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Prenylcysteine Oxidase 1 Is a Key Regulator of Adipogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030542. [PMID: 36978789 PMCID: PMC10045348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of adipogenesis involves the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Excessive adipogenesis promotes obesity, a condition that increasingly threatens global health and contributes to the rapid rise of obesity-related diseases. We have recently shown that prenylcysteine oxidase 1 (PCYOX1) is a regulator of atherosclerosis-disease mechanisms, which acts through mechanisms not exclusively related to its pro-oxidant activity. To address the role of PCYOX1 in the adipogenic process, we extended our previous observations confirming that Pcyox1−/−/Apoe−/− mice fed a high-fat diet for 8 or 12 weeks showed significantly lower body weight, when compared to Pcyox1+/+/Apoe−/− mice, due to an evident reduction in visceral adipose content. We herein assessed the role of PCYOX1 in adipogenesis. Here, we found that PCYOX1 is expressed in adipose tissue, and, independently from its pro-oxidant enzymatic activity, is critical for adipogenesis. Pcyox1 gene silencing completely prevented the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, by acting as an upstream regulator of several key players, such as FABP4, PPARγ, C/EBPα. Proteomic analysis, performed by quantitative label-free mass spectrometry, further strengthened the role of PCYOX1 in adipogenesis by expanding the list of its downstream targets. Finally, the absence of Pcyox1 reduces the inflammatory markers in adipose tissue. These findings render PCYOX1 a novel adipogenic factor with possible pathophysiological or therapeutic potential.
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Gan C, Wang J, Martínez-Chávez A, Hillebrand M, de Vries N, Beukers J, Wagenaar E, Wang Y, Lebre MC, Rosing H, Klarenbeek S, Ali RB, Pritchard C, Huijbers I, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH. Carboxylesterase 1 family knockout alters drug disposition and lipid metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:618-631. [PMID: 36873183 PMCID: PMC9978993 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian carboxylesterase 1 (Ces1/CES1) family comprises several enzymes that hydrolyze many xenobiotic chemicals and endogenous lipids. To investigate the pharmacological and physiological roles of Ces1/CES1, we generated Ces1 cluster knockout (Ces1 -/- ) mice, and a hepatic human CES1 transgenic model in the Ces1 -/- background (TgCES1). Ces1 -/- mice displayed profoundly decreased conversion of the anticancer prodrug irinotecan to SN-38 in plasma and tissues. TgCES1 mice exhibited enhanced metabolism of irinotecan to SN-38 in liver and kidney. Ces1 and hCES1 activity increased irinotecan toxicity, likely by enhancing the formation of pharmacodynamically active SN-38. Ces1 -/- mice also showed markedly increased capecitabine plasma exposure, which was moderately decreased in TgCES1 mice. Ces1 -/- mice were overweight with increased adipose tissue, white adipose tissue inflammation (in males), a higher lipid load in brown adipose tissue, and impaired blood glucose tolerance (in males). These phenotypes were mostly reversed in TgCES1 mice. TgCES1 mice displayed increased triglyceride secretion from liver to plasma, together with higher triglyceride levels in the male liver. These results indicate that the carboxylesterase 1 family plays essential roles in drug and lipid metabolism and detoxification. Ces1 -/- and TgCES1 mice will provide excellent tools for further study of the in vivo functions of Ces1/CES1 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpei Gan
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Chávez
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Michel Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Niels de Vries
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Joke Beukers
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Els Wagenaar
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Yaogeng Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Lebre
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klarenbeek
- Experimental Animal Pathology Facility, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Rahmen Bin Ali
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Transgenic Facility, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam 1066 CX, the Netherlands
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Zhang X, Ren L, Wei J, Ni Y, Sun L, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Qiao H. Silencing long noncoding RNA-CES1P1 suppresses glomerular endothelial cell inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108820. [PMID: 35834955 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has become the main cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Inflammation is associated with the occurrence and development of DN, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes. This study aims to determine the role and mechanism of lncRNA-CES1P1 in DN.C57BL/6 mice and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used for this experimental study. In vivo experimental intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to construct a diabetes mellitus (DM) model in C57BL/6 mice caused increased expression of lncRNA-CES1P1, decreased expression of miR-214-3p in kidney tissue, and produced renal inflammation and proteinuria. Exogenous knockdown of lncRNA-CES1P1 expression decreased renal inflammatory infiltration. In vitro experiments using high glucose (HG) stimulation of HUVECs cell revealed increased expression of lncRNA-CES1P1, decreased expression of miR-214-3p, and increased expression of the inflammatory factors IL-17, IκB, NF-κB, and IL-6. Luciferase reporter assays showed direct targets of miR-214-3p interaction with lncRNA-CES1P1 and IL-17. These results suggest that hyperglycemia represses miR-214-3p by inducing lncRNA-CES1P1, which promotes the expression of the inflammatory factors IL-17, IκB, NF-κB and IL-6 ultimately leading to the development of DN. Interfering with lncRNA-CES1P1 can reduce hyperglycemia-induced DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Long Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jiaxing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yanan Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Charalampidi A, Kordou Z, Tsermpini EE, Bosganas P, Chantratita W, Fukunaga K, Mushiroda T, Patrinos GP, Koromina M. Pharmacogenomics variants are associated with BMI differences between individuals with bipolar and other psychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:749-760. [PMID: 34410167 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Regardless of the plethora of next-generation sequencing studies in the field of pharmacogenomics (PGx), the potential effect of covariate variables on PGx response within deeply phenotyped cohorts remains unexplored. Materials & methods: We explored with advanced statistical methods the potential influence of BMI, as a covariate variable, on PGx response in a Greek cohort with psychiatric disorders. Results: Nine PGx variants within UGT1A6, SLC22A4, GSTP1, CYP4B1, CES1, SLC29A3 and DPYD were associated with altered BMI in different psychiatric disorder groups. Carriers of rs2070959 (UGT1A6), rs199861210 (SLC29A3) and rs2297595 (DPYD) were also characterized by significant changes in the mean BMI, depending on the presence of psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: Specific PGx variants are significantly associated with BMI in a Greek cohort with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Charalampidi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoe Kordou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Bosganas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Wasun Chantratita
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taisei Mushiroda
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Zayed Center of Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Maria Koromina
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,The Golden Helix Foundation, London, UK
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Jiang LP, Ji JZ, Ge PX, Zhu T, Mi QY, Tai T, Li YF, Xie HG. Is platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel attenuated in overweight or obese patients and why? A reverse translational study in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:46-64. [PMID: 34415054 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Overweight or obese patients exhibit poorer platelet responses to clopidogrel. However, the mechanisms behind this phenotype remain to be elucidated. Here, we sought to discover whether and why obesity could affect the metabolic activation of and/or platelet response to clopidogrel in obese patients and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A post hoc stratified analysis of an observational clinical study was performed to investigate changes in residual platelet reactivity with increasing body weight in patients taking clopidogrel. Furthermore, high-fat diet-induced obese mice were used to reveal alterations in systemic exposure of clopidogrel thiol active metabolite H4, ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation, the expression of genes involved in the metabolic activation of clopidogrel, count of circulating reticulated and mature platelets, and proliferation profiles of megakaryocytes in bone marrow. The relevant genes and potential signalling pathways were predicted and enriched according to the GEO datasets available from obese patients. KEY RESULTS Obese patients exhibited significantly attenuated antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel. In diet-induced obese mice, systemic exposure of clopidogrel active metabolite H4 was reduced but that of its hydrolytic metabolite was increased due to down-regulation of certain P450s but up-regulation of carboxylesterase-1 in the liver. Moreover, enhanced proliferation of megakaryocytes and elevated platelet count also contributed. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Obesity attenuated metabolic activation of clopidogrel and increased counts of circulating reticulated and mature platelets, leading to impaired platelet responsiveness to the drug in mice, suggesting that clopidogrel dosage may need to be adjusted adequately in overweight or obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Jiang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Zi Ji
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng-Xin Ge
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Mi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Tai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
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6
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Xu RJ, Kong WM, An XF, Zou JJ, Liu L, Liu XD. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamics Model Characterizing CYP2C19 Polymorphisms to Predict Clopidogrel Pharmacokinetics and Its Anti-Platelet Aggregation Effect Following Oral Administration to Coronary Artery Disease Patients With or Without Diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:593982. [PMID: 33519456 PMCID: PMC7845657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.593982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Clopidogrel (CLOP) is commonly used in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with or without diabetes (DM), but these patients often suffer CLOP resistance, especially those with diabetes. This study was aimed to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK-PD) model to describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel active metabolite (CLOP-AM) in CAD patients with or without DM. Methods: The PBPK-PD model was first established and validated in healthy subjects and then in CAD patients with or without DM. The influences of CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), gastrointestinal transit rates (Kt,i) and platelets response to CLOP-AM (kirre) on predicted pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were investigated, followed with their individual and integrated effects on CLOP-AM pharmacokinetics due to changes in DM status. Results: Most predictions fell within 0.5–2.0 folds of observations, indicating successful predictions. Sensitivity analysis showed that contributions of interested factors to pharmacodynamics were CES1> kirre> Kt,i> CYP2C19 > CYP3A4> CYP2C9. Mimicked analysis showed that the decreased exposure of CLOP-AM by DM was mainly attributed to increased CES1 activity, followed by decreased CYP2C19 activity. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CLOP-AM were successfully predicted using the developed PBPK-PD model. Clopidogrel resistance by DM was the integrated effects of altered Kt,i, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CES1 and kirre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jun Xu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Min Kong
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Fei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinse Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Liu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Her L, Zhu HJ. Carboxylesterase 1 and Precision Pharmacotherapy: Pharmacogenetics and Nongenetic Regulators. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:230-244. [PMID: 31871135 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) 1 is the most abundant drug-metabolizing enzyme in human livers, comprising approximately 1% of the entire liver proteome. CES1 is responsible for 80%-95% of total hydrolytic activity in the liver and plays a crucial role in the metabolism of a wide range of drugs (especially ester-prodrugs), pesticides, environmental pollutants, and endogenous compounds. Expression and activity of CES1 vary markedly among individuals, which is a major contributing factor to interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs metabolized by CES1. Both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to CES1 variability. Here, we discuss genetic polymorphisms, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and copy number variants and nongenetic contributors, such as developmental status, genders, and drug-drug interactions, that could influence CES1 functionality and the PK and PD of CES1 substrates. Currently, the loss-of-function SNP G143E (rs71647871) is the only clinically significant CES1 variant identified to date, and alcohol is the only potent CES1 inhibitor that could alter the therapeutic outcomes of CES1 substrate medications. However, G143E and alcohol can only explain a small portion of the interindividual variability in the CES1 function. A better understanding of the regulation of CES1 expression and activity and identification of biomarkers for CES1 function in vivo could lead to the development of a precision pharmacotherapy strategy to improve the efficacy and safety of many CES1 substrate drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The clinical relevance of CES1 has been well demonstrated in various clinical trials. Genetic and nongenetic regulators can affect CES1 expression and activity, resulting in the alteration of the metabolism and clinical outcome of CES1 substrate drugs, such as methylphenidate and clopidogrel. Predicting the hepatic CES1 function can provide clinical guidance to optimize pharmacotherapy of numerous medications metabolized by CES1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Her
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hao-Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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8
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Qiao Q, Bouwman FG, van Baak MA, Roumans NJT, Vink RG, Coort SLM, Renes JW, Mariman ECM. Adipocyte abundances of CES1, CRYAB, ENO1 and GANAB are modified in-vitro by glucose restriction and are associated with cellular remodelling during weight regain. Adipocyte 2019; 8:190-200. [PMID: 31037987 PMCID: PMC6768247 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1608757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term weight loss maintenance is a problem of overweight and obesity. Changes of gene expression during weight loss (WL) by calorie restriction (CR) are linked to the risk of weight regain (WR). However, detailed information on genes/proteins involved in the mechanism is still lacking. Therefore, we developed an in-vitro model system for glucose restriction (GR) and refeeding (RF) to uncover proteome differences between GR with RF vs normal feeding, of which we explored the relation with WR after WL. Human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome cells were subjected to changing levels of glucose to mimic the condition of CR and RF. Proteome profiling was performed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This in-vitro model revealed 44 proteins differentially expressed after GR and RF versus feeding including proteins of the focal adhesions. Four proteins showed a persistent up- or down-regulation: liver carboxylesterase (CES1), mitochondrial superoxide dismutase [Mn] (SOD2), alpha-crystallin B-chain (CRYAB), alpha-enolase (ENO1). In-vivo weight loss-induced RNA expression changes linked CES1, CRYAB and ENO1 to WR. Moreover, of these 44 proteins, CES1 and glucosidase II alpha subunit (GANAB) during follow up correlated with WR. Correlation clustering of in-vivo protein expression data indicated an interaction of these proteins with structural components of the focal adhesions and cytoplasmic filaments in the adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek G. Bouwman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen A. van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia J. T. Roumans
- Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, MERLN, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel G. Vink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan L. M. Coort
- Department of Bioinformatics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Renes
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C. M. Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Copy number variation profiling in pharmacogenes using panel-based exome resequencing and correlation to human liver expression. Hum Genet 2019; 139:137-149. [PMID: 31786673 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structural variants including copy number variations (CNV) have gained widespread attention, especially in pharmacogenomics but for several genes functional relevance and clinical evidence are still lacking. Detection of CNVs in next-generation sequencing data is challenging but offers widespread applications. We developed a cohort-based CNV detection workflow to extract CNVs from read counts of targeted NGS of 340 genes involved in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs. We applied our method to 150 human liver tissue samples and correlated identified CNVs to mRNA expression levels. In total, we identified 445 deletions (73%) and 167 duplications (27%) in 36 pharmacogenes including all well-known CNVs of CYPs, GSTs, SULTs, UGTs, numerous described rare CNVs of CYP2E1, SLC16A3 or UGT2B15 as well as novel observations, e.g., for SLC22A12, SLC22A17 and GPS2 (G Protein Pathway Suppressor 2). We were able to fine-map complex CNVs of CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 with exon resolution. Correlation analysis confirmed known expression patterns for common CNVs and suggested an influence on expression variability for some rare CNVs. Our straightforward CNV detection workflow can be easily applied to any NGS coverage data and helped to analyze CNVs in an ADME-NGS panel of 340 pharmacogenes to improve genotype-phenotype correlations.
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10
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Shen Y, Shi Z, Yan B. Carboxylesterases: Pharmacological Inhibition Regulated Expression and Transcriptional Involvement of Nuclear Receptors and other Transcription Factors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.32527/2019/101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Shen
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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11
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Sainz J, Prieto C, Crespo-Facorro B. Sex differences in gene expression related to antipsychotic induced weight gain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215477. [PMID: 30986260 PMCID: PMC6464344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotics are crucial for the treatment of schizophrenia and contribute to weight gain in psychosis, particularly during early phases. Antipsychotic Induced Weight Gain (AIWG) might contribute to reduce the quality of life, drug compliance and to increase mortality. To characterize sex differences of gene expression related to AIWG, we sequenced total mRNA from blood samples of schizophrenia patients, before and after 3 months of antipsychotic-treatment. We analyzed schizophrenia patients according to their sex (38 males and 39 females) and their BMI increase after medication, characterizing the differential gene expression before and after medication. Individuals in each group were categorized in patients who gain weight and those whose do not gain weight. The “weight gain” groups included patients with an increase of body mass index (BMI) > 1.0 points (27 males and 23 females with a median BMI increase of 2.68 and 2.32 respectively). The “no weight gain” groups included patients with a change of BMI between < 1.0 and > -1.0 points (11 males and 16 females with a median BMI increase of 0.21 and 0.16 respectively). The males had 331 genes with significant differential expression in the weight gain group and 24 genes in the no weight gain group. The females had 119 genes with significant differential expression in the weight gain group and 75 genes in the no weight gain group. Both weight gain groups were significantly enriched with “obesity” genes (Fisher; p = 1.1E-09 and p = 0.0001 respectively), according to the Gene Reference into Function (GeneRIF) database.In conclusion, we characterized genes with differential expression associated to AIWG that are specific to males, to females and common to both sexes. These genes are good candidates to depict the biological processes involved in AIWG and provide additional evidence of the genetic links between weight gain and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Sainz
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC), Santander, Spain
- * E-mail: (JS); (BC-F)
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, Nucleus, University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (JS); (BC-F)
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12
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Xiao Q, Zhou Q, Yang L, Tian Z, Wang X, Xiao Y, Shi D. Breed Differences in Pig Liver Esterase (PLE) between Tongcheng (Chinese Local Breed) and Large White Pigs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16364. [PMID: 30397234 PMCID: PMC6218520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human carboxylesterases has been proven to be age and race-related and a sound basis of clinical medication. PLE involve in signal transduction and highly catalyze hydrolysis. Therefore, the expression level of PLE most probably exist age and breed difference and lead to significant differences of pharmacology and physiology. Four age groups of Tongcheng (TC) and Large White (LW) pigs were selected to explore PLE breed and age differences, and it was found that PLE mRNA was most abundant in liver in both breeds. In liver, PLE levels and hydrolytic activities increased with age, and PLE levels (except for 3 month) and the hydrolytic activities were higher in LW than in TC across all age groups. Abundance of PLE isoenzymes was obvious different between breeds and among age groups. The most abundant PLE isoenzyme in LW and TC pigs was PLE-A1 (all age groups) and PLE-B9 (three early age groups) or PLE-G3 (adult groups), respectively. 103 new PLE isoenzymes were found, and 55 high-frequency PLE isoenzymes were accordingly classified into seven categories (A-G). The results of this research provide a necessary basis not only for clinical medication of pigs but also for pig breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qiongqiong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agricultural, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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13
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Isoflavones enhance pharmacokinetic exposure of active lovastatin acid via the upregulation of carboxylesterase in high-fat diet mice after oral administration of Xuezhikang capsules. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1804-1815. [PMID: 29921884 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xuezhikang capsule (XZK) is a traditional Chinese medicine that contains lovastatin (Lv) for hyperlipidemia treatment, although it has fewer side effects than Lv. However, the pharmacokinetic mechanisms contributing to its distinct efficacy and low side effects are unclear. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. We first conducted the pharmacokinetic studies in HFD mice following oral administration of Lv (10 mg/kg, i.g.) and found that HFD remarkably decreased the active form of Lv (the lovastatin acid, LvA) exposure in the circulation system, especially in the targeting organ liver, with a declined conversion from Lv to LvA, whereas the Lv (responsible for myotoxicity) exposure in muscle markedly increased. Then we compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of Lv in HFD mice after the oral administration of XZK (1200 mg/kg, i.g.) or an equivalent dose of Lv (10 mg/kg, i.g.). A higher exposure of LvA and lower exposure of Lv were observed after XZK administration, suggesting a pharmacokinetic interaction of some ingredients in XZK. Further studies revealed that HFD promoted the inflammation and inhibited carboxylesterase (CES) activities in the intestine and the liver, thus contributing to the lower transformation of Lv into LvA. In contrast, XZK inhibited the inflammation and upregulated CES in the intestine and the liver. Finally, we evaluated the effects of monacolins and phytosterols, the fractional extracts of isoflavones, on inflammatory LS174T or HepG2 cells, which showed that isoflavones inhibited inflammation, upregulated CES, and markedly enhanced the conversion of Lv into LvA. For the first time, we provide evidence that isoflavones and Lv in XZK act in concert to enhance the efficacy and reduce the side effects of Lv.
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Chen F, Li DY, Zhang B, Sun JY, Sun F, Ji X, Qiu JC, Parker RB, Laizure SC, Xu J. Alterations of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under diabetic conditions: what is the potential clinical significance? Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:369-397. [PMID: 30221555 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1497645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - De-Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jie-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Chun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Robert B. Parker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S. Casey Laizure
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Rasmussen HB, Madsen MB. Carboxylesterase 1 genes: systematic review and evaluation of existing genotyping procedures. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2018; 33:3-14. [PMID: 29427553 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylesterase 1 gene (CES1) encodes a hydrolase that metabolizes commonly used drugs. The CES1-related pseudogene, carboxylesterase 1 pseudogene 1 (CES1P1), has been implicated in gene exchange with CES1 and in the formation of hybrid genes including the carboxylesterase 1A2 gene (CES1A2). Hence, the CES1 region is complex. Using in silico PCR and alignment, we assessed the specificity of PCR-assisted procedures for genotyping CES1, CES1A2 and CES1P1 in studies identified in PubMed. We identified 33 such studies and excluded those that were not the first to use a procedure or lacked sequence information. After this 17 studies remained. Ten of these used haplotype-specific amplification, restriction enzyme treatment or amplicon sequencing, and included five that were predicted to lack specificity. All procedures for genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms in eight studies lacked specificity. One of these studies also used amplicon sequencing, thus being present in the group above. Some primers and their intended targets were mismatched. We provide experimental evidence that one of the procedures lacked specificity. Additionally, a complex pattern of segmental duplications in the CES1 region was revealed. In conclusion, many procedures for CES1, CES1A2 and CES1P1 genotyping appear to lack specificity. Knowledge about the segmental duplications may improve the typing of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Phone: + 45 3864 2284, Fax: +45 3864 2300
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Majbritt Busk Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Ferrero-Miliani L, Bjerre D, Stage C, Madsen MB, Jűrgens G, Dalhoff KP, Rasmussen HB. Reappraisal of the genetic diversity and pharmacogenetic assessment of CES1. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:1241-1257. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The CES1 gene encodes a hydrolase that metabolizes important drugs. Variants generated by exchange of segments with CES1P1 complicate genotyping of CES1. Using a highly specific procedure we examined DNA samples from 200 Caucasians and identified 46 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in CES1 and 21 SNVs in CES1A2, a hybrid composed of CES1 and CES1P1. Several of these SNVs were novel. The frequencies of SNVs with a potential functional impact were below 0.02 suggesting limited pharmacogenetic potential for CES1 genotyping. In silico PCR revealed that the majority of the primer pairs for amplification of CES1 or CES1A2 in three previous studies lacked specificity, which partially explains a limited overlap with our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrero-Miliani
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ditte Bjerre
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Claus Stage
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majbritt Busk Madsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gesche Jűrgens
- Clinical Pharmacological Unit, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Peder Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg & Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Berg Rasmussen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science & Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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17
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Novel procedure with improved resolution and specificity for amplification and differentiation of variants of the gene encoding carboxylesterase 1. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 27:155-158. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Gene copy number variation analysis reveals dosage-insensitive expression of CYP2E1. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:551-558. [PMID: 26503817 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene copy number variants (CNVs) of CYP2E1 have been described but not functionally characterized. Here we investigated effects of CNVs on hepatic and lymphoblastoid CYP2E1 expression. Using available single-nuleotide polymorphism microarray data and quantitative PCR, CYP2E1 gene duplication and deletion carriers were identified. CYP2E1 mRNA, protein and enzyme activity (chlorzoxazone-6-hydroxylation) phenotypes of CYP2E1 were not associated with gene copy number. Analysis of gene expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines in relation to CNV confirmed this finding in an extrahepatic tissue and for other ethnicities. Further analyses identified a linked haplotype cluster with possible influence on gene expression. In summary, our data suggest a homeostatic, gene dosage-insensitive regulation of CYP2E1 expression by unknown gene dosage compensation mechanisms. This is in striking contrast to well-known structural variations of CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 that have a strong impact on expression and activity. These findings are important in the context of pharmacogenetic prediction.
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Aguilera CM, Gomez-Llorente C, Tofe I, Gil-Campos M, Cañete R, Gil Á. Genome-wide expression in visceral adipose tissue from obese prepubertal children. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7723-37. [PMID: 25856673 PMCID: PMC4425045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the genes expressed in adipose tissue (AT) is key to understanding the pathogenesis of obesity and to developing treatments for this condition. Our objective was to compare the gene expression in visceral AT (VAT) between obese and normal-weight prepubertal children. A total of fifteen obese and sixteen normal-weight children undergoing abdominal elective surgery were selected. RNA was extracted from VAT biopsies. Microarray experiments were independently performed for each sample (six obese and five normal-weight samples). Validation by quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed on an additional 10 obese and 10 normal-weight VAT samples. Of 1276 differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05), 245 were more than two-fold higher in obese children than in normal-weight children. As validated by qPCR, expression was upregulated in genes involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism (CES1, NPRR3 and BHMT2), oxidative stress and extracellular matrix regulation (TNMD and NQO1), adipogenesis (CRYAB and AFF1) and inflammation (ANXA1); by contrast, only CALCRL gene expression was confirmed to be downregulated. In conclusion, this study in prepubertal children demonstrates the up- and down-regulation of genes that encode molecules that were previously proposed to influence the pathogenesis of adulthood obesity, as well as previously unreported dysregulated genes that may be candidate genes in the aetiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Carolina Gomez-Llorente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Inés Tofe
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Ramón Cañete
- Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n. 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Ángel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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20
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A highly selective ratiometric fluorescent probe for in vitro monitoring and cellular imaging of human carboxylesterase 1. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 57:30-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Ulloa AE, Chen J, Vergara VM, Calhoun V, Liu J. Association between copy number variation losses and alcohol dependence across African American and European American ethnic groups. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1266-74. [PMID: 24512105 PMCID: PMC3999255 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNVs) are structural genetic mutations consisting of segmental gains or losses in DNA sequence. Although CNVs contribute substantially to genomic variation, few genetic and imaging studies report association of CNVs with alcohol dependence (AD). Our purpose is to find evidence of this association across ethnic populations and genders. This work is the first AD-CNV study across ethnic groups and the first to include the African American (AA) population. METHODS This study considers 2 CNV data sets, one for discovery (2,345 samples) and the other for validation (239 samples), both including subjects with AD and healthy controls of European and African ancestry. Our analysis assesses the association between AD and CNV losses across ethnic groups and gender by examining the effect of overall losses across the whole genome, collective losses within individual cytogenetic bands, and specific losses in CNV regions. RESULTS Results from the discovery data set showed an association between CNV losses within 16q12.2 and AD diagnosis (p = 4.53 × 10(-3) ). An overlapping CNV region from the validation data set exhibited the same direction of effect with respect to AD (p = 0.051). This CNV region affects the genes CES1p1 and CES1, which are members of the carboxylesterase (CES) family. The enzyme encoded by CES1 is a major liver enzyme that typically catalyzes the decomposition of ester into alcohol and carboxylic acid and is involved in drug or xenobiotics, fatty acid, and cholesterol metabolisms. In addition, the most significantly associated CNV region was located at 9p21.2 (p = 1.9 × 10(-3) ) in our discovery data set. Although not observed in the validation data set, probably due to small sample size, this result might hold potential connection to AD given its connection with neuronal death. In contrast, we did not find any association between AD and the overall total losses or the collective losses within individual cytogenetic bands. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study provides evidence that the specific CNVs at 16q12.2 contribute to the development of alcoholism in AA and European American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Victor Manuel Vergara
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of New Mexico
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute
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