1
|
Araj H. Consilience and unity in ocular anterior segment research. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1173-1183. [PMID: 39026918 PMCID: PMC11246940 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In his beautiful book, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, the eminent biologist Edward O Wilson, advocates the need for integration and reconciliation across the sciences. He defines consilience as "literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge with a linking of facts ... to create a common groundwork of explanation". It is the premise of this paper that as much as basic biomedical research is in need of data generation using the latest available techniques- unifying available knowledge is just as critical. This involves the necessity to resolve contradictory findings, reduce silos, and acknowledge complexity. We take the cornea and the lens as case studies of our premise. Specifically, in this perspective, we discuss the conflicting and fragmented information on protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis. These are fields of study that are integrally tied to anterior segment research. Our goal is to highlight the vital need for Wilson's consilience and unity of knowledge which in turn should lead to enhanced rigor and reproducibility, and most importantly, to greater understanding and not simply knowing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houmam Araj
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health (NEI/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bisen AC, Agrawal S, Rayiti R, Sanap SN, Biswas A, Mishra A, Gupta NM, Bhatta RS. Pirfenidone: A Promising Drug in Ocular Therapeutics. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301389. [PMID: 38299764 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Pirfenidone, initially indicated for lung fibrosis, has gone beyond its original purpose, and shown promise in eye care. This detailed review tracks its evolution from lung treatment to aiding eye healing as evidenced by published literature. Pirfenidone's multifaceted attributes extend to mitigating corneal fibrosis, inflammation, and trauma. Through rigorous investigations, its efficacy emerges in diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and postoperative glaucoma interventions. As an unheralded protagonist, pirfenidone reshapes ocular care paradigms, inviting renewed research opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Ramakrishna Rayiti
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Neeraj Mohan Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Government P. G. College, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, 473001, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang F, Yang Y, Ni Y, Qin Y, Yuan F, Ju R, Wu M. Smurf1 Modulates Smad Signaling Pathway in Fibrotic Cataract Formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:18. [PMID: 38324299 PMCID: PMC10854413 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway plays a significant role in fibrotic cataract. Smurf1, a ubiquitin protein ligase, regulates the TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This study aims to investigate the role of Smurf1 in the progression of fibrotic cataract and its underlying mechanism. Methods We used a mouse model of injury-induced anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and administered the Smurf1 inhibitor A01 for in vivo investigations. RNA sequencing was performed to examine global gene expression changes. Protein levels were assessed by Simple Western analysis. The volume of subcapsular opacity was determined using whole-mount immunofluorescence of lens anterior capsules. Lentivirus was utilized to establish cell lines with Smurf1 knockdown or overexpression in SRA01/04. Lens epithelial cell (LEC) proliferation was evaluated by CCK8 and EdU assays. Cell cycle profile was determined by flow cytometry. LEC migration was measured using Transwell and wound healing assays. Results The mRNA levels of genes associated with cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), TGF-β/BMP pathway, and UPS were upregulated in mouse ASC model. Smurf1 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in lens capsules of patients and mice with ASC. Anterior chamber injection of A01 inhibited ASC formation and EMT. In vitro, Smurf1 knockdown reduced proliferation, migration and TGF-β2-induced EMT of LECs, concomitant with the upregulation of Smad1, Smad5, and pSmad1/5. Conversely, overexpression of Smurf1 showed opposite phenotypes. Conclusions Smurf1 regulates fibrotic cataract progression by influencing LEC proliferation, migration, and EMT through the modulation of the Smad signaling pathway, offering a novel target for the fibrotic cataract treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fa Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu X, Zeng B, Wu C, Chen Z, Yu M, Yang Y. Inhibition of TGF-β2-Induced Trabecular Meshwork Fibrosis by Pirfenidone. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 37975842 PMCID: PMC10664722 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Trabecular meshwork (TM) fibrosis is a crucial pathophysiological process in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma. Pirfenidone (PFD) is a new, broad-spectrum antifibrotic agent approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of PFD on TM fibrosis and evaluated its efficacy in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods Human TM cells were isolated, cultured, and characterized. Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to evaluate the proliferation and toxicity of different concentrations of PFD on normal or fibrotic TM cells. TM cells were treated with transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2) in the absence or presence of PFD. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were used to analyze changes in the TM cell cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), F-actin, collagen IV (COL IV), and fibronectin (FN). An ocular hypertension (OHT) mouse model was induced with Ad-TGF-β2C226/228S and then treated with PFD or latanoprost (LT) eye drops to confirm the efficacy of PFD in lowering IOP. Results PFD inhibited the proliferation of fibrotic TM cells in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited TGF-β2-induced overexpression of α-SMA, COL IV, and FN in TM cells. PFD stabilized F-actin. In vivo, PFD eye drops reduced the IOP of the OHT models and showed no significant difference compared with LT eye drops. Conclusions PFD inhibited TGF-β2-induced TM cell fibrosis by rearranging the disordered cytoskeleton and decreasing ECM deposition, thereby enhancing the aqueous outflow from the TM outflow pathway and lowering IOP, which provides a potential new approach to treating glaucoma. Translational Relevance Our work with pirfenidone provides a new approach to treat glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chu ZC, Cong T, Zhao JY, Zhang J, Lou ZY, Gao Y, Tang X. The identification of hub-methylated differentially expressed genes in osteoarthritis patients is based on epigenomic and transcriptomic data. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1219830. [PMID: 37465641 PMCID: PMC10351907 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1219830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) refers to a commonly seen degenerative joint disorder and a major global public health burden. According to the existing literature, osteoarthritis is related to epigenetic changes, which are important for diagnosing and treating the disease early. Through early targeted treatment, costly treatments and poor prognosis caused by advanced osteoarthritis can be avoided. Methods This study combined gene differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the transcriptome with epigenome microarray data to discover the hub gene of OA. We obtained 2 microarray datasets (GSE114007, GSE73626) in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The R software was utilized for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs). By using WGCNA to analyze the relationships between modules and phenotypes, it was discovered that the blue module (MEBlue) has the strongest phenotypic connection with OA (cor = 0.92, p = 4e-16). The hub genes for OA, also known as the hub methylated differentially expressed genes, were identified by matching the MEblue module to differentially methylated differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, this study used Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) to identify specific signal pathways associated with hub genes. qRT-PCR and western blotting assays were used to confirm the expression levels of the hub genes in OA patients and healthy controls. Results Three hub genes were discovered: HTRA1, P2RY6, and RCAN1. GSVA analysis showed that high HTRA1 expression was mainly enriched in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apical junction; high expression of P2RY6 was mainly enriched in the peroxisome, coagulation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition; and high expression of RCAN1 was mainly enriched in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, TGF-β-signaling, and glycolysis. The results of the RT-qPCR and WB assay were consistent with the findings. Discussion The three genes tested may cause articular cartilage degeneration by inducing chondrocyte hypertrophy, regulating extracellular matrix accumulation, and improving macrophage pro-inflammatory response, resulting in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. They can provide new ideas for targeted treatment of osteoarthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Chen Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ting Cong
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian-Yu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Lou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shih CC, Lee CY, Wong FF, Lin CH. Protective Effects of One 2,4-Dihydro-3H-Pyrazol-3-one Derivative against Posterior Capsular Opacification by Regulation of TGF-β2/SMADs and Non-SMAD Signaling, Collagen I, and Fibronectin Proteins. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5048-5066. [PMID: 36286058 PMCID: PMC9600192 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many elderly individuals frequently experience cataracts that interfere with vision. After cataract surgery, the left lens epithelial cell (LEC) exhibited fibrosis and posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Sometimes, there is a need for a second surgery; nevertheless, people try other methods, such as a good pharmacological agent, to treat PCO to reduce transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) amounts to avoid secondary surgery. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential anti-PCO activity of five 2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (DHPO) derivatives in a TGF-β2-induced fibrogenesis SRA01/04 cell model. The 2-phenyl-5-propyl-DHPO (TSE; no. 2: TSE-2) compound showed the best activity of reduced expression levels of TGF-β2 among five derivatives and therefore was chosen to evaluate the anti-PCO activity and molecular mechanisms on the Sma and mad protein (SMAD) signaling pathway (including TGF-β2, SMADs, and the inhibition of nuclear translocation of SMADs), non-SMAD pathway proteins, including p-extracellular, regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2, or p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JUN) by Western blotting, PCR, or confocal immunofluorescence analyses. Following treatment with 10 μg/mL of the five compounds, the cells displayed great viability by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. In this study, the result of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity measurement did not affect the cytotoxicity of the five compounds. In TGF-β2-induced fibrogenesis in SRA01/04 cells, treatment with the TSE compound decreased the TGF-β2/SMAD signaling genes, including reduced mRNA or expression levels of TGF-β2, SMAD3, and SMAD4, leading to inhibition of TGF-β2-induced fibrogenesis. Our confocal immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that TSE treatment displays a suppressive effect on SMAD2/3 or SMAD4 translocation to the nucleus. Furthermore, TSE treatment exhibits a reduction in the non-SMAD target gene expression levels of p- c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JUN), p- extracellular, regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2, p- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), p-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), p-mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC), p-Akt (Ser473), and p-Akt (Thr308). The overall effect of TSE is to reduce the expression levels of collagen I and fibrinogen (FN), thus contributing to antifibrotic effects in cell models mimicking PCO. Our findings reveal the benefits of TSE by regulating TGF-β/SMAD signaling and non-SMAD signaling-related gene proteins to display antifibrotic activity in cells for the possibility of preventing PCO after cataract surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ching Shih
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No.666 Buzih Road, Beitun District, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei 100008, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jen-Ai Hospital Dali Branch, Taichung City 412224, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Fuh Wong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fengyuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Fengyuan District, Taichung City 42055, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun J, Han S, Chen P. LncRNA XIST contributes to epithelial–mesenchymal transformation in posterior opacity via regulating miR-98-5p/COL5A2 axis and PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
8
|
Angre T, Kumar A, Singh AK, Thareja S, Kumar P. Role of collagen regulators in cancer treatment: A comprehensive review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2956-2984. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220501162351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Collagen is the most important structural protein and also a main component of extra-cellular matrix (ECM). It plays a role in tumor progression. Collagen can be regulated by altering it’s biosynthesis pathway through various signaling pathways, receptors and genes. Activity of cancer cells can also be regulated by other ECM components like metalloproteinases, hyaluronic acid, fibronectin and so on. Hypoxia is also one of the condition which leads to cancer progression by stimulating the expression of procollagen lysine as a collagen crosslinker, which increases the size of collagen fibres promoting cancer spread. The collagen content in cancerous cells leads to resistance in chemotherapy. So, to reduce this resistance, some of the collagen regulating therapies are introduced, which include inhibiting its biosynthesis, disturbing cancer cell signaling pathway, mediating ECM components and directly utilizing collagenase. This study is an effort to compile the strategies reported to control the collagen level and different collagen inhibitors reported so far. More research is needed in this area, growing understandings of collagen’s structural features and its role in cancer progression will aid in the advancement of newer chemotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Angre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huai B, Huang C, Hu L. Curcumin suppresses TGF-β2-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion in lens epithelial cells by targeting KCNQ1OT1/miR-377-3p/COL1A2 axis in posterior capsule opacification. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:715-726. [PMID: 35179079 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.2021537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common complication after cataract surgery, which can lead to secondary loss of vision. Curcumin has been reported to play a suppressive role in PCO progression, and the potential molecular mechanism was explored in this study. METHODS Cell viability and proliferation were analyzed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were performed to assess cell invasion and migration abilities. Western blot assay and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were conducted to measure the expression of proteins and RNAs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were conducted to confirm the interaction between microRNA-377-3p (miR-377-3p) and KCNQ1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) or collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2). RESULTS Curcumin dose-dependently alleviated transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2)-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion in SRA01/04 cells. KCNQ1OT1 was up-regulated in PCO patients and TGF-β2-induced SRA01/04 cells. Curcumin-induced protective effects in TGF-β2-induced SRA01/04 cells were largely overturned by KCNQ1OT1 overexpression. KCNQ1OT1 directly interacted with miR-377-3p and negatively regulated its expression. miR-377-3p silencing overturned Curcumin-mediated protective effects in SRA01/04 cells upon TGF-β2 treatment. miR-377-3p directly interacted with the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of COL1A2. COL1A2 overexpression largely counteracted KCNQ1OT1 silencing-induced effects in TGF-β2-stimulated SRA01/04 cells. KCNQ1OT1 could up-regulate COL1A2 expression by sponging miR-377-3p in SRA01/04 cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Curcumin suppressed TGF-β2-induced malignant changes in lens epithelial cells by targeting KCNQ1OT1/miR-377-3p/COL1A2 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital (Jinan Eye Hospital), Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan Second People's Hospital (Jinan Eye Hospital), Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinan 250001, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang P, Hu Y, Duan Y. TGF-β2-induced circ-PRDM5 regulates migration, invasion, and EMT through the miR-92b-3p/COL1A2 pathway in human lens epithelial cells. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:309-320. [PMID: 35083632 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CircRNA circ-PRDM5 (PR/SET domain 5) (circ-PRDM5) is overexpressed in age-related cataracts. Nevertheless, the biological role of circ-PRDM5 in posterior capsule opacities (PCO) (a common complication after cataract surgery) is unclear. Human lens epithelial cells SRA01/04 (LECs) were stimulated with TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor beta-2) to mimic the PCO model in vitro. Cell viability, migration, and invasion were determined by MTT, transwell, or wound-healing assays. Protein levels of EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) markers and COL1A2 (collagen type I alpha 2 chain) were analyzed by western blotting (WB). Relative expression of circ-PRDM5, miR-92b-3p, and COL1A2 mRNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The targeting relationship was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays. We observed that circ-PRDM5 and COL1A2 were upregulated in PCO tissues and TGF-β2-treated LECs, while miR-92b-3p was downregulated. Both circ-PRDM5 and COL1A2 knockdown impaired TGF-β2-induced LEC migration, invasion, and EMT. Also, circ-PRDM5 could adsorb miR-92b-3p to regulate COL1A2 expression. Furthermore, miR-92b-3p inhibitor offset circ-PRDM5 knockdown-mediated influence on migration, invasion, and EMT of LECs under TGF-β2 stimulation. Also, COL1A2 overexpression overturned the repressive influence of miR-92b-3p mimic on TGF-β2-induced LEC migration, invasion, and EMT. In summary, TGF-β2-induced circ-PRDM5 facilitated LEC migration, invasion, and EMT by adsorbing miR-92b-3p and increasing COL1A2 expression, offering new insights into the development of PCO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Huang
- Department of Cataract and Glaucoma, The Eyegood Eye Hospital of WuHan, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, The Eyegood Eye Hospital of WuHan, No. 10, Chang Gang Road, Wuhan, 430024, Hubei, China
| | - Yuping Duan
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, The Eyegood Eye Hospital of WuHan, No. 10, Chang Gang Road, Wuhan, 430024, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi E, Ye XN, Xie LY. miRNA-26b suppresses the TGF-β2-induced progression of HLE-B3 cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1350-1358. [PMID: 34540610 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of miR-26b on lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 2 and the underlying signaling pathways. METHODS Human lens epithelial cell line B-3 (HLE-B3) was incubated with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL) and then transfected with miR-26b mimics. The expression of miR-26b was determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and wound-healing assays were used to measure the growth and migration of HLE-B3 cells, respectively. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway were measured by Western blotting assay and immunofluorescence staining. Electron microscopy was also used to observe cellular morphology. RESULTS The expression levels of miR-26b were significantly reduced in human posterior capsular opacification-attached lens tissue and TGF-β2-stimulated HLE-B3 cells. In the presence of TGF-β2, the growth, migration, and EMT of HLE-B3 cells were distinctly enhanced; these effects were attenuated by the administration of miR-26b mimics. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-26b significantly reduced upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway when stimulated by TGF-β2 in HLE-B3 cells. Moreover, the addition of an activator (740 Y-P) led to the upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and abolished the protective effect of miR-26b on the HLE-B3 cells that was mediated by TGF-β2. CONCLUSION The miR-26b suppresses TGF-β2-induced growth, migration, and EMT in HLE-B3 cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315041, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liu-Yi Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo 315826, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Konopińska J, Młynarczyk M, Dmuchowska DA, Obuchowska I. Posterior Capsule Opacification: A Review of Experimental Studies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132847. [PMID: 34199147 PMCID: PMC8269180 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most common complication of cataract surgery. It causes a gradual deterioration of visual acuity, which would otherwise improve after a successful procedure. Despite recent advances in ophthalmology, this complication has not been eradicated, and the incidence of PCO can be as high as 10%. This article reviews the literature concerning the pathomechanism of PCO and examines the biochemical pathways involved in its formation and methods to prevent this complication. We also review the reported tests performed in cell cultures under laboratory conditions and in experimental animal models and in ex vivo human lens capsules. Finally, we describe research involving human eyes in the clinical setting and pharmacological methods that may reduce the frequency of PCO. Due to the multifactorial etiology of PCO, in vitro studies make it possible to assess the factors contributing to its complications and search for new therapeutic targets. Not all pathways involved in cell proliferation, migration, and contraction of the lens capsule are reproducible in laboratory conditions; moreover, PCO in humans and laboratory animals may be additionally stimulated by various degrees of postoperative reactions depending on the course of surgery. Therefore, further studies are necessary.
Collapse
|
13
|
miR-200-3p suppresses cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy via blocking the TGF-β2/Smad pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226902. [PMID: 33150936 PMCID: PMC7689656 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the role and mechanism of miRNA in regulating high glucose (HG)-induced ARPE-19 cell injury are still not well understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-200a-3p on DR progression and reveal the underlying mechanisms of their effects. In the present study, we observed that miR-200a-3p was significantly decreased, while transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) expression was up-regulated in ARPE-19 cells treated with HG and retina tissues of DR rats. Subsequently, overexpression of miR-200a-3p significantly promoted cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, as well as inhibited the levels of inflammatory cytokines secreted, matrix metalloprotease 2/9 (MMP2/9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HG-injured ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, miR-200a-3p was proved to target TGF-β2 mRNA by binding to its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) using a luciferase reporter assay. Mechanistically, overexpression of miR-200a-3p reduced HG-induced ARPE-19 cell injury and reduced inflammatory cytokines secreted, as well as down-regulated the expression of VEGF via inactivation of the TGF-β2/Smad pathway in vitro. In vivo experiments, up-regulation of miR-200a-3p ameliorated retinal neovascularization and inflammation of DR rats. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that miR-200a-3p-elevated prevented DR progression by blocking the TGF-β2/Smad pathway, providing a new therapeutic biomarker for DR treatment in the clinic.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu C, Or PW, Chong JIT, Pathirage Don IKK, Lee CHC, Wu K, Yu M, Lam DCC, Yang Y. Extended Delivery of Pirfenidone with Novel, Soft Contact Lenses In Vitro and In Vivo. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 37:75-83. [PMID: 33297836 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to fabricate pirfenidone (PFD)-loaded soft contact lenses (SCLs), explore their characteristics, and evaluate their efficiency on extended delivery of PFD in vitro and in vivo. Methods: PFD-loaded SCLs were fabricated by embedding an insert of PFD and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into 2 layers of silicone elastomer. The optical transparency, water content, and protein deposition were measured. Transformed human corneal epithelial cells were used to test the cytotoxicity of SCLs. The release rate of PFD by SCLs in vitro was evaluated by an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Toxicity of SCLs was assessed by inspection of ocular surface irritation in rabbits before and after contact lens wear. The concentrations of PFD in tears and aqueous humor of rabbits' eyes as a function of time were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography for SCLs and 30 μL of 0.5% PFD eye drops. Results: SCLs possessed good light transmittance. Blank SCLs had poor water content (0.548% ± 0.330), and an improved water content was found in PVA film-loaded SCLs (11.022% ± 1.508, P = 0.010). No lysozyme and human serum albumin were found in SCLs. There was no significant toxicity of SCLs in vitro and in vivo. SCLs prolonged the residence time of PFD in tears and aqueous humor of rabbit eyes by 5 times compared with the eye drop instillation while around 1/10 of the eye drop dosage was loaded in SCLs. Conclusions: PFD-loaded SCLs can significantly prolong the residence time of PFD and may be a promising ocular drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wai Or
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jones Iok Tong Chong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Isuru K K Pathirage Don
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ching Hymn Christopher Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David C C Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yangfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seifirad S. Pirfenidone: A novel hypothetical treatment for COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110005. [PMID: 32575019 PMCID: PMC7297676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine storm, multiorgan failure, and particularly acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with COVID-19. A fulminant ARDS kills the majority of COVID-19 victims. Pirfenidone (5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-[1H]-pyridone), is a novel anti-fibrotic agent with trivial adverse effects. Pirfenidone is approved for the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) for patients with mild to moderate disease. Pirfenidone could inhibit apoptosis, downregulate ACE receptors expression, decrease inflammation by several mechanisms and ameliorate oxidative stress and hence protect pneumocytes and other cells from COVID-19 invasion and cytokine storm simultaneously. Based on the pirfenidone mechanism of action and the known pathophysiology of COVID-19, I believe that pirfenidone has the potential for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Seifirad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health Mountainside Medical Center, Montclair, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang H, Zheng G. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in TGF-β2-stimulated lens epithelial cells through regulating the miR-486-5p/SMAD4 axis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:529. [PMID: 33292220 PMCID: PMC7603719 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal proliferation, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) are direct factors of posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been shown to promote cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT, but whether it affects the progression of PCO is unclear. Methods The expression of NEAT1, microRNA-486-5p (miR-486-5p) and Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic 4 (SMAD4) was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The proliferation of cells was measured via 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2 thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Transwell assay was employed to detect the migration and invasion of cells. The levels of EMT marker proteins, SMAD4 protein and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling pathway-related proteins were assessed by western blot (WB) analysis. Further, the relationship between miR-486-5p and NEAT1 or SMAD4 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and biotin-labeled RNA pull-down assay. Results NEAT1 is upregulated and miR-486-5p is downregulated in the posterior capsular tissues of PCO patients and TGF-β2-induced LECs. Interference of NEAT1 reverses the promoting effect of TGF-β2 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of LECs. MiR-486-5p can be sponged by NEAT1, and its inhibitor reverses the suppression effect of NEAT1 silencing on the progression of TGF-β2-induced LECs. SMAD4 functions as a target of miR-486-5p, and its overexpression recovers the inhibition effect of miR-486-5p overexpression on the progression of TGF-β2-induced LECs. The activity of the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway is regulated by the NEAT1/miR-486-5p/SMAD4 axis. Conclusion Our study shows that NEAT1 has a positive effect on the progression of PCO and is expected to become a new target for PCO treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Guangying Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu H, Jiang B. Let-7a-5p represses proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting Smad2 in TGF-β2-induced human lens epithelial cells. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
18
|
Systematic Development and Optimization of Inhalable Pirfenidone Liposomes for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030206. [PMID: 32121070 PMCID: PMC7150896 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a global disorder, treatment options for which remain limited with resistance development by cancer cells and off-target events being major roadblocks for current therapies. The discovery of new drug molecules remains time-consuming, expensive, and prone to failure in safety/efficacy studies. Drug repurposing (i.e., investigating FDA-approved drug molecules for use against new indications) provides an opportunity to shorten the drug development cycle. In this project, we propose to repurpose pirfenidone (PFD), an anti-fibrotic drug, for NSCLC treatment by encapsulation in a cationic liposomal carrier. Liposomal formulations were optimized and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, in-vitro aerosol deposition behavior, cellular internalization capability, and therapeutic potential against NSCLC cell lines in-vitro and ex-vivo. Anti-cancer activity of PFD-loaded liposomes and molecular mechanistic efficacy was determined through colony formation (1.5- to 2-fold reduction in colony growth compared to PFD treatment in H4006, A549 cell lines, respectively), cell migration, apoptosis and angiogenesis assays. Ex-vivo studies using 3D tumor spheroid models revealed superior efficacy of PFD-loaded liposomes against NSCLC, as compared to plain PFD. Hence, the potential of inhalable liposome-loaded pirfenidone in NSCLC treatment has been established in-vitro and ex-vivo, where further studies are required to determine their efficacy through in vivo preclinical studies followed by clinical studies.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bao Y, Huang L, Huang X, Gao C, Chen Y, Wu L, Zhu S, Song Y. Pirfenidone ameliorates the formation of choroidal neovascularization in mice. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2162-2170. [PMID: 32323767 PMCID: PMC7115199 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis. Existing treatments are expensive and can cause irreversible complications. Pirfenidone (PFD) exerts anti‑inflammatory and anti‑fibrotic effects; however, its applications in the eye remain unclear. Male C57BL/6J mice (aged 6‑8 weeks) were used to explore whether PFD can inhibit the formation of laser‑induced CNV. The localization of transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) was determined through immunofluorescent staining. After laser photocoagulation, the vehicle and PFD groups were intravitreally injected with 1 µl PBS and 1 µl 0.5% PFD, respectively. At day 7 after intravitreal injection, the expression of TGFβ2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed to investigate the extent of fluorescence leakage, and the CNV areas were analyzed using a choroidal flat mount. The results demonstrated that, on day 7 after photocoagulation, the expression of TGFβ2 and VEGF was reduced in the experimental group. In addition, fluorescein angiography showed that the leakage area of CNV was significantly smaller in the PFD injection group than those observed in the control and vehicle groups. Moreover, the areas of CNV in the PFD injection group were smaller compared with those reported in the other two injection groups. Histopathological and TUNEL analyses performed on day 28 revealed that there were no notable abnormalities on the layers of the neural retina of PFD‑treated mice. In conclusion, intravitreal injection of PFD inhibited the formation of CNV in mice, likely via the downregulation of VEGF and TGFβ2, which did not cause damage to the mouse retina after 28 days of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Liucheng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shunxing Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu H, Jiang B. Let-7a-5p represses proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting Smad2 in TGF-b2-induced human lens epithelial cells. J Biosci 2020; 45:59. [PMID: 32345785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2)/Smad signaling is widely accepted as a key inducer of proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human lens epithelial cells (LECs), contributing to the development of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Increasing evidence shows that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in PCO pathogenesis. Herein, we aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanism of let-7a-5p on TGF-β2-induced proliferation and EMT in LECs. qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of let-7a-5p and Smad2 mRNA. Western blot was used to determine the Smad2 level and the induction of EMT. The targeted correlation between let-7a-5p and Smad2 was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. CCK-8 assay was employed to determine cell proliferation, and transwell assays were performed to assess cell migration and invasion. We found that TGF-β2 induced EMT of LECs, and TGF-β2 upregulated Smad2 expression and reduced let-7a-5p expression in LECs. Smad2 was a direct target of let-7a-5p. Moreover, let-7a-5p upregulation repressed proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in TGF-β2-induced LECs. But, Smad2 expression restoration abrogated the inhibitory effect of let-7a-5p upregulation. In conclusion, our data indicated that let-7a-5p upregulation repressed TGF-β2-induced proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT at least partly by targeting Smad2 in LECs, highlighting that let-7a-5p might act as a promising therapeutic target to intervene to the progression of PCO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao N, Li J, Qin Y, Wang Y, Kang Q, Pei C. SNAI1 interacts with HDAC1 to control TGF‑β2‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 45:265-273. [PMID: 31746377 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The opacity of the lens capsule after cataract surgery is caused by epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells. Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1) is a transcriptional repressor that recruits multiple chromatin enzymes including lysine‑specific histone demethylase 1A, histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1/2, polycomb repressive complex 2, euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 and suppressor of variegation 3‑9 homolog 1 to the E‑cadherin promoter, thereby suppressing E‑cadherin expression. However, the functional relationship between SNAI1 and HDAC in the induction of EMT in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) is still unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the possible functional relationship between SNAI1 and HDAC1 in the induction of EMT in HLECs. In the present study, SNAI1 was found to be increased in HLECs during transforming growth factor‑β2 (TGF‑β2)‑induced EMT. Knockdown of SNAI1 by siRNA reversed TGF‑β2‑induced downregulation of E‑cadherin and upregulation of α‑Smooth Muscle Actin. Furthermore, SNAI1 was found to be associated with HDAC1 in the E‑cadherin promoter in TGF‑β2‑treated HLECs. Inhibition of HDAC by trichostatin A and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid could prevent TGF‑β2‑induced EMT in HLECs. Collectively, SNAI1 interacted with HDAC1 to repress E‑cadherin in the TGF‑β2‑induced EMT in HLECs, suggesting that HDAC inhibitors may have potential therapeutic value for the prevention of EMT in HLECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jingming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yazhou Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yingna Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qianyang Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
LncRNA FEZF1-AS1 Promotes TGF- β2-Mediated Proliferation and Migration in Human Lens Epithelial Cells SRA01/04. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:4736203. [PMID: 31281667 PMCID: PMC6594282 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4736203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is a common complication after cataract surgery attributed to the proliferation and migration of postoperative residual lens epithelial cells (LECs). The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) FEZ family zinc finger 1 antisense RNA 1 (FEZF1-AS1) promotes the proliferation and migration of multiple types of cancer cells. Here, we discovered that FEZF1-AS1 is markedly upregulated in TGF-β2-treated SRA01/04 cells. In addition, the proliferation and migration of SRA01/04 cells were enhanced following TGF-β2 treatment. FEZF1-AS1 knockdown inhibited the TGF-β2-induced proliferation and migration of SRA01/04 cells. Accordingly, FEZF1-AS1 overexpression promoted the TGF-β2-induced proliferation and migration of SRA01/04 cells. Finally, FEZF1-AS1 upregulated TGF-β2-induced SRA01/04 cell proliferation and migration via boosting FEZF1 protein levels. Our findings indicate that the dysregulation of FEZF1-AS1 participates in the TGF-β2-induced proliferation and migration of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs), which might be achieved, at least in part, through the induction of FEZF1 expression.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi K, Wang F, Xia J, Zuo B, Wang Z, Cao X. Pirfenidone inhibits epidural scar fibroblast proliferation and differentiation by regulating TGF-β1-induced Smad-dependent and -independent pathways. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1593-1604. [PMID: 30972185 PMCID: PMC6456526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epidural fibrosis causes serious complications in patients who have undergone laminectomy. Pirfenidone is an effective antifibrotic agent but its effect on epidural fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of pirfenidone on epidural fibrosis and to evaluate its mechanism of action on human epidural scar fibroblasts. In a rat model of laminectomy, the degree of epidural fibrosis was quantified via Rydell standard classification, histological analysis, and collagen density analyses. In cultured human epidural scar fibroblasts, cell proliferation was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 and EdU assay. Cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, and cytotoxicity was evaluated via lactate dehydrogenase assay. Relative mRNA levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type I were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of α-SMA and collagen type I and the phosphorylation status of Smad2, Smad3, protein kinase B (Akt), and p38 were determined via western blotting. Pirfenidone reduced epidural fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and suppressing collagen formation in rats. It also inhibited human epidural scar fibroblast proliferation with no cytotoxic or apoptotic effects. Pirfenidone inhibited fibroblast differentiation by decreasing TGF-β1-induced transcriptional and translational expression of α-SMA. It inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, Akt, and p38. This study suggests that topical application of pirfenidone could reduce epidural scar adhesion after laminectomy, and that its mechanism of action may be the inhibition of TGF-β1-induced epidural scar fibroblast proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts through the attenuation of TGF-β1-induced Smad-dependent and -independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jihua Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangjie Zuo
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital199 South Jiefang Road, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pirfenidone, an Anti-Fibrotic Drug, Suppresses the Growth of Human Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing G₁ Cell Cycle Arrest. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8010044. [PMID: 30621175 PMCID: PMC6351920 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic drug used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest in fibroblasts. We hypothesize that PFD can induce G1 cell cycle arrest in different types of cells, including cancer cells. To investigate the effects of PFD treatment on the growth of human prostate cancer (PCa) cells, we used an androgen-sensitive human PCa cell line (LNCaP) and its sublines (androgen-low-sensitive E9 and F10 cells and androgen-insensitive AIDL cells), as well as an androgen-insensitive human PCa cell line (PC-3). PFD treatment suppressed the growth of all PCa cells. Transforming growth factor β1 secretion was significantly increased in PFD-treated PCa cells. In both LNCaP and PC-3 cells, PFD treatment increased the population of cells in the G0/G1 phase, which was accompanied by a decrease in the S/G2 cell population. CDK2 protein expression was clearly decreased in PFD-treated LNCaP and PC-3 cells, whereas p21 protein expression was increased in only PFD-treated LNCaP cells. In conclusion, PFD may serve as a novel therapeutic drug that induces G1 cell cycle arrest in human PCa cells independently of androgen sensitivity. Thus, in the tumor microenvironment, PFD might target not only fibroblasts, but also heterogeneous PCa cells of varying androgen-sensitivity levels.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang Z, Zhu H, Liu Y, Quan F, Zhang X, Yu L. LncRNA HOTAIR mediates TGF-β2-induced cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1028-1037. [PMID: 30239553 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) results from the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) and fibers in the capsular bag. Previous reports have demonstrated that transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) affects the cellular processes via modulation of EMT in LECs. However, the mechanisms that underlie the TGF-β2-induced EMT in LECs are still largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed that TGF-β2 induces EMT in SRA01/04 cells via the up-regulation of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR. To study the effects of HOTAIR on the proliferation, migration and EMT of SRA01/04 cells as well as the underlying mechanism, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to specifically attenuate HOTAIR expression in SRA01/04 cells. CCK8 cell-counting kit was used to examine SRA01/04 cell viability; EdU cell proliferation kit was used to examine SRA01/04 cell proliferation; Transwell system and scratch assays were used to observe cell migration; and qPCR and western blot analysis were used to evaluate EMT progression. We found that inhibition of HOTAIR expression repressed SRA01/04 cell viability, proliferation, migration and prevented the TGF-β2-induced changes in cellular processes via modulation of EMT. Ultimately, we found that HOTAIR affected the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. In summary, we elucidated that HOTAIR affected the cell viability, proliferation, and migration in the TGF-β2-induced EMT in SRA01/04 cells and suggested that modulation of HOTAIR may be helpful in PCO prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huirong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fu Quan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xibo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
D'Antin JC, Barraquer RI, Tresserra F, Michael R. Prevention of posterior capsule opacification through intracapsular hydrogen peroxide or distilled water treatment in human donor tissue. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12739. [PMID: 30143742 PMCID: PMC6109042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine whether posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery, could be delayed or inhibited through the application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or distilled water (H2Od),we extracted lens capsules from 25 human donor eye globes. Samples were treated for 5 min with either 30 mM H2O2 or H2Od or used as controls, and cultured for one month, during which dark field and tilt illumination photos were taken. These were used to observe and quantify, time until cellular growth and confluence on the posterior capsule. After culture, histological sections were stained for H&E, α-SMA, Ki-67 and vimentin and evaluated. We prevented cellular growth in 50% of H2Od and 58% H2O2 of treated samples. The overall prevention of cell growth compared to cultured controls was significant for both treatments while there was no significant difference between them. In the cases where cellular growth was not prevented, both treatments significantly delay cellular growth. Until day 28 none of the treated samples of either type that had shown growth reached total confluence. All cultured controls reached total confluence before treated samples (median = day 11.5). Also, histologically, there was a clear morphological difference between cultured controls and treated samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Christopher D'Antin
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael I Barraquer
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Ralph Michael
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Oftalmología Barraquer, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Molina-Molina M, Machahua-Huamani C, Vicens-Zygmunt V, Llatjós R, Escobar I, Sala-Llinas E, Luburich-Hernaiz P, Dorca J, Montes-Worboys A. Anti-fibrotic effects of pirfenidone and rapamycin in primary IPF fibroblasts and human alveolar epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:63. [PMID: 29703175 PMCID: PMC5922028 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pirfenidone, a pleiotropic anti-fibrotic treatment, has been shown to slow down disease progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a fatal and devastating lung disease. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of fibroblast proliferation could be a potential anti-fibrotic drug to improve the effects of pirfenidone. METHODS Primary lung fibroblasts from IPF patients and human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were treated in vitro with pirfenidone and rapamycin in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β). Extracellular matrix protein and gene expression of markers involved in lung fibrosis (tenascin-c, fibronectin, collagen I [COL1A1], collagen III [COL3A1] and α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) were analyzed. A cell migration assay in pirfenidone, rapamycin and TGF-β-containing media was performed. RESULTS Gene and protein expression of tenascin-c and fibronectin of fibrotic fibroblasts were reduced by pirfenidone or rapamycin treatment. Pirfenidone-rapamycin treatment did not revert the epithelial to mesenchymal transition pathway activated by TGF-β. However, the drug combination significantly abrogated fibroblast to myofibroblast transition. The inhibitory effect of pirfenidone on fibroblast migration in the scratch-wound assay was potentiated by rapamycin combination. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the combination of pirfenidone and rapamycin widen the inhibition range of fibrogenic markers and prevents fibroblast migration. These results would open a new line of research for an anti-fibrotic combination therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Molina-Molina
- Department of Pneumology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Pneumology Research Group, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Machahua-Huamani
- Pneumology Research Group, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V. Vicens-Zygmunt
- Department of Pneumology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Pneumology Research Group, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Llatjós
- Department of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I. Escobar
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Sala-Llinas
- Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Penumology, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - P. Luburich-Hernaiz
- Servei de Diagnostic per la Imatge El Prat (SDPI El Prat) Department of Radiology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Dorca
- Department of Pneumology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Pneumology Research Group, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Montes-Worboys
- Department of Pneumology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Pneumology Research Group, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research Network in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratori de Pneumologia Experimental (Lab. 4126). IDIBELL, Pavelló de Govern. Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zou WJ, Huang Z, Jiang TP, Shen YP, Zhao AS, Zhou S, Zhang S. Pirfenidone Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Inhibiting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:6107-6113. [PMID: 29276937 PMCID: PMC5749136 DOI: 10.12659/msm.907891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most important cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Pirfenidone is an orally available small molecule with therapeutic potential for fibrotic diseases. Material/Methods In this study, we analyzed the effects of different pirfenidone concentrations on the proliferation of HepG2 HCC cells using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was performed to measure the apoptotic effects of pirfenidone on HepG2 cells. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of β-catenin and p-β-catenin. Results Pirfenidone inhibited proliferation and promoted HepG2 cell apoptosis. In addition, Western blot results indicated that pirfenidone suppressed β-catenin expression in HepG2 cells. To assess the mechanism, we treated HepG2 cells with pirfenidone, and pirfenidone plus the β-catenin activator, SB-216763. The results revealed that SB-216763 accelerated proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in HepG2 cells treated with pirfenidone. Western blot results showed that SB-216763 upregulated β-catenin expression in HepG2 cells treated with pirfenidone. Conclusions In conclusions, pirfenidone may be a potential drug for HCC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Tian-Peng Jiang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Ya-Ping Shen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Baiyun Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - An-Su Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Shi Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu X, Yang Y, Guo X, Liu L, Wu K, Yu M. The Antiangiogenesis Effect of Pirfenidone in Wound Healing In Vitro. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:693-703. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao'an Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu J, Yan XL, Zheng XL, Mei L, Wang S, Han J, Yan H. Electric field exposure promotes epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells via integrin β1‑FAK signaling. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4008-4014. [PMID: 28765922 PMCID: PMC5646981 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric field (EF) exposure can affect the elongation, migration, orientation, and division of cells. The present study tested the hypothesis that EF may also affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lens epithelial cells and that this effect may be an important inducer in the pathological process of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Human lens epithelial (HLE)-B3 cells were exposed to an EF. Experiments were performed in the presence or absence of an anti-integrin β1 blocking antibody or a small molecule inhibitor targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Cell morphology changes were observed by microscopy. The expression levels of integrin β1, FAK, phosphorylated (p)FAK and of EMT markers, E-cadherin and Vimentin, were examined by immunofluorescence, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Following exposure to EF, HLE-B3 cells appeared elongated and resembled more fibroblast-like cells. Expression of E-cadherin was decreased, while expression of Vimentin was increased in HLE-B3 cells exposed to EF, compared with control cells. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of integrin β1 were increased, and the protein expression levels of integrin β1 and pFAK were increased in HLE-B3 cells exposed to EF, compared with control cells. Blocking of integrin β1 suppressed the EMT-related morphological changes of HLE-B3 cells and reduced the activation of FAK following EF exposure. However, blocking of pFAK did not affect the EMT status of HLE-B3 cells induced by EF. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that EF exposure induced EMT in HLE-B3 cells and that this effect may partially be mediated by the activation of integrin β1-FAK signaling. The present results may provide a new mechanistic approach to prevent the development of PCO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Long Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu B, Gao J, Lyu BC, Du SS, Pei C, Zhu ZQ, Ma B. Expressions of TGF-β2, bFGF and ICAM-1 in lens epithelial cells of complicated cataract with silicone oil tamponade. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1034-1039. [PMID: 28730103 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression differences of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and intercellular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in lens epithelial cells (LECs) of complicated cataract with silicone oil tamponade and age-related cataract. METHODS Totally 150 eyes of 150 patients (aged 35 to 77y) were investigated, including 75 patients with complicated cataract after silicone oil tamponade and 75 patients with age-related cataract. The central piece of anterior capsules was collected during cataract surgery. TGF-β2, bFGF and ICAM-1 were detected in the 60 specimens of the two groups by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of the three kinds of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the 90 specimens of the two groups. RESULTS TGF-β2 was detected in the cytomembrane and cytoplasm of the LECs and bFGF was detected in the nucleus. ICAM-1 was positive in the cytomembrane of the LECs and the distribution of positive cells was uneven. The mRNA genes expression of the TGF-β2, bFGF and ICAM-1 was significant differences between the two groups and markedly increased in complicated cataract group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The up-regulated TGF-β2, bFGF and ICAM-1 maybe associate with the occurrence and development of complicated cataract with silicone oil tamponade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo-Chang Lyu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shan-Shuang Du
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhong-Qiao Zhu
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Shaanxi Ophthalmic Medical Center, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, the Affiliated Guangren Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kast RE, Skuli N, Karpel-Massler G, Frosina G, Ryken T, Halatsch ME. Blocking epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in glioblastoma with a sextet of repurposed drugs: the EIS regimen. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60727-60749. [PMID: 28977822 PMCID: PMC5617382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines a treatment protocol to run alongside of standard current treatment of glioblastoma- resection, temozolomide and radiation. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) inhibiting sextet, EIS Regimen, uses the ancillary attributes of six older medicines to impede EMT during glioblastoma. EMT is an actively motile, therapy-resisting, low proliferation, transient state that is an integral feature of cancers’ lethality generally and of glioblastoma specifically. It is believed to be during the EMT state that glioblastoma’s centrifugal migration occurs. EMT is also a feature of untreated glioblastoma but is enhanced by chemotherapy, by radiation and by surgical trauma. EIS Regimen uses the antifungal drug itraconazole to block Hedgehog signaling, the antidiabetes drug metformin to block AMP kinase (AMPK), the analgesic drug naproxen to block Rac1, the anti-fibrosis drug pirfenidone to block transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), the psychiatric drug quetiapine to block receptor activator NFkB ligand (RANKL) and the antibiotic rifampin to block Wnt- all by their previously established ancillary attributes. All these systems have been identified as triggers of EMT and worthy targets to inhibit. The EIS Regimen drugs have a good safety profile when used individually. They are not expected to have any new side effects when combined. Further studies of the EIS Regimen are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- INSERM, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Inserm/Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, Hubert Curien, Toulouse, France
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Frosina
- Mutagenesis & Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, Genoa, Italy
| | - Timothy Ryken
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Hospital, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chung I, Hah YS, Ju S, Kim JH, Yoo WS, Cho HY, Yoo JM, Seo SW, Choi WS, Kim SJ. Ultraviolet B Radiation Stimulates the Interaction between Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 5 (NFAT5) and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) in Human Lens Epithelial Cells. Curr Eye Res 2017. [PMID: 28632030 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1270327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) has been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cataracts. The authors investigated the relationship between nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) and NF-κB in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. METHODS Human lens epithelial B-3 (HLE-B3) cells were exposed to UVB light at a dose of 10 mJ/cm2 and then incubated for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Gene expression level of NFAT5 was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Protein expression levels of NFAT5, NF-κB p65, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the association of NFAT5 with the NF-κB p65 subunit were measured by Western blot analysis and a co-immunoprecipitation assay, respectively. The cellular distribution of NFAT5 and NF-κB p65 was examined by triple immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS At 24 h after UVB exposure, cell viability significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and UVB light (15 and 20 mJ/cm2) significantly increased the ROS generation. UVB irradiation increased NFAT5 mRNA and protein levels and increased phosphorylation of NF-κB in HLE-B3 cells. α-SMA protein levels were increased in the irradiated cells. In addition, NFAT5 and NF-κB translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and binding between the p65 subunit and NFAT5 was increased. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to UVB radiation induces nuclear translocation and stimulates binding between NFAT5 and NF-κB proteins in HLE-B3 cells. These interactions may form part of the biochemical mechanism of cataractogenesis in UVB-irradiated HLECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Chung
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- b Biomedical Research Institute , Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Institute of Health Sciences , Jinju , Korea
| | - SunMi Ju
- c Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| | - Hee-Young Cho
- b Biomedical Research Institute , Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Institute of Health Sciences , Jinju , Korea
| | - Ji-Myong Yoo
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| | - Wan-Sung Choi
- d Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine , Jinju , Korea
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences , Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital , Jinju , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fujiwara A, Shintani Y, Funaki S, Kawamura T, Kimura T, Minami M, Okumura M. Pirfenidone plays a biphasic role in inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2017; 106:8-16. [PMID: 28285699 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) relates to both organ fibrosis and malignant behavior of cancer. Pirfenidone (PFD) is an anti-fibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and one of its functions may be to inhibit fibrotic EMT. This study aimed to investigate the possibility that PFD might exert an anti-tumor effect through inhibition of EMT in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo. METHODS NSCLC cells (A549, NCI-H358) were used to evaluate PFD effects on TGF-β1 induced phenotypic changes. Possible TGF-β1 signaling pathways modulated by PFD were evaluated. The effects of PFD on EMT induced by an anti-cancer drug was also analyzed. The impact of PFD on tumor growth in nude mice as well as on EMT change in vivo was also determined. RESULTS PFD significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT. Smad2 phosphorylation and TGF-β1 receptor I expression were also inhibited as was translocation of Smad2 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Carboplatin induced elevation of TGF-β1 production from cancer cells together with induction of EMT, which were suppressed by co-treatment with PFD. In in vivo examination, PFD alone did not inhibit tumor progression whereas its combination with carboplatin significantly decreased tumor growth. Immunohistological analysis showed that PFD suppressed EMT change induced by carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS PFD could attenuate the EMT process induced not only by exogenous TGF-β1 but also by paracrine TGF-β produced from NSCLC cells. PFD may be a promising new therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC through the regulation of EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Fujiwara
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shintani
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Soichiro Funaki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Minami
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhou C, Liu F, Gallo PH, Baratz ME, Kathju S, Satish L. Anti-fibrotic action of pirfenidone in Dupuytren's disease-derived fibroblasts. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:469. [PMID: 27835939 PMCID: PMC5106805 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dupuytren's disease (DD) is a complex fibro-proliferative disorder of the hand that is often progressive and eventually can cause contractures of the affected fingers. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) has been implicated as a key stimulator of myofibroblast activity and fascial contraction in DD. Pirfenidone (PFD) is an active small molecule shown to inhibit TGF-β1-mediated action in other fibrotic disorders. This study investigates the efficacy of PFD in vitro in inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated cellular functions leading to Dupuytren's fibrosis. METHODS Fibroblasts harvested from (DD) and carpal tunnel (CT)- tissues were treated with or without TGF-β1 and/or PFD and were subjected to cell migration, cell proliferation and cell contraction assays. ELISA; western blots and real time RT-PCR assays were performed to determine the levels of fibronectin; p-Smad2/Smad3; alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), α2 chain of type I collagen and α1 chain of type III collagen respectively. RESULTS Our results show that PFD effectively inhibits TGF-β1-induced cell migration, proliferation and cell contractile properties of both CT- and DD-derived fibroblasts. TGF-β1-induced α-SMA mRNA and protein levels were inhibited at the higher concentration of PFD (800 μg/ml). Interestingly, TGF-β1 induction of type I and type III collagens and fibronectin was inhibited by PFD in both CT- and DD- derived fibroblasts, but the effect was more prominent in DD cells. PFD down-regulated TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3, a key factor in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Taken together these results suggest the PFD can potentially prevent TGF-β1-induced fibroblast to myofibroblast transformation and inhibit ECM production mainly Type I- and Type III- collagen and fibronectin in DD-derived fibroblasts. Further in-vivo studies with PFD may lead to a novel therapeutic application in preventing the progression or recurrence of Dupuytren's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoming Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Phillip H. Gallo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Mark E. Baratz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Latha Satish
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Scaife Hall, S685.2, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Saito Y, Azuma A, Matsuda K, Kamio K, Abe S, Gemma A. Pirfenidone exerts a suppressive effect on CCL18 expression in U937-derived macrophages partly by inhibiting STAT6 phosphorylation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:464-471. [PMID: 27788604 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1247852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) is suggested to play a role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Macrophages are thought to be the main source of CCL18, and the effect of pirfenidone, an anti-fibrotic agent for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, on the expression of CCL18 in macrophages warrants investigation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pirfenidone on the expression of CCL18 in macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS U937 cells were differentiated into macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate and then stimulated with recombinant IL-4 to induce the production of CCL18. The cells were treated with pirfenidone, and the mRNA and protein levels for CCL18 were measured by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The effects of pirfenidone on the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) expression and STAT6 activation were investigated and on the JAK kinase activity were measured using the Z'-LYTE™ kinase assay. RESULTS Pirfenidone significantly suppressed the expression of CCL18 when the cells were treated with concentrations of 50-250 μg/mL. Pirfenidone did not affect the expression of the IL-4R components. The selective STAT6 inhibitor AS1517499 suppressed CCL18 expression. Both AS1517499 and pirfenidone suppressed STAT6 phosphorylation (p < .05), although the effect of pirfenidone was less marked than that of AS1517499. The Z'-LYTE™ kinase assay showed a reduction in the activities of JAK1, JAK3 and TYK2 by pirfenidone. CONCLUSION Pirfenidone suppresses CCL18 expression in macrophages and this effect is thought to be attributed partly to the inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Saito
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology , Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Arata Azuma
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology , Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kuniko Matsuda
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology , Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Koichiro Kamio
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology , Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shinji Abe
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology , Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akihiko Gemma
- a Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology , Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tan X, Zhu Y, Chen C, Chen X, Qin Y, Qu B, Luo L, Lin H, Wu M, Chen W, Liu Y. Sprouty2 Suppresses Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Lens Epithelial Cells through Blockade of Smad2 and ERK1/2 Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159275. [PMID: 27415760 PMCID: PMC4944964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and capsule opacification. In mouse lens, Sprouty2 (Spry2) has a negative regulatory role on TGFβ signaling. However, the regulation of Spry2 during ASC development and how Spry2 modulates TGFβ signaling pathway in human LECs have not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that Spry2 expression level is decreased in anterior capsule LECs of ASC patients. Spry2 negatively regulates TGFβ2-induced EMT and migration of LECs through inhibition of Smad2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Also, blockade of Smad2 or ERK1/2 activation suppresses EMT caused by Spry2 downregulation. Collectively, our results for the first time show in human LECs that Spry2 has an inhibitory role in TGFβ signaling pathway. Our findings in human lens tissue and epithelial cells suggest that Spry2 may become a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of ASC and capsule opacification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mediavilla-Varela M, Boateng K, Noyes D, Antonia SJ. The anti-fibrotic agent pirfenidone synergizes with cisplatin in killing tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:176. [PMID: 26935219 PMCID: PMC4776434 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-fibrotic drugs such as pirfenidone have been developed for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Because activated fibroblasts in inflammatory conditions have similar characteristics as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and CAFs contribute actively to the malignant phenotype, we believe that anti-fibrotic drugs have the potential to be repurposed as anti-cancer drugs. Methods The effects of pirfenidone alone and in combination with cisplatin on human patient-derived CAF cell lines and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines were examined. The impact on cell death in vitro as well as tumor growth in a mouse model was determined. Annexin V/PI staining and Western blot analysis were used to characterize cell death. Synergy was assessed with the combination index method using Calcusyn software. Results Pirfenidone alone induced apoptotic cell death in lung CAFs at a high concentration (1.5 mg/mL). However, co-culture in vitro experiments and co-implantation in vivo experiments showed that the combination of low doses of cisplatin (10 μM) and low doses of pirfenidone (0.5 mg/mL), in both CAFs and tumors, lead to increased cell death and decreased tumor progression, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of cisplatin and pirfenidone in NSCLC cells (A549 and H157 cells) leads to increased apoptosis and synergistic cell death. Conclusions Our studies reveal for the first time that the combination of cisplatin and pirfenidone is active in preclinical models of NSCLC and therefore may be a new therapeutic approach in this disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2162-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mediavilla-Varela
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Kingsley Boateng
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - David Noyes
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Scott J Antonia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,Thoracic Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dadrich M, Nicolay NH, Flechsig P, Bickelhaupt S, Hoeltgen L, Roeder F, Hauser K, Tietz A, Jenne J, Lopez R, Roehrich M, Wirkner U, Lahn M, Huber PE. Combined inhibition of TGFβ and PDGF signaling attenuates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1123366. [PMID: 27467922 PMCID: PMC4910723 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay for the treatment of lung cancer, but the effective dose is often limited by the development of radiation-induced pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) play crucial roles in the development of these diseases, but the effects of dual growth factor inhibition on pulmonary fibrosis development remain unclear. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were treated with 20 Gy to the thorax to induce pulmonary fibrosis. PDGF receptor inhibitors SU9518 and SU14816 (imatinib) and TGFβ receptor inhibitor galunisertib were applied individually or in combinations after RT. Lung density and septal fibrosis were measured by high-resolution CT and MRI. Lung histology and gene expression analyses were performed and Osteopontin levels were studied. Results: Treatment with SU9518, SU14816 or galunisertib individually attenuated radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis and decreased radiological and histological signs of lung damage. Combining PDGF and TGFβ inhibitors showed to be feasible and safe in a mouse model, and dual inhibition significantly attenuated radiation-induced lung damage and extended mouse survival compared to blockage of either pathway alone. Gene expression analysis of irradiated lung tissue showed upregulation of PDGF and TGFβ-dependent signaling components by thoracic irradiation, and upregulation patterns show crosstalk between downstream mediators of the PDGF and TGFβ pathways. Conclusion: Combined small-molecule inhibition of PDGF and TGFβ signaling is a safe and effective treatment for radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice and may offer a novel approach for treatment of fibrotic lung diseases in humans. Translational statement: RT is an effective treatment modality for cancer with limitations due to acute and chronic toxicities, where TGFβ and PDGF play a key role. Here, we show that a combined inhibition of TGFβ and PDGF signaling is more effective in attenuating radiation-induced lung damage compared to blocking either pathway alone. We used the TGFβ-receptor I inhibitor galunisertib, an effective anticancer compound in preclinical models and the PDGFR inhibitors imatinib and SU9518, a sunitinib analog. Our signaling data suggest that the reduction of TGFβ and PDGF signaling and the attenuation of SPP1 (Osteopontin) expression may be responsible for the observed benefits. With the clinical availability of similar compounds currently in phase-I/II trials as cancer therapeutics or already approved for certain cancers or idiopathic lung fibrosis (IPF), our study suggests that the combined application of small molecule inhibitors of TGFβ and PDGF signaling may offer a promising approach to treat radiation-associated toxicity in RT of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dadrich
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center, 400 INF, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 400 INF, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Flechsig
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiology, University Hospital Center, 400 INF, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bickelhaupt
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Line Hoeltgen
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Falk Roeder
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 400 INF, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Hauser
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Tietz
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Jenne
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramon Lopez
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Roehrich
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Wirkner
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lahn
- Oncology Early Clinical Investigation, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis , IN, USA
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Molecular & Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 280 INF, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Center, 400 INF, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shin JM, Park JH, Park IH, Lee HM. Pirfenidone Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor β1-induced Extracellular Matrix Production in Nasal Polyp-derived Fibroblasts. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:408-13. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pirfenidone has been shown to have antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of pirfenidone on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix accumulation. We also determined the molecular mechanisms of pirfenidone in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDF). Methods NPDFs were isolated from nasal polyps from eight patients who had chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Pirfenidone was used to treat TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Fibroblast migration was evaluated with scratch assays. Expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), fibronectin, and phosphorylated Smad2/3 were determined by Western blot and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescent staining. Total collagen production was analyzed with the Sircol collagen assay and contractile activity was measured by a collagen gel contraction assay. Results Pirfenidone (0-2 mg/mL) has no significant cytotoxic effects in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. Migration of NPDFs was significantly inhibited by pirfenidone treatment. The expression levels of α-SMA and fibronectin were significantly reduced in pirfenidone-treated NPDFs. Collagen contraction and production were also significantly decreased by pirfenidone treatment. Finally, pirfenidone significantly inhibited phosphorylation of the Smad2/3 pathway in TGF-β1-induced NPDFs. Conclusions Pirfenidone has an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1-induced migration, myofibroblast differentiation (α-SMA), extracellular matrix accumulation, and collagen contraction by blocking the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 pathways in NPDFs. Thus, pirfenidone may inhibit TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix by regulating Smad2/3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hoo Park
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lopez-de la Mora DA, Sanchez-Roque C, Montoya-Buelna M, Sanchez-Enriquez S, Lucano-Landeros S, Macias-Barragan J, Armendariz-Borunda J. Role and New Insights of Pirfenidone in Fibrotic Diseases. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:840-7. [PMID: 26640402 PMCID: PMC4643073 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD) is a non-peptide synthetic molecule issued as a broad-spectrum anti-fibrotic drug with the ability to decrease TGF-β1, TNF-α, PDGF and COL1A1 expression, which is highly related to prevent or remove excessive deposition of scar tissue in several organs. Basic and clinical evidence suggests that PFD may safely slow or inhibit the progressive fibrosis swelling after tissue injuries. Furthermore, a number of evidence suggests that this molecule will have positive effects in the treatment of other inflammatory diseases. This review contains current research in which PFD has been used as the treatment of several diseases, and focus mainly in the outcomes related to improve inflammation and fibrogenesis. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to focus on the novel findings of PFD efficacy rather than deepen in the chemical aspects of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Alejandro Lopez-de la Mora
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico
| | - Cibeles Sanchez-Roque
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico
| | - Margarita Montoya-Buelna
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Enriquez
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico
| | - Silvia Lucano-Landeros
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico
| | - Jose Macias-Barragan
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico. ; 2. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, CUValles, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara - Ameca km. 45.5, Ameca (46600), Mexico
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- 1. Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada St. 950, Guadalajara (44280), Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bauer Y, Tedrow J, de Bernard S, Birker-Robaczewska M, Gibson KF, Guardela BJ, Hess P, Klenk A, Lindell KO, Poirey S, Renault B, Rey M, Weber E, Nayler O, Kaminski N. A novel genomic signature with translational significance for human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:217-31. [PMID: 25029475 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0310oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The bleomycin-induced rodent lung fibrosis model is commonly used to study mechanisms of lung fibrosis and to test potential therapeutic interventions, despite the well recognized dissimilarities to human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Therefore, in this study, we sought to identify genomic commonalities between the gene expression profiles from 100 IPF lungs and 108 control lungs that were obtained from the Lung Tissue Research Consortium, and rat lungs harvested at Days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 after bleomycin instillation. Surprisingly, the highest gene expression similarity between bleomycin-treated rat and IPF lungs was observed at Day 7. At this point of maximal rat-human commonality, we identified a novel set of 12 disease-relevant translational gene markers (C6, CTHRC1, CTSE, FHL2, GAL, GREM1, LCN2, MMP7, NELL1, PCSK1, PLA2G2A, and SLC2A5) that was able to separate almost all patients with IPF from control subjects in our cohort and in two additional IPF/control cohorts (GSE10667 and GSE24206). Furthermore, in combination with diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide measurements, four members of the translational gene marker set contributed to stratify patients with IPF according to disease severity. Significantly, pirfenidone attenuated the expression change of one (CTHRC1) translational gene marker in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, in transforming growth factor-β1-treated primary human lung fibroblasts and transforming growth factor-β1-treated human epithelial A549 cells. Our results suggest that a strategy focused on rodent model-human disease commonalities may identify genes that could be used to predict the pharmacological impact of therapeutic interventions, and thus facilitate the development of novel treatments for this devastating lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Bauer
- 1 Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Prevention of posterior capsular opacification. Exp Eye Res 2015; 136:100-15. [PMID: 25783492 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is a common complication of cataract surgery. The development of PCO is due to a combination of the processes of proliferation, migration, and transdifferentiation of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) on the lens capsule. In the past decades, various forms of PCO prevention have been examined, including adjustments of techniques and intraocular lens materials, pharmacological treatments, and prevention by interfering with biological processes in LECs. The only method so far that seems effective is the implantation of an intraocular lens with sharp edged optics to mechanically prevent PCO formation. In this review, current knowledge of the prevention of PCO will be described. We illustrate the biological pathways underlying PCO formation and the various approaches to interfere with the biological processes to prevent PCO. In this type of prevention, the use of nanotechnological advances can play a role.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kayastha F, Madhu H, Vasavada A, Johar K. Andrographolide reduces proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells by modulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:23-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
45
|
Porte J, Jenkins G. Assessment of the effect of potential antifibrotic compounds on total and αVβ6 integrin-mediated TGF-β activation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00030. [PMID: 25505594 PMCID: PMC4186436 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) plays an important role in the development of tissue fibrosis, and molecules inhibiting this pathway are attractive therapeutic targets for fibrotic diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Activation of TGF‐β is the rate‐limiting step in TGF‐β bioavailability, and activation by the αVβ6 integrin is important in fibrosis of the lung, liver, and kidney. Activation of TGF‐β by αVβ6 requires direct cell–cell contact and measurable release of active TGF‐β in extracellular fluid compartments does not reflect tissue specific activation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of antifibrotic compounds on both total, and specific αVβ6 integrin‐mediated TGF‐β activity. Using a transformed mink lung cell (TMLC) TGF‐β reporter, the effects of potential antifibrotic therapies including an activin‐like kinase (Alk5) inhibitor, Dexamethasone, Pirfenidone, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), and BIBF1120 were assessed. Effects due to αVβ6 integrin‐mediated TGF‐β activity were measured using reporter cells cocultured with cells expressing αVβ6 integrins. These high‐throughput studies were validated using a phosphorylated Smad2 Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Alk5 inhibitors are potent inhibitors of TGF‐β activity, whereas the novel antifibrotics, Pirfenidone, BIBF1120, and NAC are only moderate inhibitors, and Dexamethasone does not specifically affect TGF‐βactivity, but inhibits TGF‐β‐induced gene expression. None of the current small molecular inhibitors inhibit αVβ6‐mediated TGF‐β activity. These results demonstrate the potential of this high‐throughput assay of αVβ6‐specific TGF‐β activity and illustrate that currently available antifibrotics have limited effects on αVβ6 integrin‐mediated TGF‐β activity. e00030
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Porte
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Conte E, Gili E, Fagone E, Fruciano M, Iemmolo M, Vancheri C. Effect of pirfenidone on proliferation, TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenic activity of primary human lung fibroblasts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 58:13-9. [PMID: 24613900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pirfenidone is an orally active small molecule that has been shown to inhibit the progression of fibrosis in animal models and in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although pirfenidone exhibits well documented antifibrotic and antiinflammatory activities, in vitro and in vivo, its molecular targets and mechanisms of action have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of pirfenidone on proliferation, TGF-β-induced differentiation and fibrogenic activity of primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs). Pirfenidone reduced fibroblast proliferation and attenuated TGF-β-induced α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and pro-collagen (Col)-I mRNA and protein levels. Importantly, pirfenidone inhibited TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of Smad3, p38, and Akt, key factors in the TGF-β pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that pirfenidone modulates HLF proliferation and TGF-β-mediated differentiation into myofibroblasts by attenuating key TGF-β-induced signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Conte
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Elisa Gili
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Evelina Fagone
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mary Fruciano
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Iemmolo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carlo Vancheri
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Biomedicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Takeda Y, Tsujino K, Kijima T, Kumanogoh A. Efficacy and safety of pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patient Prefer Adherence 2014; 8:361-70. [PMID: 24711695 PMCID: PMC3968083 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s37233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic fibrotic lung disease. Although the precise cause of the disease is still unknown, recent studies have shown that the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis involves multiple mechanisms, with abnormal behavior of alveolar epithelial cells considered a primary event. Pirfenidone is a multifunctional, orally available small molecule with anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activities, and has been shown to be a modulator of cytokines and growth factors, including TGF-β1, TNF-α, bFGF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-18 in animal models. Although its precise mechanism of action is not currently clear, pirfenidone is considered to exert inhibitory effects on multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of IPF. Two randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials in Japan demonstrated that pirfenidone significantly reduced the rate of decline of vital capacity in IPF patients. A Phase III study showed a significant increase in progression-free survival of patients in pirfenidone-treated groups compared to the placebo group. These results paved the way for the approval of pirfenidone for the treatment of IPF patients in Japan in 2008. The promising results of the Phase II study in Japan led to a larger international Phase III trial (CAPACITY). Subsequently, pirfenidone has also been approved in the European Union, South Korea, and Canada to date. Pirfenidone treatment is generally tolerated. Major adverse events are gastrointestinal symptoms, including decreased appetite, abdominal discomfort and nausea, photosensitivity, and fatigue, but many of these are mild and manageable. Clinical experience has shown that reduction in pirfenidone dose and the supportive use of gastrointestinal drugs are effective ways to manage these symptoms. Thus, pirfenidone treatment provides a means of intervention in the clinical course of IPF, and is a promising candidate for improving patient prognosis. For future development, it is important to establish the appropriate modality of treatment with pirfenidone and/or novel potential drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Takeda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: Yoshito Takeda, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan, Tel +81 6 6879 3833, Fax +81 6 6879 3839, Email
| | - Kazuyuki Tsujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kinki Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Itami, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pei C, Ma B, Kang QY, Qin L, Cui LJ. Effects of transforming growth factor β2 and connective tissue growth factor on induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix synthesis in human lens epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:752-7. [PMID: 24392320 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on transdifferentiation of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) cultured in vitro and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM). METHODS HLECs were treated with TGF-β2 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5, 10µg/L) and CTGF (0, 15, 30, 60, 100µg/L) for different times (0, 24, 48, 72h) in vitro and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the main component of the extracellular matrix type I collagen (Col-1) and fibronectin (Fn) were measured by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western-blot. RESULTS TGF-β2 and CTGF significantly increased expression of α-SMA mRNA and protein (P<0.05, P<0.001), Fn mRNA and protein (P<0.001), Col-1 mRNA and protein (P<0.001). TGF-β2 could induce HLECs expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in dose-dependent manner (P<0.05, P<0.001). TGF-β2 and CTGF could induce HLECs to express α-SMA, Fn and Col-1 in time-dependent manner. Each time of TGF-β2 and CTGF induced HELCs expression of α-SMA, Fn, Col-1 mRNA and protein was significant increase compared with control (P<0.05, P<0.001). CONCLUSION TGF-β2 and CTGF could induce HLECs epithelial mesenchymal transition and ECM synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian-Yan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|