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Gupta JK. The Role of Aldose Reductase in Polyol Pathway: An Emerging Pharmacological Target in Diabetic Complications and Associated Morbidities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1073-1081. [PMID: 37649296 DOI: 10.2174/1389201025666230830125147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of aldose reductase leads to a variety of biological and pathological effects. It is a multifunctional enzyme which has a tendency to reduce aldehydes to the corresponding sugar.alcohol. In diabetic conditions, the aldose reductase enzyme converts glucose into sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a cofactor. It is a key enzyme in polyol pathway which is a surrogate course of glucose metabolism. The polyol pathway has a significant impact on the aetiology of complications in individuals with end-stage diabetes. The exorbitant level of sorbitol leads to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in diabetic heart, neurons, kidneys, eyes and other vasculatures, leading to many complications and pathogenesis. Recently, the pathophysiological role of aldose reductase has been explored with multifarious perspectives. Research on aldose reductase suggest that besides implying in diabetic complications, the enzyme also turns down the lipid-derived aldehydes as well as their glutathione conjugates. Although aldose reductase has certain lucrative role in detoxification of toxic lipid aldehydes, its overexpression leads to intracellular accumulation of sorbitol which is involved in secondary diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, cataractogenesis, nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular pathogenesis. Osmotic upset and oxidative stress are produced by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway. The inhibition of aldose reductase alters the activation of transcription factors like NF-ƙB. Moreover, in many preclinical studies, aldose reductase inhibitors have been observed to reduce inflammation-related impediments, such as asthma, sepsis and colon cancer, in diabetic subjects. Targeting aldose reductase can bestow a novel cognizance for this primordial enzyme as an ingenious strategy to prevent diabetic complications and associated morbidities. In this review article, the significance of aldose reductase is briefly discussed along with their prospective applications in other afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yoshie S, Murono S, Hazama A. Approach for Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Fibrosis of Asthmatic Airway Remodeling Focusing on Cl - Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:289. [PMID: 38203460 PMCID: PMC10779031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling caused by asthma is characterized by structural changes of subepithelial fibrosis, goblet cell metaplasia, submucosal gland hyperplasia, smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and angiogenesis, leading to symptoms such as dyspnea, which cause marked quality of life deterioration. In particular, fibrosis exacerbated by asthma progression is reportedly mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is well known that the molecular mechanism of EMT in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling is closely associated with several signaling pathways, including the TGF-β1/Smad, TGF-β1/non-Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanism of EMT in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling has not yet been fully clarified. Given that Cl- transport through Cl- channels causes passive water flow and consequent changes in cell volume, these channels may be considered to play a key role in EMT, which is characterized by significant morphological changes. In the present article, we highlight how EMT, which causes fibrosis and carcinogenesis in various tissues, is strongly associated with activation or inactivation of Cl- channels and discuss whether Cl- channels can lead to elucidation of the molecular mechanism of EMT in fibrosis of asthmatic airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Yoshie
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murono
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hazama
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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Yuan J, Wang M, Wang C, Zhang L. Epithelial cell dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:959-968. [PMID: 37386882 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2232113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a type of epithelial cell dysfunction, which is widely present in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), especially CRS with nasal polyps, and contributes to pathogenesis of the disease. EMT is mediated via complex mechanisms associated with multiple signaling pathways. AREAS COVERED We have summarized the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways promoting EMT in CRS. Strategies or drugs/agents targeting the genes and pathways related to the regulation of EMT are also discussed for their potential use in the treatment of CRS and asthma. A literature search of studies published in English from 2000 to 2023 was conducted using the PubMed database, employing CRS, EMT, signaling, mechanisms, targeting agents/drugs, as individual or combinations of search terms. EXPERT OPINION EMT in nasal epithelium not only leads to epithelial cell dysfunction but also plays an important role in nasal tissue remodeling in CRS. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying EMT and the development of drugs/agents targeting these mechanisms may provide new treatment strategies for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Tai J, Shin JM, Park J, Han M, Kim TH. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010195. [PMID: 36671057 PMCID: PMC9854928 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the body's antioxidant defense system. It plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response and can be a pathogenic factor in various diseases. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex and heterogeneous disease with various phenotypes and endotypes. Recently, an increasing number of studies have proposed that oxidative stress (caused by both environmental and intrinsic stimuli) plays an important role in the pathogenesis and persistence of CRS. This has attracted the attention of several researchers. The relationship between the presence of reactive oxygen species composed of free radicals and nasal polyp pathology is a key topic receiving attention. This article reviews the role of oxidative stress in respiratory diseases, particularly CRS, and introduces potential therapeutic antioxidants that may offer targeted treatment for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhu Tai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Munsoo Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Mucosal Immunology Institute, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-920-5486
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Hernández-Díazcouder A, González-Ramírez J, Sanchez F, Leija-Martínez JJ, Martínez-Coronilla G, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Sánchez-Muñoz F. Negative Effects of Chronic High Intake of Fructose on Lung Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194089. [PMID: 36235741 PMCID: PMC9571075 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the modern diet, excessive fructose intake (>50 g/day) had been driven by the increase, in recent decades, of the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. This phenomenon has dramatically increased within the Caribbean and Latin American regions. Epidemiological studies show that chronic high intake of fructose related to sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of developing several non-communicable diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and may also contribute to the exacerbation of lung diseases, such as COVID-19. Evidence supports several mechanisms—such as dysregulation of the renin−angiotensin system, increased uric acid production, induction of aldose reductase activity, production of advanced glycation end-products, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway—that can be implicated in lung damage. This review addresses how these pathophysiologic and molecular mechanisms may explain the lung damage resulting from high intake of fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier González-Ramírez
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Campus Mexicali, Mexicali 21100, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sanchez
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - José J. Leija-Martínez
- Master and Doctorate Program in Medical, Dental, and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Research Laboratory of Pharmacology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Martínez-Coronilla
- Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Campus Mexicali, Mexicali 21100, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5573-2911 (ext. 21310)
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Jiang T, Zhao D, Zheng Z, Li Z. Sigma-1 Receptor Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Airway Remodeling Through AMPK/CXCR4 Signal Pathway. Inflammation 2022; 45:1298-1312. [PMID: 35029796 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (Sigma-1R) has been proven to play a major role in inflammation and structural remodeling. However, its role in airway inflammation and airway remodeling remains unclear. The purpose of this study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of Sigma-1R in airway remodeling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in vivo and in vitro. We observed the decrease of Sigma-1R in lung tissue of asthma model. In the mouse model of allergic airway inflammation (AAI), Sigma-1R agonist RPE-084 significantly relieved airway inflammation and airway remodeling, while Sigma-1R antagonist BD1047 (B8562) had opposite effects. Further research showed that RPE-084 treatment increased the expression of pAMPK and inhibited the expression of CXCR4. Furthermore, RPE-084 treatment suppressed the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BALF. We found that RPE-084 or Sigma-1R overexpression vector treatment regulated cell cycle and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and EMT process in TGF-β1-induced 16HBE cells. Finally, we confirmed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C or CXCR4 agonist ATI-2341 both reversed the effects of Sigma-1R on TGF-β1-induced 16 HBE cells. In a word, our research shows that Sigma-1R is helpful to improve airway remodeling of asthma, and emphasizes a new candidate molecular for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qujiang New District, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, No. 1616, Yanxiang Road, Xi'anShaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qujiang New District, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, No. 1616, Yanxiang Road, Xi'anShaanxi Province, 710061, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University and Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhankui Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qujiang New District, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, No. 1616, Yanxiang Road, Xi'anShaanxi Province, 710061, China.
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Singh M, Kapoor A, Bhatnagar A. Physiological and Pathological Roles of Aldose Reductase. Metabolites 2021; 11:655. [PMID: 34677370 PMCID: PMC8541668 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an aldo-keto reductase that catalyzes the first step in the polyol pathway which converts glucose to sorbitol. Under normal glucose homeostasis the pathway represents a minor route of glucose metabolism that operates in parallel with glycolysis. However, during hyperglycemia the flux of glucose via the polyol pathway increases significantly, leading to excessive formation of sorbitol. The polyol pathway-driven accumulation of osmotically active sorbitol has been implicated in the development of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Based on the notion that inhibition of AR could prevent these complications a range of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested; however, their clinical efficacy has been found to be marginal at best. Moreover, recent work has shown that AR participates in the detoxification of aldehydes that are derived from lipid peroxidation and their glutathione conjugates. Although in some contexts this antioxidant function of AR helps protect against tissue injury and dysfunction, the metabolic transformation of the glutathione conjugates of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes could also lead to the generation of reactive metabolites that can stimulate mitogenic or inflammatory signaling events. Thus, inhibition of AR could have both salutary and injurious outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that inhibition of AR could modify the effects of cardiovascular disease, asthma, neuropathy, sepsis, and cancer; therefore, additional work is required to selectively target AR inhibitors to specific disease states. Despite past challenges, we opine that a more gainful consideration of therapeutic modulation of AR activity awaits clearer identification of the specific role(s) of the AR enzyme in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Aniruddh Kapoor
- Internal Medicine—Critical Care, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA;
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Sonowal H, Ramana KV. Development of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer: Current Drug Design Strategies and Future Directions. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3683-3712. [PMID: 33109031 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201027152737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldose Reductase (AR) is an enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism. AR has been shown to be involved in the development of secondary diabetic complications due to its involvement in causing osmotic as well as oxidative stress. Various AR inhibitors have been tested for their use to treat secondary diabetic complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy in clinical studies. Recent studies also suggest the potential role of AR in mediating various inflammatory complications. Therefore, the studies on the development and potential use of AR inhibitors to treat inflammatory complications and cancer besides diabetes are currently on the rise. Further, genetic mutagenesis studies, computer modeling, and molecular dynamics studies have helped design novel and potent AR inhibitors. This review discussed the potential new therapeutic use of AR inhibitors in targeting inflammatory disorders and cancer besides diabetic complications. Further, we summarized studies on how AR inhibitors have been designed and developed for therapeutic purposes in the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sonowal
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Yu W, Ye T, Ding J, Huang Y, Peng Y, Xia Q, Cuntai Z. miR-4456/CCL3/CCR5 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Tight Junction Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:551839. [PMID: 33953665 PMCID: PMC8089484 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.551839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) is a major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The smoke disrupts cell-cell adhesion by inducing epithelial barrier damage to the tight junction (TJ) proteins. Even though the inflammatory mechanism of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) in COPD has gained increasing attention in the research community, however, the underlying signaling pathway, remains unknown. Objectives: To identify the relationship of CCL3 in the pathogenesis of tight junction impairment in COPD and the pathway through which CSE causes damage to TJ in COPD via CCL3, both in vivo and in vitro. Methods: We screened the inflammatory factors in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls and patients at each GOLD 1-4 stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA were used to detect the levels of CCL3, ZO-1, and occludin after Cigarette smoke exposure. Immunofluorescence was applied to examine the impairment of the TJs in 16-HBE and A549 cells. The reverse assay was used to detect the effect of a CCR5 antagonist (DAPTA) in COPD. In the CSE-induced COPD mouse model, H&E staining and lung function tests were used to evaluate the pathological and physical states in each group. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the impairment of TJs in each group. ELISA and RT-PCR were used to examine the mRNA or protein expression of CCL3 or miR-4456 in each group. Results: The in vivo and in vitro results showed that CCL3 expression was increased in COPD compared with healthy controls. CCL3 caused significant injury to TJs through its C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), while miR-4456 could suppress the effect of CCL3 on TJs by binding to the 3′-UTR of CCL3. Conclusion: miR-4456/CCL3/CCR5 pathway may be a potential target pathway for the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Urology Department of Xin Hua Hospital, Xin Hua Hospital Affliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Cuntai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Borkar RM, Gajji S, Mohammed SA, Srivastava M, Reddy VG, Jala A, Asthana S, Kamal A, Banerjee SK, Ragampeta S. Identification and characterization of in vitro and in vivo fidarestat metabolites: Toxicity and efficacy evaluation of metabolites. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4694. [PMID: 33410180 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The progression of diabetic complications can be prevented by inhibition of aldose reductase and fidarestat considered to be highly potent. To date, metabolites of the fidarestat, toxicity, and efficacy are unknown. Therefore, the present study on characterization of hitherto unknown in vitro and in vivo metabolites of fidarestat using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS/MS) is undertaken. In vitro and in vivo metabolites of fidarestat have been identified and characterized by using LC/ESI/MS/MS and accurate mass measurements. To identify in vivo metabolites, plasma, urine, and feces samples were collected after oral administration of fidarestat to Sprague-Dawley rats, whereas for in vitro metabolites, fidarestat was incubated in human S9 fraction, human liver microsomes, and rat liver microsomes. Furthermore, in silico toxicity and efficacy of the identified metabolites were evaluated. Eighteen metabolites have been identified. The main in vitro phase I metabolites of fidarestat are oxidative deamination, oxidative deamination and hydroxylation, reductive defluroniation, and trihydroxylation. Phase II metabolites are methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, cysteamination, and glucuronidation. Docking studies suggest that oxidative deaminated metabolite has better docking energy and conformation that keeps consensus with fidarestat whereas the rest of the metabolites do not give satisfactory results. Aldose reductase activity has been determined for oxidative deaminated metabolite (F-1), and it shows an IC50 value of 0.44 μM. The major metabolite, oxidative deaminated, did not show any cytotoxicity in H9C2, HEK, HEPG2, and Panc1 cell lines. However, in silico toxicity, the predication result showed toxicity in skin irritation and ocular irritancy SEV/MOD versus MLD/NON (v5.1) model for fidarestat and its all metabolites. In drug discovery and development research, it is distinctly the case that the potential for pharmacologically active metabolites must be considered. Thus, the active metabolites of fidarestat may have an advantage as drug candidates as many drugs were initially observed as metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan M Borkar
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Shankar Gajji
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Soheb A Mohammed
- Non-Communicable Diseases Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Mithul Srivastava
- Non-Communicable Diseases Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Velma Ganga Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Aishwarya Jala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Non-Communicable Diseases Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Non-Communicable Diseases Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, 121001, India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Srinivas Ragampeta
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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Yao L, Wang S, Wei P, Bao K, Yuan W, Wang X, Zheng J, Hong M. Huangqi-Fangfeng protects against allergic airway remodeling through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in mice via regulating epithelial derived TGF-β1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153076. [PMID: 31473579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to aeroallergens such as house dust mite (HDM) could result in airway inflammation and airway remodeling, characteristic features of allergic asthma. Huangqi-Fangfeng (HF), an important "couplet medicines" of Yu-Ping-Feng-San (YPFS), mediates allergen-induced airway inflammation in mice, but its role in the airway remodeling is not known. PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of HF on airway remodeling of allergic asthma in a murine model and to investigate the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The main components of HF were analyzed by HPLC. The HDM-induced asthma mice model was established to study the effects of HF on airway inflammation and airway remodeling in vivo. Enhanced pause (Penh) index value was used as an indicator of airway hyper-reactivity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was processed for differential cell counting and determination of cytokines production. The lungs were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological examination after staining with H&E, trichrome and IHC. Production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) in BALF and lung tissues, IgE in serum were measured by ELISAs. Expression of epithelial markers and mesenchymal markers were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blots. The effects of HF and its components on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detected in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) treated with TGF-β1 and HDM. RESULTS The main components of Huangqi-Fangfeng detected by HPLC were Calycosin, Formononetin and Cimifugin. In HDM-induced allergic asthma mice model, respiratory exposure to HDM lead to airway hyperresponsiveness and thickening of the smooth muscle layer in the airway. TGF-β1 levels increased in mice airways while epithelial cells lost expression of E-cadherin and gained expression of the mesenchymal proteins N-cadherin, α-SMA and collagen І. These changes were relieved by treatment with HF. Furthermore, restored epithelial markers expression treated with individual components were also detectable in 16HBE cells. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that Huangqi-Fangfeng protected against allergic airway remodeling through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in mice via regulating epithelial derived TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Biotherapy, Bayi Hospital Affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pan Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kaifan Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weiyuan Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Hong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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12
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Ambade AS, Jung B, Lee D, Doods H, Wu D. Triple-tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension and neointimal formation. Transl Res 2019; 203:15-30. [PMID: 30142307 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of simultaneous inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor signaling with BIBF1000, a novel triple tyrosine kinase inhibitor on preventing and reversing the progression of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in an experimental model in rats. Left pneumonectomized male Wistar rats were injected with monocrotaline to induce PAH. Treatment with BIBF1000 from day 1 to day 21 after monocrotaline injection attenuated PAH development, as evidenced by lower values for pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), right ventricular pressure (RVSP), pulmonary arterial neointimal formation, and the ratio of right ventricular weight to left ventricular and septum weight [RV/(LV+S)] on day 21 compared to control rats. Treatment with BIBF1000 from day 21 to day 42 after monocrotaline injection reversed established PAH as shown by normalized values for mPAP and RVSP, RV/(LV+S) ratio, pulmonary arterial occlusion scores, levels of heart and lung fibrosis, as well as improved survival. Treatment with BIBF1000 reduced inflammatory cell recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissues, reduced CD-68 positive macrophages and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the perivascular areas, and reduced TNF-α and growth factor productions, and inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β in lungs. In addition, BIBF1000 inhibited pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells migration and proliferation from rat pulmonary artery explant cultures. Simultaneous inhibition of VEGF, PDGF, and FGF receptor signaling by BIBF1000 prevents and reverses the progression of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and vascular remodeling in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjira S Ambade
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Birgit Jung
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Dongwon Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Henri Doods
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea; Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida.
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13
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Liu MW, Huang YQ, Qu YP, Wang DM, Tang DY, Fang TW, Su MX, Wang YQ. Protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis occur through regulation of inflammatory pathway signaling by upregulation of miR-181b. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018. [PMCID: PMC6407166 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418818630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins are extracted from Chinese
ginseng—Panax notoginseng Ledeb—and are known to have
therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects. However, the precise mechanism behind
their anti-inflammatory effects remains relatively unknown. To better understand
how Panax notoginseng saponins exert their therapeutic benefit,
we tested them in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Rats received
a tail vein injection of Panax notoginseng saponins and were
administered 5% sodium taurocholate 2 h later. Pancreatic tissue was then
harvested and levels of miR-181b, FSTL1, TREM1, TLR4, TRAF6, IRAK1, p-Akt,
p-p38MAPK, NF-κBp65, and p-IκB-α were determined using Western blot and
quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays were used to determine serum levels of tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α), TREM1, interleukin (IL)-6, ACAM-1, IL-8, and IL-12 and
DNA-bound levels of NF-KB65 and TLR4 in pancreatic and ileum tissue. Serum
levels of lipase and amylase, pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and
pancreatic water content were also measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was
used for all histological analyses. Results indicated upregulation of miR-181b,
but negligible levels of FSTL1, p-p38MAPK, TLR4, TRAF6, p-Akt, IRAK1, TREM1,
p-NF-κBp65, and p-IκB-α, as well as negligible DNA-bound levels of NF-KB65 and
TLR4. We also observed lower levels of IL-8, IL-6, ACAM-1, TNF-α, MPO, and IL-12
in the Panax notoginseng saponin–treated group when compared
with controls. In addition, Panax notoginseng saponin–treated
rats had significantly reduced serum levels of lipase and amylase. Histological
analyses confirmed that Panax notoginseng saponin treatment
significantly reduced taurocholate-induced pancreatic inflammation.
Collectively, our results suggest that Panax notoginseng
saponin treatment attenuated acute pancreatitis and pancreatic inflammation by
increasing miR-181b signaling. These findings suggest that Panax
notoginseng saponins have therapeutic potential in the treatment of
taurocholate-induced SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-wei Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-qiao Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya-ping Qu
- Postgraduate Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Dong-mei Wang
- Yunnan Green Field Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Deng-yun Tang
- Yunnan Green Field Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
- Skin Disease Prevention Institute of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian-wen Fang
- Postgraduate Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei-xian Su
- Skin Disease Prevention Institute of Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-qiong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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14
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Ling L, Li G, Meng D, Wang S, Zhang C. Carvedilol Ameliorates Intrahepatic Angiogenesis, Sinusoidal Remodeling and Portal Pressure in Cirrhotic Rats. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8290-8297. [PMID: 30448852 PMCID: PMC6253986 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carvedilol is the first-line drug for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding due to portal hypertension (PHT) in liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of carvedilol on intrahepatic angiogenesis and sinusoidal remodeling in cirrhotic rats and explore the underlying mechanisms of carvedilol in PHT. MATERIAL AND METHODS For in vivo experiments, carbon tetrachloride was used to induce liver cirrhosis in rats, and carvedilol was simultaneously administered by gavage. The portal pressure was measured in rats, and liver tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry. Sinusoidal remodeling was observed by transmission electron microscopy. For in vitro experiments, the effects of carvedilol on fibronectin (FN) synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were explored by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. RESULTS Portal vein pressure measurements showed that carvedilol reduced portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. Immunohistochemistry assays indicated that carvedilol ameliorated intrahepatic angiogenesis. Transmission electron microscopy examination demonstrated that carvedilol improved sinusoidal remodeling. In the in vitro experiments, carvedilol suppressed transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced FN synthesis in HUVECs by inhibition of the TGFβ1/Smads pathway. CONCLUSIONS Carvedilol ameliorated intrahepatic angiogenesis, sinusoidal remodeling and portal pressure in cirrhotic rats. Carvedilol improved sinusoidal remodeling by suppressing FN synthesis in endothelial cells. Carvedilol has potential utility for treating early-stage liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ling
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangqi Li
- Department of Oncology, Binzhou People’s Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dongxiao Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Sining Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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15
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OX40L induces helper T cell differentiation during cell immunity of asthma through PI3K/AKT and P38 MAPK signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2018; 16:74. [PMID: 29554934 PMCID: PMC5859438 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of OX40L in regulating helper T (Th) cells differentiation through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods Serum samples of patients with asthma and healthy controls were used to explore the association between OX40L and Th cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum concentrations of OX40L, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17 and TGF-β. Flow cytometry method was used to analyze Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells. 3H-thymidine was used to determine the proliferation of T cells. Western Blot was used to detect protein expression and phosphorylation. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of OX40L in lung tissues. Results OX40L, IL-4, IL-17 increased in patient serum compared to healthy control and in the ovalbumin (OVA)-primed mononuclear cells compared to normal cells, while IFN-γ and TGF-β were decreased. Besides, the OVA-primed CD4+ T cells treated with OX40L-Ig fusion protein promoted the proliferation of T cells and Th2 and Th17 cells differentiation as well as PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK signaling pathway, but suppressed Th1 and Treg cells differentiation. Moreover, helper T cells differentiation in OVA-primed CD4+ T cells could be markedly reversed by the addition of PI3K/AKT inhibition, p38 MAPK inhibition and anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody. Conclusions In this study, we revealed that OX40L could regulate differentiation of helper T cells via PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in asthma. Besides, blockade of OX40/OX40L could inhibit the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and regulate polarization of helper T cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1436-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Yang Z, Zhuang J, Zhao L, Gao X, Luo Z, Liu E, Xu F, Fu Z. Roles of Bronchopulmonary C-fibers in airway Hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling induced by house dust mite. Respir Res 2017; 18:199. [PMID: 29187212 PMCID: PMC5706305 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and airway remodeling. While exposure of house dust mites (HDM) is a common cause of asthma, the pathogenesis of the HDM-induced asthma is not fully understood. Bronchopulmonary C-fibers (PCFs) contribute to the neurogenic inflammation, viral infection induced-persistent AHR, and ovalbumin induced collagen deposition largely via releasing neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP). However, PCF roles in the pathogenesis of the HDM-induced asthma remain unexplored. The goal of this study was to determine what role PCFs played in generating these characteristics. Methods We compared the following variables among the PCF-intact and -degenerated BALB/c mice with and without chronic HDM exposure (four groups): 1) AHR and pulmonary SP; 2) airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass; 3) pulmonary inflammatory cells; and 4) epithelium thickening and mucus secretion. Results We found that HDM evoked AHR associated with upregulation of pulmonary SP and inflammation, ASM mass increase, epithelium thickenings, and mucus hypersecretion. PCF degeneration decreased the HDM-induced changes in AHR, pulmonary SP and inflammation, and ASM mass, but failed to significantly affect the epithelium thickening and mucus hypersecretion. Conclusion Our data suggest an involvement of PCFs in the mechanisms by which HDM induces allergic asthma via airway inflammation, AHR, and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Yang
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xiuping Gao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zhou Fu
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhong Shan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Jia M, Chen X, Liu J, Chen J. PTEN promotes apoptosis of H2O2‑injured rat nasal epithelial cells through PI3K/Akt and other pathways. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:571-579. [PMID: 29115519 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a form of chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus with multi‑causal pathogenesis, including oxidative stress. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) can inhibit the activation of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) to affect phosphorylation of Akt. Importantly, the PI3K/PTEN/Akt signaling pathway is associated with various types of tumors, chronic inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disease through its regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the role of PTEN and the relationship between PTEN and the PI3K/Akt pathway in nasal epithelial cells under oxidative stress. H2O2 treatment was applied to induce a cell injury model of oxidative stress in rat nasal epithelial cells. Cells were divided into control, H2O2, H2O2+PTEN, and H2O2+siPTEN groups. Cell viability was measured using the CCK‑8 assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptosis rates were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM). Oxidative parameters, including ROS, catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were tested by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of apoptosis‑related genes and PI3K/Akt pathway was assayed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot. In H2O2‑injured cells, oxidative stress, due to increased ROS levels and apoptosis rates, was induced, and PTEN aggravated the injury. The levels of both p‑Akt and PTEN in H2O2‑injured cells were positively correlated and higher than in control cells. Unknown regulatory protein(s) may exist in the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway or the PTEN and PI3K/Akt pathways may be two independent signaling pathways that have cross interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jia
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jili Liu
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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18
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Noh K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kim H, Kim H, Byun J, Park Y, Lee H, Lee YS, Choe J, Kim YM, Jeoung D. miR-122-SOCS1-JAK2 axis regulates allergic inflammation and allergic inflammation-promoted cellular interactions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63155-63176. [PMID: 28968979 PMCID: PMC5609911 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in inflammation has been reported. However, its role in allergic inflammation has not been previously reported. SOCS1 mediated in vitro and in vivo allergic inflammation. Histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3), a mediator of allergic inflammation, interacted with SOCS1, and miR-384 inhibitor, a positive regulator of HDAC3, induced features of allergic inflammation in an SOCS1-dependent manner. miRNA array analysis showed that the expression of miR-122 was decreased by antigen-stimulation. TargetScan analysis predicted the binding of miR-122 to the 3′-UTR of SOCS1. miR-122 inhibitor induced in vitro and in vivo allergic features in SOCS1-dependent manner. SOCS1 was necessary for allergic inflammation-promoted enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells. SOCS1 and miR-122 regulated cellular interactions involving cancer cells, mast cells and macrophages during allergic inflammation. SOCS1 mimetic peptide, D-T-H-F-R-T-F-R-S-H-S-D-Y-R-R-I, inhibited in vitro and in vivo allergic inflammation, allergic inflammation-promoted enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells, and cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) exhibited binding to SOCS1 mimetic peptide and mediated allergic inflammation. Transforming growth factor- Δ1 (TGF-Δ1) was decreased during allergic inflammation and showed an anti-allergic effect. SOCS1 and JAK2 regulated the production of anti-allergic TGF-Δ1. Taken together, our results show that miR-122-SOCS1 feedback loop can be employed as a target for the development of anti-allergic and anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeonga Noh
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Hanearl Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Hyuna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Jaehwan Byun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Yeongseo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Hansoo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Yun Sil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Young Myeong Kim
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Korea
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Ballekova J, Soltesova-Prnova M, Majekova M, Stefek M. Does inhibition of aldose reductase contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant? Physiol Res 2017; 66:687-693. [PMID: 28406694 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate aldose reductase inhibitory action of setipiprant as a potential additional mechanism contributing to its anti-inflammatory action. Aldose reductase activity was determined by spectrophotometric measuring of NADPH consumption. Setipiprant was found to inhibit aldose reductase/NADPH-mediated reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxynonenal glutathione and prostaglandin H2 substrates, all relevant to the process of inflammation. Molecular modeling simulations into the aldose reductase inhibitor binding site revealed an interaction pattern of setipiprant. Considering multifactorial etiology of inflammatory pathologies, it is suggested that, in addition to the antagonizing prostaglandin D2 receptor, inhibition of aldose reductase may contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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20
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He X, Jiang L, Dan QQ, Lv Q, Hu Y, Liu J, Wang SF, Wang TH. Bone marrow stromal cells promote neuroplasticity of cerebral ischemic rats via a phosphorylated CRMP2-mediated mechanism. Behav Brain Res 2017; 320:494-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sánchez-Gómez FJ, Díez-Dacal B, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Detoxifying Enzymes at the Cross-Roads of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Drug Hypersensitivity: Role of Glutathione Transferase P1-1 and Aldose Reductase. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:237. [PMID: 27540362 PMCID: PMC4973429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase I and II enzymes are involved in the metabolism of endogenous reactive compounds as well as xenobiotics, including toxicants and drugs. Genotyping studies have established several drug metabolizing enzymes as markers for risk of drug hypersensitivity. However, other candidates are emerging that are involved in drug metabolism but also in the generation of danger or costimulatory signals. Enzymes such as aldo-keto reductases (AKR) and glutathione transferases (GST) metabolize prostaglandins and reactive aldehydes with proinflammatory activity, as well as drugs and/or their reactive metabolites. In addition, their metabolic activity can have important consequences for the cellular redox status, and impacts the inflammatory response as well as the balance of inflammatory mediators, which can modulate epigenetic factors and cooperate or interfere with drug-adduct formation. These enzymes are, in turn, targets for covalent modification and regulation by oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and drugs. Therefore, they constitute a platform for a complex set of interactions involving drug metabolism, protein haptenation, modulation of the inflammatory response, and/or generation of danger signals with implications in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Moreover, increasing evidence supports their involvement in allergic processes. Here, we will focus on GSTP1-1 and aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and provide a perspective for their involvement in drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díez-Dacal
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), and Grupo de Hepatología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ) Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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22
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Abliz A, Deng W, Sun R, Guo W, Zhao L, Wang W. Wortmannin, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitor, attenuates thyroid injury associated with severe acute pancreatitis in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:13821-13833. [PMID: 26823696 PMCID: PMC4713482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidences suggest that PI3K/AKT pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as acute pancreatitis. However, the exact effect of PI3K/AKT on thyroid injury associated with acute pancreatitis has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of wortmannin, PI3K/AKT inhibitor, on thyroid injury in a rat model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operating group (SO), SAP group, wortmannin treatment (WOR) group and drug control (WOR-CON) group. Serum amylase (AMY), lipase (LIP) and thyroid hormone levels were evaluated. The morphological change of thyroid tissue was analyzed under the light and transmission electron microscopy. AKT, P38MAPK and NF-κB expression in the thyroid tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were detected. Results showed that wortmannin attenuated the following: (1) serum AMY, LIP and thyroid hormone (2) pancreatic and thyroid pathological injuries (3) thyroid MDA, (4) thyroid ultrastructural change, (5) serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β (6) AKT, MAPKP38 and NF-κB expression in thyroid tissues. These results suggested that wortmannin attenuates thyroid injury in SAP rats, presumably because of its role on prevent ROS generation and inhibits the activation of P38MAPK, NF-κB pathway. Our findings provide new therapeutic targets for thyroid injury associated with SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ablikim Abliz
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Rongze Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wenyi Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430060, China
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Li X, Shen Y, Lu Y, Yang J. Amelioration of Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis of Rats by an Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, Epalrestat. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:401-11. [PMID: 26330752 PMCID: PMC4553399 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.5.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is known to play a crucial role in the mediation of diabetic and cardiovascular complications. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that allergen-induced airway remodeling and ovalbumin-induced asthma is mediated by AR. Epalrestat is an aldose reductase inhibitor that is currently available for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Whether AR is involved in pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and whether epalrestat attenuates pulmonary fibrosis remains unknown. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (5 mg/kg) in rats. Primary pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured to investigate the proliferation by BrdU incorporation method and flow cytometry. The expression of AR, TGF-β1, α-SMA and collagen I was analyzed by immunohistochemisty, real-time PCR or western blot. In vivo, epalrestat treatment significantly ameliorated the bleomycin-mediated histological fibrosis alterations and blocked collagen deposition concomitantly with reversing bleomycin-induced expression up-regulation of TGF-β1, AR, α-SMA and collagen I (both mRNA and protein). In vitro, epalrestat remarkably attenuated proliferation of pulmonary fibroblasts and expression of α-SMA and collagen I induced by TGF-β1, and this inhibitory effect of epalrestat was accompanied by inhibiting AR expression. Knockdown of AR gene expression reversed TGF-β1-induced proliferation of fibroblasts, up-regulation of α-SMA and collagen I expression. These findings suggest that AR plays an important role in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and epalrestat inhibited the progression of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is mediated via inhibiting of AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yining Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Jieren Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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Kwon Y, Kim Y, Eom S, Kim M, Park D, Kim H, Noh K, Lee H, Lee YS, Choe J, Kim YM, Jeoung D. MicroRNA-26a/-26b-COX-2-MIP-2 Loop Regulates Allergic Inflammation and Allergic Inflammation-promoted Enhanced Tumorigenic and Metastatic Potential of Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14245-66. [PMID: 25907560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) knock-out mouse experiments showed that COX-2 was necessary for in vivo allergic inflammation, such as passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, passive systemic anaphylaxis, and triphasic cutaneous allergic reaction. TargetScan analysis predicted COX-2 as a target of miR-26a and miR-26b. miR-26a/-26b decreased luciferase activity associated with COX-2-3'-UTR. miR-26a/-26b exerted negative effects on the features of in vitro and in vivo allergic inflammation by targeting COX-2. ChIP assays showed the binding of HDAC3 and SNAIL, but not COX-2, to the promoter sequences of miR-26a and miR-26b. Cytokine array analysis showed that the induction of chemokines, such as MIP-2, in the mouse passive systemic anaphylaxis model occurred in a COX-2-dependent manner. ChIP assays showed the binding of HDAC3 and COX-2 to the promoter sequences of MIP-2. In vitro and in vivo allergic inflammation was accompanied by the increased expression of MIP-2. miR-26a/-26b negatively regulated the expression of MIP-2. Allergic inflammation enhanced the tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells and induced positive feedback involving cancer cells and stromal cells, such as mast cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells. miR-26a mimic and miR-26b mimic negatively regulated the positive feedback between cancer cells and stromal cells and the positive feedback among stromal cells. miR-26a/-26b negatively regulated the enhanced tumorigenic potential by allergic inflammation. COX-2 was necessary for the enhanced metastatic potential of cancer cells by allergic inflammation. Taken together, our results indicate that the miR26a/-26b-COX-2-MIP-2 loop regulates allergic inflammation and the feedback relationship between allergic inflammation and the enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Misun Kim
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | | | - Hyuna Kim
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | | | - Hansoo Lee
- Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, and
| | - Yun Sil Lee
- the College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jongseon Choe
- the Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea, and
| | - Young Myeong Kim
- the Graduate School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea, and
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Chen M, Yang T, Meng X, Sun T. Azithromycin attenuates cigarette smoke extract-induced oxidative stress injury in human alveolar epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3414-22. [PMID: 25607112 PMCID: PMC4368079 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been verified to be one of the most important etiological factors causing the development of bronchogenic carcinoma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Azithromycin (AZM) has been demonstrated to have antioxidant capacity. In the present study, whether AZM is able to attenuate cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced A549 cell oxidative stress injury was investigated. Cells were incubated with CSE in the presence or absence of AZM. Cell viability was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was analyzed using western blotting and ELISA. The expression of epithelial cell structural proteins, zona occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin was determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence staining. The results demonstrated that the exposure of A549 cells to CSE decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AZM significantly attenuated the CSE-induced decreases in the expression of VEGF and epithelial cell structural proteins, including ZO-1 and occludin. CSE also stimulated ROS production in the A549 cell, while AZM significantly reversed the effects of CSE. In addition, the inhibition of ROS by N-acetyl-L-cysteine had similar effects as AZM on the expression of VEGF and epithelial cell structural proteins and also enhanced cell proliferation. In conclusion, AZM attenuated CSE-induced oxidative stress injury in A549 cells and may be a promising therapeutic agent for smoking-associated pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiangiyu Meng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tieying Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing Hospital Ministry of Health, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Borkar RM, Bhandi MM, Dubey AP, Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT, Banerjee SK, Srinivas R. Plasma protein binding, pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and CYP450 biotransformation studies of fidarestat by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:386-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yue YL, Song LX, Zheng NN, Zhang CF, Zhang N, Han YZ, Chen WG, Zheng Y. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of hepatocytes via PI3K/Akt pathway. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:5602-5608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i36.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on rat hepatocyte proliferation and apoptosis and the role of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway.
METHODS: Female SD rats were subcutaneously injected with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic fibrosis, and hepatocytes were isolated from the rats. Primary hepatocytes were divided into three groups: a normal control group, a hydrogen sulfide group, and an LY294002 plus hydrogen sulfide group. MTT method was used to determine cell proliferation. Apoptosis of liver cells was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining. The expression of PI3K and phosphorylated Bad protein was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: Sodium hydrosulfide at 50 μmol/L promoted cell proliferation (P < 0.05, compared with the control group), while 50 μmol/L LY294002 inhibited cell proliferation (P < 0.05, compared with the control group). Compared with the control group and sodium hydrosulfide group, the LY294002 plus hydrogen sulfide group had a significantly higher rate of cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). The expression of PI3K and phosphorylated Bad protein in the sodium hydrosulfide group was significantly higher than that in the control group and LY294002 plus hydrogen sulfide group (P < 0.05). However, PI3K and phospho-Bad protein expression in the LY294002 plus hydrogen sulfide group was significantly less than in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Hydrogen sulfide promotes primary hepatocyte proliferation and inhibits its apoptosis possibly through the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the new knowledge on tissue remodeling in the context of lung diseases. Tissue remodeling includes changes in cells: differentiation; response to growths factors, hormones, or environmental factors; and composition of the extracellular matrix. So, can one trigger cause them all or are they independently regulated? RECENT FINDINGS New evidence from clinical and experimental studies strengthened the view that a susceptibility to remodeling can be initiated in early life and be re-activated by environmental triggers later in life. Many studies further support the idea that TGF-β plays the central role in the pathogenesis of remodeling and fibrosis. However, the activation pathways and the end-effect of TGF-β activation seems to be distinctive of disease and effecter cell specific patterns. The existing animal models do not properly reflect the human disease and thus have to be further improved. SUMMARY The central role of TGF-β on pathological mechanisms leading to remodeling and fibrosis has been further confirmed. However, the questions of why TGF-β is activated as well as its disease and cell type specific mode of action remain to be answered. Based on clinical data redefining the term 'tissue remodeling' in a disease and cell type specific way should be considered.
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29
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Hong GU, Kim NG, Ro JY. Expression of airway remodeling proteins in mast cell activated by TGF-β released in OVA-induced allergic responses and their inhibition by low-dose irradiation or 8-oxo-dG. Radiat Res 2014; 181:425-38. [PMID: 24720751 DOI: 10.1667/rr13547.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway remodeling, which is associated with the expression of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) by TGF-β. However, to date there are no reports demonstrating that structural proteins are directly expressed in mast cells. This study aimed to investigate whether ECM proteins are expressed in mast cells activated with antigen/antibody reaction, and whether the resolution effects of irradiation or 8-oxo-dG may contribute to allergic asthma prevention. Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were activated with DNP-HSA/anti-DNP IgE antibody (act-BMMCs). C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic asthma. Mice were treated orally with 8-oxo-dG or exposed to whole body irradiation (using (137)Cs gamma ray at a dose of 0.5 Gy) for three consecutive days 24 h after OVA challenge. Expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, TGF-β signaling molecules and NF-κB/AP-1 was determined in the BMMCs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells or lung tissues using Western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. Act-BMMCs increased expression of ECM proteins, TGF-β/TGF-β receptor I, TGF-β signaling molecules and cytokines; and increased both NF-κB and AP-1 activity. In addition, the population of mast cells; expression of mast cell markers, TGF-β signaling molecules, ECM proteins/amounts; OVA-specific serum IgE level; numbers of goblet cells; airway hyperresponsiveness; cytokines/chemokines were increased in BAL cells and lung tissues of OVA-challenged mice. All of the above end points were reduced by irradiation or 8-oxo-dG in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The data suggest that mast cells induce expression of ECM proteins through TGF-β produced in inflammatory cells of OVA mice and that post treatment of irradiation or 8-oxo-dG after OVA-challenge may reduce airway remodeling through down-regulating mast cell re-activation by TGF-β/Smad signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwan Ui Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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Wang J, Li F, Yang M, Wu J, Zhao J, Gong W, Liu W, Bi W, Dong L. FIZZ1 promotes airway remodeling through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in asthma. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1265-1270. [PMID: 24940423 PMCID: PMC3991528 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1) plays a vital role in pulmonary inflammation and angiogenesis. In addition, FIZZ1 plays a role in the early stages of airway remodeling in asthma by increasing the expression of α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagen. However, the role of FIZZ1 in the airway remodeling of asthma remains unclear. In the present study, FIZZ1 was identified to be upregulated in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice, along with phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt). Following FIZZ1 recombinant protein co-culture in the murine lung epithelial-cell line, Akt phosphorylation was upregulated, however, following transfection with FIZZ1-small hairpin RNA, the phosphorylation levels were decreased. The variation in α-SMA and type I collagen expression levels was consistent with the Akt phosphorylation levels. Intratracheal administration of LY294002 and Akt inhibitor IV to the asthmatic mice was capable of reducing airway inflammation, downregulating the expression of α-SMA, type I collagen and fibronectin-1 and increasing the expression of E-cadherin. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that FIZZ1 promoted airway remodeling in asthma via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may attenuate the early stages of airway remodeling induced by OVA by regulating the abnormal process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276800, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jiping Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiang Bi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Regulatory roles of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81767. [PMID: 24312352 PMCID: PMC3842964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway plays a key role in inflammation. However, the regulatory roles of PI3K/Akt in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of wortmannin, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, on SAP rats through exposure to sodium taurocholate (STC) after 3 h and 6 h. The SAP group was found to have a significant increase in pancreas Akt expression, along with the activation of serum amylase, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and pancreas histological aggravation. The administration of wortmannin in SAP rats reduced Akt expression, attenuated the level of serum amylase and inflammation factor, and alleviated the damage of pancreatic tissue. Furthermore, the administration of wortmannin led to an obvious reduction in NF-κB and p38MAPK expression in SAP rats. These findings showed that the PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin decreases inflammatory cytokines in SAP rats and suggests its regulatory mechanisms may occur through the suppression on NF-κB and p38MAPK activity.
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Chatzopoulou M, Pegklidou K, Papastavrou N, Demopoulos VJ. Development of aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1365-80. [PMID: 24090200 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.843524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence attributes a significant role to aldose reductase (ALR2) in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory pathologies. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were found to attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, they disrupt signaling cascades that lead to the production of cytokines/chemokines, which induce and exacerbate inflammation. As a result, ARIs might hold a significant therapeutic potential as alternate anti-inflammatory drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors present a comprehensive review of the current data that support the central role of ALR2 in several inflammatory pathologies (i.e., diabetes, cancer, sepsis, asthma and ocular inflammation). Further, the authors describe the potential underlying molecular mechanisms and provide a commentary on the status of ARIs in this field. EXPERT OPINION It is important that future efforts focus on delineating all the steps of the molecular mechanism that implicates ALR2 in inflammatory pathologies. At the same time, utilizing the previous efforts in the field of ARIs, several candidates that have been proven safe in the clinic may be evaluated for their clinical significance as anti-inflammatory medication. Finally, structurally novel ARIs, designed to target specifically the proinflammatory subpocket of ALR2, should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece ;
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WANG LINGCONG, WU JIANNONG, ZHANG WEI, ZHI YIHUI, WU YANCHUN, JIANG RONGLIN, YANG RUHUI. Effects of aspirin on the ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in rats with acute pulmonary embolism. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1465-71. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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