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Ruan H, Gao L, Fang Z, Lei T, Xing D, Ding Y, Rashid A, Zhuang J, Zhang Q, Gu C, Qian W, Zhang N, Qian T, Li K, Xia T, Wang Y. A flavonoid metabolon: cytochrome b 5 enhances B-ring trihydroxylated flavan-3-ols synthesis in tea plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1793-1814. [PMID: 38461478 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are prominent phenolic compounds found abundantly in the young leaves of tea plants. The enzymes involved in flavan-3-ol biosynthesis in tea plants have been extensively investigated. However, the localization and associations of these numerous functional enzymes within cells have been largely neglected. In this study, we aimed to investigate the synthesis of flavan-3-ols in tea plants, particularly focusing on epigallocatechin gallate. Our analysis involving the DESI-MSI method to reveal a distinct distribution pattern of B-ring trihydroxylated flavonoids, primarily concentrated in the outer layer of buds. Subcellular localization showed that CsC4H, CsF3'H, and CsF3'5'H localizes endoplasmic reticulum. Protein-protein interaction studies demonstrated direct associations between CsC4H, CsF3'H, and cytoplasmic enzymes (CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, FLS, and ANR), highlighting their interactions within the biosynthetic pathway. Notably, CsF3'5'H, the enzyme for B-ring trihydroxylation, did not directly interact with other enzymes. We identified cytochrome b5 isoform C serving as an essential redox partner, ensuring the proper functioning of CsF3'5'H. Our findings suggest the existence of distinct modules governing the synthesis of different B-ring hydroxylation compounds. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying flavonoid diversity and efficient synthesis and enhances our understanding of the substantial accumulation of B-ring trihydroxylated flavan-3-ols in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Ruan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Ting Lei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Dawei Xing
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu, Anhui, 238024, China
| | - Yan Ding
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Chunyang Gu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Niuniu Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Tao Qian
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Kongqing Li
- College of Humanities and Social Development, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
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Sala-Cholewa K, Tomasiak A, Nowak K, Piński A, Betekhtin A. DNA methylation analysis of floral parts revealed dynamic changes during the development of homostylous Fagopyrum tataricum and heterostylous F. esculentum flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:448. [PMID: 38783206 PMCID: PMC11112930 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper flower development is essential for plant reproduction, a crucial aspect of the plant life cycle. This process involves precisely coordinating transcription factors, enzymes, and epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation, a ubiquitous and heritable epigenetic mechanism, is pivotal in regulating gene expression and shaping chromatin structure. Fagopyrum esculentum demonstrates anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, hepato-protective, and neuroprotective properties. However, the heteromorphic heterostyly observed in F. esculentum poses a significant challenge in breeding efforts. F. tataricum has better resistance to high altitudes and harsh weather conditions such as drought, frost, UV-B radiation damage, and pests. Moreover, F. tataricum contains significantly higher levels of rutin and other phenolics, more flavonoids, and a balanced amino acid profile compared to common buckwheat, being recognised as functional food, rendering it an excellent candidate for functional food applications. RESULTS This study aimed to compare the DNA methylation profiles between the Pin and Thrum flower components of F. esculentum, with those of self-fertile species of F. tataricum, to understand the potential role of this epigenetic mechanism in Fagopyrum floral development. Notably, F. tataricum flowers are smaller than those of F. esculentum (Pin and Thrum morphs). The decline in DNA methylation levels in the developed open flower components, such as petals, stigmas and ovules, was consistent across both species, except for the ovule in the Thrum morph. Conversely, Pin and Tartary ovules exhibited a minor decrease in DNA methylation levels. The highest DNA methylation level was observed in Pin stigma from closed flowers, and the most significant decrease was in Pin stigma from open flowers. In opposition, the nectaries of open flowers exhibited higher levels of DNA methylation than those of closed flowers. The decrease in DNA methylation might correspond with the downregulation of genes encoding methyltransferases. CONCLUSIONS Reduced overall DNA methylation and the expression of genes associated with these epigenetic markers in fully opened flowers of both species may indicate that demethylation is necessary to activate the expression of genes involved in floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sala-Cholewa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, Katowice, 40-032, Poland.
| | - Alicja Tomasiak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Artur Piński
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Alexander Betekhtin
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska St, Katowice, 40-032, Poland.
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Chen Y, Wang Z, Gao T, Huang Y, Li T, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Deep learning and targeted metabolomics-based monitoring of chewing insects in tea plants and screening defense compounds. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:698-713. [PMID: 37882465 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Tea is an important cash crop that is often consumed by chewing pests, resulting in reduced yields and economic losses. It is important to establish a method to quickly identify the degree of damage to tea plants caused by leaf-eating insects and screen green control compounds. This study was performed through the combination of deep learning and targeted metabolomics, in vitro feeding experiment, enzymic analysis and transient genetic transformation. A small target damage detection model based on YOLOv5 with Transformer Prediction Head (TPH-YOLOv5) algorithm for the tea canopy level was established. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) was used to analyze the correlation between the degree of damage and the phenolic metabolites. A potential defensive compound, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-caffeoate (EC-CA), was screened. In vitro feeding experiments showed that compared with EC and epicatechin gallate, Ectropis grisescens exhibited more significant antifeeding against EC-CA. In vitro enzymatic experiments showed that the hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (CsHCTs) recombinant protein has substrate promiscuity and can catalyze the synthesis of EC-CA. Transient overexpression of CsHCTs in tea leaves effectively reduced the degree of damage to tea leaves. This study provides important reference values and application prospects for the effective monitoring of pests in tea gardens and screening of green chemical control substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Tian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yipeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Jing T, Du W, Qian X, Wang K, Luo L, Zhang X, Deng Y, Li B, Gao T, Zhang M, Guo D, Jiang H, Liu Y, Schwab W, Sun X, Song C. UGT89AC1-mediated quercetin glucosylation is induced upon herbivore damage and enhances Camellia sinensis resistance to insect feeding. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:682-697. [PMID: 37882446 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a key flavonol in tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) with various health benefits, and it often occurs in the form of glucosides. The roles of quercetin and its glucosylated forms in plant defense are generally not well-studied, and remain unknown in the defense of tea. Here, we found higher contents of quercetin glucosides and a decline of the aglucone upon Ectropis grisescens (E. grisescens) infestation of tea. Nine UGTs were strongly induced, among which UGT89AC1 exhibited the highest activity toward quercetin in vitro and in vivo. The mass of E. grisescens larvae that fed on plants with repressed UGT89AC1 or varieties with lower levels of UGT89AC1 was significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls. Artificial diet supplemented with quercetin glucoside also reduced the larval growth rate, whereas artificial diet supplemented with free quercetin had no significant effect on larval growth. UGT89AC1 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its expression was modulated by JA, JA-ILE, and MeJA. These findings demonstrate that quercetin glucosylation serves a defensive role in tea against herbivory. Our results also provide novel insights into the ecological relevance of flavonoid glycosides under biotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaona Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lanxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanni Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Huang Y, Yang Y, Xue J, Liao Y, Fu X, Zhu C, Li J, Zeng L, Yang Z. Biosynthetic Pathway and Bioactivity of Vanillin, a Highly Abundant Metabolite Distributed in the Root Cortex of Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1660-1673. [PMID: 38193455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Volatiles are important for plant root stress resistance. The diseases in tea root are serious, causing major losses. The volatile composition in tea root and whether it can resist diseases remain unclear. In this study, the volatile composition in different tea tissues was revealed. The vanillin content was higher in the root (mainly in root cortex) than in aerial parts. The antifungal effects of vanillin on pathogenic fungi in tea root were equal to or greater than those of other metabolites. O-methyltransferase (CsOMT), a key enzyme in one of two biosynthetic pathways of vanillin, converted protocatechualdehyde to vanillin in vitro. Furthermore, its characteristics and kinetic parameters were studied. In Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts, the transiently expressed CsOMT was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. These findings have clarified the formation and bioactivities of volatiles in tea roots and provided a theoretical basis for understanding how tea plants resist root diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Ex Situ Plant Protection and Utilization in South China, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510650, China
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Evbuomwan IO, Stephen Adeyemi O, Oluba OM. Indigenous medicinal plants used in folk medicine for malaria treatment in Kwara State, Nigeria: an ethnobotanical study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:324. [PMID: 37716985 PMCID: PMC10504731 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folk medicine is crucial to healthcare delivery in the underdeveloped countries. It is frequently used as a primary treatment option or as a complementary therapy for malaria. Malaria is a deadly disease which greatly threatens global public health, claiming incredible number of lives yearly. The study was aimed at documenting the medicinal plants used for malaria treatment in folk medicine in Kwara State, Nigeria. METHODS Ethnobotanical information was collected from selected consenting registered traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) through oral face-to-face interviews using in-depth, semi-structured interview guide. The ethnobotanical data were analysed, and descriptive statistical methods were used to compile them. RESULTS Sixty-two indigenous medicinal plants, including 13 new plants, used for malaria treatment were identified in this study. The TMPs preferred decoction in aqueous solvent (34%) and steeping in decaffeinated soft drink (19%) for herbal preparations. Oral administration (74%) was the main route of administration, while leaves (40%) and stem barks (32%) were the most dominant plant parts used in herbal preparations. The most cited families were Fabaceae (15%) and Rutaceae (6%), while Mangifera indica (77.14%), Enantia chlorantha (65.71%), Alstonia boonei (57.14%) followed by Cymbopogon citratus (54.29%) were the most used plants. Besides, the antimalarial activities of many of the plants recorded and their isolated phytocompounds have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the conservation status of 4 identified plants were Vulnerable. CONCLUSION The study showed strong ethnobotanical knowledge shared by the TMPs in the State and provides preliminary information that could be explored for the discovery of more potent antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikponmwosa Owen Evbuomwan
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, Cellular Parasitology Unit, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-Onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Olarewaju Michael Oluba
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Monteiro-Batista RDC, Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A. Harnessing enzyme cofactors and plant metabolism: an essential partnership. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1014-1036. [PMID: 36861364 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cofactors are fundamental to the catalytic activity of enzymes. Additionally, because plants are a critical source of several cofactors (i.e., including their vitamin precursors) within the context of human nutrition, there have been several studies aiming to understand the metabolism of coenzymes and vitamins in plants in detail. For example, compelling evidence has been brought forth regarding the role of cofactors in plants; specifically, it is becoming increasingly clear that an adequate supply of cofactors in plants directly affects their development, metabolism, and stress responses. Here, we review the state-of-the-art knowledge on the significance of coenzymes and their precursors with regard to general plant physiology and discuss the emerging functions attributed to them. Furthermore, we discuss how our understanding of the complex relationship between cofactors and plant metabolism can be used for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Monteiro-Batista
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Plant Physiology under Stress Conditions, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Chen J, Mei S, Zheng P, Guo J, Zeng Z, Lu H, Sun B. A multi-omics view of the preservation effect on Camellia sinensis leaves during low temperature postharvest transportation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Cao L, Sun X, Dong W, Ma L, Li H. Detection and Quantification of Anthracnose Pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola in Cultivated Tea-Oil Camellia Species from Southern China Using a DNA-Based qPCR Assay. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:363-371. [PMID: 35852905 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0901-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea-oil Camellia species as edible-oil producing trees are widely cultivated in southern China. Camellia anthracnose that is mainly caused by Colletotrichum fructicola is a major disease of tea-oil trees. However, rapid detection and precise quantification of C. fructicola in different Camellia species that are crucial for the fundamental study of this pathosystem and effective disease management remain largely unexplored. Here, we developed a sensitive, rapid, and accurate method for quantifying C. fructicola growth in different Camellia species using a quantitative PCR assay. Amplified C. fructicola DNA using ITS-specific primers is relatively compared with the amplification of Camellia oleifera using the TUB gene. We determined that the fungal growth is tightly associated with the disease development in Ca. oleifera following C. fructicola infection in a time-course manner. This assay is highly sensitive, as fungal growth was detected in six different inoculated tea-oil Camellia species without visible disease lesion symptoms. Additionally, this method was validated by quantifying the Camellia anthracnose in orchards that did not show any disease symptoms. This assay enables the rapid, highly sensitive, and precise detection and quantification of C. fructicola growth in different tea-oil Camellia species, which will have a practical application for early diagnosis of anthracnose disease under asymptomatic conditions in Camellia breeding and field and will facilitate the development of tea-oil trees and C. fructicola interaction as a mold system to study woody plant and fungal pathogens interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxue Cao
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wentong Dong
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory for Non-wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Zhao Y, Yao S, Zhang X, Wang Z, Jiang C, Liu Y, Jiang X, Gao L, Xia T. Flavan-3-ol Galloylation-Related Functional Gene Cluster and the Functional Diversification of SCPL Paralogs in Camellia sp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:488-498. [PMID: 36562642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The high accumulation of galloylated flavan-3-ols in Camellia sp. is a noteworthy phenomenon. We identified a flavan-3-ol galloylation-related functional gene cluster in tannin-rich plant Camellia sp., which included UGT84A22 and SCPL-AT gene clusters. We investigated the possible correlation between the accumulation of metabolites and the expression of SCPL-ATs and UGT84A22. The results revealed that C. sinensis, C. ptilophylla, and C. oleifera accumulated galloylated cis-flavan-3-ols (EGCG), galloylated trans-flavan-3-ols (GCG), and hydrolyzed tannins, respectively; however, C. nitidissima did not accumulate any galloylated compounds. C. nitidissima exhibited no expression of SCPL-AT or UGT84A22, whereas the other three species of Camellia exhibited various expression patterns. This indicated that the functions of the paralogs of SCPL-AT vary. Enzymatic analysis revealed that SCPL5 was neofunctionalized as a noncatalytic chaperone paralog, a type of chaerone-like protein, associating with flavan-3-ol galloylation; moreover, CsSCPL4 was subfunctionalized in association with the galloylation of cis- and trans-flavan-3-ols. In C. nitidissima, an SCPL4 homolog was noted with mutations in two cysteine residues forming a disulfide bond, which suggested that this homolog was defunctionalized. The findings of this study improve our understanding of the functional diversification of SCPL paralogs in Camellia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjuan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Hefei 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chen Y, Li Y, Shen C, Xiao L. Topics and trends in fresh tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaf research: A comprehensive bibliometric study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1092511. [PMID: 37089662 PMCID: PMC10118041 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a widely cultivated cash crop and tea is a favorite functional food in the world. Fresh tea leaves (FTLs) play a critical role in bridging the two fields closely related to tea cultivation and tea processing, those are, tea plant biology and tea biochemistry. To provide a comprehensive overview of the development stages, authorship collaboration, research topics, and hotspots and their temporal evolution trends in the field of FTLs research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis, based on 971 publications on FTLs-related research published during 2001-2021 from Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, R package Bibliometrix, and VOSviewer were employed in this research. The results revealed that the development history can be roughly divided into three stages, namely initial stage, slow development stage and rapid development stage. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry published most articles in this field, while Frontiers in Plant Science held the highest total citations and h-index. The most influential country, institution, and author in this field was identified as China, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Xiaochun Wan, respectively. FTLs-related research can be categorized into three main topics: the regulation mechanism of key genes, the metabolism and features of essential compounds, and tea plants' growth and stress responses. The most concerning hotspots are the application of advanced technologies, essential metabolites, leaf color variants, and effective cultivation treatments. There has been a shift from basic biochemical and enzymatic studies to studies of molecular mechanisms that depend on multi-omics technologies. We also discussed the future development in this field. This study provides a comprehensive summary of the research field, making it easier for researchers to be informed about its development history, status, and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiQin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - YunFei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - ChengWen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen, ; Lizheng Xiao,
| | - LiZheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen, ; Lizheng Xiao,
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12
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Baishya T, Das P, Ashraf GJ, Dua TK, Paul P, Nandi G, Bhattacharya M, Sahu R. Tissue specific changes of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of tea [ Camellia sinensis (L.)] extracted with different solvents. Z NATURFORSCH C 2022; 78:235-246. [PMID: 36565064 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2022-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Different parts of Camellia sinensis (L.) were extracted with solvents according to polarity, and the extracts' phytochemical profiling and biological activities were examined. The total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents increased with the increasing polarity of the solvent which met its maximum in polar solvents. The increasing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities were recorded with increasing polarity of solvents which showed hydroalcoholic as best solvent. The strong and significant correlation was among the TPC, TFC, DPPH, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities for different parts of tea. HPTLC study of individual phenolic acids, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin and theaflavin met their maximum level of content with polar solvents like hydroalcohol, methanol and water mostly in mainly tea leaves. Our finding suggested that the polar solvents and young leaves of tea were beneficial for obtaining extracts. On the other hand, phenolics were found to be potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Baishya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India.,Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Priya Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Gouhar Jahan Ashraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Dua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Paramita Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Gouranga Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Malay Bhattacharya
- Department of Tea Science, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranabir Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734013, West Bengal, India
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13
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Fu Z, Jiang X, Kong D, Chen Y, Zhuang J, Han M, Shi Y, Lai S, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Flavonol-Aluminum Complex Formation: Enhancing Aluminum Accumulation in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14096-14108. [PMID: 36256444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol-rich tea plants are aluminum (Al) accumulators. Whether an association exists between polyphenols and Al accumulation in tea plants remains unclear. This study revealed that the accumulation of the total Al and bound Al contents were both higher in tea samples with high flavonol content than in low, and Al accumulation in tea plants was significantly and positively correlated with their flavonol content. Furthermore, the capability of flavonols combined with Al was higher than that of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and root proanthocyanidins (PAs) under identical conditions. Flavonol-Al complexes signals (94 ppm) were detected in the tender roots and old leaves of tea plants through solid-state 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, and the strength of the signals in the high flavonol content tea samples was considerably stronger than that in the low flavonol content tea samples. This study provides a new perspective for studying Al accumulation in different tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Dexu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Menglin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Sanyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture/Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, West 130 Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036 Anhui, China
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14
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Wu L, Qi K, Liu C, Hu Y, Xu M, Pan Y. Enhanced Coverage and Sensitivity of Imprint DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Plant Leaf Metabolites by Post-photoionization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15108-15116. [PMID: 36201321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolites exhibit a variety of different chemical properties, physiological activities, and biological functions. However, untargeted imaging of highly diverse metabolic profiles is still a great challenge. Here, metabolites in plant leaves were imaged via imprint, followed by desorption electrospray ionization/post-photoionization (imprint DESI/PI) mass spectrometry imaging. In contrast to the traditional imprint DESI method, quite a few metabolites, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, alkylphenols, amino acids, phenolic acids, tannins, and lipids, in fresh sage leaves, ginkgo leaves, and tea leaves were well detected and imaged by imprint DESI/PI. More than 80 metabolites were additionally identified, and more than 1 order of magnitude higher signal intensities were obtained for most metabolites in the negative ion mode. By virtue of the significant improvement of coverage and sensitivity of PI, the catechin biosynthesis network in fresh tea leaves could be clearly illustrated, indicating the potential applicability of imprint DESI/PI in exploring the sites and pathways of plant metabolic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liutian Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Keke Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd., Hefei 230088, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Minggao Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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15
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Li M, Guo L, Wang Y, Li Y, Jiang X, Liu Y, Xie DY, Gao L, Xia T. Molecular and biochemical characterization of two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:579-593. [PMID: 35553312 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in tea plant involved in phenylpropanoids biosynthesis and response to environmental stresses. Tea plant is rich in flavonoids benefiting human health. Lignin is essential for tea plant growth. Both flavonoids and lignin defend plants from stresses. The biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids shares a key intermediate, 4-coumaroyl-CoA, which is formed from 4-coumaric acid catalyzed by 4-coumaric acid: CoA ligase (4CL). Herein, we report two 4CL paralogs from tea plant, Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2, which are a member of class I and II of this gene family, respectively. Cs4CL1 was mainly expressed in roots and stems, while Cs4CL2 was mainly expressed in leaves. The promoter of Cs4CL1 had AC, nine types of light sensitive (LSE), four types of stress-inducible (SIE), and two types of meristem-specific elements (MSE). The promoter of Cs4CL2 also had AC and nine types of LSEs, but only had two types of SIEs and did not have MSEs. In addition, the LSEs varied in the two promoters. Based on the different features of regulatory elements, three stress treatments were tested to understand their expression responses to different conditions. The resulting data indicated that the expression of Cs4CL1 was sensitive to mechanical wounding, while the expression of Cs4CL2 was UV-B-inducible. Enzymatic assays showed that both recombinant Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2 transformed 4-coumaric acid (CM), ferulic acid (FR), and caffeic acid (CF) to their corresponding CoA ethers. Kinetic analysis indicated that the recombinant Cs4CL1 preferred to catalyze CF, while the recombinant Cs4CL2 favored to catalyze CM. The overexpression of both Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2 increased the levels of chlorogenic acid and total lignin in transgenic tobacco seedlings. In addition, the overexpression of Cs4CL2 consistently increased the levels of three flavonoid compounds. These findings indicate the differences of Cs4CL1 and Cs4CL2 in the phenylpropanoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biochemistry and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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16
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Yao S, Liu Y, Zhuang J, Zhao Y, Dai X, Jiang C, Wang Z, Jiang X, Zhang S, Qian Y, Tai Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Xie D, Gao L, Xia T. Insights into acylation mechanisms: co-expression of serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases and their non-catalytic companion paralogs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:117-133. [PMID: 35437852 PMCID: PMC9541279 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases (SCPL-ATs) play a vital role in the diversification of plant metabolites. Galloylated flavan-3-ols highly accumulate in tea (Camellia sinensis), grape (Vitis vinifera), and persimmon (Diospyros kaki). To date, the biosynthetic mechanism of these compounds remains unknown. Herein, we report that two SCPL-AT paralogs are involved in galloylation of flavan-3-ols: CsSCPL4, which contains the conserved catalytic triad S-D-H, and CsSCPL5, which has the alternative triad T-D-Y. Integrated data from transgenic plants, recombinant enzymes, and gene mutations showed that CsSCPL4 is a catalytic acyltransferase, while CsSCPL5 is a non-catalytic companion paralog (NCCP). Co-expression of CsSCPL4 and CsSCPL5 is likely responsible for the galloylation. Furthermore, pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that CsSCPL4 and CsSCPL5 interact, increasing protein stability and promoting post-translational processing. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses revealed that their homologs co-exist in galloylated flavan-3-ol- or hydrolyzable tannin-rich plant species. Enzymatic assays further revealed the necessity of co-expression of those homologs for acyltransferase activity. Evolution analysis revealed that the mutations of the CsSCPL5 catalytic residues may have taken place about 10 million years ago. These findings show that the co-expression of SCPL-ATs and their NCCPs contributes to the acylation of flavan-3-ols in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Xinlong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Changjuan Jiang
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Yumei Qian
- School of Biological and Food EngineeringSuzhou UniversitySuzhou234000AnhuiChina
| | - Yuling Tai
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - De‐Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina27695USA
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life ScienceAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036AnhuiChina
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17
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Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Nutritional Composition, Potential Applications, and Omics Research. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camelliasinensis) is the world’s most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage with essential economic and health benefits since it is an excellent source of polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to summarize the main secondary metabolites in tea plants, and the content and distribution of these compounds in six different types of tea and different organs of tea plant were further investigated. The application of these secondary metabolites on food processing, cosmetics industry, and pharmaceutical industry was reviewed in this study. With the rapid advancements in biotechnology and sequencing technology, omics analyses, including genome, transcriptome, and metabolome, were widely used to detect the main secondary metabolites and their molecular regulatory mechanisms in tea plants. Numerous functional genes and regulatory factors have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve tea plants. Research advances, including secondary metabolites, applications, omics research, and functional gene mining, are comprehensively reviewed here. Further exploration and application trends are briefly described. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on tea plants.
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18
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Zhao S, Cheng H, Xu P, Wang Y. Regulation of biosynthesis of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10520-10535. [PMID: 35608014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the process of adapting to the environment, tea plants (Camellia sinensis) endow tea with unique flavor and health functions, which should be attributed to secondary metabolites, including catechins, L-theanine, caffeine and terpene volatiles. Since the content of these flavor-contributing metabolites are mainly determined by the growth of tea plant, it is very important to understand their alteration and regulation mechanisms. In the present work, we first summarize the distribution, change characteristics of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in different cultivars, organs and under environmental stresses of tea plant. Subsequently, we discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites based on the existing evidence. Finally, we propose the remarks and perspectives on the future study relating flavor-contributing metabolites. This review would contribute to the acceleration of research on the characteristic secondary metabolites and the breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Ruan H, Shi X, Gao L, Rashid A, Li Y, Lei T, Dai X, Xia T, Wang Y. Functional analysis of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase family of Camellia sinensis: exploiting key amino acids to reconstruct reduction activity. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac098. [PMID: 35795397 PMCID: PMC9250652 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important types of flavonoids, plant secondary metabolites with a wide range of industrial and pharmaceutical applications. DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) is a pivotal enzyme that plays an important role in the flavonoid pathway. Here, four CsDFR genes were isolated from Camellia sinensis, and their overexpression was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Based on transcription and metabolic analyses, CsDFR expression was closely consistent with catechins and PAs accumulation. Moreover, enzyme activity analyses revealed that the two recombinant proteins CsDFRa and CsDFRc exhibited DFR activity, converting dihydroflavonols into leucoanthocyanins in vitro, but CsDFRb1 and CsDFRb3 did not. CsDFRa and CsDFRc overexpression in AtDFR mutants (tt3) revealed that CsDFRs are involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and PAs, as CsDFRa and CsDFRc restored not only the purple petiole phenotype but also the seed coat color. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the two amino acid residues S117 and T123 of CsDFRa play a prominent role in controlling DFR reductase activity. Enzymatic assays indicated that CsDFRa and CsDFRc exhibited a higher affinity for DHQ and DHK, respectively, whereas CsDFRb1N120S and CsDFRb1C126T exhibited a higher affinity for DHM. Our findings comprehensively characterize the DFRs from C. sinensis and shed light on their critical role in metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ting Lei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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20
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Ossipov V, Zubova M, Nechaeva T, Zagoskina N, Salminen JP. The regulating effect of light on the content of flavan-3-ols and derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acids in the callus culture of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis L. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Sharma R, Kumar S, Kapoor S, Padwad Y, Kumar D. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics and cytotoxicity (HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines) studies insight the potential of less utilized parts of Camellia sinensis (Kangra tea). Food Chem 2022; 373:131561. [PMID: 34844810 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (tea) is an evergreen plant having bioactive compounds associated with various pharmacological effects, including anti-cancerous activity. These phytochemicals are variedly distributed in plant tissues. A detailed study to understand chemical composition within the economically underutilized tea tissues is required to generate value. Therefore, a comprehensive chemical profiling of underutilized C. sinensis parts [coarse leaves, flowers, fruits (immature);n = 9] was performed by NMR techniques. NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopy ambiguously identified and quantified fifty-seven metabolites (Coarse leaves: 35, flowers; 42, immature fruits; 45). The statistical analysis showed apparent tissue-specific similarities (26 metabolites) and variations. Further, HPLC-DAD revealed absolute quantification of catechins, caffeine and theanine among the different parts of C. sinensis. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies of tea tissues against colorectal cancer cell lines showed anticancer potentials. This chemical information and anticancer activity of underutilized C. sinensis parts will help to develop value added nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smita Kapoor
- Dietetics& Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogendra Padwad
- Dietetics& Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176 061, HP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Characterization of Young Shoot Population, Yield, and Nitrogen Demands of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Harvested under Different Standards. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The quality of green tea is greatly influenced by the harvest standards for young shoots. The present field experiment was conducted to characterize the young shoot populations, yields, and nitrogen (N) demands of tea plants subjected to four different harvest standards, i.e., buds with one, two, or three young expanding leaves (referred to as B1L, B2L, and B3L, respectively) and a combination of B1L and B3L (B1L/B3L) throughout the year. Weight per shoot was closely related to the number of expanding leaves and was greater in B3L than B1L and B2L, and also greater in summer and autumn than in spring, whereas B1L revealed the greatest young shoot density and highest N concentration. Annual shoot yield and shoot N content were largest in B3L and decreased in the following order: B3L > B2L ≈ B1L/B3L > B1L. However, in the early spring the shoot density, yield, and shoot N content of B1L were much higher than those of B3L. The harvest of B3L significantly reduced the biomass of brown roots and its ratio against the above-ground biomass compared to other harvest standards, suggesting a decreased allocation of carbon to the root system due to seasonal removal. The N dilution curve (Nys = a × Yysb, where Nys is the shoot N content and Yys is the shoot yield) of spring tea differed markedly from those of summer and autumn teas, suggesting different coordination properties for shoot growth and N supply among the seasons. The annual harvest index (NHI) measured by 15N traces ranged between 0.18 and 0.23, indicating relatively low N allocation to young shoots, whereby large proportions (58.2–66.9% of the total 15N absorption) remained in the plant at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the seasonal distribution of the shoot density, weight per shoot, yield, and N demands vary with harvest standards and highlight the importance of N precision management in tea production to be finely tuned to meet the changes in harvest season and requirements.
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23
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Dai X, Shi X, Yang C, Zhao X, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Two UDP-Glycosyltransferases Catalyze the Biosynthesis of Bitter Flavonoid 7- O-Neohesperidoside through Sequential Glycosylation in Tea Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2354-2365. [PMID: 35133826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid glycosides are typical bitter and astringent tasting compounds that contribute to the taste of tea beverages. However, the genes that contribute to the biosynthesis of bitter compounds (e.g., flavanone 7-O-neohesperidoside) in tea plants have yet to be identified. In this study, we identified 194 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the tea transcriptome database. Among them, two genes, CsUGT75L12 and CsUGT79B28, encoding flavonoid 7-O-glycosyltransferase and 7-O-glucoside(1→2)rhamnosyltransferase, respectively, were identified from Camellia sinensis. In vitro, the purified recombinant enzyme rCsUGT75L12 specifically transports the glucose unit from UDP-glucose to the 7-OH position of the flavonoid to produce the respective 7-O-glucoside. rCsUGT79B28 regiospecifically transfers a rhamnose unit from UDP-rhamnose to the 2″-OH position of flavonoid 7-O-glucosides to produce flavonoid 7-O-di-glycosides. Additionally, the expression profiles of the two CsUGTs were correlated with the accumulation patterns of 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-neohesperidoside, respectively, in tea plants. These results indicated that the two CsUGTs are involved in the biosynthesis of bitter flavonoid 7-O-neohesperidoside through the sequential glucosylation and rhamnosylation of flavonoids in C. sinensis. Taken together, our findings provided not only molecular insights into flavonoid di-glycoside metabolism in tea plants but also crucial molecular markers for controlling the bitterness and astringent taste of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Dai
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Changli Yang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, Anhui, China
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24
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Metabolite differentiation and antiobesity effects between different grades of Yuexi Cuilan green tea. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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25
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Xu C, Liang L, Yang T, Feng L, Mao X, Wang Y. In-vitro bioactivity evaluation and non-targeted metabolomic analysis of green tea processed from different tea shoot maturity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Shi Y, Jiang X, Chen L, Li WW, Lai S, Fu Z, Liu Y, Qian Y, Gao L, Xia T. Functional Analyses of Flavonol Synthase Genes From Camellia sinensis Reveal Their Roles in Anther Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:753131. [PMID: 34659321 PMCID: PMC8517536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.753131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, including flavonol derivatives, are the main astringent compounds of tea and are beneficial to human health. Many researches have been conducted to comprehensively identify and characterize the phenolic compounds in the tea plant. However, the biological function of tea flavonoids is not yet understood, especially those accumulated in floral organs. In this study, the metabolic characteristics of phenolic compounds in different developmental stages of flower buds and various parts of the tea flower were investigated by using metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Targeted metabolomic analysis revealed varying accumulation patterns of different phenolic polyphenol compounds during flowering; moreover, the content of flavonol compounds gradually increased as the flowers opened. Petals and stamens were the main sites of flavone and flavonol accumulation. Compared with those of fertile flowers, the content of certain flavonols, such as kaempferol derivatives, in anthers of hybrid sterile flowers was significantly low. Transcriptomic analysis revealed different expression patterns of genes in the same gene family in tea flowers. The CsFLSb gene was significantly increased during flowering and was highly expressed in anthers. Compared with fertile flowers, CsFLSb was significantly downregulated in sterile flowers. Further functional verification of the three CsFLS genes indicated that CsFLSb caused an increase in flavonol content in transgenic tobacco flowers and that CsFLSa acted in leaves. Taken together, this study highlighted the metabolic properties of phenolic compounds in tea flowers and determined how the three CsFLS genes have different functions in the vegetative and reproductive organs of tea plants. Furthermore, CsFLSb could regulated flavonol biosynthesis in tea flowers, thus influencing fertility. This research is of great significance for balancing the reproductive growth and vegetative growth of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Linbo Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Tea Germplasm Innovation and Matching Cultivation, Menghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Sanyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yumei Qian
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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27
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Xu Y, Liang PL, Chen XL, Gong MJ, Zhang L, Qiu XH, Zhang J, Huang ZH, Xu W. The Impact of Citrus-Tea Cofermentation Process on Chemical Composition and Contents of Pu-Erh Tea: An Integrated Metabolomics Study. Front Nutr 2021; 8:737539. [PMID: 34604284 PMCID: PMC8484324 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.737539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganpu tea, an emerging pu-erh compound tea, which is cofermented with the peel of Citrus reticulata "Chachi," has been widely favored by Chinese consumers due to its potential health effects and distinct flavor and taste. So far, the influence of this cofermentation procedure on the chemical profile of pu-erh tea has barely been addressed yet. In this work, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE Orbitrap MS)-based qualitative and quantitative method combined with multivariate analysis was conducted to comprehensively investigate the chemical changes in pu-erh tea after cofermented with Citrus peel. A total of 171 compounds were identified based on a three-level strategy, among which seven phenolic acids, 11 flavan-3-ols, and 27 flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides were identified from pu-erh tea for the first time. Eighty-nine main constituents were selected for further quantitative analysis using a validated method. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) of untargeted metabolomics and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models of targeted components revealed the significant chemical profile disparity between the raw pu-erh tea and Ganpu tea. It showed that Citrus tea cofermentation process significantly decreased the total contents of phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, and flavonoid aglycones, while most of the quercetin glycosides and myricetin glycosides as well as the vitexin were significantly increased. In addition, hesperidin, a flavonoid glycoside only existed in Citrus, was first found in pu-erh tea after cofermented with Citrus. This study clearly profiled the chemical composition and content changes of pu-erh tea after cofermented with Citrus peel, which revealed that Citrus tea cofermentation process further accelerated the fermentation of pu-erh tea and improved the unique flavor of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pu-Lin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Jiong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Chen Y, Yi N, Yao SB, Zhuang J, Fu Z, Ma J, Yin S, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. CsHCT-Mediated Lignin Synthesis Pathway Involved in the Response of Tea Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10069-10081. [PMID: 34410120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that phenolic compounds such as lignin and flavonoids enhance plant resistance. Tea plants are rich in flavonoid compounds. Whether these compounds are related to tea plant resistance is unclear. In this study, an interesting conclusion was drawn on the basis of experimental results: in response to abiotic stress (except for sucrose treatment), gene expression was increased in the phenylpropanoid and lignin pathways and was reduced in the flavonoid pathway in tea plants. CsHCTs, the genes located at the branch point of the lignin and flavonoid pathways, are most suitable for regulating the ratio of carbon flow in the lignin pathway and flavonoid synthesis. Enzymatic and genetic modification experiments proved that CsHCTs encode hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the genetic modification results showed that the contents of phenolic acids and lignin were increased in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CsHCTs, whereas the content of flavonol glycosides was decreased. Both types of transgenic plants showed resistance to many abiotic stresses and bacterial infections. We speculate that CsHCTs participate in regulation of the metabolic flow of carbon from the flavonoid pathway to the chlorogenic acid, caffeoylshikimic acid, and lignin pathways to increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ning Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Sheng Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shixin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
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29
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He X, Huang R, Liu L, Li Y, Wang W, Xu Q, Yu Y, Zhou T. CsUGT78A15 catalyzes the anthocyanidin 3-O-galactoside biosynthesis in tea plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:738-749. [PMID: 34217130 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a group of natural water-soluble pigments in plants that contribute to the pink-purple color of a range of tissues. Because anthocyanins have various biological activities in human health, there is great research interest in the development of anthocyanin-rich foods and beverages, including purple shoot tea. Anthocyanidin 3-O-galactosides have been identified as one of the main anthocyanin components in purple shoot tea, but the enzyme responsible for their biosynthesis remains unclear. UDP-galactose anthocyanidin 3-O-galactosyltransferase (UA3GalT) is presumed to catalyze the galactosylation of anthocyanidin. Therefore, we assayed the UA3GalT activity in five tea samples with varying degrees of purple color and found that its activity was strongly positively correlated (r = 0.929, p < 0.05) with anthocyanin content. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment suggested that CsUGT78A15 encoded a UA3GalT enzyme. Enzymatic assays indicated that rCsUGT78A15 could catalyze the synthesis of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and delphinidin 3-O-galactoside using UDP-galactose as a sugar donor, and it showed higher catalytic efficiency towards delphinidin than cyanidin. These results indicate that CsUGT78A15 acts as a UA3GalT in vitro. Subcellular localization showed that CsUGT78A15 was located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nucleus, consistent with the location of anthocyanin synthesis. Transient overexpression of CsUGT78A15 in the fruit of mature 'Granny Smith' apples showed that the upregulation of CsUGT78A15 promoted cyanidin 3-O-galactoside accumulation in apple skins. These results suggested that CsUGT78A15 could catalyze galactosylation of anthocyanidins in planta. Our findings provide insight into the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqiu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronghao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youben Yu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianshan Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Wang Y, Cheng X, Yang T, Su Y, Lin S, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Nitrogen-Regulated Theanine and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Tea Plant Roots: Protein-Level Regulation Revealed by Multiomics Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10002-10016. [PMID: 34406741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Theanine and flavonoids (especially proanthocyanidins) are the most important and abundant secondary metabolites synthesized in the roots of tea plants. Nitrogen promotes theanine and represses flavonoid biosynthesis in tea plant roots, but the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Here, we analyzed theanine and flavonoid metabolism in tea plant roots under nitrogen deficiency and explored the regulatory mechanism using proteome and ubiquitylome profiling together with transcriptome data. Differentially expressed proteins responsive to nitrogen deficiency were identified and found to be enriched in flavonoid, nitrogen, and amino acid metabolism pathways. The proteins responding to nitrogen deficiency at the transcriptional level, translational level, and both transcriptional and translational levels were classified. Nitrogen-deficiency-responsive and ubiquitinated proteins were further identified. Our results showed that most genes encoding enzymes in the theanine synthesis pathway, such as CsAlaDC, CsGDH, and CsGOGATs, were repressed by nitrogen deficiency at transcriptional and/or protein level(s). While a large number of enzymes in flavonoid metabolism were upregulated at the transcriptional and/or translational level(s). Importantly, the ubiquitylomic analysis identified important proteins, especially the hub enzymes in theanine and flavonoid biosynthesis, such as CsAlaDC, CsTSI, CsGS, CsPAL, and CsCHS, modified by ubiquitination. This study provided novel insights into the regulation of theanine and flavonoid biosynthesis and will contribute to future studies on the post-translational regulation of secondary metabolism in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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Torres-León C, de Azevedo Ramos B, dos Santos Correia MT, Carneiro-da-Cunha MG, Ramirez-Guzman N, Alves LC, Brayner FA, Ascacio-Valdes J, Álvarez-Pérez OB, Aguilar CN. Antioxidant and anti-staphylococcal activity of polyphenolic-rich extracts from Ataulfo mango seed. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Zhao F, Chen M, Jin S, Wang S, Yue W, Zhang L, Ye N. Macro-composition quantification combined with metabolomics analysis uncovered key dynamic chemical changes of aging white tea. Food Chem 2021; 366:130593. [PMID: 34314928 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is a common belief in China that aging could improve the quality of white tea. However, the stored-induced compositional changes remain elusive. In this study, ten subsets of white tea samples, which had been stored for 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 10-, 11- and 13- years, were selected. Macro-compositions were quantified firstly. As the results showed, it was interesting to find total flavonoids, thearubigins (TRs), and theabrownines (TBs) increasing, accompanied with a gradual decrease of total polyphenols, which suggest a conversion of phenolic component in the aging process. Then, nontargeted metabolomics was further conducted on selected subsets of samples, including 1-, 7- and 13- years stored to profile their conversion. As a result, most different metabolites were related to flavonol glycosides and flavone glycosides, suggesting dynamic phenolic component changes were vital in aging. The partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) also identified them as markers in distinguishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China; College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Mingjie Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, 464000 China
| | - Shan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Shuyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wenjie Yue
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Lixiong Zhang
- Zhangyuanji Tea Co., Ltd., Fuding City, Fujian 355200, China
| | - Naixing Ye
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
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33
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Nguyen KNH, Nguyen NVT, Kim KH. Determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves, calyces, and fruits of Physalis angulata L. in Viet Nam. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e66044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Vietnam, Physalis angulata L. is a wild species growing throughout the country that is often used in traditional medicine. The aim of study was to quantify seven major compounds, including phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid) and flavonoids (rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, and kaempferol) in three aerial parts of P. angulata. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Kromasil C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, 0.2% ammonium acetate/0.1% formic acid in water and methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min; detection was at 250 and 300 nm. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.1–0.3 and 0.3–1.0 µg/mL, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to analyze active compounds in P. angulata and may be a useful tool for quality control of this plant.
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34
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Jiang L, Fan Z, Tong R, Yin H, Li J, Zhou X. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase of Camellia nitidissima Chi. promotes the synthesis of polyphenols better than flavonoids. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3903-3912. [PMID: 34052979 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Camellia nitidissima Chi. is an ornamental plant of the genus Camellia L. Its flowers contain a lot of flavonoids and polyphenols. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) plays an important role in the synthesis of flavonoids, polyphenols and anthocyanins. We used PCR amplification, quantitative PCR, High-performance liquid chromatography, subcellular localization, and agrobacterium-mediated leaf disk method to study the the function of CnF3'H. The full length of CnF3'H was 1859 bp (GenBank code: HQ290518.1), with an open reading frame of 1577 bp, and encoded 518 amino acid. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that CnF3'H was closely related to Camellia sinensis L. and C. sinensis cultivar Zhonghuang. CnF3'H was expressed in flowers, leaves, fruits, sepals, petals and stamens of C. nitidissima, and during the flowering process the expression level in flower decreased initially and then increased. CnF3'H expression was significantly positive correlated with polyphenol contents in C. nitidissima. A CnF3'H-EGFP expression vector was constructed to do the subcellular localization, we found that CnF3'H was obviously localized in the nuclear envelope and cytomembrane. In transgenic tobacco flowers, the total polyphenol content and various polyphenol constituents were significantly increased with high CnF3'H expression level, while total flavonoid contents and some flavonol constituents were increased slightly. These findings suggest that CnF3'H promotes the synthesis of polyphenols better than flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Zhengqi Fan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Ran Tong
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Jiyuan Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China. .,Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Xingwen Zhou
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350117, China.
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Wang L, Ma X, Ruan H, Chen Y, Gao L, Lei T, Li Y, Gui L, Guo L, Xia T, Wang Y. Optimization of the Biosynthesis of B-Ring Ortho-Hydroxy Lated Flavonoids Using the 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate 3-Hydroxylase Complex (HpaBC) of Escherichia coli. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102919. [PMID: 34069009 PMCID: PMC8156182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are important plant metabolites that exhibit a wide range of physiological and pharmaceutical functions. Because of their wide biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiaging and anticancer, they have been widely used in foods, nutraceutical and pharmaceuticals industries. Here, the hydroxylase complex HpaBC was selected for the efficient in vivo production of ortho-hydroxylated flavonoids. Several HpaBC expression vectors were constructed, and the corresponding products were successfully detected by feeding naringenin to vector-carrying strains. However, when HpaC was linked with an S-Tag on the C terminus, the enzyme activity was significantly affected. The optimal culture conditions were determined, including a substrate concentration of 80 mg·L−1, an induction temperature of 28 °C, an M9 medium, and a substrate delay time of 6 h after IPTG induction. Finally, the efficiency of eriodictyol conversion from P2&3-carrying strains fed naringin was up to 57.67 ± 3.36%. The same strategy was used to produce catechin and caffeic acid, and the highest conversion efficiencies were 35.2 ± 3.14 and 32.93 ± 2.01%, respectively. In this paper, the catalytic activity of HpaBC on dihydrokaempferol and kaempferol was demonstrated for the first time. This study demonstrates a feasible method for efficiently synthesizing in vivo B-ring dihydroxylated flavonoids, such as catechins, flavanols, dihydroflavonols and flavonols, in a bacterial expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Xiubing Ma
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Haixiang Ruan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Ting Lei
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Lin Gui
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Lina Guo
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.W.); (X.M.); (H.R.); (Y.C.); (L.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (L.G.); (L.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Correspondence:
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36
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Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Italian Green Tea, a New High Quality Niche Product. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hot beverage commonly known as tea results from the infusion of dried leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Ranking second only to water for its consumption worldwide, it has always been appreciated since antiquity for its aroma, taste characteristics, and beneficial effects on human health. There are many different processed tea types, including green tea, a non-fermented tea which, due to oxidation prevention maintains the structure of the bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols; these bioactive compounds show a number of benefits for the human health. The main producers of tea are China and India, followed by Kenya, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Vietnam, however recently new countries are entering the market, with quality niche productions, among which also Italy. The present research aimed to assess the bioactive compounds (polyphenols) and the antioxidant activity of two green teas (the “Camellia d’Oro” tea—TCO, and the “Compagnia del Lago” tea—TCL) produced in Italy, in the Lake Maggiore district, where nurserymen have recently started to cultivate C. sinensis. In this area the cultivation of acidophilic plants as ornamentals has been known since around 1820. Due to the crisis of the floricultural sector, producers have been trying to diversify their product in order to increase their competitiveness, starting to cultivate Italian tea. Their antioxidant activity was assessed, finding a similar or higher antioxidant capacity than in other green teas, as reported in literature. TCO showed a higher antioxidant activity (42,758.86 mmol Fe2+ kg−1; 532.37 µmol TE g−1 DW; 881.08 µmol TE g−1 DW) and phenolic content (14,918.91 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW) than TCL (25,796.61 mmol Fe2+ kg−1; 302.35 µmol TE g−1 DW; 623.44 µmol TE g−1 DW; 8540.42 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW). Through HPLC, a total of thirteen phenolic compounds were identified quantitatively, including catechins, benzoic acids, cinnamic acids, and flavonols, in TCO while only 9 in TCL, and mainly in lower amounts. Albeit with differences, both teas were found to be of quality proving that Italy could have the possibility to grow profitably C. sinensis.
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Aneklaphakij C, Saigo T, Watanabe M, Naake T, Fernie AR, Bunsupa S, Satitpatipan V, Tohge T. Diversity of Chemical Structures and Biosynthesis of Polyphenols in Nut-Bearing Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:642581. [PMID: 33889165 PMCID: PMC8056029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.642581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuts, such as peanut, almond, and chestnut, are valuable food crops for humans being important sources of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. Polyphenols, such as flavonoids, stilbenoids, and hydroxycinnamates, represent a group of plant-specialized (secondary) metabolites which are characterized as health-beneficial antioxidants within the human diet as well as physiological stress protectants within the plant. In food chemistry research, a multitude of polyphenols contained in culinary nuts have been studied leading to the identification of their chemical properties and bioactivities. Although functional elucidation of the biosynthetic genes of polyphenols in nut species is crucially important for crop improvement in the creation of higher-quality nuts and stress-tolerant cultivars, the chemical diversity of nut polyphenols and the key biosynthetic genes responsible for their production are still largely uncharacterized. However, current technical advances in whole-genome sequencing have facilitated that nut plant species became model plants for omics-based approaches. Here, we review the chemical diversity of seed polyphenols in majorly consumed nut species coupled to insights into their biological activities. Furthermore, we present an example of the annotation of key genes involved in polyphenolic biosynthesis in peanut using comparative genomics as a case study outlining how we are approaching omics-based approaches of the nut plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiwat Aneklaphakij
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tomoki Saigo
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Thomas Naake
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Somnuk Bunsupa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veena Satitpatipan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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Yap ESP, Uthairatanakij A, Laohakunjit N, Jitareerat P, Vaswani A, Magana AA, Morre J, Maier CS. Plant growth and metabolic changes in 'Super Hot' chili fruit (Capsicum annuum) exposed to supplemental LED lights. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110826. [PMID: 33691960 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different colors improve plant growth and increase levels of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the effect of red, blue, and red + blue LEDs (1:1) on the secondary metabolites composition in chili, focusing on capsaicinoids, at the top and middle of the plant canopy in 'Super Hot' chili. The accumulated yield of the chili fruit was the highest for control, followed by blue, red and red + blue LEDs, with the top canopy giving twice more yield than the middle canopy. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of chili fruit's methanolic extracts was used to determine capsaicinoids levels. Blue LEDs significantly increased nordihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin contents by 57 %, 43 %, 56 %, 28 %, and 54 %, respectively, compared to the control. Also, 24 tentatively annotated metabolites, including phenylalanine, cinnamate, and valine, which are involved in the biosynthesis of capsaicinoids, were semi-quantitatively evaluated to determine the impact of LED exposure on the biosynthetic pathway of capsaicinoids. Supplemental blue LED placed at the top and between the canopy may boost the levels of capsaicinoids in chili fruit grown in greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Shiau Ping Yap
- Division of Postharvest Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien), 49 Tientalay 25, Thakam, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Apiradee Uthairatanakij
- Division of Postharvest Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien), 49 Tientalay 25, Thakam, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Natta Laohakunjit
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien), 49 Tientalay 25, Thakam, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Pongphen Jitareerat
- Division of Postharvest Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Bangkhuntien), 49 Tientalay 25, Thakam, Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Ashish Vaswani
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Armando Alcazar Magana
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Morre
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Lin N, Liu X, Zhu W, Cheng X, Wang X, Wan X, Liu L. Ambient Ultraviolet B Signal Modulates Tea Flavor Characteristics via Shifting a Metabolic Flux in Flavonoid Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3401-3414. [PMID: 33719437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tea leaves contain an extraordinarily high level of flavonoids that contribute to tea health benefits and flavor characteristics, but the regulatory mechanism of ambient ultraviolet B (UV-B) on tea flavonoid enrichment remains unclear. Here, we report that ambient UV-B modulates tea quality by inducing a metabolic flux in flavonoid biosynthesis. UV-B absence decreased bitter- and astringent-tasting flavonol glycosides (kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-7-O-glucoside) but increased non-galloylated catechins. Conversely, supplementary UV-B increased flavonols and decreased catechins in tea leaves. These responses were achieved via CsHY5, which mediates the UV-B-induced MYB12 activation and binds to the promoters of flavonoid biosynthetic genes (CsFLS, CsLARa, and CsDFRa), leading to flavonoid changes. Transcriptomic data indicated that UV-B-induced tea flavonoid regulation is responsive to multiple biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. These findings improve our understanding of light-regulated tea astringency and bitterness underlying shading effects and seasonal light changes and provide novel insights into tea cultivation management and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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Feng J, Yang C, Zhao Z, Xu J, Li J, Li P. Application of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for the Biosynthesis of l-Theanine. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:620-631. [PMID: 33719397 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
l-Theanine, as an active component of the leaves of the tea plant, possesses many health benefits and broad applications. Chemical synthesis of l-theanine is possible; however, this method generates chiral compounds and needs further isolation of the pure l-isoform. Heterologous biosynthesis is an alternative strategy, but one main limitation is the toxicity of the substrate ethylamine on microbial host cells. In this study, we introduced a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system for l-theanine production. The CFPS expressed l-theanine synthetase 2 from Camellia sinensis (CsTS2) could produce l-theanine at a concentration of 11.31 μM after 32 h of the synthesis reaction. In addition, three isozymes from microorganisms were expressed in CFPS for l-theanine biosynthesis. The γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase from Escherichia coli could produce l-theanine at the highest concentration of 302.96 μM after 24 h of reaction. Furthermore, CFPS was used to validate a hypothetical two-step l-theanine biosynthetic pathway consisting of the l-alanine decarboxylase from C. sinensis (CsAD) and multiple l-theanine synthases. Among them, the combination of CsAD and the l-glutamine synthetase from Pseudomonas taetrolens (PtGS) could synthesize l-theanine at the highest concentration of 13.42 μM. Then, we constructed an engineered E. coli strain overexpressed CsAD and PtGS to further confirm the l-theanine biosynthesis ability in living cells. This engineered E. coli strain could convert l-alanine and l-glutamate in the medium to l-theanine at a concentration of 3.82 mM after 72 h of fermentation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the CFPS system can be used to produce the l-theanine through the two-step l-theanine biosynthesis pathway, indicating the potential application of CFPS for the biosynthesis of other active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Feng
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhehao Zhao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junjian Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ping Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Fang K, Xia Z, Li H, Jiang X, Qin D, Wang Q, Wang Q, Pan C, Li B, Wu H. Genome-wide association analysis identified molecular markers associated with important tea flavor-related metabolites. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:42. [PMID: 33642595 PMCID: PMC7917101 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic secondary metabolites in tea (theanine, caffeine, and catechins) are important factors contributing to unique tea flavors. However, there has been relatively little research on molecular markers related to these metabolites. Thus, we conducted a genome-wide association analysis of the levels of these tea flavor-related metabolites in three seasons. The theanine, caffeine, and catechin levels in Population 1 comprising 191 tea plant germplasms were examined, which revealed that their heritability exceeded 0.5 in the analyzed seasons, with the following rank order (highest to lowest heritabilities): (+)-catechin > (-)-gallocatechin gallate > caffeine = (-)-epicatechin > (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate > theanine > (-)-epigallocatechin > (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate > catechin gallate > (+)-gallocatechin. The SNPs detected by amplified-fragment SNP and methylation sequencing divided Population 1 into three groups and seven subgroups. An association analysis yielded 307 SNP markers related to theanine, caffeine, and catechins that were common to all three seasons. Some of the markers were pleiotropic. The functional annotation of 180 key genes at the SNP loci revealed that FLS, UGT, MYB, and WD40 domain-containing proteins, as well as ATP-binding cassette transporters, may be important for catechin synthesis. KEGG and GO analyses indicated that these genes are associated with metabolic pathways and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Moreover, in Population 2 (98 tea plant germplasm resources), 30 candidate SNPs were verified, including 17 SNPs that were significantly or extremely significantly associated with specific metabolite levels. These results will provide a foundation for future research on important flavor-related metabolites and may help accelerate the breeding of new tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixing Fang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 570100, China
- Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dandan Qin
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qiushuang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chendong Pan
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bo Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hualing Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Li H, Lin Q, Yan M, Wang M, Wang P, Zhao H, Wang Y, Ni D, Guo F. Relationship between Secondary Metabolism and miRNA for Important Flavor Compounds in Different Tissues of Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) As Revealed by Genome-Wide miRNA Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2001-2012. [PMID: 33538166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the regulatory relationship between important flavor compounds and microRNA (miRNA) in nine different tissues of tea plant by analyzing the related metabolites, small RNAs (sRNAs), degradome, and coexpression network. A total of 272 differential expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were obtained, including 198 conserved miRNAs and 74 novel miRNAs. Meanwhile, the expression patterns of miR159-GAMYB, miR167-ARF, and miR396-GRF pairs were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and the target sites were verified by 5'RNA ligase-mediated RACE (5' RLM-RACE). Further coexpression analysis showed that the content of gallated catechins was significantly and negatively correlated with the expression of miR156, but positively correlated with the expression of miR166 and miR172. Additionally, the expression of miR169a, miR169l, and miR319h was shown to be positively correlated with the content of nongallated catechins and the experssion levels of ANRa, ANRb, and LARb. Moreover, important volatile compounds, such as linalool, geraniol, and 2-phenylethanol, were found to be highly positively correlated with the expression of miR171o, miRN71a, miRN71b, miRN71c, and miRN71d. Our data indicate that these miRNAs may play important roles in regulating the biosynthesis of flavor compounds in different tissues of tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Krishnatreya DB, Agarwala N, Gill SS, Bandyopadhyay T. Understanding the role of miRNAs for improvement of tea quality and stress tolerance. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:34-46. [PMID: 33421509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of small non-coding RNAs that exhibit important role in regulation of gene expression, mostly through the mechanism of cleavage and/or inhibition of translation of target mRNAs during or after transcription. Although much has been unravelled about the role of miRNAs in diverse biological processes like maintenance of functional integrity of genes and genome, growth and development, metabolism, and adaptive responses towards biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, not much is known on their specific roles in majority of cash crops - an area of investigation with potentially significant and gainful economic implications. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is globally the second most consumed beverage after water and its cultivation has major agro-economic and social ramifications. In recent years, global tea production has been greatly challenged by many biotic and abiotic stress factors and a deeper understanding of molecular processes regulating stress adaptation in this largely under investigated crop stands to significantly facilitate potential crop improvement strategies towards durable stress tolerance. This review endeavours to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the role of miRNAs in regulating stress tolerance traits in tea plant with additional focus on their role in determining tea quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niraj Agarwala
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Center for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Costarelli A, Cannavò S, Cerri M, Pellegrino RM, Reale L, Paolocci F, Pasqualini S. Light and Temperature Shape the Phenylpropanoid Profile of Azolla filiculoides Fronds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:727667. [PMID: 34745161 PMCID: PMC8567065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.727667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Azolla is a genus of floating freshwater ferns. By their high growth and N2 fixation rates, Azolla species have been exploited for centuries by populations of South-east Asia as biofertilizers in rice paddies. The use of Azolla species as a sustainable plant material for diverse applications, such as feeding, biofuel production, and bioremediation, has encountered a growing interest over the last few years. However, high levels of feed deterrent flavonoids in their fronds have discouraged the use of these ferns as a sustainable protein source for animal consumption. Additionally, information on how and to what extent environmental determinants affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites in these organisms remains poorly understood. Moving from these considerations, here, we investigated by an untargeted metabolomics approach the profiles of phenylpropanoid compounds in the fronds of Azolla filiculoides sampled under control and pigment-inducing stress conditions. In parallel, we assayed the expression of essential structural genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway by quantitative RT-PCR. This study provides novel information concerning A. filiculoides phenylpropanoid compounds and their temporal profiling in response to environmental stimuli. In particular, we show that besides the already known 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins, this fern can accumulate additional secondary metabolites of outstanding importance, such as chemoattractants, defense compounds, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, and crucial as dietary components for humans, such as dihydrochalcones, stilbenes, isoflavones, and phlobaphenes. The findings of this study open an opportunity for future research studies to unveil the interplay between genetic and environmental determinants underlying the elicitation of the secondary metabolites in ferns and exploit these organisms as sustainable sources of beneficial metabolites for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Costarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Cannavò
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Cerri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lara Reale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Paolocci
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Wang P, Zhang L, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zhang H, Han Y, Jiang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolic Fluxes from Leucoanthocyanins to Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins (PAs). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15142-15153. [PMID: 33307696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins and PAs are the two most common flavonoids, which are widely present among diverse species. Great progress has been made in their synthesis and regulation. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic fluxes from their synthetic precursor leucoanthocyanins, which were obtained by overexpression of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) in vitro and in vivo. The unstable product leucocyanidin generated in the CsDFRa enzymatic reaction was easily converted into C-type carbocations under weak acidic conditions, which could be further involved in the synthesis of C-type PAs in vitro. Additionally, the metabolites in tobacco overexpressing CsDFRa and Arabidopsis thaliana DFR and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) mutants were investigated. In CsDFRa transgenic tobacco, the content of anthocyanins in the petals was greatly increased, but no catechin or PA was detected. In A. thaliana, EC-type carbocation was mainly accumulated in the wild type (WT), and the C-type carbocation was only detected in the ans mutant. In tea plant, the accumulation of C-type PAs is strong positively correlated with the expression of CsDFRa. In summary, leucocyanidin is not only involved in the synthesis of downstream anthocyanin and epicatechin but also can be converted into C-type carbocation to participate in the synthesis of C-type PAs. Hence, from leucocyanidin, three metabolic fluxes were formed toward catechin, cyanidin, and C-type carbocation. These results enriched the metabolic fluxes of leucoanthocyanins and further elaborated the roles of DFR in the process of C-type PA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yahui Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Hoque N, Sohrab MH, Afroz F, Rony SR, Sharmin S, Moni F, Hasan CM, Rana MS. Cytotoxic metabolites from Thysanolaena maxima Roxb. available in Bangladesh. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze, a perennial grass plant, is usually distributed in hilly regions of the Indian Subcontinent. Different parts of T. maxima have been used as herbal medicine by traditional healers of this region. In this present study, T. maxima plant extract has been screened for examination of its secondary metabolite content with their probable cytotoxic activity.
Methods
Secondary metabolites of the crude T. maxima plant extract were isolated by different chromatographic methods. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (1H NMR, 13C NMR) as well as comparison with available literature sources. Antiradical activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay and antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method of the fractions and cytotoxic activity by trypan blue exclusion method of the isolated compounds were also evaluated.
Results
Three phenolic compounds 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3) and two steroids stigmast-4-en-3-one (4) and β-stigmasterol (5) were isolated from the aerial part of T. maxima. Among the compounds 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and stigmast-4-en-3-one exhibited notable cytotoxic activity against African Green Monkey Kidney Cell line (Vero cell).
Conclusion
Bioassay investigation of the isolated compounds and fractions suggested that T. maxima could be a potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites.
Graphical abstract
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Wu LY, Lv YQ, Ye Y, Liang YR, Ye JH. Transcriptomic and Translatomic Analyses Reveal Insights into the Developmental Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Young Shoots of Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10750-10762. [PMID: 32818378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of secondary metabolites in the young shoots of tea plants is developmentally modulated, especially flavonoids. Here, we investigate the developmental regulation mechanism of secondary metabolism in the developing leaves of tea plants using an integrated multiomic approach. For the pair of Leaf2/Bud, the correlation coefficient of the fold change of mRNA and RPFs abundances involved in flavonoid biosynthesis was 0.9359, being higher than that of RPFs and protein (R2 = 0.6941). These correlations were higher than the corresponding correlation coefficients for secondary metabolisms and genome-wide scale. Metabolomic analysis demonstrates that the developmental modulations of the structural genes for flavonoid biosynthesis-related pathways align with the concentration changes of catechin and flavonol glycoside groups. Relatively high translational efficiency (TE > 2) was observed in the four flavonoid structural genes (chalcone isomerase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, anthocyanidin synthase, and flavonol synthase). In addition, we originally provided the information on identified small open reading frames (small ORFs) and main ORFs in tea leaves and elaborated that the presence of upstream ORFs may have a repressive effect on the translation of downstream ORFs. Our data suggest that transcriptional regulation coordinates with translational regulation and may contribute to the elevation of translational efficiencies for the structural genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways during tea leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Qing Lv
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
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Comparative analysis of phenolic compound metabolism among tea plants in the section Thea of the genus Camellia. Food Res Int 2020; 135:109276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pawłowska KA, Strawa J, Tomczyk M, Granica S. Changes in the phenolic contents and composition of Persicaria odorata fresh and dried leaves. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fu Z, Jiang X, Li WW, Shi Y, Lai S, Zhuang J, Yao S, Liu Y, Hu J, Gao L, Xia T. Proanthocyanidin-Aluminum Complexes Improve Aluminum Resistance and Detoxification of Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7861-7869. [PMID: 32680420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) influences crop yield in acidic soil. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) has high Al tolerance with abundant monomeric catechins in its leaves, especially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and polymeric proanthocyanidins in its roots (rPA). The role of these polyphenols in the Al resistance of tea plants is unclear. In this study, we observed that these polyphenols could form complexes with Al in vitro, and complexation capacity was positively influenced by high solution pH (pH 5.8), polyphenol type (rPA and EGCG), and high Al concentration. In the 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment, rPA-Al and EGCG-Al complex signals could be detected both in vitro and in vivo. The rPA-Al and EGCG-Al complexes were detected in roots and old leaves, respectively, of both greenhouse seedlings and tea garden plants. Furthermore, in seedlings, Al accumulated in roots and old leaves and mostly existed in the apoplast in binding form. These results indicate that the formation of complexes with tea polyphenols in vivo plays a vital role in Al resistance in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Sanyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Juhua Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Shengbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Jingwei Hu
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui CN 230036, China
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