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Yoo S, Yeon J, Kim E, Kim Y. Important Features for Protein Foldings in Two Acyl Carrier Proteins from Enterococcus faecalis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:10-16. [PMID: 37830242 PMCID: PMC10840480 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis raises a serious threat to global public health. E. faecalis is a gram-positive intestinal commensal bacterium found in humans. E. faecalis can endure extreme environments such as high temperature, pressure, and high salt, which facilitates them to cause infection in hospitals. E. faecalis has two acyl carrier proteins, AcpA (EfAcpA) in de novo fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and AcpB (EfAcpB) which utilizes exogenous fatty acids. Previously, we determined the tertiary structures of these two ACPs and investigated their structure-function relationships. Solution structures revealed that overall folding of these two ACPs is similar to those of other bacterial ACPs. However, circular dichroism (CD) experiments showed that the melting temperature of EfAcpA is 76.3°C and that of EfAcpB is 79.2°C, which are much higher than those of other bacterial ACPs. In this study, to understand the origin of their structural stabilities, we verified the important residues for stable folding of these two ACPs by monitoring thermal and chemical denaturation. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange and chemical denaturation experiments on wild-type and mutant proteins revealed that Ile10 of EfAcpA and Ile14 of EfAcpB mediate compact intramolecular packing and promote high thermostability and stable folding. E. faecalis may maximize efficiency of FAS and increase adaptability to the environmental stress by having two thermostable ACPs. This study may provide insight into bacterial adaptability and development of antibiotics against multi-drug-resistant E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeong Yoo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Yeon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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2
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Davis BC, Keenum I, Calarco J, Liguori K, Milligan E, Pruden A, Harwood VJ. Towards the standardization of Enterococcus culture methods for waterborne antibiotic resistance monitoring: A critical review of trends across studies. WATER RESEARCH X 2022; 17:100161. [PMID: 36466738 PMCID: PMC9712764 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2022.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major 21st century One Health (humans, animals, environment) challenge whose spread limits options to treat bacterial infections. There is growing interest in monitoring water environments, including surface water and wastewater, which have been identified as key recipients, pathways, and sources of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Aquatic environments also facilitate the transmission and amplification of ARB. Enterococcus spp. often carry clinically-important antibiotic resistance genes and are of interest as environmental monitoring targets. Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive bacteria that are typically of fecal origin; however, they are also found in relevant environmental niches, with various species and strains that are opportunistic human pathogens. Although the value of environmental monitoring of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus has been recognized by both national and international organizations, lack of procedural standardization has hindered generation of comparable data needed to implement integrated surveillance programs. Here we provide a comprehensive methodological review to assess the techniques used for the culturing and characterization of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus across water matrices for the purpose of environmental monitoring. We analyzed 117 peer-reviewed articles from 33 countries across six continents. The goal of this review is to provide a critical analysis of (i) the various methods applied globally for isolation, confirmation, and speciation of Enterococcus isolates, (ii) the different methods for profiling antibiotic resistance among enterococci, and (iii) the current prevalence of resistance to clinically-relevant antibiotics among Enterococcus spp. isolated from various environments. Finally, we provide advice regarding a path forward for standardizing culturing of Enterococcus spp. for the purpose of antibiotic resistance monitoring in wastewater and wastewater-influenced waters within a global surveillance framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Davis
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ishi Keenum
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jeannette Calarco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Krista Liguori
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Erin Milligan
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Amy Pruden
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Valerie J. Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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3
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Yeon J, Oh S, Hwang E, Kim E, Kim Y. Structural study of acyl carrier protein of Enterococcus faecalis and its interaction with enzymes in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:232-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pinatih KJP, Suardana IW, Sukrama IDM, Swacita IBN, Putri RK. Biochemical and molecular identification of Gram-positive isolates with β-hemolysis activity isolated from the nasal swab of pigs during the human meningitis outbreak in Badung Regency, Bali-Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:140-146. [PMID: 35369582 PMCID: PMC8924401 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.140-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The nasal cavity of a pig serves as an entry point and a habitat for the colonization of commensal microbes and pathogenic bacteria. Based on biochemical and serological tests, Streptococcus b-hemolytic Group C was identified as the Gram-positive bacteria, which resulted in the 1994 outbreak and death of thousands of pigs in Bali. Furthermore, this agent is zoonotic and frequently results in the development of meningitis lesions in the infected pig. Recently, a meningitis outbreak in humans was also reported after the consumption of pig-derived foods at Sibang Kaja, Badung-Bali. This study aimed to identify and characterize Gram-positive β-hemolytic organisms collected from nasal swab of pigs from the outbreak area, as well as to compare API Kit and 16S rRNA gene analysis methods. Materials and Methods: This study commenced with the cultivation of two isolates, Punggul Swab Nasal (PSN) 2 and PSN 19, which were characterized by β-hemolysis activity. These samples were then conventionally and molecularly identified using Kit API 20 Strep and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene primers, respectively. Results: Using the Kit API 20 Strep, both isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium, which was previously classified as Group D Streptococci. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, PSN 2 and PSN 19 were molecularly confirmed to have 99 and 98.1% similarities with E. faecium (NR042054), respectively. Furthermore, both isolates share the same clade in the phylogenetic tree analysis. Conclusion: Using Kit API 20 Strep and 16S rRNA gene analysis, the PSN 2 and PSN 9 Gram-positive isolates with β-hemolysis activity from pig nasal swabs were identified as E. faecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Putra Pinatih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar-Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - I. W. Suardana
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar-Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - I. D. M. Sukrama
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar-Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - I. B. N. Swacita
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar-Bali, 80234, Indonesia
| | - R. K. Putri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jl. PB. Sudirman Denpasar-Bali, 80234, Indonesia
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Identification of Enterococcus faecalis in Different Clonal Lineages with the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Method in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.118955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the importance of identifying the source of infectious agents, different typing methods have been developed, among which the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method is known as the gold standard for bacteria. Also, Enterococcus faecalis is classified as a nosocomial infection. Objectives: The current study aimed to identify the source of E. faecalis by the PFGE method. Methods: Bacteria were collected from all cases of urinary tract infections. Then, the identification process was performed. All isolates were evaluated for vancomycin resistance, and then PFGE was carried out. Results: The results of disk diffusion showed that 54% of the isolates showed resistance to vancomycin. Also, 4% of the isolates were intermediate, and 42% showed sensitivity to vancomycin. Afterwards, the PCR of the VanA gene was performed to confirm the results of disk diffusion. Thus, 48 out of 54 (88.8%) isolates had the VanA gene, and none of the four intermediate isolates had the VanA gene. Our results demonstrated that 54 isolates were vancomycin-resistant, and 50 different pulsotypes groups were identified. Conclusions: Our findings showed the isolates of E. faecalis were from different clonal lineages.
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Goodarzi F, Hallajzadeh M, Sholeh M, Talebi M, Mahabadi VP, Amirmozafari N. Biological characteristics and anti-biofilm activity of a lytic phage against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 13:691-702. [PMID: 34900167 PMCID: PMC8629820 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v13i5.7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES An important leading cause of the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci, especially Enterococcus faecium, is the inefficiency of antibiotics in the elimination of drug-resistant pathogens. Consequently, the need for alternative treatments is more necessary than ever. MATERIALS AND METHODS A highly effective bacteriophage against vancomycin-resistant E. faecium called vB-EfmS-S2 was isolated from hospital sewage. The biological properties of phage S2 and its effect on biofilm structures were determined. RESULTS Phage S2 was specifically capable of lysing a wide range of clinical E. faecium isolates. According to Electron microscopy observations, the phage S2 belonged to the Siphoviridea family. Suitable pH spectra for phage survival was 5-11, at which the phage showed 100% activity. The optimal temperature for phage growth was 30-45°C, with the highest growth at 37°C. Based on one-step growth curve results, the latent period of phage S2 was 14 min with a burst size of 200 PFU/ml. The phage S2 was also able to tolerate bile at concentrations of 1 and 2% and required Mg2+ for an effective infection cycle. Biofilms were significantly inhibited and disrupted in the presence of the phage. CONCLUSION According to the results, phage S2 could potentially be an alternative for the elimination and control of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Goodarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Hallajzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shobo CO, Essack SY, Bester LA. Enterococcal contamination of hospital environments in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:654-664. [PMID: 34260809 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Enterococci are implicated in hospital-acquired infections and show high tenacity on inanimate objects in the hospital environment. This study investigated the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in selected wards in public hospitals at four levels of healthcare from a district in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. METHODS AND RESULTS Swabs were collected from frequently touched areas in the paediatric wards and intensive care units (ICUs). Presumptive Enterococcus spp. were isolated and confirmed to genus and species levels, followed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion against 14 antibiotics. The results showed that enterococci were recovered from all 11 surfaces tested with the highest contamination rate observed on occupied beds and mops used to clean floors. A total number of 295 Enterococcus was identified. Polymerase chain reaction identified Enterococcus faecalis 83.1% (245/295) and Enterococcus faecium 12.9% (38/295), while whole genome sequencing identified Enterococcus gallinarum 2.0% (6/295) and Enterococcus casseliflavus 2.0% (6/295). Significant prevalence was observed in paediatric wards 64.1% (189/295) compared with the ICUs 35.9% (106/295), p < 0.05, in central, regional and district hospitals. Collectively, 82.0% (242/295) of enterococcal isolates were multidrug resistant, and 80 different antibiograms were observed. The most prominent antibiogram for E. faecium was CIP-RIF-NIT-TET-ERY and for E. faecalis CIP-TET-ERY. CONCLUSION E. faecalis was the most frequent enterococcal species isolated in all the hospitals investigated and correlates with studies conducted elsewhere. A substantially greater number of isolates were recovered from the paediatric wards compared with ICUs, and thus improved standards should be developed for infection control practices. It is suggested that the elevated use of antibiotics contributed to the increased nonsusceptible isolates observed from ICUs. This study highlighted the high recovery rate of enterococci in the hospital environment even in a nonoutbreak setting. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Enterocci had a high prevalence rate on the surfaces within the hospitals studied. This study gives an insight into the possible roles all healthcare staff may play in infection control intervention, including proper handling of hospital cleaning equipment and lack of knowledge about the potential for bacteria dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana O Shobo
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Nykrynova M, Barton V, Sedlar K, Bezdicek M, Lengerova M, Skutkova H. Word Entropy-Based Approach to Detect Highly Variable Genetic Markers for Bacterial Genotyping. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631605. [PMID: 33613503 PMCID: PMC7886790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping methods are used to distinguish bacterial strains from one species. Thus, distinguishing bacterial strains on a global scale, between countries or local districts in one country is possible. However, the highly selected bacterial populations (e.g., local populations in hospital) are typically closely related and low diversified. Therefore, currently used typing methods are not able to distinguish individual strains from each other. Here, we present a novel pipeline to detect highly variable genetic segments for genotyping a closely related bacterial population. The method is based on a degree of disorder in analyzed sequences that can be represented by sequence entropy. With the identified variable sequences, it is possible to find out transmission routes and sources of highly virulent and multiresistant strains. The proposed method can be used for any bacterial population, and due to its whole genome range, also non-coding regions are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Nykrynova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Barton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Karel Sedlar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Matej Bezdicek
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Lengerova
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Helena Skutkova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
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9
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Kosecka-Strojek M, Wolska M, Żabicka D, Sadowy E, Międzobrodzki J. Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus Species Based on Biochemical Methods and 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA Gene Sequencing. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110939. [PMID: 33187333 PMCID: PMC7696602 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci and enterococci are significant opportunistic pathogens in epidemiology and infectious medicine. High genetic and taxonomic similarities and several reclassifications within genera are the most challenging in species identification. The aim of this study was to identify Streptococcus and Enterococcus species using genetic and phenotypic methods and to determine the most discriminatory identification method. Thirty strains recovered from clinical samples representing 15 streptococcal species, five enterococcal species, and four nonstreptococcal species were subjected to bacterial identification by the Vitek® 2 system and Sanger-based sequencing methods targeting the 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA genes. Phenotypic methods allowed the identification of 10 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains (Leuconostoc, Granulicatella, and Globicatella genera). The combination of sequencing methods allowed the identification of 21 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains. The 16S rRNA and rpoB genes had the highest identification potential. Only a combination of several molecular methods was sufficient for unambiguous confirmation of species identity. This study will be useful for comparison of several identification methods, both those used as a first choice in routine microbiology and those used for final confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-6365
| | - Mariola Wolska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Dorota Żabicka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Sadowy
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.M.)
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Lohrasbi V, Karimaei S, Abdi M, Noohi N, Hassannejad M, Talebi M. Comprehensive analysis of Enterococcus strains isolated from human microbiome and evaluation of their benefits for digestive system. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Zhang T, Wang T, Mejia-Tickner B, Kissel J, Xie X, Huang CH. Inactivation of Bacteria by Peracetic Acid Combined with Ultraviolet Irradiation: Mechanism and Optimization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9652-9661. [PMID: 32643925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is an emerging disinfectant for municipal wastewater treatment owing to good biocidal effects and limited harmful by-product formation. This study investigated the inactivation of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Enterococcus durans (E. durans) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) by PAA combined with UV concurrently (UV/PAA) or sequentially (PAA-UV/PAA) for enhanced disinfection. Under UV/PAA, the contributions of different mechanisms (UV, PAA, reactive radicals (mainly •OH and CH3C(O)OO•), and the synergistic effect of all mechanisms involved) to the overall inactivation were quantitatively assessed. Results revealed that radicals played a moderate role in the enhanced disinfection, while the synergistic effect presented a greater contribution, which could be partially linked to the diffusion of PAA into the cells as evidenced for the first time by a fluorescence microscopic method. Taking advantage of PAA diffusion into bacteria, pre-exposure of PAA followed by UV/PAA was demonstrated to yield the highest disinfection efficiency. Indeed, compared to UV/PAA, PAA-UV/PAA could achieve additional 4.7-5.4, 4.1-5.3, and 2.9-3.4 log inactivation of E. coli, E. durans, and S. epidermidis, respectively, in clean water and secondary/tertiary wastewater effluents when the same amounts of PAA and UV doses were applied in both approaches. Bacterial regrowth tests confirmed minimal regrowth potential after the disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Benjamin Mejia-Tickner
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jessica Kissel
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xing Xie
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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12
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Krawczyk B, Wysocka M, Kotłowski R, Bronk M, Michalik M, Samet A. Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from one hospital in Poland -commensals or hospital-adapted pathogens? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233504. [PMID: 32453777 PMCID: PMC7250452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most pressing problems of enterococci infections is occurring resistance to linezolid, which is an antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by vancomycin-resistant strains (VRE). The main objective of our research was to investigate the relationship of 19 linezolid-resistant E. faecium isolates from 18 patients hospitalized at Clinical Hospital in Gdansk (Poland). One of the LZDREF was isolated in 2003 (K2003), and another 18 were collected from 2013 to 2017. Genotyping with PCR MP method indicated 14 main unrelated genetic profiles and no association with K2003 strain. Two isolates with the same genotype and genetically closely related two sub-types (2 isolates for each sub-type) were hospital-derived colonizations of patients. The other unrelated genotypes were discussed in the context of colonization, nosocomial infections, and commensal origin, taking into account prior exposure to linezolid. We determined the presence of a point mutation G2576T in six loci of 23S rDNA. There was also a significant correlation (p<0.0015) between the presence of MIC>32 value and the presence of G2576T point mutation on the sixth rrn. We also detected 5 virulence genes for all isolates: gelE, cylA, asa1, hyl, esp. Correlation (p≤0.0001) was observed between the presence of gelE gene encoding gelatinase and two other genes: cylA and asa1 encoding cytolysin and collagen binding protein responsible for aggregation of bacterial cells, respectively. Significant correlation was also observed between asa1 and cfr genes encoding 23S rRNA rybonuclease responsible for resistance to PhLOPSA antibiotics (p = 0.0004). The multidimensional analysis has also shown the correlation between cfr gene and GI-tract (p = 0, 0491), which suggests horizontal gene transfer inside the gut microbiota and the risk of colonization with linezolid-resistant strains without previously being treated with the antibiotic. The patient could have been colonized with LZDRVREF strains which in the absence of competitive microbiota quickly settle in ecological niches favourable for them and pose a risk for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Roman Kotłowski
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Bronk
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital No 1, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Jahansepas A, Sharifi Y, Aghazadeh M, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M. Comparative analysis of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from clinical samples and traditional cheese types in the Northwest of Iran: antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence traits. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:765-772. [PMID: 31822952 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This research was conducted using 50 samples of popular traditional cheeses and 160 enterococcal clinical isolates. Phenotypic and genotypic methods used for identification of enterococci. Then, the incidences of antibacterial resistance and virulence traits were investigated. In total, 165 E. faecalis and 43 E. faecium obtained from traditional cheeses and different clinical isolates were analyzed in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed 175(84.1%) isolates with multi-drug resistance (MDR) patterns, which was more common among clinical sources. The predominant virulence profile, including gelE, asa1 and cpd was detected within 47 (22.6%) of the MDR isolates. Our results showed that traditional cheeses and clinical E. faecalis isolates have distinct patterns of virulence traits. The identified enterococci with antibiotic resistance and associated virulence factors, could provide a potential risk to the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nazlou road, Urmia, West Azarbyjan, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Mayoral-Terán C, Flores-Moreno K, Cevallos MA, Volkow-Fernández P, Castillo-Ramírez S, Graña-Miraglia L, López-Vidal Y. High Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Enterococcus faecium from Clinical and Commensal Isolates in Third Level Hospital. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:227-237. [PMID: 31545121 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The use of antimicrobials and myeloablative chemotherapy regimens has promoted multiresistant microorganisms to emerge as nosocomial pathogens, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm). We described a polyclonal outbreak of bloodstream infection caused by Efm in a hemato-oncological ward in Mexico. Our aim was to describe the clonal complex (CC) of the Efm strains isolated in the outbreak in comparison with commensal and environmental isolates. Methodology: Sixty Efm clinical, environmental, and commensal strains were included. We constructed a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree using Vitek and Multilocus sequence typing data, respectively. Results: We reported 20 new sequence types (ST), among which 17/43 clinical isolates belonged to CC17. The predominant ST in the clinical strains were ST757, ST1304, ST412, and ST770. Neither environmental nor commensal isolates belonged to CC17. The phylogeny of our collection shows that the majority of the clinical isolates were different from the environmental and commensal isolates, and only a small group of clinical isolates was closely related with environmental and commensal isolates. The cladogram revealed a similar segregation to that of the phylogeny. Conclusions: We found a high diversity among clinical, environmental, and commensal strains in a group of samples in a single hospital. Highest diversity was found between commensal and environmental isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mayoral-Terán
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Flores-Moreno
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Cevallos
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Lucia Graña-Miraglia
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Jacukowicz-Sobala I, Kociołek-Balawejder E, Stanisławska E, Dworniczek E, Seniuk A. Antimicrobial activity of anion exchangers containing cupric compounds against Enterococcus faecalis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Shami A, Al-Mijalli S, Pongchaikul P, Al-Barrag A, AbduRahim S. The prevalence of the culturable human skin aerobic bacteria in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:189. [PMID: 31419942 PMCID: PMC6697913 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human skin is an appropriate environment for the growth of different types of microbes that may inhabit the skin as commensal flora. This study aims at identifying the diversity of skin microbiota in healthy Saudi population. In this study, 80 Saudi subjects of both males and females, from different habitat, and different ages (elderly and young), were recruited to determine the aerobic bacterial flora from their three skin sites; hand, scalp and foot. A single colony obtained from aerobic culture was identified using Biomérieux VITEK® 2 system. For those not being identified by VITEK® 2 system, the identification was conducted using 16 s rRNA sequence. Results Thirty-three bacterial species were isolated from males, whilst 24 species were isolated from females. Micrococci are the predominant organisms, followed by Staphylococci, Pantoea species, and lastly Enterococcus faecium. Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were only found in elder subjects, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the young only. The number of bacterial isolates in the elders was higher that of the young. The average number of flora was larger in foot, then hand and lastly scalp. Conclusion Here we show the difference in the number of cultivable bacteria across age and gender that may result in the variety of local skin infection. This study paves the way to further investigation in the aspect of in-depth metagenomics analysis and host-pathogen interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1569-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwag Shami
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Samiah Al-Mijalli
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pisut Pongchaikul
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Ahmed Al-Barrag
- Department of Pathology, Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah AbduRahim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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17
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Hamiwe T, Kock MM, Magwira CA, Antiabong JF, Ehlers MM. Occurrence of enterococci harbouring clinically important antibiotic resistance genes in the aquatic environment in Gauteng, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:1041-1049. [PMID: 30682738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of antibiotic resistance and dissemination of its determinants is an emerging public health problem as it compromises treatment options of infections that were, until recently, treatable. Investigation of outbreaks of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) suggests that the environment serves as a significant reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, there is a paucity of data regarding the presence of ARGs in the water sources in South Africa. In this study, water samples collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water and hospital sewage were screened for enterococci harbouring genes conferring resistance to four classes of antibiotics. Enterococci isolates harbouring ARGs were detected in raw influent and treated wastewater discharge from WWTPs and hospital sewage water. Plasmid and transposon encoded ermB (macrolide), tetM and tetL (tetracycline) as well as aph(3')-IIIa (aminoglycosides) genes were frequently detected among the isolates, especially in E. faecalis. The presence of enterococci harbouring ARGs in the treated wastewater suggest that ARGs are discharged into the environment where their proliferation could be perpetuated. Among the enterococci clonal complexes (CCs) recovered from wastewater were E. faecium CC17 (ST18), which is frequently associated with hospital outbreaks and a novel E. faecalis sequence type (ST), ST780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Hamiwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marleen M Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cliff A Magwira
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - John F Antiabong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marthie M Ehlers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa.
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18
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Persistence of vancomycin resistance genes and transposable elements in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from groundwater intended for human consumption: A public health implication. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Yin M, Jiang Y, Qian C, Wu F, Ying Y, Wu C, Li P, Ying J, Li K, Xu T, Bao Q, Sun C. Molecular characteristics and comparative genomics analysis of a clinical Enterococcus casseliflavus with a resistance plasmid. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:2159-2167. [PMID: 30464559 PMCID: PMC6223339 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s180254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this work was to investigate the molecular characterization of a clinical Enterococcus casseliflavus strain with a resistance plasmid. Materials and methods En. casseliflavus EC369 was isolated from a patient in a hospital in southern China. The minimum inhibitory concentration was found by means of the agar dilution method to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the strains. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics analysis were performed to analyze the mechanism of antibiotic resistance and the horizontal gene transfer of the resistance gene-related mobile genetic elements. Results En. casseliflavus EC369 showed resistance to erythromycin, kanamycin, and streptomycin, but was susceptible to vancomycin, ampicillin, and streptothricin and other antimicrobials. There were six resistance genes (aph3′, ant6, bla, sat4, and two ermBs) carried by a transposon identified on the plasmid pEC369 and a complete resistance gene cluster of vancomycin and a tet (M) gene encoded on the chromosome. This is the first complete plasmid sequence reported in clinically isolated En. casseliflavus. The plasmid with the greatest sequence identity with pEC369 was the plasmid of Enterococcus sp. FDAARGOS_375, followed by the plasmids of Enterococcus faecium strains F12085 and pRE25, whereas the sequence with the greatest identity to the resistance genes carrying a transposon of pEC369 was on the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus strain GD1677. Conclusion The resistance profiles of En. casseliflavus EC369 might contribute to the resistance genes encoded on the plasmid. The fact that the most similar sequence to the transposon carrying resistance genes of pEC369 was encoded in the chromosome of a S. aureus strain provides insights into the mechanism of dissemination of multidrug resistance between bacteria of different species or genera through horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Changrui Qian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Yuanyuan Ying
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Peizhen Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Kewei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Teng Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences/Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
| | - Caixia Sun
- Nursing Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China,
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20
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Bouymajane A, Rhazi Filali F, Oulghazi S, Ed-Dra A, Benhallam F, El Allaoui A, Anissi J, Sendide K, Ouhmidou B, Moumni M. Occurrence, molecular and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw cow's milk trade by street trading in Meknes city, Morocco. Germs 2018; 8:77-84. [PMID: 29951380 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2018.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Enterococcus spp. belongs to a group of pathogens which are responsible for serious infections. This study aims at highlighting the raw milk microbiological contamination and at providing data for prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw cow's milk marketed (without any pasteurization) by street traders. Methods During the period of May 2015 through April 2016, 150 cow's raw milk samples were collected from street traders in Meknes city. They were examined for the identification of Enterococcus spp. using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined. Results The results showed that 11.3% (17/150) of samples were positive for the presence of Enterococcus spp., of which 64.7% were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, 17.6% as Enterococcus faecium, 11.8% as Enterococcus durans and 5.9% as Enterococcus hirae. The antimicrobial susceptibility showed that all Enterococcus spp. were resistant to ampicillin. The species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans and E. hirae were resistant to streptomycin, with percentages of 52.9% (9/17), 11.8% (2/17), 11.8% (2/17), and 5.9% (1/17) respectively. All isolated strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium were resistant to tetracycline. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was elevated in the majority of Enterococcus spp., reaching values higher than 0.5, indicating a risk for public health. Conclusion This study shows that the raw milk consumed by the population is contaminated with strains of Enterococcus resistant to antibiotics used in breeding for prophylactic purposes. This requires raising the awareness of those involved in the production and marketing of milk, so as to take measures to apply good hygienic practices and rationalize the use of zootechnical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Bouymajane
- MD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Rhazi Filali
- PhD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Said Oulghazi
- MD, Cellular Genomics and Molecular Techniques of Investigations, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- MD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Faouzia Benhallam
- PhD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdallah El Allaoui
- PhD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Jaouad Anissi
- PhD, Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Av. Hassan II, P.O. Box 104, Ifrane, Morocco
| | - Khalid Sendide
- PhD, Laboratory of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Av. Hassan II, P.O. Box 104, Ifrane, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Ouhmidou
- PhD, Bioactive Molecules, Structures and Functions, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Fes, Morocco
| | - Mohieddine Moumni
- PhD, Bioactive Molecules, Structures and Functions, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Fes, Morocco
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21
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Vignaroli C, Pasquaroli S, Citterio B, Di Cesare A, Mangiaterra G, Fattorini D, Biavasco F. Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in enterococci from coastal marine sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:406-413. [PMID: 29502003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples from three coastal sites - two beach resorts (Beach 1 and Beach 2 sites) and an area lying between an oil refinery and a river estuary (Estuarine site) - were analyzed for antibiotic- and heavy metal (HM)-resistant enterococci. A total of 123 enterococci, 36 E. faecium, 34 E. casseliflavus, 33 E. hirae, 5 E. faecalis, 3 E. durans, 3 E. gallinarum, and 9 Enterococcus spp, were recovered. Strains resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) were recovered from all sites, whereas multidrug-resistant isolates were recovered only from "Beach 2" (14%) and "Estuarine" (3.7%). As regards HM resistance, the strains showed a high frequency (68%) of cadmium and/or copper resistance and uniform susceptibility to mercury. The prevalence of cadmium-resistant strains was significantly higher among erythromycin-resistant than among erythromycin-susceptible strains. A significant association between cadmium or copper resistance and Q/D resistance was also observed at "Estuarine" site. The levels of the two HMs in sediment from all sites were fairly low, ranging from 0.070 to 0.126 μg/g, for cadmium and from 1.00 to 7.64 μg/g for copper. Mercury was always undetectable. These findings are consistent with reports that low HM concentrations may contribute to co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, including enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Vignaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sonia Pasquaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Barbara Citterio
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Biotechnology Section, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cesare
- Microbial Ecology Group, CNR - Institute of Ecosystem Study, Verbania, Italy; Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Mangiaterra
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Fattorini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Biavasco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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22
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ElAwamy M, Mohammad H, Hussien A, Abutaleb NS, Hagras M, Serya RA, Taher AT, Abouzid KAM, Seleem MN, Mayhoub AS. Alkoxyphenylthiazoles with broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:318-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Madoshi B, Mtambo M, Muhairwa A, Lupindu A, Olsen J. Isolation of vancomycin‐resistant
Enterococcus
from apparently healthy human animal attendants, cattle and cattle wastes in Tanzania. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1303-1310. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B.P. Madoshi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sokoine University of agriculture MorogoroTanzania
- Livestock Training Agency – Mpwapwa Campus Mpwapwa DodomaTanzania
| | - M.M.A. Mtambo
- Tanzania Industrial Research Developments Organisation TIRDO Complex DSM Tanzania
| | - A.P. Muhairwa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sokoine University of agriculture MorogoroTanzania
| | - A.M. Lupindu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sokoine University of agriculture MorogoroTanzania
| | - J.E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C Denmark
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24
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Stoppe NDC, Silva JS, Carlos C, Sato MIZ, Saraiva AM, Ottoboni LMM, Torres TT. Worldwide Phylogenetic Group Patterns of Escherichia coli from Commensal Human and Wastewater Treatment Plant Isolates. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2512. [PMID: 29312213 PMCID: PMC5742620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important microorganism in the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Commensal populations of E. coli consist of stable genetic isolates, which means that each individual has only one phylogenetic group (phylogroup). We evaluated the frequency of human commensal E. coli phylogroups from 116 people and observed that the majority of isolates belonged to group A. We also evaluated the frequency of phylogroups in wastewater samples and found a strong positive correlation between the phylogroup distribution in wastewater and human hosts. In order to find out if some factors, such as geographical location, and climate could influence the worldwide phylogroup distribution, we performed a meta-analysis of 39 different studies and 24 countries, including different climates, living areas, and feeding habits. Unexpectedly, our results showed no substructuring patterns of phylogroups; indicating there was no correlation between phylogroup distribution and geographic location, climate, living area, feeding habits, or date of collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy de Castro Stoppe
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Carlos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria I Z Sato
- Departamento de Análises Ambientais, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo-CETESB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Saraiva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Sistemas Digitais, Escola Politécnica da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura M M Ottoboni
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tatiana T Torres
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Computação (BioComp-USP)-Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Rose K, Agius J, Hall J, Thompson P, Eden JS, Srivastava M, Tiernan B, Jenkins C, Phalen D. Emergent multisystemic Enterococcus infection threatens endangered Christmas Island reptile populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181240. [PMID: 28727845 PMCID: PMC5519069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystemic infections with a morphologically unusual bacterium were first observed in captive critically endangered Lister’s geckos (Lepidodactylus listeri) on Christmas Island in October 2014. Since then the infection was identified in another captive critically endangered lizard species, the blue-tailed skink (Cryptoblepharus egeriae) and two species of invasive geckos; the four clawed gecko (Gehyra mutilata) and Asian house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), in a wide geographic range across the east side of the island. The Gram and periodic acid-Schiff positive cocci to diplococci have a propensity to form chains surrounded by a matrix, which ultrastructurally appears to be formed by fibrillar capsular projections. The bacterium was associated with severe and extensive replacement of tissues, but minimal host inflammatory response. Attempts to grow the organism in culture and in embryonated eggs were unsuccessful. Molecular characterisation of the organism placed it as a novel member of the genus Enterococcus. Disease Risk Analyses including this organism should now be factored into conservation management actions and island biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie Rose
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Agius
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane Hall
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Thompson
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mukesh Srivastava
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brendan Tiernan
- Christmas Island National Park, Drumsite, Territory of Christmas Island, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Phalen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Adesida SA, Ezenta CC, Adagbada AO, Aladesokan AA, Coker AO. CARRIAGE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS FAECIUM AND ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS AMONG APPARENTLY HEALTHY HUMANS. Afr J Infect Dis 2017; 11:83-89. [PMID: 28670644 PMCID: PMC5476817 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v11i2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterococci are indigenous flora of the gastro-intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Recently, interest in two major species, E. faecium and E. faecalis, has heightened because of their ability to cause serious infections and their intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of E. faecium and E. faecalis in human faecal samples and evaluating the susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics. Materials and Methods: One hundred faecal samples were collected from apparently healthy individuals and analysed using conventionalbacteriological methods. The susceptibility profile of the isolates to nine antibiotics were determined using disk diffusion method. Results: Seventy-three (73) Enterococcus were phenotypically identified and 65 of the isolates were differentiated into 36 (55.4%) E. faecium and 29 (44.6%) E. faecalis. Eight (8) isolates could not be identified by the conventional biochemical methods employed. No dual colonization by the E. faecalis and E. faecium was observed and isolation rate was not dependent on sex of the participants. All the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and ceftizoxime. Enterococcus faecium exhibited resistance toerythromycin (88.9%), gentamicin (77.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (63.9%), ofloxacin (44.4%), teicoplanin (19.4%) and vancomycin (16.7%). Enterococcus faecalis showed the least resistance to vancomycin (13.8%) and teicoplanin (27.7%). Remarkable multiple antibiotic resistances to the classes of antibiotic tested were observed among the two species. Conclusion: The high carriage rate of antibiotic resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis in this study provides information on the local antibiotic patterns of our enterococci isolates thereby suggesting that they could present as important reservoir and vehicle for dissemination of resistant genes in our community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solayide A Adesida
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Cynthia C Ezenta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ajoke O Adagbada
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Amudat A Aladesokan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akitoye O Coker
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Jahansepas A, Aghazadeh M, Rezaee MA, Hasani A, Sharifi Y, Aghazadeh T, Mardaneh J. Occurrence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Various Clinical Infections: Detection of Their Drug Resistance and Virulence Determinants. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:76-82. [PMID: 28525287 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance profiles in enterococci obtained from various clinical sources in the northwest of Iran. A total of 160 enterococcal clinical isolates from various wards of University Teaching Hospitals were collected and specified by biochemical test, from September 2014 to July 2015. Identification of enterococci was confirmed by multiplex PCR in the genus and species level. Antibiotic resistance properties and virulence determinants were examined by phenotypic and molecular methods. Of 160 enterococcal isolates, 125 (78.12%) and 35 (21.88%) isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, respectively. The most common antibiotic nonsusceptible pattern observed was resistance toward rifampicin [n = 122 (76.25%)] followed by erythromycin [n = 117 (73.12%)]. Among all isolates, gelE [n = 140 (87.5%)], cpd [n = 137 (85.6%)], and asa1 [n = 118 (73.8%)] were the most prevalent virulence genes studied. Thirty isolates (11 E. faecalis, 19 E. faecium) were found to be resistant to vancomycin, with minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥256 μg/ml. Twenty-seven isolates carried the vanA gene, whereas none of the isolates carried vanB. E. faecalis had a considerable ability to show virulence genes and drug resistance. Emergence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci and the high prevalence of virulence traits in our study could be regarded as an alarming situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahansepas
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghazadeh
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- 1 Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yaeghob Sharifi
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Toofan Aghazadeh
- 4 Department of Medical Genetics, Motahari Teaching Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Jalal Mardaneh
- 5 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences , Gonabad, Iran
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Alatorre-Fernández P, Mayoral-Terán C, Velázquez-Acosta C, Franco- Rodríguez C, Flores-Moreno K, Cevallos MÁ, López-Vidal Y, Volkow-Fernández P. A polyclonal outbreak of bloodstream infections by Enterococcus faecium in patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:260-266. [PMID: 27852447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecium causes bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs). We studied the clinical features and outcomes of patients with HM with vancomycin-sensitive E faecium (VSE) and vancomycin-resistant E faecium (VRE) BSI and determined the genetic relatedness of isolates and circumstances associated with the upsurge of E faecium BSI. METHODS Case-control study of patients with HM and E faecium-positive blood culture from January 2008-December 2012; cases were patients with VRE and controls were VSE isolates. The strains were tested for Van genes by polymerase chain reaction amplification and we performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to determine genetic relatedness. RESULTS Fifty-eight episodes of E faecium BSI occurred: 35 sensitive and 23 resistant to vancomycin. Mortality was 46% and 57%, attributable 17% and 40%, respectively. Early stage HM was associated with VSE (P = .044), whereas an episode of BSI within the 3 months before the event (P = .039), prophylactic antibiotics (P = .013), and vancomycin therapy during the previous 3 months (P = .001) was associated with VRE. The VanA gene was identified in 97% of isolates studied. E faecium isolates were not clonal. CONCLUSIONS E faecium BSI was associated with high mortality. This outbreak of VRE was not clonal; it was associated with antibiotic-use pressure and highly myelosuppressive chemotherapy.
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Lowry CA, Smith DG, Siebler PH, Schmidt D, Stamper CE, Hassell JE, Yamashita PS, Fox JH, Reber SO, Brenner LA, Hoisington AJ, Postolache TT, Kinney KA, Marciani D, Hernandez M, Hemmings SMJ, Malan-Muller S, Wright KP, Knight R, Raison CL, Rook GAW. The Microbiota, Immunoregulation, and Mental Health: Implications for Public Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:270-86. [PMID: 27436048 PMCID: PMC5763918 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hygiene or "Old Friends" hypothesis proposes that the epidemic of inflammatory disease in modern urban societies stems at least in part from reduced exposure to microbes that normally prime mammalian immunoregulatory circuits and suppress inappropriate inflammation. Such diseases include but are not limited to allergies and asthma; we and others have proposed that the markedly reduced exposure to these Old Friends in modern urban societies may also increase vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and affective disorders, where data are emerging in support of inflammation as a risk factor. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the potential for Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, to modify risk for inflammatory disease, with a focus on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. We highlight potential mechanisms, involving bacterially derived metabolites, bacterial antigens, and helminthic antigens, through which these inputs promote immunoregulation. Though findings are encouraging, significant human subjects' research is required to evaluate the potential impact of Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, on biological signatures and clinically meaningful mental health prevention and intervention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA.
| | - David G Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Philip H Siebler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Christopher E Stamper
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Paula S Yamashita
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - James H Fox
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Departments of Psychiatry, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80840, USA
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Rocky Mountain MIRECC, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
- VISN 5 MIRECC, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Mark Hernandez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Stefanie Malan-Muller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Charles L Raison
- School of Human Ecology and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Graham A W Rook
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), WC1E 6BT, London, UK
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Schröttner P, Gunzer F, Schüppel J, Rudolph WW. Identification of Rare Bacterial Pathogens by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI-TOF MS. J Vis Exp 2016:53176. [PMID: 27500532 PMCID: PMC4993432 DOI: 10.3791/53176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a number of rare and, therefore, insufficiently described bacterial pathogens which are reported to cause severe infections especially in immunocompromised patients. In most cases only few data, mostly published as case reports, are available which investigate the role of such pathogens as an infectious agent. Therefore, in order to clarify the pathogenic character of such microorganisms, it is necessary to conduct epidemiologic studies which include large numbers of these bacteria. The methods used in such a surveillance study have to meet the following criteria: the identification of the strains has to be accurate according to the valid nomenclature, they should be easy to handle (robustness), economical in routine diagnostics and they have to generate comparable results among different laboratories. Generally, there are three strategies for identifying bacterial strains in a routine setting: 1) phenotypic identification characterizing the biochemical and metabolic properties of the bacteria, 2) molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 3) mass spectrometry as a novel proteome based approach. Since mass spectrometry and molecular approaches are the most promising tools for identifying a large variety of bacterial species, these two methods are described. Advances, limitations and potential problems when using these techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Schröttner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden;
| | - Florian Gunzer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden
| | - Jana Schüppel
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden
| | - Wolfram W Rudolph
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden
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Córdova-Guerrero I, Aragon-Martinez OH, Díaz-Rubio L, Franco-Cabrera S, Serafín-Higuera NA, Pozos-Guillén A, Soto-Castro TA, Martinez-Morales F, Isiordia-Espinoza M. Actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica de un extracto de Salvia apiana frente a microorganismos de importancia clínica. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:217-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Karimaei S, Sadeghi J, Asadian M, Esghaei M, Pourshafie MR, Talebi M. Antibacterial potential and genetic profile of Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from human normal flora. Microb Pathog 2016; 96:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Carey SA, Goldstein RER, Gibbs SG, Claye E, He X, Sapkota AR. Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant and -susceptible Enterococcus spp. in reclaimed water used for spray irrigation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:350-5. [PMID: 26942838 PMCID: PMC8223762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reclaiming municipal wastewater for agricultural, environmental, and industrial purposes is increasing in the United States to combat dwindling freshwater supplies. However, there is a lack of data regarding the microbial quality of reclaimed water. In particular, no previous studies have evaluated the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in reclaimed water used at spray irrigation sites in the United States. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the occurrence, concentration, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of VRE and vancomycin-susceptible enterococci at three U.S. spray irrigation sites that use reclaimed water. We collected 48 reclaimed water samples from one Mid-Atlantic and two Midwest spray irrigation sites, as well as their respective wastewater treatment plants, in 2009 and 2010. Samples were analyzed for total enterococci and VRE using standard membrane filtration. Isolates were purified and then confirmed using biochemical tests and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Sensititre® microbroth dilution system. Data were analyzed by two-sample proportion tests and one-way analysis of variance. We detected total enterococci and VRE in 71% (34/48) and 4% (2/48) of reclaimed water samples, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common species identified. At the Mid-Atlantic spray irrigation site, UV radiation decreased total enterococci to undetectable levels; however, subsequent storage in an open-air pond at this site resulted in increased concentrations of enterococci. E. faecalis isolates recovered from the Mid-Atlantic spray irrigation site expressed intrinsic resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin; however, non-E. faecalis isolates expressed resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin (52% of isolates), vancomycin (4%), tetracycline (13%), penicillin (4%) and ciprofloxacin (17%). Our findings show that VRE are present in low numbers in reclaimed water at point-of-use at the sampled spray irrigation sites; however, resistance to other antimicrobial classes is more prevalent, particularly among non-E. faecalis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ann Carey
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rachel E Rosenberg Goldstein
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shawn G Gibbs
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Emma Claye
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Kim EB, Jin GD, Lee JY, Choi YJ. Genomic Features and Niche-Adaptation of Enterococcus faecium Strains from Korean Soybean-Fermented Foods. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153279. [PMID: 27070419 PMCID: PMC4829236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain strains of Enterococcus faecium contribute beneficially to human health and food fermentation. However, other E. faecium strains are opportunistic pathogens due to the acquisition of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants. To characterize E. faecium from soybean fermentation, we sequenced the genomes of 10 E. faecium strains from Korean soybean-fermented foods and analyzed their genomes by comparing them with 51 clinical and 52 non-clinical strains of different origins. Hierarchical clustering based on 13,820 orthologous genes from all E. faecium genomes showed that the 10 strains are distinguished from most of the clinical strains. Like non-clinical strains, their genomes are significantly smaller than clinical strains due to fewer accessory genes associated with antibiotic resistance, virulence, and mobile genetic elements. Moreover, we identified niche-associated gene gain and loss from the soybean strains. Thus, we conclude that soybean E. faecium strains might have evolved to have distinctive genomic features that may contribute to its ability to thrive during soybean fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Deuk Jin
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yeong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Gwak E, Lee S, Kim S, Lee J, Ha J, Oh MH, Park BY, Yang M, Choi KH, Yoon Y. Model to Predict Growth/No Growth Interfaces of Enterococcus
as A Function of NACl and NANO2. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - EunjI Gwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Mi-hwa Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA; Wanju 55365 Korea
| | - Beom-young Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA; Wanju 55365 Korea
| | - Mihi Yang
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control; College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Kyoung-hee Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology; College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University; Iksan Jeonbuk 54538 Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Sookmyung Women's University; Seoul 04310 Korea
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Asadian M, Sadeghi J, Rastegar Lari A, Razavi S, Hasannejad Bibalan M, Talebi M. Antimicrobial resistance pattern and genetic correlation in Enterococcus faecium isolated from healthy volunteers. Microb Pathog 2015; 92:54-59. [PMID: 26747584 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are known as a cause of nosocomial infections and this aptitude is intensified by the growth of antibiotic resistance. In the present study, Enterococcus faecium isolates from healthy volunteers were considered to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic correlation. A total 91 normal flora isolates of enterococci were included in this study. Identification of Enterococcus genus and species were done by biochemical and PCR methods, respectively. Sensitivity for 10 antibiotics was determined and genetic relatedness of all isolates was assessed using Repetitive Element Palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) followed by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) on the representative patterns. None of the isolates were resistant to teicoplanin, vancomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and high-level gentamicin. On the other hand, the resistance rate was detected in 30.7%, 23%, and 3.29% of isolates for erythromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The results of PFGE showed 19 (61.5% of our isolates) common types (CT) and 35 (38.5%) single types (ST) amongst the isolates. This is the first study to describe antibiotic resistance pattern and genetic relationship among normal flora enterococci in Iran. This study showed no prevalence of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and high degrees of diversity among normal flora isolates by genotyping using PFGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asadian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - J Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A Rastegar Lari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sh Razavi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Hasannejad Bibalan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hoisington AJ, Brenner LA, Kinney KA, Postolache TT, Lowry CA. The microbiome of the built environment and mental health. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:60. [PMID: 26674771 PMCID: PMC4682225 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome of the built environment (MoBE) is a relatively new area of study. While some knowledge has been gained regarding impacts of the MoBE on the human microbiome and disease vulnerability, there is little knowledge of the impacts of the MoBE on mental health. Depending on the specific microbial species involved, the transfer of microorganisms from the built environment to occupant's cutaneous or mucosal membranes has the potential to increase or disrupt immunoregulation and/or exaggerate or suppress inflammation. Preclinical evidence highlighting the influence of the microbiota on systemic inflammation supports the assertion that microorganisms, including those originating from the built environment, have the potential to either increase or decrease the risk of inflammation-induced psychiatric conditions and their symptom severity. With advanced understanding of both the ecology of the built environment, and its influence on the human microbiome, it may be possible to develop bioinformed strategies for management of the built environment to promote mental health. Here we present a brief summary of microbiome research in both areas and highlight two interdependencies including the following: (1) effects of the MoBE on the human microbiome and (2) potential opportunities for manipulation of the MoBE in order to improve mental health. In addition, we propose future research directions including strategies for assessment of changes in the microbiome of common areas of built environments shared by multiple human occupants, and associated cohort-level changes in the mental health of those who spend time in the buildings. Overall, our understanding of the fields of both the MoBE and influence of host-associated microorganisms on mental health are advancing at a rapid pace and, if linked, could offer considerable benefit to health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hoisington
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, US Air Force Academy, 2354 Fairchild Dr. Suite 6H-161, Colorado Springs, CO, 80840, USA.
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1055 Clermont Street, Denver, CO, 80220, USA.
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin, 402 E. Dean Keeton Street, Austin, TX, 78712-1085, USA.
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, Rocky Mountain MIRECC and VISN 5 MIRECC, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA.
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Jahan M, Zhanel GG, Sparling R, Holley RA. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterococcus faecium of fermented meat origin to clinical isolates of E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 199:78-85. [PMID: 25647243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus species are part of the normal intestinal flora of a large number of mammals including humans and consequently, they can be used as indicators of faecal contamination in food and water for human consumption. Their presence in large numbers in foods may indicate a lapse in sanitation and their ability to serve as a genetic reservoir of transferable antibiotic resistance is of concern. In the present study, Enterococcus spp., isolated from commercially fermented meat and human clinical specimen were studied to determine genetic relationships. SmaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns exhibited genomic heterogeneity within and between both groups of isolates. However, in spite of this heterogeneity there were still substantial phenotypic similarities which suggested that food might be a potential vehicle for distribution of resistant bacteria among humans. In vitro conjugation experiments demonstrated transfer of the tetracycline resistant determinant, tet(M), from Enterococcus faecium S27 isolated from fermented sausage to clinical isolates of both E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. The streptomycin resistance of E. faecium S27 was also transferred to a clinical strain, E. faecalis 82916, which was confirmed by the presence of the streptomycin resistance gene, aadA, in the donor and transconjugant strains. Since the aadA gene is associated with a class 1 integron, results also suggested that resistance transfer might have occurred via an integron. It appears this is the first identification of a class 1 integron in E. faecium isolated from food. The importance of food enterococci as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and the potential for their genetic transfer to human strains following consumption of uncooked or undercooked contaminated meat is underlined by this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat Jahan
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Richard Sparling
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Kudo M, Nomura T, Yomoda S, Tanimoto K, Tomita H. Nosocomial infection caused by vancomycin-susceptible multidrug-resistantEnterococcus faecalisover a long period in a university hospital in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:607-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Kudo
- Department of General Surgical Science (Surgery I)
- Department of Bacteriology
| | | | - Sachie Yomoda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Center
| | - Koichi Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Gunma Japan
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Naserpour Farivar T, Najafipour R, Johari P, Aslanimehr M, Peymani A, Jahani Hashemi H, Mirzaui B. Development and evaluation of a Quadruplex Taq Man real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and their vanA and vanB genotypes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 6:335-40. [PMID: 25848524 PMCID: PMC4385574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We developed and evaluated the utility of a quadruplex Taqman real-time PCR assay that allows simultaneous identification of vancomycin-resistant genotypes and clinically relevant enterococci. MATERIALS AND METHODS The specificity of the assay was tested using reference strains of vancomycin-resistant and susceptible enterococci. In total, 193 clinical isolates were identified and subsequently genotyped using a Quadruplex Taqman real-time PCR assay and melting curve analysis. Representative Quadruplex Taqman real-time PCR amplification curve were obtained for Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, vanA-containing E. faecium, vanB-containing E. faecalis. RESULTS Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of the isolates gave same results for 82 enterococcal isolates, while in 5 isolates, they were inconsistent. We had three mixed strains, which were detected by the TaqMan real-time PCR assay and could not be identified correctly using phenotypic methods. CONCLUSION Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) genotyping and identification of clinically relevant enterococci were rapidly and correctly performed using TaqMan real-time multiplex real-time PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Reza Najafipour., Address: Cellular and Molecular Research Center Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,
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Di Cesare A, Pasquaroli S, Vignaroli C, Paroncini P, Luna GM, Manso E, Biavasco F. The marine environment as a reservoir of enterococci carrying resistance and virulence genes strongly associated with clinical strains. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:184-190. [PMID: 24596292 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the relationships and the genetic exchange among environmental and clinical enterococci, 59 strains (29 from marine aquaculture sites and 30 from clinical settings) resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin and/or gentamicin were analysed for the antibiotic resistance tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), erm(A), erm(B), mef blaZ, aac(6')-Ie aph(2″)-Ia and virulence gelE, cylB, efaA and esp genes, and for the copper resistance gene tcrB. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected more frequently in clinical than in environmental enterococci; the opposite was true for copper resistance. Conjugation experiments demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from marine to clinical enterococci in interspecific mating and the uncommon joint transfer of tet(L) and erm(B). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction typing evidenced a cluster (90% similarity) encompassing strains carrying multiple antibiotic resistance genes from both sets; the others marine isolates exhibited polyclonality and bore tcrB. Our results demonstrate that antibiotic-resistant marine enterococci bear antibiotic resistance genes transferable to humans and suggest that copper resistance, not observed among clinical strains, may be useful for survival in the environment, whereas virulence genes likely confer no advantage to enterococcal populations adapted to a lifestyle outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Cesare
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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