1
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Sekimitsu S, Xiang D, Smith SL, Curran K, Elze T, Friedman DS, Foster PJ, Luo Y, Pasquale LR, Peto T, Segrè AV, Shweikh Y, Warwick A, Zhao Y, Wiggs JL, Zebardast N. Deep Ocular Phenotyping Across Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Genetic Burden. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:891-899. [PMID: 37589995 PMCID: PMC10436188 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Importance Better understanding of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) genetics could enable timely screening and promote individualized disease risk prognostication. Objective To evaluate phenotypic features across genetic burden for POAG. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted from 2006 to 2010. Included participants were individuals from the UK Biobank aged 40 to 69 years. Individuals with non-POAG forms of glaucoma were excluded from the analysis. Data were statistically analyzed from October 2022 to January 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures POAG prevalence based on structural coding, self-reports, and glaucoma-related traits. Results Among 407 667 participants (mean [SD] age, 56.3 [8.1] years; 219 183 majority sex [53.8%]) were 14 171 POAG cases. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve for POAG detection was 0.748 in a model including polygenic risk score (PRS), age, sex, and ancestry. POAG prevalence in the highest decile of PRS was 7.4% (3005 of 40 644) vs 1.3% (544 of 40 795) in lowest decile (P < .001). A 1-SD increase in PRS was associated with 1.74 times higher odds of POAG (95% CI, 1.71-1.77), a 0.61-mm Hg increase in corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOP; 95% CI, 0.59-0.64), a -0.09-mm Hg decrease in corneal hysteresis (95% CI, -0.10 to -0.08), a 0.08-mm Hg increase in corneal resistance factor (95% CI, 0.06-0.09), and a -0.08-diopter decrease in spherical equivalent (95% CI, -0.11 to -0.07; P < .001 for all). A 1-SD increase in PRS was associated with a thinning of the macula-region retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) of 0.14 μm and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) of 0.26 μm (P < .001 for both). In the subset of individuals with fundus photographs, a 1-SD increase in PRS was associated with 1.42 times higher odds of suspicious optic disc features (95% CI, 1.19-1.69) and a 0.013 increase in cup-disc ratio (CDR; 95% CI, 0.012-0.014; P < .001 for both). A total of 22 of 5193 fundus photographs (0.4%) in decile 10 had disc hemorrhages, and 27 of 5257 (0.5%) had suspicious optic disc features compared with 9 of 5158 (0.2%) and 10 of 5219 (0.2%), respectively, in decile 1 (P < .001 for both). CDR in decile 10 was 0.46 compared with 0.41 in decile 1 (P < .001). Conclusion and Relevance Results suggest that PRS identified a group of individuals at substantially higher risk for POAG. Higher genetic risk was associated with more advanced disease, namely higher CDR and corneal-compensated IOP, thinner mRNFL, and thinner GCC. Associations with POAG PRS and corneal hysteresis and greater prevalence of disc hemorrhages were identified. These results suggest that genetic risk is an increasingly important parameter for risk stratification to consider in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Katie Curran
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Elze
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David S. Friedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital & UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuyang Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Ophthalmology, New York, New York
| | - Tunde Peto
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ayellet V. Segrè
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yusrah Shweikh
- Sussex Eye Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Warwick
- University College London, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nazlee Zebardast
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Freeman EE, Bastasic J, Grant A, Leung G, Li G, Buhrmann R, Roy-Gagnon MH. Inverse Association of APOE ε4 and Glaucoma Modified by Systemic Hypertension: The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:9. [PMID: 36479943 PMCID: PMC9742963 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies examining the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and glaucoma are inconsistent, which could be due to interactions with other factors. We examined the relationship between the APOE ε4 allele and glaucoma and intraocular pressure in a large, population-based random sample and explored whether the APOE ε4 allele interacted with systemic hypertension. Methods Data came from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, a population-based study that included 24,655 adults ages 45 to 85 years old in the European ancestry cohort. APOE genotypes were derived from single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs429358 and rs7412. Participants were asked about a prior diagnosis of glaucoma from a doctor. Corneal compensated intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using the Reichart Ocular Response Analyzer. Results Having an APOE ε4 allele was associated with a lower odds of glaucoma after adjusting for age, sex, IOP, and the top 10 population structure principal components (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.98; P = 0.033). A novel statistically significant interaction was found in that having an APOE ε4 allele was only associated with glaucoma in those without systemic hypertension (OR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46-0.85) although it was not associated in those with it (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.79-1.21) (interaction term P value = 0.017). APOE ε4 was not associated with IOP (β = -0.01; 95% CI, -0.13 to 0.10). Conclusions Evidence increasingly points to the APOE ε4 allele having protective benefits against glaucoma, but this association was limited to those without systemic hypertension. Further research is needed to understand the biological mechanisms for these findings and the treatment potential they hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E. Freeman
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Joseph Bastasic
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alyssa Grant
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gareth Leung
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gisele Li
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ralf Buhrmann
- Ottawa Eye Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
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3
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Wang Y, Xu L, Wang S, Yang K, Gu Y, Fan Q, Wang Q, Zhu M, Guo K, Pang C, Ren S, Zhao D. Heritability of Corneal Parameters in Nuclear Families With Keratoconus. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:13. [PMID: 35838491 PMCID: PMC9296886 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the heritability of corneal parameters obtained by Pentacam in nuclear families with keratoconus (KC). Methods A total of 82 patients with KC and their biological parents (n = 164) were recruited in the current study. All subjects underwent corneal tomography with Pentacam. Family units were analyzed to calculate the heritability of corneal parameters by linear mixed effects model using the R statistical software. Results The pachymetry at apex, pupil, and thinnest point were all significantly heritable at 43.26%, 42.63%, and 43.09%, respectively. The heritability of flat meridian keratometry, steep meridian keratometry, and mean keratometry in the anterior surface were 10.36%, 9.05%, and 10.21%, respectively, and that of flat meridian keratometry, steep meridian keratometry, and mean keratometry in the posterior surface were 8.44%, 9.67%, and 9.06%, respectively. The posterior radius of curvature had higher heritability in comparison with anterior radius of curvature (19.16% vs. 14.37%). Moreover, among combined topometric indices, the heritability of index of vertical asymmetry was the highest (19.49%), and that of central keratoconus index was the lowest (6.64%). Conclusions The present study demonstrated a substantial heritability of corneal parameters in nuclear families with KC. The pachymetric indices are heritable and may be suitable as KC endophenotypes, suggesting a necessity to discover the genes associated with corneal thickness in KC. Translational Relevance The pachymetric indices are heritable and may be suitable as KC endophenotypes, indicating that the pachymetric indices might be a corneal characteristic to predict the occurrence of KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Shaopei Wang
- Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yuwei Gu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital & Henan Eye Institution, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital & Henan Eye Institution, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Chenjiu Pang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Shengwei Ren
- Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Dongqing Zhao
- Henan University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Zhengzhou 450003, China.,Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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4
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Pillunat KR, Herber R, Pillunat LE. Corneal Biomechanics in Glaucoma. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239:158-164. [PMID: 35211937 DOI: 10.1055/a-1667-6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Now that is possible to measure the biomechanical parameters of the cornea in vivo, scientific and clinical interest has increased in changes in these parameters in glaucoma. These parameters may act as biomarkers for early diagnosis, but also serve to emphasize the increased vulnerability to intraocular pressure, reduced blood flow or changing ocular perfusion pressure. Measuring and interpreting these parameters may help in achieving better and individually tailored glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R Pillunat
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Robert Herber
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Lutz E Pillunat
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Deutschland
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5
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Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the cardinal and only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreparable blindness worldwide. Twin and family studies estimate the heritability of IOP to be 40-70%, and linkage studies for IOP have identified numerous loci. Mutations in MYOC can cause markedly elevated IOP and aggressive glaucoma often requiring surgical intervention. However, the majority of the genetic basis for raised IOP and glaucoma in populations is complex, and recent large genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified over 100 common variants that contribute to IOP variation. In combination, these loci are predictive for primary open-angle glaucoma in independent populations, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 76% for high-pressure primary open-angle glaucoma; this suggests the possibility of targeted screening in the future. Additionally, GWAS findings have identified important biological pathways underlying IOP regulation, including lymphangiogenesis and lipid metabolism, providing novel targets for new therapies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK;
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6
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Rahman N, O'Neill E, Irnaten M, Wallace D, O'Brien C. Corneal Stiffness and Collagen Cross-Linking Proteins in Glaucoma: Potential for Novel Therapeutic Strategy. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:582-594. [PMID: 32667842 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical properties of the cornea have recently emerged as clinically useful in risk assessment of diagnosing glaucoma and predicting disease progression. Corneal hysteresis (CH) is a dynamic tool, which measures viscoelasticity of the cornea. It represents the overall deformability of the cornea, and reduces significantly with age. Low CH has also been associated with optic nerve damage and progression of visual field loss in glaucoma. The extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents of the cornea, trabecular meshwork (TM), sclera, and lamina cribrosa (LC) are similar, as they are predominantly made of fibrillar collagen. This suggests that biomechanical changes in the cornea may also reflect optic nerve compliance in glaucomatous optic neuropathy, and in the known increase of TM tissue stiffness in glaucoma. Increased collagen cross-linking contributes to tissue stiffening throughout the body, which is observed in normal aging and occurs at an accelerated rate in systemic conditions such as fibrotic and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and glaucoma. We reviewed 3 ECM cross-linking proteins that may have a potential role in the disease process of increased tissue stiffness in glaucoma, including lysyl oxidase (LOX)/lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1), tissue transglutaminase (TG2), and advanced glycation end products. We also report elevated messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of LOX and TG2 in glaucoma LC cells to support our proposed theory that increased levels of cross-linking proteins in glaucoma play a role in LC tissue stiffness. We highlight areas of research that are needed to better understand the role of cross-linking in glaucoma pathogenesis, leading potentially to a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiha Rahman
- UCD Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evelyn O'Neill
- UCD Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustapha Irnaten
- UCD Clinical Research, Catherine Mcauley Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deborah Wallace
- UCD Clinical Research, Catherine Mcauley Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O'Brien
- UCD Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Clinical Research, Catherine Mcauley Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Asefa NG, Neustaeter A, Jansonius NM, Snieder H. Heritability of glaucoma and glaucoma-related endophenotypes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2019; 64:835-851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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8
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Restrepo NA, Laper SM, Farber-Eger E, Crawford DC. Local genetic ancestry in CDKN2B-AS1 is associated with primary open-angle glaucoma in an African American cohort extracted from de-identified electronic health records. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:70. [PMID: 30255811 PMCID: PMC6157155 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most prevalent clinical subtype of glaucoma in the United States, affects African Americans at a higher rate compared with European Americans. Risk factors identified for POAG include increased age and family history, which coupled with heritability estimates, suggest this complex condition is associated with genetic and environmental factors. To date, several genome-wide studies have identified loci significantly associated with POAG risk, but most of these studies were performed in populations of European-descent. METHODS To identify population-specific and trans-population genetic associations for POAG, we genotyped 11,521 African Americans using the Illumina Metabochip as part of the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study accessing BioVU, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center's biorepository linked to de-identified electronic health records. Among this study population, we identified 138 cases of POAG and 1376 controls and performed Metabochip-wide tests of association. We also estimated local genetic ancestry at CDKN2B-AS1, a POAG-associated locus established in European-descent populations. RESULTS Overall, we did not identify significant single SNP-POAG associations after adjusting for multiple testing. We did, however, detect a significant association between POAG risk and local African genetic ancestry at CDKN2B-AS1, where on average cases were of 90% African descent compared with controls at 58% (p = 2 × 10- 6). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CDKN2B-AS1 is an important locus for POAG risk among African Americans, warranting further investigation to identify the variants underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Restrepo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Building, Suite 2-527, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | - Eric Farber-Eger
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Wolstein Research Building, Suite 2-527, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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9
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Asefa NG, Neustaeter A, Jansonius NM, Snieder H. Heritability of glaucoma and glaucoma-related endophenotypes: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019049. [PMID: 29490960 PMCID: PMC5855254 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is the second leading cause of age-related vision loss worldwide; it is an umbrella term that is used to describe a set of complex ocular disorders with a multifactorial aetiology. Both genetic and lifestyle risk factors for glaucoma are well established. Thus far, however, systematic reviews on the heritability of glaucoma have focused on the heritability of primary open-angle glaucoma only. No systematic review has comprehensively reviewed or meta-analysed the heritability of other types of glaucoma, including glaucoma-related endophenotypes. The aim of this study will be to identify relevant scientific literature regarding the heritability of both glaucoma and related endophenotypes and summarise the evidence by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This systematic review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 checklist, which provides a standardised approach for carrying out systematic reviews. To capture as much literature as possible, a comprehensive step-by-step systematic search will be undertaken in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science and ScienceDirect, and studies published until 31 December 2017 will be included. Two reviewers will independently search the articles for eligibility according to predefined selection criteria. A database will be used for screening of eligible articles. The quality of the included studies will be rated independently by two reviewers, using the National Health Institute Quality Assessment tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. A random-effects model will be used for the meta-analysis. This systematic review is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with a registration number: CRD42017064504. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION We will use secondary data from peer-reviewed published articles, and hence there is no requirement for ethics approval. The results of this systematic review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Gebrmedhin Asefa
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Neustaeter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Mabuchi F, Mabuchi N, Sakurada Y, Yoneyama S, Kashiwagi K, Iijima H, Yamagata Z, Takamoto M, Aihara M, Iwata T, Kawase K, Shiga Y, Nishiguchi KM, Nakazawa T, Ozaki M, Araie M. Additive effects of genetic variants associated with intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183709. [PMID: 28832686 PMCID: PMC5568337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the association between the additive effects of genetic variants associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) and IOP, vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR), and high tension glaucoma (HTG) or normal tension glaucoma (NTG) as phenotypic features of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants for predicting IOP elevation, Japanese patients with HTG (n = 255) and NTG (n = 261) and 246 control subjects were genotyped for nine IOP-related genetic variants near CAV2, GAS7, GLCCI1/ICA1, ABCA1, ARHGEF12, FAM125B, FNDC3B, ABO, and PTPRJ/AGBL2. The total number of risk alleles of these genetic variants was calculated for each participant as a genetic risk score (GRS), and the association between the GRS and the maximum IOP, mean VCDR, and phenotype (HTG or NTG) of POAG was evaluated. As the GRS increased, the maximum IOP (P = 0.012) and VCDR (P = 0.010) significantly increased. The GRS (9.1±1.9) in patients with HTG was significantly higher (P = 0.011) than that (8.7±1.8) in control subjects. The patients with GRS≥12 as a cut-off value had a 2.54 times higher (P = 0.0085) risk on HTG (maximum IOP≥22mmHg) compared with all patients. The IOP-related GRS approach substantiated that the IOP and VCDR were increased by the additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants in POAG. The high IOP-related GRS in patients with HTG but not NTG shows that there are differences in the genetic background between HTG and NTG and supports the notion that the phenotype (HTG or NTG) in patients with POAG depends on the additive effects of IOP-related genetic variants. The above-mentioned cut-off value of IOP-related GRS may be clinically useful for predicting the risk of IOP elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Mabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nakako Mabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Seigo Yoneyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Takamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koji M. Nishiguchi
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Araie
- Kanto Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Tokyo, Japan
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Sardell RJ, Nittala MG, Adams LD, Laux RA, Cooke Bailey JN, Fuzzell D, Fuzzell S, Reinhart-Mercer L, Caywood LJ, Horst V, Mackay T, Dana D, Sadda SR, Scott WK, Stambolian D, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. Heritability of Choroidal Thickness in the Amish. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:2537-2544. [PMID: 27771146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the heritability of choroidal thickness and its relationship to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred eighty-nine individuals from Amish families with early or intermediate AMD. METHODS Ocular coherence tomography was used to quantify choroidal thickness, and fundus photography was used to classify eyes into categories using a modified Clinical Age-Related Maculopathy Staging (CARMS) system. Repeatability and heritability of choroidal thickness and its phenotypic and genetic correlations with the AMD phenotype (CARMS category) were estimated using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) approach that accounted for relatedness, repeated measures (left and right eyes), and the effects of age, gender, and refraction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Heritability of choroidal thickness and its phenotypic and genetic correlation with the AMD phenotype (CARMS category). RESULTS Phenotypic correlation between choroidal thickness and CARMS category was moderate (Spearman's rank correlation, rs = -0.24; n = 1313 eyes) and significant (GLMM posterior mean, -4.27; 95% credible interval [CI], -7.88 to -0.79; P = 0.02) after controlling for relatedness, age, gender, and refraction. Eyes with advanced AMD had thinner choroids than eyes without AMD (posterior mean, -73.8; 95% CI, -94.7 to -54.6; P < 0.001; n = 1178 eyes). Choroidal thickness was highly repeatable within individuals (repeatability, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.89) and moderately heritable (heritability, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.51), but did not show significant genetic correlation with CARMS category, although the effect size was moderate (genetic correlation, -0.18; 95% CI, -0.49 to 0.16). Choroidal thickness also varied with age, gender, and refraction. The CARMS category showed moderate heritability (heritability, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.72). CONCLUSIONS We quantify the heritability of choroidal thickness for the first time, highlighting a heritable, quantitative trait that is measurable in all individuals regardless of AMD affection status, and moderately phenotypically correlated with AMD severity. Choroidal thickness therefore may capture variation not captured by the CARMS system. However, because the genetic correlation between choroidal thickness and AMD severity was not significant in our data set, genes associated with the 2 traits may not overlap substantially. Future studies should therefore test for genetic variation associated with choroidal thickness to determine the overlap in genetic basis with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Sardell
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Muneeswar G Nittala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Reneé A Laux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica N Cooke Bailey
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Denise Fuzzell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarada Fuzzell
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lori Reinhart-Mercer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Laura J Caywood
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Violet Horst
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tine Mackay
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Debbie Dana
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - SriniVas R Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - William K Scott
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Srilekha S, Rao B, Rao DM, Sudha D, Chandrasekar SP, Pandian AJ, Soumittra N, Sripriya S. Strategies for Gene Mapping in Inherited Ophthalmic Diseases. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:282-92. [PMID: 27488070 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mapping of inherited ophthalmic diseases such as congenital cataracts, retinal degeneration, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, myopia, optic atrophy, and eye malformations has shed more light on the disease pathology, identified targets for research on therapeutics, earlier detection, and treatment options for disease management and patient care. This article details the different approaches to gene identification for both Mendelian and complex eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Srilekha
- From the SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kamal Nayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (KNBIRVO), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Philomenadin FS, Asokan R, N V, George R, Lingam V, Sarangapani S. Genetic association of SNPs near ATOH7, CARD10, CDKN2B, CDC7 and SIX1/SIX6 with the endophenotypes of primary open angle glaucoma in Indian population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119703. [PMID: 25798827 PMCID: PMC4370747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) belonging to a group of optic neuropathies, result from interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Study of associations with quantitative traits (QTs) is one of the successful strategies to understand the complex genetics of POAG. The current study attempts to explore the association of variations near/in genes like ATOH7, SIX1/SIX6 complex, CDKN2B, CARD10, and CDC7 with POAG and its QTs including vertical cup to disc ratio (VCDR), central corneal thickness (CCT), intra ocular pressure (IOP), and axial length (AL). Case-control study design was carried out in a sample size of 97 POAG cases and 371 controls from South India. Model-based (additive, recessive, dominant) association of the genotypes and their interaction was carried out between cases and controls using chi-square, linear and logistic regression methods. Nominal significance (P<0.05) was observed for QTs like i) VCDR with SNPs rs1900004 (ATOH7); rs1192415 (CDC7); rs10483727 (SIX1/SIX6), rs9607469 (CARD10); ii) CCT with rs1192415; iii) IOP with rs1900004 and iv) AL with rs1900004 and rs1063192 (CDKN2B). We were able to replicate previously known interactions between ATOH7-SIX6 and SIX6-CDKN2B along with few novel interactions between ATOH7—CDC7 and SIX6 with genes including CARD10 and CDC7. In summary, our results suggest that a probable interaction among the candidate genes for QTs, play a major role in determining the individual’s susceptibility to POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinamarie Sharmila Philomenadin
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, Vision Research foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
- PhD Scholar, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rashima Asokan
- Chennai Glaucoma Study, Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan N
- Biostatistician, Department of Preventive Ophthalmology, Medical research foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Chennai Glaucoma Study, Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Vijaya Lingam
- Chennai Glaucoma Study, Medical and Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Sripriya Sarangapani
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular biology, Vision Research foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Girkin CA, Nievergelt CM, Kuo JZ, Maihofer AX, Huisingh C, Liebmann JM, Ayyagari R, Weinreb RN, Ritch R, Zangwill LM. Biogeographic Ancestry in the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES): Association With Corneal and Optic Nerve Structure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2043-9. [PMID: 25744975 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined if quantitative measurements of biogeographic ancestry (BGA) correlate with variations in optic disc area, corneal thickness (CCT), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. METHODS Data were obtained from 656 participants in the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES) cohort who consented to BGA testing. Data for CCT, optic disc area, and RNFL thickness were obtained from subjects in the ADAGES study who also had participated in the current substudy. A total of 31 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) with large allele frequencies differences between populations was used to calculate admixture proportion (implemented in STRUCTURE). Correlations with BGA adjusted for diagnosis, age, and sex for CCT and optic disc area using the whole group and RNFL thickness adjusted for age and sex for the normal study participants were determined. RESULTS The mean percentage of African admixture was 79.6% in the self-described African Descent (AD) group and 3.5% in the European Descent (ED) group. Percent African ancestry was significantly correlated with CCT (ρ = -0.27, P < 0.0001) and disc area (ρ = 0.15, P < 0.0001), but only marginally associated with RNFL thickness (ρ = 0.20, P = 0.092) in adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS The BGA correlates with variation in ocular features that significantly differ across racial groups and that have been associated with the development of glaucoma. While BGA can provide an objective measurement of the biologic component of self-described race for ocular research, for most nongenetic epidemiologic studies, self-described race may adequately describe the associations with these ocular characteristics. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221923.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Jane Z Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States Pathway Genomics Corporation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Carrie Huisingh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Radha Ayyagari
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Robert Ritch
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York, United States
| | - Linda M Zangwill
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
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16
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Kim MW, Lee JR, Lee KS, Sung KR. Clinical Characteristics of First-Degree Relatives with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2015.56.3.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Rak Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Rim Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Identification of genetic loci associated with primary angle-closure glaucoma in the basset hound. Mol Vis 2014; 20:497-510. [PMID: 24791135 PMCID: PMC4000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in dogs is usually caused by the gradual collapse of the iridocorneal angle and cleft, eventually leading to aqueous humor (AH) outflow obstruction. The condition occurs in several breeds of dogs and the prognosis for affected animals is typically poor. We have identified several basset hound (BH) pedigrees, as well as unrelated cases with characteristic PACG that in many aspects recapitulates PACG in human patients. The goal of this study was to utilize the BH PACG model to characterize the genetics of PACG, and potentially discover genetic factors contributing to PACG in humans and animals. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide logistic regression test for association using 37 PACG cases and 41 unaffected controls. Population stratification and cryptic relatedness were assessed using a multidimensional scaling analysis. The expression of two candidate genes within the target tissues of the BH eye was assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We report significant associations at two novel loci, specifically BICF2P31912 in COL1A2 on chromosome 14 with a per-allele odds ratio (OR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) of 3.35 (1.73-6.51), P(genome)=3.6×10⁻⁴; and BICF2P893476 residing in proximity to RAB22A on chromosome 24 with a per-allele OR (95% CI) of 3.93 (1.78-8.66), P(genome)=4.9×10⁻⁴. COL1A2 and RAB22A demonstrated widespread expression throughout the eye and were prominently noted in the ciliary body (CB), trabecular meshwork (TM), and iris. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of two genetic associations supports the potential segregation of PACG risk-conferring variants in the BH. The genetic associations identified may contribute to mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PACG, which remain to be elucidated.
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18
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Ozel AB, Moroi SE, Reed DM, Nika M, Schmidt CM, Akbari S, Scott K, Rozsa F, Pawar H, Musch DC, Lichter PR, Gaasterland D, Branham K, Gilbert J, Garnai SJ, Chen W, Othman M, Heckenlively J, Swaroop A, Abecasis G, Friedman DS, Zack D, Ashley-Koch A, Ulmer M, Kang JH, Liu Y, Yaspan BL, Haines J, Allingham RR, Hauser MA, Pasquale L, Wiggs J, Richards JE, Li JZ. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis of intraocular pressure. Hum Genet 2014; 133:41-57. [PMID: 24002674 PMCID: PMC3982323 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reported associations with IOP at TMCO1 and GAS7, and with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at CDKN2B-AS1, CAV1/CAV2, and SIX1/SIX6. To identify novel genetic variants and replicate the published findings, we performed GWAS and meta-analysis of IOP in >6,000 subjects of European ancestry collected in three datasets: the NEI Glaucoma Human genetics collaBORation, GLAUcoma Genes and ENvironment study, and a subset of the Age-related Macular Degeneration-Michigan, Mayo, AREDS and Pennsylvania study. While no signal achieved genome-wide significance in individual datasets, a meta-analysis identified significant associations with IOP at TMCO1 (rs7518099-G, p = 8.0 × 10(-8)). Focused analyses of five loci previously reported for IOP and/or POAG, i.e., TMCO1, CDKN2B-AS1, GAS7, CAV1/CAV2, and SIX1/SIX6, revealed associations with IOP that were largely consistent across our three datasets, and replicated the previously reported associations in both effect size and direction. These results confirm the involvement of common variants in multiple genomic regions in regulating IOP and/or glaucoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David M. Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Melisa Nika
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Caroline M. Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara Akbari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank Rozsa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hemant Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David C. Musch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul R. Lichter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Kari Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jesse Gilbert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah J. Garnai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Departments of Biostatistics and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David S. Friedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Don Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan Ulmer
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae H. Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Yutao Liu
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian L. Yaspan
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Haines
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R. Rand Allingham
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Louis Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janey Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia E. Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Z. Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
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Iglesias AI, Springelkamp H, van der Linde H, Severijnen LA, Amin N, Oostra B, Kockx CEM, van den Hout MCGN, van IJcken WFJ, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Verdijk RM, Klaver CCW, Willemsen R, van Duijn CM. Exome sequencing and functional analyses suggest that SIX6 is a gene involved in an altered proliferation–differentiation balance early in life and optic nerve degeneration at old age. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1320-32. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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