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Lipoic acid prevents mirtazapine-induced weight gain in mice without impairs its antidepressant-like action in a neuroendocrine model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113667. [PMID: 34798169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mirtazapine (MIRT) is a multi-target antidepressant used in treatment of severe depression with promising efficacy, but also with important side effects, mainly sedation and weight gain. Thus, the present study aimed to test the effects of the neuroprotective antioxidant lipoic acid (ALA) in the reversal of weight and metabolic changes induced by MIRT in corticosterone-induced depression model in mice, as well as proposed mechanisms for their association antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects. To do these male Swiss mice received Tween 80 (control), corticosterone (CORT 20 mg / kg), MIRT (3 mg / kg) and ALA (100 or 200 mg / kg), alone or associated for 21 days. After this, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests for affective and cognitive domains. Daily weight changes, blood cholesterol fractions and corticosterone were measured. Also, hippocampus (HC) protein expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT), synaptophysin, protein kinase B-Akt (total and phosphorylated) and the cytokines IL-4 and IL-6 were investigated. CORT induced a marked depression-like behavior, memory deficits, metabolic changes (total cholesterol and LDL) and increased serum corticosterone. Also, CORT increased SERT expression in the HC. MIRT alone or combined with ALA sustained its antidepressant-like effect, as well as reversed CORT-induced impairment in spatial recognition memory. Additionally, the association MIRT+ALA200 reversed the weight gain induced by the former antidepressant, as well as reduced serum corticosterone levels and SERT expression in the HC. ALA alone induced significant weight loss and reduced total cholesterol and HDL fraction. Our findings provide promising evidence about the ALA potential to prevent metabolic and weight changes associated to MIRT, without impair its antidepressant and pro-cognition actions. Therefore, ALA+MIRT combination could represent a new therapeutic strategy for treating depression with less side effects.
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Glucocorticoids: Fuelling the Fire of Atherosclerosis or Therapeutic Extinguishers? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147622. [PMID: 34299240 PMCID: PMC8303333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones with key roles in the regulation of many physiological systems including energy homeostasis and immunity. However, chronic glucocorticoid excess, highlighted in Cushing's syndrome, is established as being associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Atherosclerosis is the major cause of CVD, leading to complications including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. While the associations between glucocorticoid excess and increased prevalence of these complications are well established, the mechanisms underlying the role of glucocorticoids in development of atheroma are unclear. This review aims to better understand the importance of glucocorticoids in atherosclerosis and to dissect their cell-specific effects on key processes (e.g., contractility, remodelling and lesion development). Clinical and pre-clinical studies have shown both athero-protective and pro-atherogenic responses to glucocorticoids, effects dependent upon their multifactorial actions. Evidence indicates regulation of glucocorticoid bioavailability at the vasculature is complex, with local delivery, pre-receptor metabolism, and receptor expression contributing to responses linked to vascular remodelling and inflammation. Further investigations are required to clarify the mechanisms through which endogenous, local glucocorticoid action and systemic glucocorticoid treatment promote/inhibit atherosclerosis. This will provide greater insights into the potential benefit of glucocorticoid targeted approaches in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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3
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Aimo A, Pascual-Figal DA, Barison A, Cediel G, Vicente ÁH, Saccaro LF, Emdin M, Bayes-Genis A. Colchicine for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 31:497-504. [PMID: 33096241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and particularly myocardial infarction (MI), are associated with a systemic inflammatory response that may accelerate coronary atherosclerotic processes, leading to plaque destabilization and increased risk of further cardiovascular events. These considerations provide a conceptual framework for the use of anti-inflammatory therapies in patients with chronic coronary syndrome or ACS. Following the diverging results of trials on canakinumab and methotrexate, the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) and the Low-Dose Colchicine trial-2 (LoDoCo2) have sparked new interest in the perspective of an anti-inflammatory therapy for CAD by showing that colchicine confers a prognostic benefit in patients with a recent MI or CCS, respectively. Colchicine blocks multiple steps of the inflammatory cascade and modulates also platelet function and endothelial activation. It has a better safety profile than canakinumab and is a very inexpensive drug throughout the world. We deemed it useful to reappraise the available literature on colchicine and coronary artery disease to assess the likelihood that it might become part of the therapeutic armamentarium of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aimo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domingo A Pascual-Figal
- Cardiology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrea Barison
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Germán Cediel
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Álvaro Hernández Vicente
- Cardiology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luigi F Saccaro
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Luijten IHN, Brooks K, Boulet N, Shabalina IG, Jaiprakash A, Carlsson B, Fischer AW, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Glucocorticoid-Induced Obesity Develops Independently of UCP1. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1686-1698.e5. [PMID: 31067456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An excess of glucocorticoids leads to the development of obesity in both mice and humans, but the mechanism for this is unknown. Here, we determine the extent to which decreased BAT thermogenic capacity (as a result of glucocorticoid treatment) contributes to the development of obesity. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that only in mice housed at thermoneutrality (30°C) does corticosterone treatment reduce total BAT UCP1 protein. This reduction is reflected in reduced brown adipocyte cellular and mitochondrial UCP1-dependent respiration. However, glucocorticoid-induced obesity develops to the same extent in animals housed at 21°C and 30°C, whereas total BAT UCP1 protein levels differ 100-fold between the two groups. In corticosterone-treated wild-type and UCP1 knockout mice housed at 30°C, obesity also develops to the same extent. Thus, our results demonstrate that the development of glucocorticoid-induced obesity is not caused by a decreased UCP1-dependent thermogenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke H N Luijten
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ankita Jaiprakash
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Carlsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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van der Sluis RJ, Hoekstra M. Glucocorticoids are active players and therapeutic targets in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110728. [PMID: 31968221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal-derived glucocorticoids mediate the physiological response to stress. Chronic disturbances in glucocorticoid homeostasis, i.e. in Addison's and Cushing's disease patients, predispose to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Here we review preclinical and clinical findings regarding the relation between changes in plasma glucocorticoid levels and the atherosclerosis extent. It appears that, although the altered glucocorticoid function can in most cases be restored in the different patient groups, current therapies do not necessarily reverse the associated risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In our opinion much attention should therefore be given to the development of a Cushing's disease mouse model that can (1) effectively replicate the effect of hypercortisolemia on atherosclerosis outcome observed in humans and (2) be used to investigate, in a preclinical setting, the relative impact on atherosclerosis susceptibility of already available (e.g. metyrapone) and potentially novel (i.e. SR-BI activity modulators) therapeutic agents that target the adrenal glucocorticoid output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J van der Sluis
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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6
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Jeries H, Volkova N, Grajeda-Iglesias C, Najjar M, Rosenblat M, Aviram M, Hayek T. Prednisone and Its Active Metabolite Prednisolone Attenuate Lipid Accumulation in Macrophages. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 25:174-186. [PMID: 31648564 DOI: 10.1177/1074248419883591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic forms of glucocorticoids (GCs; eg, prednisone, prednisolone) are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used in clinical practice. The role of GCs in cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, is highly controversial, and their impact on macrophage foam cell formation is still unknown. We investigated the effects of prednisone and prednisolone on macrophage oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with prednisone or prednisolone (5 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, followed by lipid metabolism analyses in the aorta and peritoneal macrophages. We also analyzed the effect of serum samples obtained from 9 healthy human volunteers before and after oral administration of prednisone (20 mg for 5 days) on J774A.1 macrophage atherogenicity. Finally, J774A.1 macrophages, human monocyte-derived macrophages, and fibroblasts were incubated with increasing concentrations (0-200 ng/mL) of prednisone or prednisolone, followed by determination of cellular oxidative status, and triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Prednisone and prednisolone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation in macrophages, as observed in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. These effects were associated with GCs' inhibitory effect on triglyceride- and cholesterol-biosynthesis rates, through downregulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and HMG-CoA reductase expression. Glucocorticoid-induced reduction of cellular lipid accumulation was mediated by the GC receptors on the macrophages, because the GC-receptor antagonist (RU486) abolished these effects. In fibroblasts, unlike macrophages, GCs showed no effects. CONCLUSION Prednisone and prednisolone exhibit antiatherogenic activity by protecting macrophages from lipid accumulation and foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helana Jeries
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nina Volkova
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Claudia Grajeda-Iglesias
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mahmoud Najjar
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mira Rosenblat
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tony Hayek
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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7
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Nahon JE, Hoekstra M, Van Eck M. Total body proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) deficiency increases atherosclerosis susceptibility in apolipoprotein E knockout and low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:315-316. [PMID: 30477757 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joya E Nahon
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Rozendaal YJW, Wang Y, Paalvast Y, Tambyrajah LL, Li Z, Willems van Dijk K, Rensen PCN, Kuivenhoven JA, Groen AK, Hilbers PAJ, van Riel NAW. In vivo and in silico dynamics of the development of Metabolic Syndrome. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006145. [PMID: 29879115 PMCID: PMC5991635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex, multifactorial disorder that develops slowly over time presenting itself with large differences among MetS patients. We applied a systems biology approach to describe and predict the onset and progressive development of MetS, in a study that combined in vivo and in silico models. A new data-driven, physiological model (MINGLeD: Model INtegrating Glucose and Lipid Dynamics) was developed, describing glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Since classic kinetic models cannot describe slowly progressing disorders, a simulation method (ADAPT) was used to describe longitudinal dynamics and to predict metabolic concentrations and fluxes. This approach yielded a novel model that can describe long-term MetS development and progression. This model was integrated with longitudinal in vivo data that was obtained from male APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for three months and that developed MetS as reflected by classical symptoms including obesity and glucose intolerance. Two distinct subgroups were identified: those who developed dyslipidemia, and those who did not. The combination of MINGLeD with ADAPT could correctly predict both phenotypes, without making any prior assumptions about changes in kinetic rates or metabolic regulation. Modeling and flux trajectory analysis revealed that differences in liver fluxes and dietary cholesterol absorption could explain this occurrence of the two different phenotypes. In individual mice with dyslipidemia dietary cholesterol absorption and hepatic turnover of metabolites, including lipid fluxes, were higher compared to those without dyslipidemia. Predicted differences were also observed in gene expression data, and consistent with the emergence of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, two well-known MetS co-morbidities. Whereas MINGLeD specifically models the metabolic derangements underlying MetS, the simulation method ADAPT is generic and can be applied to other diseases where dynamic modeling and longitudinal data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J. W. Rozendaal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yared Paalvast
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren L. Tambyrajah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. J. Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A. W. van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Frampton G, Kain J, Hadidi K, Williams E, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Glucocorticoids Cause Gender-Dependent Reversal of Hepatic Fibrosis in the MDR2-Knockout Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2389. [PMID: 29125588 PMCID: PMC5713358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cholestasis is associated with a significant suppression of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of the HPA axis by corticosterone treatment can reverse liver inflammation and fibrosis in a multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (MDR2KO) transgenic mouse model of hepatic cholestasis. Friend Virus B NIH-Jackson (FVBN) control and MDR2KO male and female mice were treated with vehicle or corticosterone for two weeks, then serum and liver analyses of hepatic cholestasis markers were performed. Indicators of inflammation, such as increased numbers of macrophages, were determined. MDR2KO mice had lower corticotropin releasing hormone and corticosterone levels than FVBN controls in the serum. There was a large accumulation of CD68 and F4/80 macrophages in MDR2KO mice livers, which indicated greater inflammation compared to FVBNs, an effect reversed by corticosterone treatment. Intrahepatic biliary duct mass, collagen deposition and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were found to be much higher in livers of MDR2KO mice than in controls; corticosterone treatment significantly decreased these fibrosis markers. When looking at the gender-specific response to corticosterone treatment, male MDR2KO mice tended to have a more pronounced reversal of liver fibrosis than females treated with corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Karam Hadidi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Elaina Williams
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX 76504, USA.
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10
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Zielińska KA, Van Moortel L, Opdenakker G, De Bosscher K, Van den Steen PE. Endothelial Response to Glucocorticoids in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:592. [PMID: 28018358 PMCID: PMC5155119 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium plays a crucial role in inflammation. A balanced control of inflammation requires the action of glucocorticoids (GCs), steroidal hormones with potent cell-specific anti-inflammatory properties. Besides the classic anti-inflammatory effects of GCs on leukocytes, recent studies confirm that endothelial cells also represent an important target for GCs. GCs regulate different aspects of endothelial physiology including expression of adhesion molecules, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and maintenance of endothelial barrier integrity. However, the regulation of endothelial GC sensitivity remains incompletely understood. In this review, we specifically examine the endothelial response to GCs in various inflammatory diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis, stroke, sepsis, and vasculitis to atherosclerosis. Shedding more light on the cross talk between GCs and endothelium will help to improve existing therapeutic strategies and develop new therapies better tailored to the needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina A. Zielińska
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Van Moortel
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent, VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Verhoeven F, Prati C, Maguin-Gaté K, Wendling D, Demougeot C. Glucocorticoids and endothelial function in inflammatory diseases: focus on rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:258. [PMID: 27814748 PMCID: PMC5097358 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic autoimmune disease characterized by articular and extra-articular manifestations involving cardiovascular (CV) diseases. RA increases the CV mortality by up to 50 % compared with the global population and CV disease is the leading cause of death in patients with RA. There is growing evidence that RA favors accelerated atherogenesis secondary to endothelial dysfunction (ED) that occurs early in the course of the disease. ED is a functional and reversible alteration of endothelial cells, leading to a shift of the actions of the endothelium towards reduced vasodilation, proinflammatory state, proliferative and prothrombotic properties. The mechanistic links between RA and ED have not been fully explained, but growing evidence suggests a role for traditional CV factors, auto-antibodies, genetic factors, oxidative stress, inflammation and iatrogenic interventions such as glucocorticoids (GCs) use. GCs have been used in RA for several decades. Whilst their deleterious CV side effects were described in the 1950s, their effect on CV risk associated with inflammatory arthritis remains subject for debate. GC might induce negative effects on endothelial function, via a direct effect on endothelium or via increasing CV risk factors. Conversely, they might actually improve endothelial function by decreasing systemic and/or vascular inflammation. The present review summarizes the available data on the impact of GCs on endothelial function, both in normal and inflammatory conditions, with a special focus on RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Verhoeven
- EA 4267 FDE, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030, Besancon, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHRU Besançon, F-25030, Besançon, France
| | - Clément Prati
- EA 4267 FDE, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030, Besancon, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, CHRU Besançon, F-25030, Besançon, France
| | - Katy Maguin-Gaté
- EA 4267 FDE, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030, Besancon, France
| | - Daniel Wendling
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHRU Besançon, F-25030, Besançon, France.,EA 4266, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030, Besancon, France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- EA 4267 FDE, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030, Besancon, France.
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12
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Lagraauw HM, Kuiper J, Bot I. Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:18-30. [PMID: 26256574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and identification and therapeutic modulation of all its risk factors is necessary to ensure a lower burden on the patient and on society. The physiological response to acute and chronic stress exposure has long been recognized as a potent modulator of immune, endocrine and metabolic pathways, however its direct implications for cardiovascular disease development, progression and as a therapeutic target are not completely understood. More and more attention is given to the bidirectional interaction between psychological and physical health in relation to cardiovascular disease. With atherosclerosis being a chronic disease starting already at an early age the contribution of adverse early life events in affecting adult health risk behavior, health status and disease development is receiving increased attention. In addition, experimental research into the biological pathways involved in stress-induced cardiovascular complications show important roles for metabolic and immunologic maladaptation, resulting in increased disease development and progression. Here we provide a concise overview of human and experimental animal data linking chronic and acute stress to CVD risk and increased progression of the underlying disease atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Out C, Dikkers A, Laskewitz A, Boverhof R, van der Ley C, Kema IP, Wolters H, Havinga R, Verkade HJ, Kuipers F, Tietge UJF, Groen AK. Prednisolone increases enterohepatic cycling of bile acids by induction of Asbt and promotes reverse cholesterol transport. J Hepatol 2014; 61:351-7. [PMID: 24681341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Glucocorticoids, produced by the adrenal gland under control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, exert their metabolic actions largely via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs but their application is hampered by adverse metabolic effects. Recently, it has been shown that GR may regulate several genes involved in murine bile acid (BA) and cholesterol metabolism, yet the physiological relevance hereof is controversial. The aim of this study is to provide a mechanistic basis for effects of prednisolone on BA and cholesterol homeostasis in mice. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were treated with prednisolone (12.5mg/kg/day) for 7days by subcutaneous implantation of slow-release pellets, followed by extensive metabolic profiling. RESULTS Sustained prednisolone treatment induced the expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) in the ileum, which stimulated BA absorption. This resulted in elevated plasma BA levels and enhanced biliary BA secretion. Concomitantly, both biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion rates were increased. Enhanced BA reabsorption suppressed hepatic BA synthesis, as evident from hepatic gene expression, reduced plasma C4 levels and reduced fecal BA loss. Plasma HDL cholesterol levels were elevated in prednisolone-treated mice, which likely contributed to the stimulated flux of cholesterol from intraperitoneally injected macrophage foam cells into feces. CONCLUSIONS Sustained prednisolone treatment increases enterohepatic recycling of BA, leading to elevated plasma levels and reduced synthesis in the absence of cholestasis. Under these conditions, prednisolone promotes macrophage-derived reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Out
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arne Dikkers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Laskewitz
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Boverhof
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Wolters
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe J F Tietge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands
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