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Ghoushi E, Poudineh M, Parsamanesh N, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Curcumin as a regulator of Th17 cells: Unveiling the mechanisms. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2024; 8:100198. [PMID: 38525269 PMCID: PMC10959653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenol natural product derived from turmeric, possesses diverse pharmacological effects due to its interactions with various cells and molecules. Recent studies have highlighted its immunomodulatory properties, including its impact on immune cells and mediators involved in immune responses. Th17 cells play a crucial role in promoting immune responses against extracellular pathogens by recruiting neutrophils and inducing inflammation. These cells produce inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-26. Curcumin has been shown to significantly inhibit the proliferation of Th17 cells and reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-22, and IL-17. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of curcumin and its underlying mechanisms in modulating Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ghoushi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Poudineh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Stępień K, Wojdyła D, Nowak K, Mołoń M. Impact of curcumin on replicative and chronological aging in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Biogerontology 2020; 21:109-123. [PMID: 31659616 PMCID: PMC6942599 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a biologically active compound of vegetable origin which has a hormetic effect. Pro-health and anti-aging properties of curcumin have been known for years. The main benefit of curcumin is thought to be its anti-oxidative action. Despite vast amount of data confirming age-delaying activity of curcumin in various groups of organisms, so far little has been discovered about curcumin's impact on cell aging in the experimental model of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae budding yeast. We have been able to demonstrate that curcumin significantly increases oxidative stress and accelerates replicative and chronological aging of yeast cells devoid of anti-oxidative protection (with SOD1 and SOD2 gene deletion) and deprived of DNA repair mechanisms (RAD52). Interestingly, curcumin delays aging, probably through hormesis, of the wild-type strain BY4741.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Stępień
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dominik Wojdyła
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Mołoń
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszow, Poland.
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3
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Gupta MK, Vadde R, Sarojamma V. Curcumin - A Novel Therapeutic Agent in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:977-987. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191007153238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Colorectal cancer is the third important cause of cancer-associated deaths across the world.
Hence, there is an urgent need for understanding the complete mechanism associated with colorectal cancer, which in
turn can be utilized toward early detection as well as the treatment of colorectal cancer in humans. Though colorectal
cancer is a complex process and chemotherapy is the first step toward the treatment of colorectal cancer, recently
several studies suggested that dietary phytochemicals may also aid significantly in reducing colorectal cancer risk in
human. However, only few phytochemicals, specifically curcumin derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa,
have better chemotherapeutic property, which might be because of its ability to regulate the activity of key factors
associated with the initiation, promotion, as well as progression of tumors.
Objectives:
In the present review, the authors made an attempt to summarize the physiochemical properties of curcumin,
which in turn prevent colorectal cancer via regulating numerous cell signaling as well as genetic pathways.
Conclusions:
Accumulated evidence suggested that curcumin suppresses tumour/colon cancer in various ways, (a)
restricting cell cycle progression, or stimulating apoptosis, (b) restricting angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic proteins expression,
cell survival signaling pathways & their cross-communication and (c) regulating immune responses. The
information discussed in the present review will be useful in the drug discovery process as well as the treatment and
prevention of colorectal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516003, A.P, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516003, A.P, India
| | - Vemula Sarojamma
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupathi 517501, A.P, India
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4
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Hassan FU, Rehman MSU, Khan MS, Ali MA, Javed A, Nawaz A, Yang C. Curcumin as an Alternative Epigenetic Modulator: Mechanism of Action and Potential Effects. Front Genet 2019; 10:514. [PMID: 31214247 PMCID: PMC6557992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (a polyphenolic compound in turmeric) is famous for its potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties, and has a great potential to act as an epigenetic modulator. The epigenetic regulatory roles of curcumin include the inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), regulation of histone modifications via the regulation of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), regulation of microRNAs (miRNA), action as a DNA binding agent and interaction with transcription factors. These mechanisms are interconnected and play a vital role in tumor progression. The recent research has demonstrated the role of epigenetic inactivation of pivotal genes that regulate human pathologies such as cancers. Epigenetics helps to understand the mechanism of chemoprevention of cancer through different therapeutic agents. In this regard, dietary phytochemicals, such as curcumin, have emerged as a potential source to reverse epigenetic modifications and efficiently regulate the expression of genes and molecular targets that are involved in the promotion of tumorigenesis. The curcumin may also act as an epigenetic regulator in neurological disorders, inflammation, and diabetes. Moreover, curcumin can induce the modifications of histones (acetylation/deacetylation), which are among the most important epigenetic changes responsible for altered expression of genes leading to modulating the risks of cancers. Curcumin is an effective medicinal agent, as it regulates several important molecular signaling pathways that modulate survival, govern anti-oxidative properties like nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inflammation pathways, e.g., nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Curcumin is a potent proteasome inhibitor that increases p-53 level and induces apoptosis through caspase activation. Moreover, the disruption of 26S proteasome activity induced by curcumin through inhibiting DYRK2 in different cancerous cells resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation opens up a new horizon for using curcumin as a potential preventive and treatment approach in proteasome-linked cancers. This review presents a brief summary of knowledge about the mechanism of epigenetic changes induced by curcumin and the potential effects of curcumin such as anti-oxidant activity, enhancement of wound healing, modulation of angiogenesis and its interaction with inflammatory cytokines. The development of curcumin as a clinical molecule for successful chemo-prevention and alternate therapeutic approach needs further mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-Ul Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saif-Ur Rehman
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad Khan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Aroosa Javed
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Nawaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Chengjian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Guangxi Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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5
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Thakre PK, SV A, Golla U, Chauhan S, Tomar RS. Previously uncharacterized amino acid residues in histone H3 and H4 mutants with roles in
DNA
damage repair response and cellular aging. FEBS J 2018; 286:1154-1173. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilendra K. Thakre
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Athira SV
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Sakshi Chauhan
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Bethesda MD USA
| | - Raghuvir S. Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
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6
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Deepa A, Naveena K, Anindya R. DNA repair activity of Fe(II)/2OG-dependent dioxygenases affected by low iron level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4847889. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akula Deepa
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, India
| | - Kodipelli Naveena
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, India
| | - Roy Anindya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502285, India
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7
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Golla U, Swagatika S, Chauhan S, Tomar RS. A systematic assessment of chemical, genetic, and epigenetic factors influencing the activity of anticancer drug KP1019 (FFC14A). Oncotarget 2017; 8:98426-98454. [PMID: 29228701 PMCID: PMC5716741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KP1019 ([trans-RuCl4(1H-indazole)2]; FFC14A) is one of the promising ruthenium-based anticancer drugs undergoing clinical trials. Despite the pre-clinical and clinical success of KP1019, the mode of action and various factors capable of modulating its effects are largely unknown. Here, we used transcriptomics and genetic screening approaches in budding yeast model and deciphered various genetic targets and plethora of cellular pathways including cellular signaling, metal homeostasis, vacuolar transport, and lipid homeostasis that are primarily targeted by KP1019. We also demonstrated that KP1019 modulates the effects of TOR (target of rapamycin) signaling pathway and induces accumulation of neutral lipids (lipid droplets) in both yeast and HeLa cells. Interestingly, KP1019-mediated effects were found augmented with metal ions (Al3+/Ca2+/Cd2+/Cu2+/Mn2+/Na+/Zn2+), and neutralized by Fe2+, antioxidants, osmotic stabilizer, and ethanolamine. Additionally, our comprehensive screening of yeast histone H3/H4 mutant library revealed several histone residues that could significantly modulate the KP1019-induced toxicity. Altogether, our findings in both the yeast and HeLa cells provide molecular insights into mechanisms of action of KP1019 and various factors (chemical/genetic/epigenetic) that can alter the therapeutic efficiency of this clinically important anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendarrao Golla
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Swati Swagatika
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Sakshi Chauhan
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal 462066, India
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8
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Combined Transcriptomics and Chemical-Genetics Reveal Molecular Mode of Action of Valproic acid, an Anticancer Molecule using Budding Yeast Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35322. [PMID: 27734932 PMCID: PMC5062167 DOI: 10.1038/srep35322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VA) is a pharmacologically important histone deacetylase inhibitor that recently garnered attention as an anticancer agent. Since the molecular mechanisms behind the multiple effects of VA are unclear, this study was aimed to unravel the comprehensive cellular processes affected by VA and its molecular targets in vivo using budding yeast as a model organism. Interestingly, genome-wide transcriptome analysis of cells treated with VA showed differential regulation of 30% of the genome. Functional enrichment analysis of VA transcriptome evidenced alteration of various cellular processes including cell cycle, cell wall biogenesis, DNA repair, ion homeostasis, metabolism, stress response, transport and ribosomal biogenesis, etc. Moreover, our genetic screening analysis revealed VA molecular targets belonging to oxidative and osmotic stress, DNA repair, cell wall integrity, and iron homeostasis. Further, our results demonstrated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) Hog1 (p38) and Slt2 (p44/42) upon VA treatment. Our results also exhibited that VA acts through alteration of mitochondrial, ER architecture and functions. Especially, VA effects were neutralized in cells lacking lipid particles. Altogether, our results deciphered the novel molecular insights and mechanistic links to strengthen our knowledge on diverse cellular effects of VA along with its probable therapeutic targets and detoxification approaches.
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9
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Cao N, Huang Y, Zheng J, Spencer CI, Zhang Y, Fu JD, Nie B, Xie M, Zhang M, Wang H, Ma T, Xu T, Shi G, Srivastava D, Ding S. Conversion of human fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by small molecules. Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1502\] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Making cardiac cells from fibroblasts
Reprogramming noncardiac cells into functional cardiomyocytes without any genetic manipulation could open up new avenues for cardiac regenerative therapies. Cao
et al.
identified a combination of nine small molecules that could epigenetically activate human fibroblasts, efficiently reprogramming them into chemically induced cardiomyocytes (ciCMs). The ciCMs contracted uniformly and resembled human cardiomyocytes. This method may be adapted for reprogramming multiple cell types and have important implications in regenerative medicine.
Science
, this issue p.
1216
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiashun Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - C. Ian Spencer
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Baoming Nie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Haixia Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tianhua Ma
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guilai Shi
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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10
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Cao N, Huang Y, Zheng J, Spencer CI, Zhang Y, Fu JD, Nie B, Xie M, Zhang M, Wang H, Ma T, Xu T, Shi G, Srivastava D, Ding S. Conversion of human fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by small molecules. Science 2016; 352:1216-20. [PMID: 27127239 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic fibroblasts into alternative lineages would provide a promising source of cells for regenerative therapy. However, transdifferentiating human cells into specific homogeneous, functional cell types is challenging. Here we show that cardiomyocyte-like cells can be generated by treating human fibroblasts with a combination of nine compounds that we term 9C. The chemically induced cardiomyocyte-like cells uniformly contracted and resembled human cardiomyocytes in their transcriptome, epigenetic, and electrophysiological properties. 9C treatment of human fibroblasts resulted in a more open-chromatin conformation at key heart developmental genes, enabling their promoters and enhancers to bind effectors of major cardiogenic signals. When transplanted into infarcted mouse hearts, 9C-treated fibroblasts were efficiently converted to chemically induced cardiomyocyte-like cells. This pharmacological approach to lineage-specific reprogramming may have many important therapeutic implications after further optimization to generate mature cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiashun Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - C Ian Spencer
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- Department of Medicine, Heart and Vascular Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Baoming Nie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Haixia Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tianhua Ma
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guilai Shi
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Flocculation inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis regulated by RNA/DNA helicase Sen1p. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Wang SH, Lin PY, Chiu YC, Huang JS, Kuo YT, Wu JC, Chen CC. Curcumin-Mediated HDAC Inhibition Suppresses the DNA Damage Response and Contributes to Increased DNA Damage Sensitivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134110. [PMID: 26218133 PMCID: PMC4517890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemo- and radiotherapy cause multiple forms of DNA damage and lead to the death of cancer cells. Inhibitors of the DNA damage response are candidate drugs for use in combination therapies to increase the efficacy of such treatments. In this study, we show that curcumin, a plant polyphenol, sensitizes budding yeast to DNA damage by counteracting the DNA damage response. Following DNA damage, the Mec1-dependent DNA damage checkpoint is inactivated and Rad52 recombinase is degraded by curcumin, which results in deficiencies in double-stand break repair. Additive effects on damage-induced apoptosis and the inhibition of damage-induced autophagy by curcumin were observed. Moreover, rpd3 mutants were found to mimic the curcumin-induced suppression of the DNA damage response. In contrast, hat1 mutants were resistant to DNA damage, and Rad52 degradation was impaired following curcumin treatment. These results indicate that the histone deacetylase inhibitor activity of curcumin is critical to DSB repair and DNA damage sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Huei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ya Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Sui Huang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tsen Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chine Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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13
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Carmello JC, Pavarina AC, Oliveira R, Johansson B. Genotoxic effect of photodynamic therapy mediated by curcumin on Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov018. [PMID: 25900893 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for localized and specific inactivation of fungi and bacteria. A nontoxic light-sensitive compound is taken up by cells, which are then exposed selectively to light, which activates toxicity of the compound. We investigated the potential of sublethal PDT using light-sensitive curcumin (CUR) in combination with blue (455 nm) light to promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in the form of singlet oxygen and DNA damage of Candida albicans. Surprisingly, CUR-mediated PDT but also light alone caused significantly longer comet tails, an indication of DNA damage of C. albicans when compared with the negative control. The intracellular ROS production was also significantly higher for the group treated only with light. However, PDT compared to blue light alone significantly slowed DNA repair. Comet tails decreased during 30 min visualized as a 90% reduction in length in the absence of light for cells treated with light alone, while comet tails of cells treated with PDT only diminished in size about 45%. These results indicate that complex mechanisms may result in PDT in a way that should be considered when choosing the photosensitive compound and other aspects of the treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cabrini Carmello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University-UNESP-Rua Humaitá, nº 1680-CEP: 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State University-UNESP-Rua Humaitá, nº 1680-CEP: 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Björn Johansson
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Pijuan J, María C, Herrero E, Bellí G. Impaired mitochondrial Fe-S cluster biogenesis activates the DNA damage response through different signaling mediators. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4653-65. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe-S cluster biogenesis machinery is required for multiple DNA metabolism processes. In this work we show that defects at different stages of the mitochondrial Fe-S cluster assembly machinery (ISC) result in increased spontaneous mutation rate and hyperrecombination, accompanied by an increment in Rad52-associated DNA repair foci and a higher phosphorylated state of γH2A histone, altogether supporting the presence of constitutive DNA lesions. Furthermore, ISC assembly machinery deficiency elicits a DNA damage response that upregulates ribonucleotide reductase activity by promoting the reduction of Sml1 levels and the cytosolic redistribution of Rnr2/4 enzyme subunits. Depending on the impaired stage of the ISC machinery, different signaling pathway mediators contribute to such response, converging in Dun1. Thus, cells lacking Grx5 glutaredoxin, which are compromised at the core ISC system, show Mec1/Rad53-independent Dun1 activation, whereas both Mec1 and Chk1 are required when the non-core ISC member Iba57 is absent. Grx5-less cells exhibit a strong dependence on the error-free post-replication repair and the homologous recombination pathways, demonstrating that a DNA damage response is required to be activated upon ISC impairment to preserve cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pijuan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carlos María
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Bellí
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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15
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Tuorkey MJ. Curcumin a potent cancer preventive agent: Mechanisms of cancer cell killing. Interv Med Appl Sci 2014; 6:139-46. [PMID: 25598986 DOI: 10.1556/imas.6.2014.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that diet could effectively improve health and halt cancers. Dietary phytochemical compounds and their derivatives represent a cornucopia of effectively anticancer compounds. This review discusses existing data on the anticancer activities of curcumin, and then offers possible explanations for and mechanisms of its cancer-preventive action. This review also offers insights into the molecular mechanism and targets through which curcumin modulates cell cycle, apoptotic signals, anti-apoptotic proteins, miRNAs, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, protein kinases, nuclear factor-κB, proteasome activation, epigenetic regulation including DNA methylation and histone modification. Finally, this review provides explanations for how curcumin reverses the multi-drug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase Hog1 is activated in response to curcumin exposure in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:317. [PMID: 25523922 PMCID: PMC4275933 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Curcumin (CUR), an active polyphenol derived from the spice turmeric, has been traditionally used for centuries in ancient Indian medicine to treat a number of diseases. The physiological effects of CUR have been shown to be diverse; however, the target molecules and pathways that CUR affects have yet to be fully described. Results Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the budding yeast mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Hog1 is essential for the response to CUR. Moreover, CUR-induced Hog1 phosphorylation was rescued by supplementation of iron to the growth medium. Hog1 was rapidly phosphorylated upon CUR treatment, but unlike the response to hyperosmotic shock (0.8 M NaCl), it remains activated for an extended period of time. A detailed analysis of HOG pathway mutants revealed that Pbs2p, Ptc2p, and Ssk2p are required for optimal CUR-induced Hog1 phosphorylation. We also observed a Hog1 dependent transcriptional response to CUR treatment that involved the up-regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1), a factor that is essential for the hyperosmotic stress response. Conclusions Our present finding revealed the role of Hog1 MAPK in regulation of CUR-induced transcriptional response. We anticipate that our finding will enhance the understanding on the molecular mode of action of CUR on S. cerevisiae.
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17
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Azad GK, Singh V, Baranwal S, Thakare MJ, Tomar RS. The transcription factor Rap1p is required for tolerance to cell-wall perturbing agents and for cell-wall maintenance inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Baranwal S, Azad GK, Singh V, Tomar RS. Signaling of chloroquine-induced stress in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the Hog1 and Slt2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:5552-66. [PMID: 25022582 PMCID: PMC4135872 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been under clinical use for several decades, and yet little is known about CQ sensing and signaling mechanisms or about their impact on various biological pathways. We employed the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to study the pathways targeted by CQ. Our screening with yeast mutants revealed that it targets histone proteins and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here, we also describe the novel role of mitogen-activated protein kinases Hog1 and Slt2, which aid in survival in the presence of CQ. Cells deficient in Hog1 or Slt2 are found to be CQ hypersensitive, and both proteins were phosphorylated in response to CQ exposure. CQ-activated Hog1p is translocated to the nucleus and facilitates the expression of GPD1 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), which is required for the synthesis of glycerol (one of the major osmolytes). Moreover, cells treated with CQ exhibited an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the effects were rescued by addition of reduced glutathione to the medium. The deletion of SOD1, the superoxide dismutase in yeast, resulted in hypersensitivity to CQ. We have also observed P38 as well as P42/44 phosphorylation in HEK293T human cells upon exposure to CQ, indicating that the kinds of responses generated in yeast and human cells are similar. In summary, our findings define the multiple biological pathways targeted by CQ that might be useful for understanding the toxicity modulated by this pharmacologically important molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Baranwal
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Gajendra Kumar Azad
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Vikash Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Raghuvir S Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
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Anti-cancer drug KP1019 induces Hog1 phosphorylation and protein ubiquitylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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20
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Yeast Dun1 kinase regulates ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor Sml1 in response to iron deficiency. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3259-71. [PMID: 24958100 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00472-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for all eukaryotic organisms because it participates as a redox-active cofactor in many biological processes, including DNA replication and repair. Eukaryotic ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are Fe-dependent enzymes that catalyze deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate (dNDP) synthesis. We show here that the levels of the Sml1 protein, a yeast RNR large-subunit inhibitor, specifically decrease in response to both nutritional and genetic Fe deficiencies in a Dun1-dependent but Mec1/Rad53- and Aft1-independent manner. The decline of Sml1 protein levels upon Fe starvation depends on Dun1 forkhead-associated and kinase domains, the 26S proteasome, and the vacuolar proteolytic pathway. Depletion of core components of the mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster assembly leads to a Dun1-dependent diminution of Sml1 protein levels. The physiological relevance of Sml1 downregulation by Dun1 under low-Fe conditions is highlighted by the synthetic growth defect observed between dun1Δ and fet3Δ fet4Δ mutants, which is rescued by SML1 deletion. Consistent with an increase in RNR function, Rnr1 protein levels are upregulated upon Fe deficiency. Finally, dun1Δ mutants display defects in deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) biosynthesis under low-Fe conditions. Taken together, these results reveal that the Dun1 checkpoint kinase promotes RNR function in response to Fe starvation by stimulating Sml1 protein degradation.
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21
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Gaytán BD, Vulpe CD. Functional toxicology: tools to advance the future of toxicity testing. Front Genet 2014; 5:110. [PMID: 24847352 PMCID: PMC4017141 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased presence of chemical contaminants in the environment is an undeniable concern to human health and ecosystems. Historically, by relying heavily upon costly and laborious animal-based toxicity assays, the field of toxicology has often neglected examinations of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity for the majority of compounds—information that, if available, would strengthen risk assessment analyses. Functional toxicology, where cells or organisms with gene deletions or depleted proteins are used to assess genetic requirements for chemical tolerance, can advance the field of toxicity testing by contributing data regarding chemical mechanisms of toxicity. Functional toxicology can be accomplished using available genetic tools in yeasts, other fungi and bacteria, and eukaryotes of increased complexity, including zebrafish, fruit flies, rodents, and human cell lines. Underscored is the value of using less complex systems such as yeasts to direct further studies in more complex systems such as human cell lines. Functional techniques can yield (1) novel insights into chemical toxicity; (2) pathways and mechanisms deserving of further study; and (3) candidate human toxicant susceptibility or resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Gaytán
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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Assessment of the biological pathways targeted by isocyanate using N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92993. [PMID: 24664350 PMCID: PMC3963962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocyanates, a group of low molecular weight aromatic and aliphatic compounds possesses the functional isocyanate group. They are highly toxic in nature hence; we used N-succinimidyl N-methylcarbamate (NSNM), a surrogate chemical containing a functional isocyanate group to understand the mode of action of this class of compounds. We employed budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism to study the pathways targeted by NSNM. Our screening with yeast mutants revealed that it affects chromatin, DNA damage response, protein-ubiquitylation and chaperones, oxidative stress, TOR pathway and DNA repair processes. We also show that NSNM acts as an epigenetic modifier as its treatment causes reduction in global histone acetylation and formation of histone adducts. Cells treated with NSNM exhibited increase in mitochondrial membrane potential as well as intracellular ROS levels and the effects were rescued by addition of reduced glutathione to the medium. We also report that deletion of SOD1 and SOD2, the superoxide dismutase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae displayed hypersensitivity to NSNM. Furthermore, NSNM treatment causes rapid depletion of total glutathione and reduced glutathione. We also demonstrated that NSNM induces degradation of Sml1, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor involved in regulating dNTPs production. In summary, we define the various biological pathways targeted by isocyanates.
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Anti-cancer drug KP1019 modulates epigenetics and induces DNA damage response inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1044-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Azad G, Singh V, Mandal P, Singh P, Golla U, Baranwal S, Chauhan S, Tomar RS. Ebselen induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase being a target. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:77-89. [PMID: 24490132 PMCID: PMC3907691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebselen is a synthetic, lipid-soluble seleno-organic compound. The high electrophilicity of ebselen enables it to react with multiple cysteine residues of various proteins. Despite extensive research on ebselen, its target molecules and mechanism of action remains less understood. We performed biochemical as well as in vivo experiments employing budding yeast as a model organism to understand the mode of action of ebselen. The growth curve analysis and FACS (florescence activated cell sorting) assays revealed that ebselen exerts growth inhibitory effects on yeast cells by causing a delay in cell cycle progression. We observed that ebselen exposure causes an increase in intracellular ROS levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, and that these effects were reversed by addition of antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Interestingly, a significant increase in ROS levels was noticed in gdh3-deleted cells compared to wild-type cells. Furthermore, we showed that ebselen inhibits GDH function by interacting with its cysteine residues, leading to the formation of inactive hexameric GDH. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed protein targets of ebselen including CPR1, the yeast homolog of Cyclophilin A. Additionally, ebselen treatment leads to the inhibition of yeast sporulation. These results indicate a novel direct connection between ebselen and redox homeostasis.
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Key Words
- CypA, Cyclophilin A
- DCFH-DA, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- Ebselen
- FACS, florescence activated cell sorting
- GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase
- GSH, glutathione
- Glutamate dehydrogenase
- Histone clipping
- Mitochondrial membrane potential
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- ROS levels
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Yeast sporulation
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raghuvir S. Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462023, India
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