody-capture ELISA was able to distinguish heat-stressed vaccine from unstressed vaccine, and was similar to the SRID in quantifying the resultant loss of potency. These mAb reagents should be useful for further development of antibody-based alternative influenza B identity and potency assays.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chickens
- Dogs
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodiffusion/methods
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Influenza B virus/immunology
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/analysis
- Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Protein Binding
- Vaccines, Inactivated
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Zygote/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jackeline Soto
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Anupama Vasudevan
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Falko Schmeisser
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Esmeralda Alvarado-Facundo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerry P. Weir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kuck LR, Saye S, Loob S, Roth-Eichhorn S, Byrne-Nash R, Rowlen KL. VaxArray assessment of influenza split vaccine potency and stability. Vaccine 2017; 35:1918-1925. [PMID: 28262335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine manufacturers require more rapid and accurate tools to characterize the potency and stability of their products. Currently, the gold standard for influenza vaccine potency is the single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) assay, which has inherent disadvantages. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the ability of the VaxArray Influenza (VXI) seasonal hemagglutinin (sHA) potency assay to accurately quantify potency and stability in finished vaccines as well as to quantify hemagglutinin protein (HA) within crude in-process samples. Monobulk intermediates and mono- and multivalent vaccines were tested using VXI. Quantification of HA in crude samples was evaluated by spiking known concentrations of HA into allantoic fluid. VXI generated SRD equivalent potency measurements with high accuracy (within ±10%) and precision (CV 10±4%) for antigen components of monobulk intermediates and multivalent split vaccines. For these vaccines and vaccine intermediates, the VXI linear dynamic range was ∼0.01-0.6μg/mL, which is 12× greater than the linear range of SRD. The measured sample limit of detection (LOD) for VXI varied from 0.005 to 0.01μg/mL for the different subtypes, which in general is ≥600× lower than the LOD for SRD. VXI was able to quantify HA in crude samples where HA only accounts for 0.02% of the total protein content. Stability indication was investigated by tracking measured potency as a function of time at elevated temperature by both SRD and VXI. After 20 h at 56°C, the ratio of VXI to SRD measured potency in a quadrivalent vaccine was 76%, 125%, 60%, and 98% for H1/California, H3/Switzerland, B/Phuket and B/Brisbane, respectively. Based on the study results, it is concluded that VXI is a rapid, multiplexed immunoassay that can be used to accurately determine flu vaccine potency and stability in finished product and in crude samples from upstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Kuck
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
| | - Stephen Saye
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Sam Loob
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Sylke Roth-Eichhorn
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, NL der SB Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Zirkusstraße 40, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rose Byrne-Nash
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Kathy L Rowlen
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
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14
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Li C, Xu K, Hashem A, Shao M, Liu S, Zou Y, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Xu M, Li X, Wang J. Collaborative studies on the development of national reference standards for potency determination of H7N9 influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1351-6. [PMID: 25970793 PMCID: PMC4514420 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1032490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of human infections of a novel avian influenza virus A (H7N9) prompted the development of the vaccines against this virus. Like all types of influenza vaccines, H7N9 vaccine must be tested for its potency prior to being used in humans. However, the unavailability of international reference reagents for the potency determination of H7N9 vaccines substantially hinders the progress in vaccine development. To facilitate clinical development, we enlisted 5 participants in a collaborative study to develop critical reagents used in Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID), the currently acceptable assay for potency determination of influenza vaccine. Specifically, the hemagglutinin (HA) content of one vaccine bulk for influenza A (H7N9), herein designated as Primary Liquid Standard (PLS), was determined by SDS-PAGE. In addition, the freeze-dried antigen references derived from PLS were prepared to enhance the stability for long term storage. The final HA content of lyophilized antigen references were calibrated against PLS by SRID assay in a collaborative study. Importantly, application of these national reference standards to potency analyses greatly facilitated the development of H7N9 vaccines in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgui Li
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No.2 ; TiantanXili ; Beijing , PR China
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15
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Critical review of current and emerging quantification methods for the development of influenza vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2015; 33:5913-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Jiang L, Eichelberger MC. Evaluation of Epic® label-free technology to quantify functional recombinant hemagglutinin. Biol Proced Online 2015; 17:7. [PMID: 25774096 PMCID: PMC4359790 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-015-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative methods are being sought to measure the potency of influenza vaccines. Label-free technologies that do not require the use of hemagglutinin (HA)-specific antisera are particularly attractive as the preparation of antiserum delays availability of potency reagents. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the use of a Corning Epic® label-free method to quantify functional influenza hemagglutinin in rHA preparations. The method was optimized to quantify recombinant HA (rHA) of B/Brisbane/60/2008 (B/BR/08). Fetuin was immobilized onto plates and the change in wavelength of refracted light measured using an Enspire (Perkin Elmer) instrument. Results The change in wavelength measured in response to addition of rHA of B/BR/08 was proportional to its concentration and was optimal in the presence of native rHA conformations. However, the assay was strain-dependent and did not correlate with HAU measured using turkey red blood cells. Conclusions The Corning Epic® label-free method is suitable for quantifying the native forms of rHA for B/BR/08 and A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) and A/Hangxhou/3/2013 (H7N9). This method is a useful tool for research purposes but further investigation is needed to identify suitable glycoproteins to use as ligands that allow quantification of HAs from a broader range of virus strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12575-015-0019-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Jiang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
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17
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Minor PD. Assaying the Potency of Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:90-104. [PMID: 26344948 PMCID: PMC4494238 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potency of vaccines must be determined to ensure that the appropriate dose is given. The manufacture and assessment of influenza vaccines are complicated by the continuously changing nature of the pathogen, which makes efficacy estimates difficult but also confounds attempts to produce a well-validated, consistent potency assay. Single radial diffusion has been used for decades and provides a relatively simple way to measure the amount of biologically active materials present in the vaccine. It requires reagents, which are updated on a regular, frequently yearly, basis and alternative methods continue to be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Minor
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control/MHRA, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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18
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Gravel C, Elmgren C, Muralidharan A, Hashem AM, Jaentschke B, Xu K, Widdison J, Arnold K, Farnsworth A, Rinfret A, Van Domselaar G, Wang J, Li C, Li X. Development and applications of universal H7 subtype-specific antibodies for the analysis of influenza H7N9 vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:1129-34. [PMID: 25620245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
H7N9 is a newly emerged avian influenza virus with a relatively high mortality rate in humans. At this time, there is no licensed vaccine for human protection. Development of analytical tools for H7N9 vaccine could facilitate vaccine development. Here, a universally conserved epitope in all H7 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences was identified through comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. The peptide epitope, RSGSSFYAEMK, (aa positions 149 to 159), is located on the head of the HA molecule. Antibodies generated against this universal H7 epitope were remarkably specific against H7 viral sequence with no detectable cross-reactivity to other HA subtypes. A new immunoblotting assay based on the universal H7 antibody was developed and compared with the traditional single radial immunodiffusion assay (SRID) for potency analyses of candidate H7N9 vaccines. This new assay was more sensitive and rapid compared to SRID. In addition to statistically acceptable precision and reproducibility, the new assay differs from many other alternative potency assays for influenza vaccine in that it is potentially stability-indicating, which is an important requirement for industry vaccine stability studies analyses. Furthermore, the robustness of this new assay was demonstrated by the quantitative determination of HA content in four H7N9 vaccines (split or inactivated) from different manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gravel
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bozena Jaentschke
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kangwei Xu
- National Institutes for the Control of Food and Drug and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aline Rinfret
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for the Control of Food and Drug and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for the Control of Food and Drug and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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19
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Kuck LR, Sorensen M, Matthews E, Srivastava I, Cox MMJ, Rowlen KL. Titer on chip: new analytical tool for influenza vaccine potency determination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109616. [PMID: 25330238 PMCID: PMC4203742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Titer on Chip (Flu-ToC) is a new technique for quantification of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) concentration. In order to evaluate the potential of this new technique, a comparison of Flu-ToC to more conventional methods was conducted using recombinant HA produced in a baculovirus expression system as a test case. Samples from current vaccine strains were collected from four different steps in the manufacturing process. A total of 19 samples were analysed by Flu-ToC (blinded), single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the purity adjusted bicinchoninic acid assay (paBCA). The results indicated reasonable linear correlation between Flu-ToC and SRID, ELISA, and paBCA, with regression slopes of log-log plots being 0.91, 1.03, and 0.91, respectively. The average ratio for HA content measured by Flu-ToC relative to SRID, ELISA, and paBCA was 83%, 147%, and 81%, respectively; indicating nearly equivalent potency determination for Flu-ToC relative to SRID and paBCA. These results, combined with demonstrated multiplexed analysis of all components within a quadrivalent formulation and robust response to HA strains over a wide time period, support the conclusion that Flu-ToC can be used as a reliable and time-saving alternative potency assay for influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Kuck
- InDevR Inc., Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michelle Sorensen
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erin Matthews
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Indresh Srivastava
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IS); (KR)
| | - Manon M. J. Cox
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kathy L. Rowlen
- InDevR Inc., Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IS); (KR)
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20
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Schmeisser F, Vasudevan A, Soto J, Kumar A, Williams O, Weir JP. A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for measuring the potency of 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccines. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:587-95. [PMID: 25087462 PMCID: PMC4181825 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potency of inactivated influenza vaccines is determined using a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. This assay is relatively easy to standardize, it is not technically demanding, and it is capable of measuring the potency of several vaccine strain subtypes in a multivalent vaccine. Nevertheless, alternative methods that retain the major advantages of the SRID, but with a greater dynamic range of measurement and with reduced reagent requirements, are needed. Objectives The feasibility of an ELISA-based assay format was explored as an alternative potency assay for inactivated influenza vaccines. Methods Several murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), specific for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), were evaluated for their potential to capture and quantify HA antigen. Vaccine samples, obtained from four licensed influenza vaccine manufacturers, included monovalent bulk vaccine, monovalent vaccine, and trivalent vaccine. Traditional SRID potency assays were run in parallel with the mAb–ELISA potency assay using the reference antigen standard appropriate for the vaccine samples being tested. Results The results indicated that the ELISA potency assay can quantify HA over a wide range of concentrations, including vaccine at subpotent doses, and the ELISA and SRID potency values correlated well for most vaccine samples. Importantly, the assay was capable of quantifying A/California HA in a trivalent formulation. Conclusions This study demonstrates the general feasibility of the mAb approach and strongly suggests that such ELISAs have potential for continued development as an alternative method to assay the potency of inactivated influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Schmeisser
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Khurana S, King LR, Manischewitz J, Coyle EM, Golding H. Novel antibody-independent receptor-binding SPR-based assay for rapid measurement of influenza vaccine potency. Vaccine 2014; 32:2188-97. [PMID: 24613520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A WHO workshop organized following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic recommended development of alternative influenza vaccine potency assays as high priority that could expedite the release of vaccine lots in the face of future influenza pandemics. We have developed an antibody independent, simple, high throughput receptor-binding SPR-based potency assay, which does not require any reference antisera and could be used for rapid HA quantitation and vaccine release in pandemic scenarios. The assay utilizes synthetic glycans with sialic acid (SA) of either α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkage to galactose. Only functionally active forms of HA (trimers and oligomers) recognize the SA-glycans and are quantified in this receptor-binding SPR assay. The SA-glycan SPR assay demonstrated broad dynamic range for quantitation of HA content in influenza vaccines from different manufacturers for both seasonal (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B lineages) and pandemic influenza (A/H5N1, A/H7N9) strains with high reproducibility and low variability across multiple assays. In addition, the SA-glycan SPR assay is indicative of active HA stability, and can accurately quantify HA content in alum and oil-in-water adjuvanted influenza vaccines. Importantly, there was a good agreement between HA content determined by the SPR-based potency assay and the traditional SRID assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lisa R King
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jody Manischewitz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Coyle
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Settembre EC, Dormitzer PR, Rappuoli R. Bringing influenza vaccines into the 21st century. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:600-4. [PMID: 24378716 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent H7N9 influenza outbreak in China highlights the need for influenza vaccine production systems that are robust and can quickly generate substantial quantities of vaccines that target new strains for pandemic and seasonal immunization. Although the influenza vaccine system, a public-private partnership, has been effective in providing vaccines, there are areas for improvement. Technological advances such as mammalian cell culture production and synthetic vaccine seeds provide a means to increase the speed and accuracy of targeting new influenza strains with mass-produced vaccines by dispensing with the need for egg isolation, adaptation, and reassortment of vaccine viruses. New influenza potency assays that no longer require the time-consuming step of generating sheep antisera could further speed vaccine release. Adjuvants that increase the breadth of the elicited immune response and allow dose sparing provide an additional means to increase the number of available vaccine doses. Together these technologies can improve the influenza vaccination system in the near term. In the longer term, disruptive technologies, such as RNA-based flu vaccines and 'universal' flu vaccines, offer a promise of a dramatically improved influenza vaccine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Settembre
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics; Cambridge, MA USA; Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics; Siena, Italy
| | - Philip R Dormitzer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics; Cambridge, MA USA; Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics; Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics; Cambridge, MA USA; Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics; Siena, Italy
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