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Gonzaga BMDS, Nisimura LM, Coelho LL, Ferreira RR, Horita SIM, Beghini DG, Estato V, de Araújo-Jorge TC, Garzoni LR. Unveiling Lovastatin's Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Mouse's Brain during Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:301. [PMID: 38785783 PMCID: PMC11118176 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurological commitment is a neglected manifestation of Chagas disease (CD). Meningoencephalitis mainly affects children and immunosuppressed patients, while stroke can occur with or without cardiac compromise. One of the possible causes of stroke development is microvascular commitment. Our group previously described that experimental Trypanossoma cruzi acute infection leads to cerebral microvasculopathy. This condition is characterized by decreased capillary density, increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion, and endothelial dysfunction. CD was discovered 114 years ago, and until today, only two drugs have been available for clinical treatment: benznidazole and nifurtimox. Both present a high cure rate for the acute phase (80%) and small cure rate for the chronic phase (20%). In addition, the high occurrence of side-effects, without proper medical follow-up, can result in treatment abandonment. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic schemes is necessary. Statins are drugs already used in the clinic that have several pleiotropic effects including endothelial function improvement, anti-inflammatory action, as well as trypanocidal effects, making them a potential alternative treatment for brain microvasculopathy in CD. Here, we investigate the effect of lovastatin (LOV) on brain microvasculopathy and inflammatory parameters. Swiss Webster mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Treatment with lovastatin (20 mg/kg/day) was initiated 24 h after the infection and continued for 14 consecutive days. We observed that LOV treatment did not affect parasitemia, brain microcirculation alterations, or the reduction in cerebral blood flow caused by T. cruzi infection. Also, LOV did not prevent the increased number of CD3+ cells and eNOS levels in the T. cruzi-infected brain. No alterations were observed on VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expressions, neither caused by infection nor LOV treatment. However, LOV prevented the increase in F4/80+ cells and ICAM-1 levels in the brain caused by acute infection with T. cruzi. These results suggest an anti-inflammatory activity of LOV, but more studies are needed to elucidate the role of LOV in CD acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Matheus de Souza Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
| | - Líndice Mitie Nisimura
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
| | - Laura Lacerda Coelho
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
| | - Roberto Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
- Laboratório de Genômica Aplicada e Bioinovações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Samuel Iwao Maia Horita
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniela Gois Beghini
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Tania Cremonini de Araújo-Jorge
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
| | - Luciana Ribeiro Garzoni
- Laboratório de Inovações Em Terapias, Ensino E Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (B.M.d.S.G.); (L.M.N.); (L.L.C.); (R.R.F.); (S.I.M.H.); (D.G.B.); (T.C.d.A.-J.)
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Ribeiro LR, Magalhães EP, Barroso Gomes ND, Cavalcante JW, Gomes Maia MM, Marinho MM, Dos Santos HS, Marinho ES, Sampaio TL, Costa Martins AM, Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes RR. Elongation on aliphatic chain improves selectivity of 2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl chalcone on Trypanosoma cruzi. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:11-26. [PMID: 38084595 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our objective was to investigate the trypanocidal effect of the chalcone (2E,4E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dien-1-one (CPNC). Material & methods: Cytotoxicity toward LLC-MK2 host cells was assessed by MTT assay, and the effect on Trypanosoma cruzi life forms (epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes) was evaluated by counting. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the possible mechanisms of action. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate interactions between CPNC and T. cruzi enzymes. Results: CPNC showed activity against epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote life forms, induced membrane damage, increased cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction on T. cruzi. Regarding molecular docking, CPNC interacted with both trypanothione reductase and TcCr enzymes. Conclusion: CPNC presented a trypanocidal effect, and its effect is related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyanna Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences & Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- State University of Vale do Acaraú, Center for Exact Sciences & Technology, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Theoretical & Eletrochemical Chemistry Research Group, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ramon Róseo Paula Pessoa Bezerra de Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Garcia AR, Amorim MMB, Amaral ACF, da Cruz JD, Vermelho AB, Nico D, Rodrigues IA. Anti- Leishmania amazonensis Activity, Cytotoxic Features, and Chemical Profile of Allium sativum (Garlic) Essential Oil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:375. [PMID: 37505671 PMCID: PMC10384145 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tegumentary leishmaniasis (HTL) is a serious tropical disease caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Developing new leishmanicidal agents can help overcome current treatment challenges, such as drug resistance and toxicity. Essential oils are a source of lipophilic substances with diverse therapeutic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-L. amazonensis activity, cytotoxicity, and chemical profile of Allium sativum essential oil (ASEO). The effect of ASEO on parasite and mammalian cells viability was evaluated using resazurin and MTT assays, respectively. The oil's effect against intracellular amastigotes was also determined. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural changes induced by ASEO. In addition, the chemical constituents of ASEO were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cytotoxic potential was evaluated in vitro and in silico. The oil displayed IC50 of 1.76, 3.46, and 3.77 µg/mL against promastigotes, axenic, and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. Photomicrographs of treated parasites showed plasma membrane disruption, increased lipid bodies, and autophagic-like structures. ASEO chemical profiling revealed 1,2,4,6-tetrathiepane (24.84%) and diallyl disulfide (16.75%) as major components. Computational pharmacokinetics and toxicological analysis of ASEO's major components demonstrated good oral bioavailability and better toxicological endpoints than the reference drugs. Altogether, the results suggest that ASEO could be an alternative drug candidate against HTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza R Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana M B Amorim
- Instituto Municipal de Vigilância Sanitária, Vigilância de Zoonoses e de Inspeção Agropecuária, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia F Amaral
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Jefferson D da Cruz
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Alane B Vermelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Igor A Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Filho CSMB, de Menezes RRPPB, Magalhães EP, Castillo YP, Martins AMC, de Sousa DP. Piplartine-Inspired 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamates: Trypanocidal, Mechanism of Action, and In Silico Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114512. [PMID: 37298988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is one of the main neglected tropical diseases that promote relevant socioeconomic impacts in several countries. The therapeutic options for the treatment of CD are limited, and parasite resistance has been reported. Piplartine is a phenylpropanoid imide that has diverse biological activities, including trypanocidal action. Thus, the objective of the present work was to prepare a collection of thirteen esters analogous to piplartine (1-13) and evaluate their trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Of the tested analogues, compound 11 ((E)-furan-2-ylmethyl 3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate) showed good activity with IC50 values = 28.21 ± 5.34 μM and 47.02 ± 8.70 μM, against the epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, respectively. In addition, it showed a high rate of selectivity to the parasite. The trypanocidal mechanism of action occurs through the induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. In addition, scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of pores and leakage of cytoplasmic content. Molecular docking indicated that 11 probably produces a trypanocidal effect through a multi-target mechanism, including affinity with proteins CRK1, MPK13, GSK3B, AKR, UCE-1, and UCE-2, which are important for the survival of the parasite. Therefore, the results suggest chemical characteristics that can serve for the development of new trypanocidal prototypes for researching drugs against Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S M B Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Ramon R P P B de Menezes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil
| | - Emanuel P Magalhães
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil
| | - Yunierkis P Castillo
- Escuela de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Alice M C Martins
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil
| | - Damião P de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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de Araújo JIF, Aires NL, Almeida-Neto FWQ, Marinho MM, Marinho EM, Paula Magalhães E, de Menezes RRPPB, Sampaio TL, Maria Costa Martins A, Teixeira EH, Rafaela Freitas Dotto A, Amaral WD, Teixeira AMR, de Lima-Neto P, Marinho ES, Dos Santos HS. Antiproliferative activity on Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) of the triterpene 3β,6β,16β-trihidroxilup-20 (29)-ene isolated from Combretum leprosum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12302-12315. [PMID: 34436980 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1970025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease infects approximately seven million people worldwide. Benznidazole is effective only in the acute phase of the disease, with an average cure rate of 80% between acute and recent cases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new bioactive substances that can be effective against parasites without causing so many complications to the host. In this study, the triterpene 3β-6β-16β-trihydroxilup-20 (29)-ene (CLF-1) was isolated from Combretum leprosum, and its molecular structure was determined by NMR and infrared spectroscopy. The CLF-1 was also evaluated in vitro and in silico as potential trypanocidal agent against epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain). The CLF-1 demonstrated good results highlighted by lower IC50 (76.0 ± 8.72 µM, 75.1 ± 11.0 µM, and 70.3 ± 45.4 µM) for epimastigotes at 24, 48 and 72 h, and LC50 (71.6 ± 11.6 µM) for trypomastigotes forms. The molecular docking study shows that the CLF-1 was able to interact with important TcGAPDH residues, suggesting that this natural compound may preferentially exert its effect by compromising the glycolytic pathway in T. cruzi. The ADMET study together with the MTT results indicated that the CLF-1 is well-absorbed in the intestine and has low toxicity. Thus, this work adds new evidence that CLF-1 can potentially be used as a candidate for the development of new options for the treatment of Chagas disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ismael F de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB-Renorbio, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Natália L Aires
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Farmacêutica e Bioquímica Clínica (LBFBC), Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia M Marinho
- Faculdade de Educação, Ciência e Letras de Iguatu, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Iguatu, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle M Marinho
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Farmacêutica e Bioquímica Clínica (LBFBC), Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ramon R P P B de Menezes
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Farmacêutica e Bioquímica Clínica (LBFBC), Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Tiago L Sampaio
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Farmacêutica e Bioquímica Clínica (LBFBC), Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção Farmacêutica e Bioquímica Clínica (LBFBC), Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Edson H Teixeira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas (LIBS), Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ana Rafaela Freitas Dotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Matinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Wanderlei do Amaral
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Magno R Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB-Renorbio, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Lima-Neto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel S Marinho
- Faculdade de Filosofia Dom Aureliano Matos, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB-Renorbio, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Centro de Ciencias Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Brazil.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil
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Heme-deficient metabolism and impaired cellular differentiation as an evolutionary trade-off for human infectivity in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7075. [PMID: 36400774 PMCID: PMC9674590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to African trypanosomes in humans relies in part on the high affinity targeting of a trypanosome lytic factor 1 (TLF1) to a trypanosome haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (HpHbR). While TLF1 avoidance by the inactivation of HpHbR contributes to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human infectivity, the evolutionary trade-off of this adaptation is unknown, as the physiological function of the receptor remains to be elucidated. Here we show that uptake of hemoglobin via HpHbR constitutes the sole heme import pathway in the trypanosome bloodstream stage. T. b. gambiense strains carrying the inactivating mutation in HpHbR, as well as genetically engineered T. b. brucei HpHbR knock-out lines show only trace levels of intracellular heme and lack hemoprotein-based enzymatic activities, thereby providing an uncommon example of aerobic parasitic proliferation in the absence of heme. We further show that HpHbR facilitates the developmental progression from proliferating long slender forms to cell cycle-arrested stumpy forms in T. b. brucei. Accordingly, T. b. gambiense was found to be poorly competent for slender-to-stumpy differentiation unless a functional HpHbR receptor derived from T. b. brucei was genetically restored. Altogether, we identify heme-deficient metabolism and disrupted cellular differentiation as two distinct HpHbR-dependent evolutionary trade-offs for T. b. gambiense human infectivity.
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Fraccaroli L, Ruiz MD, Perdomo VG, Clausi AN, Balcazar DE, Larocca L, Carrillo C. Broadening the spectrum of ivermectin: Its effect on Trypanosoma cruzi and related trypanosomatids. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:885268. [PMID: 35967842 PMCID: PMC9366347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.885268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an endemic American parasitosis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The current therapies, benznidazole (BZN) and nifurtimox (NFX), show limited efficacy and multiple side effects. Thus, there is a need to develop new trypanocidal strategies. Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug with low human and veterinary toxicity with effects against T. brucei and Leishmania spp. Considering this and its relatively low cost, we evaluate IVM as a potential repurposed trypanocidal drug on T. cruzi and other trypanosomatids. We found that IVM affected, in a dose-dependent manner, the proliferation of T. cruzi epimastigotes as well as the amastigotes and trypomastigotes survival. The Selectivity Index for the amastigote stage with respect to Vero cells was 12. The IVM effect was also observed in Phytomonas jma 066 and Leishmania mexicana proliferation but not in Crithidia fasciculata. On the epimastigote stage, the IVM effect was trypanostatic at 50 μM but trypanocidal at 100 μM. The assays of the drug combinations of IVM with BNZ or NFX showed mainly additive effects among combinations. In silico studies showed that classical structures belonging to glutamate-gated Cl channels, the most common IVM target, are absent in kinetoplastids. However, we found in the studied trypanosomatid genomes one copy for putative IMPα and IMPβ, potential targets for IVM. The putative IMPα genes (with 76% similarity) showed conserved Armadillo domains but lacked the canonical IMPβ binding sequence. These results allowed us to propose a novel molecular target in T. cruzi and suggest IVM as a good candidate for drug repurposing in the Chagas disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fraccaroli
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, CONICET for Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Laura Fraccaroli, ; Carolina Carrillo,
| | - María Daniela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, CONICET for Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Gabriela Perdomo
- Área Parasitología, Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Agustina Nicole Clausi
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, CONICET for Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Emmanuel Balcazar
- Área Parasitología, Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luciana Larocca
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, CONICET for Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica en Trypanosoma cruzi y otros agentes infecciosos, CONICET for Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICT) Milstein - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Laura Fraccaroli, ; Carolina Carrillo,
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Rocha YM, Magalhães EP, de Medeiros Chaves M, Machado Marinho M, Nascimento E Melo de Oliveira V, Nascimento de Oliveira R, Lima Sampaio T, de Menezes RRPPB, Martins AMC, Nicolete R. Antiparasitary and antiproliferative activities in vitro of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative on Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2141-2156. [PMID: 35610523 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07554-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease, prevalent and endemic in Latin America, but also present in Europe and North America. The main treatment used for this disease is benznidazole, but its efficacy is variable in the chronic phase and presents high toxicity. So, there is a need for the development of new therapeutic agents. The five-membered heterocyclic 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring has received attention for its unique properties and a broad spectrum of biological activities and is therefore a potential candidate for the development of new drugs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the N-cyclohexyl-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-amine (2) on the evolutionary forms of Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y, as well as its mechanisms of action and in silico theoretical approach. The results by computational method showed an interaction of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole (2) with TcGAPDH, cruzain, and trypanothione reductase, showing good charge distribution and affinity in those three targets. Furthermore, cytotoxicity in LLC-MK2 cells was performed by the MTT method. In the assays with different parasite forms, the tested compound showed similar time-dependent concentration effect. The evaluation of the antiamastigote effect between the two concentrations tested showed a reduction in the number of infected cells and also in the number of amastigotes per infected cell. By flow cytometry, the compound (2) displayed alterations suggestive of necrotic events. Finally, in scanning electron microscopy structural alterations were present, characteristic of necrosisin the epimastigote forms. Overall, the 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivative (2) here evaluated opens perspectives to the development of new antichagasic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmim Mendes Rocha
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz Ceará), Rua São José, S/N, Eusébio, 61760-000, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Paula Magalhães
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Machado Marinho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Valentina Nascimento E Melo de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência E Tecnologia de Pernambuco, Campus Ipojuca, Ipojuca, 55590-000, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Lima Sampaio
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ramon R P P B de Menezes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alice M C Martins
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nicolete
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences - Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz Ceará), Rua São José, S/N, Eusébio, 61760-000, Brazil.
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9
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Chloride substitution on 2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenylchalcones improves in vitro selectivity on Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Pardo-Rodriguez D, Lasso P, Mateus J, Mendez J, Puerta CJ, Cuéllar A, Robles J, Cuervo C. A terpenoid-rich extract from Clethra fimbriata exhibits anti- Trypanosoma cru zi activity and induces T cell cytokine production. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09182. [PMID: 35368545 PMCID: PMC8968664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, a worldwide public health concern, is a chronic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Considering T. cruzi chronic persistence correlates with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell dysfunction and the safety and efficacy profiles of Benznidazol and Nifurtimox, the two drugs currently used for its etiological treatment, are far from ideal, the search of new trypanocidal treatment options is a highly relevant issue. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the trypanocidal effect and cytokine production induction of three extracts (hexane, dichloromethane and hydroalcoholic) obtained from Clethra fimbriata, a plant traditionally used as a febrifuge in Colombia. Additionally, the extracts' major components with the highest trypanocidal activity were determined. It was evidenced C. fimbriata hexane extract exhibited the highest activity capable of inhibiting the three parasite developmental stages with an IC50/EC50 of 153.9 ± 29.5 (epimastigotes), 39.3 ± 7.2 (trypomastigotes), and 45.6 ± 10.5 (amastigotes) μg/mL, presenting a low cytotoxicity in VERO cells with a selectivity index ranging from 6.49 to 25.4. Moreover, this extract induced trypomastigote apoptotic death and inhibited parasite cell infection. The extract also induced IFN-γ and TNF production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as de novo production of the cytotoxic molecules granzyme B and perforin in CD8+ T cells from healthy donors. Fatty acids and terpenes represented C. fimbriata key compounds. Thus, the trypanocidal activity and cytokine production induction of the hexane extract may be associated with terpene presence, particularly, triterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pardo-Rodriguez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Grupo de Productos Naturales, Universidad del Tolima, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Paola Lasso
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Mateus
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John Mendez
- Grupo de Productos Naturales, Universidad del Tolima, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Concepción J. Puerta
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Cuéllar
- Grupo en Ciencias de Laboratorio Clínico, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Robles
- Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Cuervo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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11
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Simvastatin Resistance of Leishmania amazonensis Induces Sterol Remodeling and Cross-Resistance to Sterol Pathway and Serine Protease Inhibitors. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020398. [PMID: 35208853 PMCID: PMC8877030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The sterol biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania spp. is used as a pharmacological target; however, available information about the mechanisms of the regulation and remodeling of sterol-related genes is scarce. The present study investigated compensatory mechanisms of the sterol biosynthesis pathway using an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (simvastatin) and by developing drug-resistant parasites to evaluate the impact on sterol remodeling, cross-resistance, and gene expression. Simvastatin-resistant L. amazonensis parasites (LaSimR) underwent reprogramming of sterol metabolism manifested as an increase in cholestane- and stigmastane-based sterols and a decrease in ergostane-based sterols. The levels of the transcripts of sterol 24-C-methyltransferase (SMT), sterol C14-α-demethylase (C14DM), and protease subtilisin (SUB) were increased in LaSimR. LaSimR was cross-resistance to ketoconazole (a C14DM inhibitor) and remained sensitive to terbinafine (an inhibitor of squalene monooxygenase). Sensitivity of the LaSimR mutant to other antileishmanial drugs unrelated to the sterol biosynthesis pathway, such as trivalent antimony and pentamidine, was similar to that of the wild-type strain; however, LaSimR was cross-resistant to miltefosine, general serine protease inhibitor N-p-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), subtilisin-specific inhibitor 4-[(diethylamino)methyl]-N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-(3R)-3-pyrrolidinyl-benzamide dihydrochloride (PF-429242), and tunicamycin. The findings on the regulation of the sterol pathway can support the development of drugs and protease inhibitors targeting this route in parasites.
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12
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Nunes DCDOS, Costa MS, Bispo-da-Silva LB, Ferro EAV, Zóia MAP, Goulart LR, Rodrigues RS, Rodrigues VDM, Yoneyama KAG. Mitochondrial dysfunction on Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis induced by ketoconazole: insights into drug mode of action. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210157. [PMID: 35508030 PMCID: PMC9060495 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause leishmaniasis that range from self-limiting cutaneous lesions to more serious forms of the disease. The search for potential drug targets focusing on biochemical and metabolic pathways revealed the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBIs) as a promising approach. In this class of inhibitors is found ketoconazole, a classical inhibitor of 14α-methysterol 14-demethylase. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to better understand the biological response of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes at the cellular level after ketoconazole treatment. METHODS Herein, techniques, such as fluorimetry, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, electron and scanning microscopy were used to investigate the cellular structures and to identify organelles affected by ketoconazole treatment. FINDINGS The study demonstrated, for the first time, the effect of ketoconazole on mitochondrion functioning and its probable relationship to cell cycle and death on L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes (IFLA/BR/67/PH8 strain). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Ketoconazole-induced mitochondrial damages led to hyperpolarisation of this single organelle and autophagic vacuoles formation, as a parasite survival strategy. These damages did not reflect directly on the parasite cell cycle, but drove the parasites to death, making them susceptible to ketoconazole treatment in in vitro models.
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Scalese G, Machado I, Salinas G, Pérez-Díaz L, Gambino D. Heteroleptic Oxidovanadium(V) Complexes with Activity against Infective and Non-Infective Stages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecules 2021; 26:5375. [PMID: 34500808 PMCID: PMC8433833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Five heteroleptic compounds, [VVO(IN-2H)(L-H)], where L are 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and IN is a Schiff base ligand, were synthesized and characterized in both the solid and solution state. The compounds were evaluated on epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi as well as on VERO cells, as a mammalian cell model. Compounds showed activity against trypomastigotes with IC50 values of 0.29-3.02 μM. IN ligand and the new [VVO2(IN-H)] complex showed negligible activity. The most active compound [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)], with L2 = 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline, showed good selectivity towards the parasite and was selected to carry out further biological studies. Stability studies suggested a partial decomposition in solution. [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)] affects the infection potential of cell-derived trypomastigotes. Low total vanadium uptake by parasites and preferential accumulation in the soluble proteins fraction were determined. A trypanocide effect was observed when incubating epimastigotes with 10 × IC50 values of [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)] and the generation of ROS after treatments was suggested. Fluorescence competition measurements with DNA:ethidium bromide adduct showed a moderate DNA interaction of the complexes. In vivo toxicity study on C. elegans model showed no toxicity up to a 100 μM concentration of [VVO(IN-2H)(L2-H)]. This compound could be considered a prospective anti-T. cruzi agent that deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Scalese
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Programa de Posgrados de la Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Machado
- Área Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Salinas
- Worm Biology Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
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Shafi MT, Bamra T, Das S, Kumar A, Abhishek K, Kumar M, Kumar V, Kumar A, Mukherjee R, Sen A, Das P. Mevalonate kinase of Leishmania donovani protects parasite against oxidative stress by modulating ergosterol biosynthesis. Microbiol Res 2021; 251:126837. [PMID: 34375804 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis comprises of a wide variety of diseases, caused by protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. Leishmania parasites undergo different types of stress during their lifetime and have developed strategies to overcome this damage. Identifying the mechanistic approach used by the parasite in dealing with the stress is of immense importance for unfolding the survival strategy adopted by the parasite. Mevalonate kinase (MVK) is an important regulatory factor in the mevalonate pathway in both bacteria and eukaryotes. In this study, we explored the role of Leishmania donovani mevalonate kinase (LdMVK) in parasite survival under stress condition. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and menadione, the two known oxidants were used to carry out the experiments. The MVK expression was found to be up regulated ∼2.1 fold and ∼2.3 fold under oxidative stress condition and under the effect of anti-Leishmania drug, AmBisome respectively. The cell viability declined under the effect of MVK inhibitor viz: vanadyl sulfate (VS). The level of intracellular ROS was also found to be increased under the effect of MVK inhibitor. To confirm the findings, LdMVK over expression (LdMVK OE) and LdMVK knockdown (LdMVK KD) parasites were generated. The level of ergosterol, an important component of plasma membrane in L. donovani, was observed and found to be reduced by nearly 60 % in LdMVK KD parasite and increased by nearly 30 % in LdMVK OE parasites as compared to wild type. However, the ergosterol content was found to be elevated under oxidative stress. Furthermore, LdMVK was also found to be associated with maintaining the plasma membrane integrity and also in preventing the peroxidation of cellular lipids when exposed to oxidative stress. The above data clearly suggests that MVK has a vital role in protecting the parasite from oxidative stress. These findings may also explore the contribution of LdMVK in drug unresponsiveness which may help in future rational drug designing for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Taj Shafi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Tanvir Bamra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, 801 507, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Manjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Rimi Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Abhik Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, 800 007, India; Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sheikhpura, Patna, Bihar, 800 014, India.
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15
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Paul A, Singh S. Identification of a novel calcium activated potassium channel from Leishmania donovani and in silico predictions of its antigenic features. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105922. [PMID: 33878308 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a major neglected tropical disease with increasing incidences of drug resistance. This has led to the search for a suitable drug target for chemotherapeutic intervention. Potassium channels are a family of membrane proteins which play a vital role in homeostasis and any perturbation in them alters cell survival which makes them an attractive target. To characterize a calcium-activated potassium channel from Leishmania donovani (LdKCa), a putative ion-channel like protein which showed sequence similarity with other Trypanosoma cruzi putative potassium channels was selected. It was cloned and expressed with a histidine tag. MALDI confirmed that it is a potassium channel. Homology model of LdKCa was generated by I-TASSER. It is a transmembrane protein localized in the plasma membrane as predicted by DeepLoc tool. In silico analyses of the protein showed that it is a small conductance calcium activated potassium channel. Point mutation in conserved signature domain 'TXGYGD' affects the protein function as predicted by heat map analysis. The LdKCa model predicted amino acids S207, T208 and M236 as ligand-binding sites. The sequence HSLRGRSARVIQLAWRLRKARKVGPHAPSLKQKVYTLVLSWLLT was the highest scoring B-cell epitope. The highest scoring T-cell epitope was RLYSVIVYL. This study may provide new insights into antigenicity features of leishmanial calcium-activated potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India.
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Genome-Wide Proteomics and Phosphoproteomics Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi During Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2116:139-159. [PMID: 32221920 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0294-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a pathogenic protozoan that still has an impact on public health, despite the decrease in the number of infection cases along the years. T. cruzi possesses an heteroxenic life cycle in which it differentiates in at least four forms. Among the differentiation processes, metacyclogenesis has been exploited in different views by researchers. An intriguing question that rises is how metacyclogenesis is triggered and controlled by cell signaling and which are the differentially expressed proteins and posttranslational modifications involved in this process. An important cell signaling pathway is the protein phosphorylation, and it is reinforced in T. cruzi in which the gene expression control occurs almost exclusively posttranscriptionally. Additionally, the number of protein kinases in T. cruzi is relatively high compared to other organisms. A way to approach these questions is evaluating the cells through phosphoproteomics and proteomics. In this chapter, we will describe the steps from the cell protein extraction, digestion and fractionation, phosphopeptide enrichment, to LC-MS/MS analysis as well as a brief overview on peptide identification. In addition, a published method for in vitro metacyclogenesis will be detailed.
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17
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de Castro Andreassa E, Santos MDMD, Wassmandorf R, Wippel HH, Carvalho PC, Fischer JDSDG, Souza TDACBD. Proteomic changes in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes treated with the proapoptotic compound PAC-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140582. [PMID: 33285319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death in metazoans. Therefore, understanding the biochemical changes associated with apoptosis-like death in Trypanosoma cruzi is key to drug development. PAC-1 was recently shown to induce apoptosis in T. cruzi; with this as motivation, we used quantitative proteomics to unveil alterations of PAC-1-treated versus untreated epimastigotes. The PAC-1 treatment reduced the abundance of putative vesicle-associated membrane protein, putative eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 eIF1, coatomer subunit beta, putative amastin, and a putative cytoskeleton-associated protein. Apoptosis-like signaling also increases the abundance of proteins associated with actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell polarization, apoptotic signaling, phosphorylation, methylation, ergosterol biosynthesis, vacuolar proteins associated with autophagy, and flagellum motility. We shortlist seventeen protein targets for possible use in chemotherapy for Chagas disease. Almost all differentially abundant proteins belong to a family of proteins previously associated with apoptosis in metazoans, suggesting that the apoptotic pathway's key functions have been preserved from trypanosomatids and metazoans. SIGNIFICANCE: Approximately 8 million people worldwide are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The treatment of Chagas disease comprises drugs with severe side effects, thus limiting their application. Thus, developing new pharmaceutical solutions is relevant, and several molecules targeting apoptosis are therapeutically efficient for parasitic, cardiac, and neurological diseases. Apoptotic processes lead to specific morphological features that have been previously observed in T. cruzi. Here, we investigate changes in epimastigotes' proteomic profile treated with the proapoptotic compound PAC-1, providing data concerning the regulation of both metabolic and cellular processes in nonmetazoan apoptotic cells. We shortlist seventeen protein target candidates for use in chemotherapy for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuella de Castro Andreassa
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR, 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Marlon Dias Mariano Dos Santos
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR, 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Wassmandorf
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR, 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Helisa Helena Wippel
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR, 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR, 80320-290, Brazil
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18
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Mukherjee S, Moitra S, Xu W, Hernandez V, Zhang K. Sterol 14-α-demethylase is vital for mitochondrial functions and stress tolerance in Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008810. [PMID: 32817704 PMCID: PMC7462297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol 14-α-demethylase (C14DM) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sterols and the primary target of azoles. In Leishmania major, genetic or chemical inactivation of C14DM leads to accumulation of 14-methylated sterol intermediates and profound plasma membrane abnormalities including increased fluidity and failure to maintain ordered membrane microdomains. These defects likely contribute to the hypersensitivity to heat and severely reduced virulence displayed by the C14DM-null mutants (c14dm‾). In addition to plasma membrane, sterols are present in intracellular organelles. In this study, we investigated the impact of C14DM ablation on mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that c14dm‾ mutants have significantly higher mitochondrial membrane potential than wild type parasites. Such high potential leads to the buildup of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria, especially under nutrient-limiting conditions. Consistent with these mitochondrial alterations, c14dm‾ mutants show impairment in respiration and are heavily dependent on glucose uptake and glycolysis to generate energy. Consequently, these mutants are extremely sensitive to glucose deprivation and such vulnerability can be rescued through the supplementation of glucose or glycerol. In addition, the accumulation of oxidants may also contribute to the heat sensitivity exhibited by c14dm‾. Finally, genetic or chemical ablation of C14DM causes increased susceptibility to pentamidine, an antimicrobial agent with activity against trypanosomatids. In summary, our investigation reveals that alteration of sterol synthesis can negatively affect multiple cellular processes in Leishmania parasites and make them vulnerable to clinically relevant stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samrat Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Veronica Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lathosterol Oxidase (Sterol C-5 Desaturase) Deletion Confers Resistance to Amphotericin B and Sensitivity to Acidic Stress in Leishmania major. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00380-20. [PMID: 32611698 PMCID: PMC7333571 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00380-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterols are essential membrane components in eukaryotes, and sterol synthesis inhibitors can have potent effects against pathogenic fungi and trypanosomatids. Understanding the roles of sterols will facilitate the development of new drugs and counter drug resistance. LSO is required for the formation of the C-5–C-6 double bond in the sterol core structure in mammals, fungi, protozoans, plants, and algae. Functions of this C-5–C-6 double bond are not well understood. In this study, we generated and characterized a lathosterol oxidase-null mutant in Leishmania major. Our data suggest that LSO is vital for the structure and membrane-stabilizing functions of leishmanial sterols. In addition, our results imply that while mutations in lathosterol oxidase can confer resistance to amphotericin B, an important antifungal and antiprotozoal agent, the alteration in sterol structure leads to significant defects in stress response that could be exploited for drug development. Lathosterol oxidase (LSO) catalyzes the formation of the C-5–C-6 double bond in the synthesis of various types of sterols in mammals, fungi, plants, and protozoa. In Leishmania parasites, mutations in LSO or other sterol biosynthetic genes are associated with amphotericin B resistance. To investigate the biological roles of sterol C-5–C-6 desaturation, we generated an LSO-null mutant line (lso−) in Leishmania major, the causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis. lso− parasites lacked the ergostane-based sterols commonly found in wild-type L. major and instead accumulated equivalent sterol species without the C-5–C-6 double bond. These mutant parasites were replicative in culture and displayed heightened resistance to amphotericin B. However, they survived poorly after reaching the maximal density and were highly vulnerable to the membrane-disrupting detergent Triton X-100. In addition, lso− mutants showed defects in regulating intracellular pH and were hypersensitive to acidic conditions. They also had potential alterations in the carbohydrate composition of lipophosphoglycan, a membrane-bound virulence factor in Leishmania. All these defects in lso− were corrected upon the restoration of LSO expression. Together, these findings suggest that the C-5–C-6 double bond is vital for the structure of the sterol core, and while the loss of LSO can lead to amphotericin B resistance, it also makes Leishmania parasites vulnerable to biologically relevant stress. IMPORTANCE Sterols are essential membrane components in eukaryotes, and sterol synthesis inhibitors can have potent effects against pathogenic fungi and trypanosomatids. Understanding the roles of sterols will facilitate the development of new drugs and counter drug resistance. LSO is required for the formation of the C-5–C-6 double bond in the sterol core structure in mammals, fungi, protozoans, plants, and algae. Functions of this C-5–C-6 double bond are not well understood. In this study, we generated and characterized a lathosterol oxidase-null mutant in Leishmania major. Our data suggest that LSO is vital for the structure and membrane-stabilizing functions of leishmanial sterols. In addition, our results imply that while mutations in lathosterol oxidase can confer resistance to amphotericin B, an important antifungal and antiprotozoal agent, the alteration in sterol structure leads to significant defects in stress response that could be exploited for drug development.
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Rodríguez-Hernández KD, Martínez I, Reyes-Chilpa R, Espinoza B. Mammea type coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense induced apoptotic cell death of Trypanosoma cruzi through mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production and cell cycle alterations. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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High Throughput Approaches to Unravel the Mechanism of Action of a New Vanadium-Based Compound against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2020; 2020:1634270. [PMID: 32351549 PMCID: PMC7171612 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1634270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for Chagas disease, a parasitosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, has always been based on two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, despite the toxic side effects described after prolonged prescription. In this work, we study a new prospective antitrypanosomal drug based on vanadium, here named VIVO(5Brsal)(aminophen). We found a good IC50 value, (3.76 ± 0.08) μM, on CL Brener epimastigotes. The analysis of cell death mechanism allowed us to rule out the implication of a mechanism based on early apoptosis or necrosis. Recovery assays revealed a trypanostatic effect, accompanied by cell shape and motility alterations. An uptake mostly associated with the insoluble fraction of the parasites was deduced through vanadium determinations. Concordantly, no drastic changes of the parasite transcriptome were detected after 6 h of treatment. Instead, proteomic analysis uncovered the modulation of proteins involved in different processes such as energy and redox metabolism, transport systems, detoxifying pathways, ribosomal protein synthesis, and proteasome protein degradation. Overall, the results here presented lead us to propose that VIVO(5Brsal)(aminophen) exerts a trypanostatic effect on T. cruzi affecting parasite insoluble proteins.
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Insights about the structure of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and the activity of bisphosphonates on the proliferation and ultrastructure of Leishmania and Giardia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:168. [PMID: 32248823 PMCID: PMC7132869 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is positioned in the intersection of different sterol biosynthesis pathways such as those producing isoprenoids, dolichols and ergosterol. FPPS is ubiquitous in eukaryotes and is inhibited by nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BP). N-BP activity and the mechanisms of cell death as well as damage to the ultrastructure due to N-BP has not yet been investigated in Leishmania infantum and Giardia. Thus, we evaluated the effect of N-BP on cell viability and ultrastructure and then performed structural modelling and phylogenetic analysis on the FPPS enzymes of Leishmania and Giardia. Methods We performed multiple sequence alignment with MAFFT, phylogenetic analysis with MEGA7, and 3D structural modelling for FPPS with Modeller 9.18 and on I-Tasser server. We performed concentration curves with N-BP in Leishmania promastigotes and Giardia trophozoites to estimate the IC50via the MTS/PMS viability method. The ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, and the mechanism of cell death by flow cytometry. Results The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate risedronate had stronger anti-proliferative activity in Leishmania compared to other N-BPs with an IC50 of 13.8 µM, followed by ibandronate and alendronate with IC50 values of 85.1 µM and 112.2 µM, respectively. The effect of N-BPs was much lower on trophozoites of Giardia than Leishmania (IC50 of 311 µM for risedronate). Giardia treated with N-BP displayed concentric membranes around the nucleus and nuclear pyknosis. Leishmania had mitochondrial swelling, myelin figures, double membranes, and plasma membrane blebbing. The same population labelled with annexin-V and 7-AAD had a loss of membrane potential (TMRE), indicative of apoptosis. Multiple sequence alignments and structural alignments of FPPS proteins showed that Giardia and Leishmania FPPS display low amino acid identity but possess the conserved aspartate-rich motifs. Conclusions Giardia and Leishmania FPPS enzymes are phylogenetically distant but display conserved protein signatures. The N-BPs effect on FPPS was more pronounced in Leishmania than Giardia. This might be due to general differences in metabolism and differences in the FPPS catalytic site.![]()
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Mosquillo MF, Smircich P, Ciganda M, Lima A, Gambino D, Garat B, Pérez-Díaz L. Comparative high-throughput analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi response to organometallic compounds. Metallomics 2020; 12:813-828. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00030b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth, comparative look at the effects of two structurally related organometallic Pd and Pt compounds on the global gene expression pattern of T. cruzi epimastigotes. This parasite is the causative agent of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Florencia Mosquillo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | | | - Analía Lima
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Garat
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
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Trypanocidal Mechanism of Action and in silico Studies of p-Coumaric Acid Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235916. [PMID: 31775321 PMCID: PMC6928761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma species are responsible for chronic and systemic infections in millions of people around the world, compromising life quality, and family and government budgets. This group of diseases is classified as neglected and causes thousands of deaths each year. In the present study, the trypanocidal effect of a set of 12 ester derivatives of the p-coumaric acid was tested. Of the test derivatives, pentyl p-coumarate (7) (5.16 ± 1.28 μM; 61.63 ± 28.59 μM) presented the best respective trypanocidal activities against both epimastigote and trypomastigote forms. Flow cytometry analysis revealed an increase in the percentage of 7-AAD labeled cells, an increase in reactive oxygen species, and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; indicating cell death by necrosis. This mechanism was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, noting the loss of cellular integrity. Molecular docking data indicated that of the chemical compounds tested, compound 7 potentially acts through two mechanisms of action, whether by links with aldo-keto reductases (AKR) or by comprising cruzain (CZ) which is one of the key Trypanosoma cruzi development enzymes. The results indicate that for both enzymes, van der Waals interactions between ligand and receptors favor binding and hydrophobic interactions with the phenolic and aliphatic parts of the ligand. The study demonstrates that p-coumarate derivatives are promising molecules for developing new prototypes with antiprotozoal activity.
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Lippia sidoides and Lippia origanoides essential oils affect the viability, motility and ultrastructure of Trypanosoma cruzi. Micron 2019; 129:102781. [PMID: 31830667 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a public health problem. The current chemotherapy for this illness causes serious side effects and its use in the chronic phase of the disease is still controversial. In this regard, the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies remains a priority. The essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants emerge as a promising source of bioactive compounds. In a previous work we reported the trypanocidal activity of the essential oils from the medicinal plants Lippia sidoides (LSEO) and Lippia origanoides (LOEO) against T. cruzi. Herein, we aimed to further investigate, in more details, the mode of action of LSEO and LOEO on the different developmental stages of this parasite. We showed that Lippia sidoides (LSEO) and Lippia origanoides (LOEO) induced a significant reduction in the percentage of macrophages infected by T. cruzi and in the number of intracellular parasites. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the treatment with both oils caused morphological changes consistent with loss of viability and cell death. The reduced staining with calcein and the increase in the proportion of HE-positive cells also demonstrated that LSEO and LOEO caused loss of parasite viability and membrane integrity. A considerable decrease in Rhodamine 123 and an increase in fluorescence intensity of MitoSox in LOEO were indicative of loss of mitochondrial potential and generation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately lead to parasite death. Moreover, the optical tweezer analysis indicated that LOEO was more effective in reducing the motility of the epimastigotes. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the LSEO and LOEO are active against T. cruzi and constitute a promising drugs for the therapy of Chagas disease.
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Rodríguez-Hernández KD, Martínez I, Agredano-Moreno LT, Jiménez-García LF, Reyes-Chilpa R, Espinoza B. Coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense produce ultrastructural alterations and affect in vitro infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152827. [PMID: 31039535 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current drugs for Chagas Disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi have limited therapeutic potential and are associated with serious side effects. Natural products can aid to develop new chemotherapeutic agents. Several natural coumarins, especially Mammea A/BA, have shown significant activity against T. cruzi and low toxicity on human lymphocytes, but its effectivity on a wide range of strains need to be tested, as well as to deepen in their mode of action and safety. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To discern the effects and explore the action mechanisms of mammea A/BA and a mixture of mammea coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense on Mexican strains of T. cruzi belonging to different genotypes and compare its effectivity with the drug benznidazole. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated the trypanocidal activity in vitro of mammea A/BA (93.6%), and a mixture of coumarins, mammea A/BA + A/BB + A/BD (86:10:1%) on Mexican T. cruzi strains belonging to different genotypes Ninoa, Querétaro (TcI) and Ver6 (TcVI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Mammea A/BA and the mixture of coumarins, were isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense, identified by proton NMR and purity determined by HPLC. The in vitro trypanocidal activity was evaluated on mobility, growth recovery, morphology and infectivity of T. cruzi. The cytotoxicity on mammalian cells was compared with benznidazole. The ultrastructure of the treated epimastigotes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Mammea A/BA and the mixture of coumarins showed high trypanocidal activity, affecting the mobility, growth recovery, morphology, ultrastructure of epimastigotes, and drastically reduce trypomastigotes infectivity on Vero cells. These substances were four times more potent than benznidazole and showed low cytotoxicity and high selectivity index. The TEM showed severe alterations on the plasmatic membrane, nuclear envelope, as well as, mitochondrial swelling, that leads to the death of parasites. CONCLUSION Mammea A/BA (93.6%) and a mixture of mammea A/BA + A/BB and A/BD (86: 10: 1%) isolated from the tropical tree C. brasiliense showed higher trypanocidal activity than the current drug benznidazole on three Mexican strains of T. cruzi. These compounds induced severe physiological and morphological alterations. These results suggest their possible use in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Daniela Rodríguez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Teresa Agredano-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jiménez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico.
| | - Bertha Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis. Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 04510 México Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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Novel [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives are trypanocidal by sterol biosynthesis pathway alteration. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1137-1155. [PMID: 31280672 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study a new series of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-α]pyridine derivatives as trypanocidal agents because current antichagasic pharmacologic therapy is only partially effective. Materials & methods: The effect of the series upon Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and murine macrophages viability, cell cycle, cell death and on the metabolites of the sterol biosynthesis pathway was measured; also, docking in 14α-demethylase was analyzed. Results: Compound 16 inhibits 14α-demethylase producing an imbalance in the cholesterol/ergosterol synthesis pathway, as suggested by a metabolic control and theoretical docking analysis. Consequently, it prevented cell proliferation, stopping the cellular cycle at the G2/M phase, inducing cell death. Conclusion: Although the exact cell death mechanism remained elusive, this series can be used for the further rational design of novel antiparasitic molecules.
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Antiparasitic effect of (-)-α-bisabolol against Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain forms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:114860. [PMID: 31353066 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and affects about 7 million people worldwide. Benznidazole and nifurtimox have low efficacy and high toxicity. The present study was designed to identify the trypanocidal effect of (-)-α-Bisabolol (BIS) and investigate its mechanism. Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes were cultured with BIS and the viable cells were counted. BIS antiamastigote effect was evaluated using infected LLC-MK2 cells. MTT assay was performed to evaluate BIS cytotoxicity. Growth recovery was assessed to evaluate BIS effect after short times of exposure. BIS mechanism was investigated through flow cytometry, with 7-AAD and Annexin V-PE. DCFH-DA, rhodamine 123 (Rho123) and acridine orange (AO). Finally, enzymatic and computational assays were performed to identify BIS interaction with T. cruzi GAPDH (tcGAPDH). BIS showed an inhibitory effect on epimastigotes after all tested periods, as well on trypomastigotes. It caused cytotoxicity on LLC-MK2 cells at higher concentrations, with selectivity index (SeI) = 26.5. After treatment, infected cells showed a decrease in infected cells, the number of amastigotes per infected cell and the survival index (SuI). Growth recovery demonstrated that BIS effect causes rapid death of T. cruzi. Flow cytometry showed that BIS biological effect is associated with apoptosis induction, increase in cytoplasmic ROS and mitochondrial transmembrane potential, while reservosome swelling was observed at a late stage. Also, BIS action mechanism may be associated to tcGAPDH inhibition. Altogether, the results demonstrate that BIS causes cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain forms, with the involvement of apoptosis and oxidative stress and enzymatic inhibition.
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Scalese G, Machado I, Correia I, Pessoa JC, Bilbao L, Pérez-Diaz L, Gambino D. Exploring oxidovanadium( iv) homoleptic complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives as prospective antitrypanosomal agents. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02589h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[VIVO(L-H)2] and [VVO(OCH3)(L-H)2] compounds of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives L showed activity againstTrypanosoma cruziandLeishmania infantumand high selectivities. Metallomics and interaction with BSA, apo-HTF and DNA were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Scalese
- Área Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Machado
- Área Química Analítica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
| | - Joao Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
| | - Lucía Bilbao
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez-Diaz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Área Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
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Mukherjee S, Xu W, Hsu FF, Patel J, Huang J, Zhang K. Sterol methyltransferase is required for optimal mitochondrial function and virulence in Leishmania major. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:65-81. [PMID: 30260041 PMCID: PMC6351164 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Limited knowledge on the exact functions of ergostane-based sterols has hampered the application of sterol synthesis inhibitors against trypanosomatid parasites. Sterol methyltransferase (SMT) is directly involved in the synthesis of parasite-specific C24-methylated sterols, including ergosterol and 5-dehydroepisterol. While pharmacological studies hint at its potential as a drug target against trypanosomatids, direct evidence for the cellular function and essentiality of SMT is lacking. Here, we characterized the SMT knockout mutants and their complemented strains in Leishmania major, the causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Deletion of SMT alleles led to a complete loss of C24-methylated sterols, which were replaced by cholestane-based sterols. SMT-null mutants were fully viable and replicative in culture but showed increased sensitivity to sphingolipid synthesis inhibition. They were not particularly vulnerable to heat, acidic pH, nitrosative or oxidative stress, yet exhibited high mitochondrial membrane potential and increased superoxide generation indicating altered physiology of the mitochondria. Despite possessing high levels of GPI-anchored glycoconjugates, SMT-null mutants showed significantly attenuated virulence in mice. In total, our study reveals that the biosynthesis of ergostane-based sterols is crucial for the proper function of mitochondria and the proliferation of Leishmania parasites in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Current address: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jigesh Patel
- Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Juyang Huang
- Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Ong YC, Roy S, Andrews PC, Gasser G. Metal Compounds against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Chem Rev 2018; 119:730-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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Mosquillo MF, Bilbao L, Hernández F, Machado I, Gambino D, Garat B, Pérez-Díaz L. Effect of a new anti-T. cruzi metallic compound based on palladium. Biometals 2018; 31:961-974. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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New heteroleptic oxidovanadium(V) complexes: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation as potential agents against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:1265-1281. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Batista CM, Kessler RL, Eger I, Soares MJ. Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi with 2-bromopalmitate alters morphology, endocytosis, differentiation and infectivity. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:19. [PMID: 30170543 PMCID: PMC6119340 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The palmitate analogue 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) is a non-selective membrane tethered cysteine alkylator of many membrane-associated enzymes that in the last years emerged as a general inhibitor of protein S-palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is a post-translational protein modification that adds palmitic acid to a cysteine residue through a thioester linkage, promoting membrane localization, protein stability, regulation of enzymatic activity, and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Little is known on such important process in the pathogenic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Results The effect of 2-BP was analyzed on different developmental forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. The IC50/48 h value for culture epimastigotes was estimated as 130 μM. The IC50/24 h value for metacyclic trypomastigotes was 216 nM, while for intracellular amastigotes it was 242 μM and for cell derived trypomasigotes was 262 μM (IC50/24 h). Our data showed that 2-BP altered T. cruzi: 1) morphology, as assessed by bright field, scanning and transmission electron microscopy; 2) mitochondrial membrane potential, as shown by flow cytometry after incubation with rhodamine-123; 3) endocytosis, as seen after incubation with transferrin or albumin and analysis by flow cytometry/fluorescence microscopy; 4) in vitro metacyclogenesis; and 5) infectivity, as shown by host cell infection assays. On the other hand, lipid stress by incubation with palmitate did not alter epimastigote growth, metacyclic trypomastigotes viability or trypomastigote infectivity. Conclusion Our results indicate that 2-BP inhibits key cellular processes of T. cruzi that may be regulated by palmitoylation of vital proteins and suggest a metacyclic trypomastigote unique target dependency during the parasite development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0170-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiano Martin Batista
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Fiocruz-PR, 81310-020 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luis Kessler
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Carlos Chagas Institute/Fiocruz-PR, 81310-020 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Mammalian Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná (IBMP), 81310-020 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Iriane Eger
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, 84010-290 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maurilio José Soares
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute/Fiocruz-PR, 81310-020 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Yépes AF, Bahsas A, Escobar P, Cobo J, Palma A, Garro Martinez JC, Enriz R. Synthesis, anti-parasitic activity and QSAR study of a new library of polysubstituted tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-b]azepines. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spina RM, Lozano E, Barrera PA, Agüero MB, Tapia A, Feresin GE, Sosa MÁ. Antiproliferative effect and ultrastructural alterations induced by 5-O-methylembelin on Trypanosoma cruzi. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 46:111-118. [PMID: 30097111 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Embelin (EMB), obtained from Oxalis erythrorhiza Gillies ex Hooker et Arnott (Oxalidaceae), was reported against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. Additionally, antiprotozoan activity against Plasmodium falciparum was reported for its methylated derivative (ME). PURPOSE To evaluate the potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of EMB, ME and 2,5-di-O-methylembelin (DME) and analyze the possible mechanism of action. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS EMB was isolated by a chromatographic method from the air-dried ground whole plant. To evaluate the effects of methylation, ME and DME were synthesized and tested against T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. The most active compound ME was evaluated against amastigotes. Ultrastructural alterations, ROS generation and the effect on mitochondrial activity of ME were measured. RESULTS Compounds inhibited the proliferation of epimastigotes. ME was also active against intracellular amastigotes. Mitochondrial alterations were observed by TEM. Additionally, ME modified the mitochondrial activity, and induced an increase in ROS levels. These evidences postulate the mitochondrion as a possible target of ME. CONCLUSION ME inhibited amastigotes proliferation, thus being a potential lead compound for the treatment of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata María Spina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos", Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, CC 56 (5500) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Esteban Lozano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n Parque General San Martín, CP 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia Andrea Barrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos", Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, CC 56 (5500) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Agüero
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP5400 San Juan, Argentina; CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Argentina
| | - Alejandro Tapia
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP5400 San Juan, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Egly Feresin
- Instituto de Biotecnología-Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador General San Martín 1109 (O), CP5400 San Juan, Argentina; CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Argentina
| | - Miguel Ángel Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Histología y Embriología "Dr. Mario H. Burgos", Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, CC 56 (5500) Mendoza, Argentina.
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Mosquillo MF, Bilbao L, Hernández F, Tissot F, Gambino D, Garat B, Pérez-Díaz L. Trypanosoma cruzibiochemical changes and cell death induced by an organometallic platinum-based compound. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1657-1669. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Florencia Mosquillo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Lucía Bilbao
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Fabricio Hernández
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tissot
- Cátedra de Química Analítica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Garat
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Leticia Pérez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
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Kessler RL, Pavoni DP, Krieger MA, Probst CM. Trypanosoma cruzi specific mRNA amplification by in vitro transcription improves parasite transcriptomics in host-parasite RNA mixtures. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:793. [PMID: 29037144 PMCID: PMC5644099 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomatids are a group of protozoan parasites that includes the etiologic agents of important human illnesses as Chagas disease, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. These parasites have a significant distinction from other eukaryotes concerning mRNA structure, since all mature mRNAs have an identical species-specific sequence of 39 nucleotides at the 5′ extremity, named spliced leader (SL). Considering this peculiar aspect of trypanosomatid mRNA, the aim of the present work was to develop a Trypanosoma cruzi specific in vitro transcription (IVT) linear mRNA amplification method in order to improve parasite transcriptomics analyses. Methods We designed an oligonucleotide complementary to the last 21 bases of T. cruzi SL sequence, bearing an upstream T7 promoter (T7SL primer), which was used to direct the synthesis of second-strand cDNA. Original mRNA was then amplified by IVT using T7 RNA polymerase. T7SL-amplified RNA from two distinct T. cruzi stages (epimastigotes and trypomastigotes) were deep sequenced in SOLiD platform. Usual poly(A) + RNA and and T7-oligo(dT) amplified RNA (Eberwine method) were also sequenced. RNA-Seq reads were aligned to our new and improved T. cruzi Dm28c genome assembly (PacBio technology) and resulting transcriptome pattern from these three RNA preparation methods were compared, mainly concerning the conservation of mRNA transcritional levels and DEGs detection between epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. Results T7SL IVT method detected more potential differentially expressed genes in comparison to either poly(A) + RNA or T7dT IVT, and was also able to produce reliable quantifications of the parasite transcriptome down to 3 ng of total RNA. Furthermore, amplification of parasite mRNA in HeLa/epimastigote RNA mixtures showed that T7SL IVT generates transcriptome quantification with similar detection of differentially expressed genes when parasite RNA mass was only 0.1% of the total mixture (R = 0.78 when compared to poly(A) + RNA). Conclusions The T7SL IVT amplification method presented here allows the detection of more potential parasite differentially expressed genes (in comparison to poly(A) + RNA) in host-parasite mixtures or samples with low amount of RNA. This method is especially useful for trypanosomatid transcriptomics because it produces less bias than PCR-based mRNA amplification. Additionally, by simply changing the complementary region of the T7SL primer, the present method can be applied to any trypanosomatid species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4163-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luis Kessler
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Parada Pavoni
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Krieger
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Christian Macagnan Probst
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. .,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Sanfelice RA, Machado LF, Bosqui LR, Miranda-Sapla MM, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, de Alcântara Dalevedo G, Ioris D, Reis GF, Panagio LA, Navarro IT, Bordignon J, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Almeida RS, Costa IN. Activity of rosuvastatin in tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) in HeLa cells. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Amorim JC, Batista M, da Cunha ES, Lucena ACR, Lima CVDP, Sousa K, Krieger MA, Marchini FK. Quantitative proteome and phosphoproteome analyses highlight the adherent population during Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9899. [PMID: 28852088 PMCID: PMC5574995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis is a natural process that occurs inside the triatomine vector and corresponds to the differentiation of non-infective epimastigotes into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes. The biochemical alterations necessary for the differentiation process have been widely studied with a focus on adhesion and nutritional stress. Here, using a mass spectrometry approach, a large-scale phospho(proteome) study was performed with the aim of understanding the metacyclogenesis processes in a quantitative manner. The results indicate that major modulations in the phospho(proteome) occur under nutritional stress and after 12 and 24 h of adhesion. Significant changes involve key cellular processes, such as translation, oxidative stress, and the metabolism of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Analysis of the signalling triggered by kinases and phosphatases from 7,336 identified phosphorylation sites demonstrates that 260 of these sites are modulated throughout the differentiation process, and some of these modulated proteins have previously been identified as drug targets in trypanosomiasis treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first quantitative results highlighting the modulation of phosphorylation sites during metacyclogenesis and the greater coverage of the proteome to the parasite during this process. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier number PXD006171.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Amorim
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Michel Batista
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.,Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth S da Cunha
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Aline C R Lucena
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Carla V de Paula Lima
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karla Sousa
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marco A Krieger
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Fabricio K Marchini
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. .,Mass Spectrometry Facility - RPT02H, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil.
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Sterol targeting drugs reveal life cycle stage-specific differences in trypanosome lipid rafts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9105. [PMID: 28831063 PMCID: PMC5567337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia play important roles in cell signaling, facilitated by the unique lipid environment of a ciliary membrane containing high concentrations of sterol-rich lipid rafts. The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is a single-celled eukaryote with a single cilium/flagellum. We tested whether flagellar sterol enrichment results from selective flagellar partitioning of specific sterol species or from general enrichment of all sterols. While all sterols are enriched in the flagellum, cholesterol is especially enriched. T. brucei cycles between its mammalian host (bloodstream cell), in which it scavenges cholesterol, and its tsetse fly host (procyclic cell), in which it both scavenges cholesterol and synthesizes ergosterol. We wondered whether the insect and mammalian life cycle stages possess chemically different lipid rafts due to different sterol utilization. Treatment of bloodstream parasites with cholesterol-specific methyl-β-cyclodextrin disrupts both membrane liquid order and localization of a raft-associated ciliary membrane calcium sensor. Treatment with ergosterol-specific amphotericin B does not. The opposite results were observed with ergosterol-rich procyclic cells. Further, these agents have opposite effects on flagellar sterol enrichment and cell metabolism in the two life cycle stages. These findings illuminate differences in the lipid rafts of an organism employing life cycle-specific sterols and have implications for treatment.
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Santivañez-Veliz M, Moreno-Viguri E, Pérez-Silanes S, Varela J, Cerecetto H, González M, Lizarraga E. Development, validation and application of a GC-MS method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of neutral lipid species in Trypanosoma cruzi. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1061-1062:225-232. [PMID: 28750236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of five neutral lipids in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes by GC-MS is presented in this study. The validated method meets all validation parameters for all components and the chromatographic conditions have been optimized during its development. This analytical method has demonstrated good selectivity, accuracy, within-day precision, recovery and linearity in each of the established ranges. In addition, detection and quantification limits for squalene, cholesterol, ergosterol and lanosterol have been improved and it is worth highlighting the fact that this is the first time that squalene-2,3-epoxide validation data have been reported. The new validated method has been applied to epimastigotes treated with compounds with in vitro anti-T.cruzi activity. This new methodology is straightforward and constitutes a tool for screening possible sterol biosynthesis pathway inhibitors in Trypanosoma cruzi, one of the most studied targets in Chagas disease treatment. Therefore, it is an interesting and useful contribution to medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Santivañez-Veliz
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Departamento de Química orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elsa Moreno-Viguri
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Departamento de Química orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Silanes
- Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Salud Tropical, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Departamento de Química orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Varela
- Grupo de Química Medicinal-Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo C.P. 11400, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Cerecetto
- Grupo de Química Medicinal-Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo C.P. 11400, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes González
- Grupo de Química Medicinal-Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo C.P. 11400, Uruguay
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Universidad de Navarra, Departamento de Química orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Nutrición, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain.
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Effects of (1 E,4 E)-2-Methyl-1,5-bis(4-nitrophenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one on Trypanosoma cruzi and Its Combinational Effect with Benznidazole, Ketoconazole, or Fluconazole. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7254193. [PMID: 28620619 PMCID: PMC5460392 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7254193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the activity induced by (1E,4E)-2-methyl-1,5-bis(4-nitrophenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (A3K2A3) against Trypanosoma cruzi. This compound showed trypanocidal activity against the multiplicative epimastigote and amastigote forms of this protozoan, with IC50 values of 1.99 ± 0.17 and 1.20 ± 0.16 μM, respectively, and EC50 value of 15.57 ± 0.34 μM against trypomastigotes. The combination of A3K2A3 with benznidazole or ketoconazole demonstrated strong synergism, increasing effectiveness against trypomastigotes or epimastigotes of T. cruzi. In addition, the drug combination of A3K2A3 with benznidazole or ketoconazole on LLCMK2 cells demonstrated an antagonist effect, which resulted in greater protection of the cells from drug damage. The combination of the compound with fluconazole was not effective. Transmission and scanning electron micrographs showed changes on parasites, mainly in the cytoplasmatic membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion, and Golgi complex, and a large increase in the number of autophagosome-like structures and lipid-storage bodies, accompanied by volume reduction and rounding of the parasite. A3K2A3 might be a promising compound against T. cruzi.
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Kessler RL, Contreras VT, Marliére NP, Aparecida Guarneri A, Villamizar Silva LH, Mazzarotto GACA, Batista M, Soccol VT, Krieger MA, Probst CM. Recently differentiated epimastigotes fromTrypanosoma cruziare infective to the mammalian host. Mol Microbiol 2017; 104:712-736. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Tulio Contreras
- Laboratorio de Protozoología, Centro de Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Carabobo; Valencia Venezuela
| | - Newmar Pinto Marliére
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Processos Biotecnológicos e Biotecnologia, Centro Politécnico; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba PR Brazil
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Pravastatin and simvastatin inhibit the adhesion, replication and proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) in HeLa cells. Acta Trop 2017; 167:208-215. [PMID: 28012901 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The conventional treatment for toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine shows toxic effects to the host, and it is therefore necessary to search for new drugs. Some studies suggest the use of statins, which inhibit cholesterol synthesis in humans and also the initial processes of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the parasite. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of the statins pravastatin and simvastatin in HeLa cells infected in vitro with the RH strain of T. gondii. HeLa cells (1×105) were infected with T. gondii tachyzoites (5×105) following two different treatment protocols. In the first protocol, T. gondii tachyzoites were pretreated with pravastatin (50 and 100μg/mL) and simvastatin (1.56 and 3.125μg/mL) for 30min prior to infection. In the second, HeLa cells were first infected (5×105) with tachyzoites and subsequently treated with pravastatin and simvastatin for 24h at the concentrations noted above. Initially, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of drugs by the MTT assay, number of tachyzoites adhered to cells, number of infected cells, and viability of tachyzoites by trypan blue exclusion. The supernatant of the cell cultures was collected post-treatment for determination of the pattern of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines by cytometric bead array. There was no cytotoxicity to HeLa cells with 50 and 100μg/mL pravastatin and 1.56 and 3.125μg/mL simvastatin. There was no change in the viability of tachyzoites that received pretreatment. Regarding the pre- and post-treatment of the cells with pravastatin and simvastatin alone, there was a reduction in adhesion, invasion and proliferation of cells to T. gondii. As for the production of cytokines, we found that IL-6 and IL-17 were significantly reduced in cells infected with T. gondii and treated with pravastatin and simvastatin, when compared to control. Based on these results, we can infer that pravastatin and simvastatin alone possess antiproliferative effects on tachyzoites forms of T. gondii, giving these drugs new therapeutic uses.
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Hazra S, Ghosh S, Hazra B. Phytochemicals With Antileishmanial Activity. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63931-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Krstin S, Mohamed T, Wang X, Wink M. How do the alkaloids emetine and homoharringtonine kill trypanosomes? An insight into their molecular modes of action. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1771-1777. [PMID: 27912879 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Trypanosoma brucei causes deadly sleeping sickness, the number of the registered medications is rather limited. Some plant alkaloids are potent trypanocidal agents. PURPOSE In this study, we wanted to elucidate the molecular modes of trypanocidal activity of the alkaloids emetine and homoharringtonine against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. METHODS We investigated the activity of both alkaloids regarding growth recovery from alkaloid-induced stress. We measured the inhibition of protein biosynthesis using the Click-iT® AHA Alexa Fluor® 488 Protein Synthesis HCS Assay kit. Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle arrest were measured by means of flow cytometry. Additionally, we determined spectrophotometrically the inhibition of the trypanosome specific enzyme trypanothione reductase activity and DNA intercalation. RESULTS Both alkaloids prevented that parasites could resume normal growth after pretreatment with the alkaloids. They inhibited protein biosynthesis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast to homoharringtonine, emetine is also a DNA intercalator. Homoharringtonine decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Both alkaloids caused cell cycle arrest. Both alkaloids failed to affect trypanothione reductase, a crucial component of the redox system of trypanosomes. CONCLUSION We assume that both alkaloids are primarily inhibitors of protein biosynthesis in trypanosomes, with DNA intercalation as an additional mechanism for emetine. This is the first study that elucidates the molecular mode of trypanocidal action of emetine and homoharringtonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Krstin
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tamer Mohamed
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Costa LB, Cardoso MVDO, de Oliveira Filho GB, de Moraes Gomes PAT, Espíndola JWP, de Jesus Silva TG, Torres PHM, Silva FP, Martin J, de Figueiredo RCBQ, Leite ACL. Compound profiling and 3D-QSAR studies of hydrazone derivatives with activity against intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1608-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Crauwels P, Bohn R, Thomas M, Gottwalt S, Jäckel F, Krämer S, Bank E, Tenzer S, Walther P, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Apoptotic-like Leishmania exploit the host's autophagy machinery to reduce T-cell-mediated parasite elimination. Autophagy 2016; 11:285-97. [PMID: 25801301 PMCID: PMC4502818 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2014.998904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a well-defined cellular process in which a cell dies, characterized by cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation. In parasites like Leishmania, the process of apoptosis-like cell death has been described. Moreover upon infection, the apoptotic-like population is essential for disease development, in part by silencing host phagocytes. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of how apoptosis in unicellular organisms may support infectivity remains unclear. Therefore we investigated the fate of apoptotic-like Leishmania parasites in human host macrophages. Our data showed—in contrast to viable parasites—that apoptotic-like parasites enter an LC3+, autophagy-like compartment. The compartment was found to consist of a single lipid bilayer, typical for LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). As LAP can provoke anti-inflammatory responses and autophagy modulates antigen presentation, we analyzed how the presence of apoptotic-like parasites affected the adaptive immune response. Macrophages infected with viable Leishmania induced proliferation of CD4+ T-cells, leading to a reduced intracellular parasite survival. Remarkably, the presence of apoptotic-like parasites in the inoculum significantly reduced T-cell proliferation. Chemical induction of autophagy in human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM), infected with viable parasites only, had an even stronger proliferation-reducing effect, indicating that host cell autophagy and not parasite viability limits the T-cell response and enhances parasite survival. Concluding, our data suggest that apoptotic-like Leishmania hijack the host cells´ autophagy machinery to reduce T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, the overall population survival is guaranteed, explaining the benefit of apoptosis-like cell death in a single-celled parasite and defining the host autophagy pathway as a potential therapeutic target in treating Leishmaniasis.
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Key Words
- ANXA5, annexin V
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CM, complete medium
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IL, interleukin
- LAP
- LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis
- Lm, Leishmania
- MACS, magnetic-associated cell sorting
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- T-cell proliferation
- TGFB, transforming growth factor
- anti-inflammatory
- apoptotic-like Leishmania
- autophagy
- hMDM, human monocyte derived macrophage
- human primary macrophages
- immune evasion
- log.ph, logarithmic phase
- stat.ph, stationary phase
- β; TT, tetanus toxoid
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Crauwels
- a Division of Immunology ; Paul-Ehrlich-Institute ; Langen , Germany
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Louvis ADR, Silva NAA, Semaan FS, da Silva FDC, Saramago G, de Souza LCSV, Ferreira BLA, Castro HC, Salles JP, Souza ALA, Faria RX, Ferreira VF, Martins DDL. Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of 3-aryl-1,4-naphthoquinones – green palladium-catalysed Suzuki cross coupling. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00872k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal and trypanocidal aryl-1,4-naphthoquinones were prepared through an aqueous Suzuki protocol with reflux or microwave irradiation.
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