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Grzesiak-Gasek I, Kaczmarek U. Influence of Swimming Training Session on Selected Saliva Components in Youth Swimmers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:869903. [PMID: 35492619 PMCID: PMC9047765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.869903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may induce many changes in biochemical parameters of the saliva. Thanks to non-invasive access, saliva can be used as a diagnostic material in physical activity monitoring. The aim of the study was comparison of selected salivary components in swimmers before and after training session. 40 male subjects aged 12–15, out of whom 30 were competitive swimmers and 10 control were involved in the study. Salivary samples were collected from all subjects in the morning, and in the afternoon; from the swimmers, they were also collected before and after the workout. Salivary flow rate-V, pH, total protein-P, alpha-amylase-Amy, salivary peroxidase-SPO, cortisol-C, total antioxidant status-TAS, sialic acid (free-FSA, bound-GSA, total-TSA), calcium-Ca, magnesium-Mg were measured. The swimmers assessed the workout intensity of training session using the RPE Foster’s scale. The circadian rhythm pattern of some salivary components and differences after training were found. In swimmers after the morning exercise significant increase of P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.10 ± 0.58 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 87.07 ± 92.46IU/L), Ca (3.83 ± 1.33 vs. 4.99 ± 2.24 mg/L), Mg (0.52 ± 0.32 vs. 0.73 ± 0.34 mg/L), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.72 ± 0.26 mmol/L) and decrease V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.36 ± 0.22 mg/min), C (5.86 ± 5.00 vs. 3.54 ± 5.07 μg/ml) were found. After the afternoon training significant increase of pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.27 ± 0.24), Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 130.91 ± 161.14IU/L), Ca (3.72 ± 1.34 vs. 4.61 ± 1.58 mg/L), Mg (0.48 ± 0.28 vs. 0.60 ± 0.39 mg/L), TSA (5.64 ± 3.78 vs. 6.10 ± 3.08 mg/L), GSA (3.00 ± 3.06 vs. 3.38 ± 2.26 mg/L), and decrease of V (0.63 ± 0.63 vs. 0.49 ± 0.39 ml/min) were noticed. Before training in the morning in the swimmers significantly higher of V (0.47 ± 0.37 vs. 0.26 ± 0.15 mg/min), TAS (0.64 ± 0.27 vs. 0.40 ± 0.16 mmol/L), and lower pH (7.01 ± 0.46 vs. 7.53 ± 0.33), P (0.83 ± 0.27 vs. 1.86 ± 1.28 g/L), Amy (64.91 ± 70.86 vs. 146.56 ± 114.45IU/L) compared to the control were found. In the afternoon in swimmers before training session significantly lower pH (7.13 ± 0.33 vs. 7.53 ± 0.49) and Amy (111.53 ± 120.13 vs. 170.98 ± 107.72IU/L) in comparison to the control were noticed. The RPE scores were negatively correlated with V (rho = −0.500, p = 0.05 and pH (rho = −0.382, p = 0.03) measured after the morning session and after the afternoon training with V (rho = −0.570, p = 0.01) and Ca (rho = −0.401, p = 0.08). The levels of salivary flow rate, alpha amylase, cortisol, calcium, magnesium were associated with swimming training session, and showed circadian variation without a significant effect on their responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Grzesiak-Gasek
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Iwona Grzesiak-Gasek, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-8828
| | - Urszula Kaczmarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Antioxidant Responses in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women after Acute Beetroot Juice Ingestion and Aerobic Exercise: Double Blind and Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5579864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to analyze the effect of different nitrate concentrations [NO3-] present in beetroot juice (BJ) on salivary oxidative stress markers after acute exercise performance in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Thirteen hypertensive postmenopausal women participated in three experimental sessions, taking different beverages: noncaloric orange flavored drink (OFD), low nitrate (low-NO3-) BJ, and high nitrate (high-NO3-) BJ. The participants performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill, at 65–70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), for 40 min. Saliva samples were collected after an overnight fast, 10 minutes before BJ ingestion at 7 : 20 am (0
), 120 minutes after beverages ingestion (130
), immediately after exercise (170
), and 90 min after exercise (260
). Salivary total protein (TP), catalase activity (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity by ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) concentrations were analyzed. No interaction (session
time) was found among three sessions over time. Catalase area under the curve (AUC) was lower after both low-NO3- and high-NO3- consumption (
), and GSH AUC was lower after high-NO3- (
) compared with OFD. So, the acute intake of BJ with aerobic exercise seems to decrease catalase (in high-NO3- and low-NO3-) and GSH (in high-NO3-), besides not interfering with FRAP in hypertensive postmenopausal women.
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Feijen S, Tate A, Kuppens K, Barry LA, Struyf F. Monitoring the swimmer's training load: A narrative review of monitoring strategies applied in research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2037-2043. [PMID: 32767794 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence of injury during swim training and the increasing demands of the sports make monitoring of the swimmer's training load a key concept requiring further investigation. Research has previously introduced numerous methods for the purposes of monitoring the swimmer's training load, but a narrative review discussing the strengths and limitations of each method is lacking. Consequently, this narrative review aims to summarize the monitoring strategies that have been applied in research on competitive swimmers. This knowledge can assist professionals in the field in choosing which method is appropriate in their particular setting. The results from this study showed that external training load was predominantly obtained through real-life observation of the swimmers' training volume. However, research has investigated a number of internal load monitoring tools, including blood lactate, training heart rate, and perceived effort of training. To date, blood lactate markers are still considered most accurate and especially recommended at higher levels of competitive swimming or for those at greater risk of injury. Further, mood state profiling has been suggested as an early indicator of overtraining and may be applied at the lower competitive levels of swimming. Professionals in the field should consider the individual, the aim of the current training phase, and additional logistical issues when determining the appropriate monitoring strategy in their setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Feijen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Tate
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Kuppens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lorna A Barry
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Filip Struyf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Diaz M, Parikh V, Ismail S, Maxamed R, Tye E, Austin C, Dew T, Graf BA, Vanhees L, Degens H, Azzawi M. Differential effects of resveratrol on the dilator responses of femoral arteries, ex vivo. Nitric Oxide 2019; 92:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Thomas B, Smallwood S, Cutler C, Bescos R. The oral nitrate-reducing capacity correlates with peak power output and peak oxygen uptake in healthy humans. Nitric Oxide 2019; 87:43-51. [PMID: 30853629 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interest in inorganic nitrate and nitrite has grown substantially over the past decade as research has revealed the role of these anions in enhancing nitric oxide (NO) availability through an oral pathway. Nitrite synthesis in the mouth seems to be an important mechanism to feed the circulatory system with this anion. This is interesting since greater plasma nitrite concentration has been associated with better fitness levels in humans, but this question has not been investigated in relation to salivary nitrite concentration. Additionally, no previous study has investigated the oral nitrate-reducing capacity in regards to peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) or peak power output (Wpeak) in humans. Thus, the main goal of this study was to investigate whether salivary nitrite and nitrate concentration and the oral nitrate-reducing capacity were associated with VO2peak and Wpeak in healthy humans. Fifty individuals (22 females and 28 males; 38.8 ± 14.3 years/old; BMI = 22.8 ± 3.9) performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to assess their VO2peak and Wpeak. Unstimulated salivary samples were taken before and 20 min after exercise to measure nitrate/nitrite, pH and lactate. The oral nitrate-reducing capacity was also assessed in 25 subjects before and after exercise. Oral nitrate-reducing capacity was positively associated with Wpeak (rs = 0.64; P = 0.001) and the VO2peak (rs = 0.54; P = 0.005). Similar correlations were found when these variables were analysed after exercise. In addition, a significant decrease in salivary pH (pre: 7.28 ± 0.361; post-exercise: 7.16 ± 0.33; P = 0.003) accompanied by an increase of salivary lactate (pre: 0.17 ± 0.14 mmol/L; post-exercise: 0.48 ± 0.38; P < 0.001) was found after exercise. However, these changes did not have any impact on salivary nitrate/nitrite concentration and the oral nitrate-reducing capacity after exercise. In conclusion, this is the first evidence showing a link between the oral nitrate-reducing capacity and markers of aerobic fitness levels in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thomas
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - S Smallwood
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - C Cutler
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - R Bescos
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK; Institute of Health & Community, University of Plymouth, UK.
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Dehghan F, Khodaei F, Afshar L, Shojaei F, Poorhakimi E, Soori R, Fatolahi H, Azarbayjani M. Effect of competition on stress salivary biomarkers in elite and amateur female adolescent inline skaters. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Alias E, Parikh V, Hidalgo-Bastida A, Wilkinson M, Davidge KS, Gibson T, Sharp D, Shakur R, Azzawi M. Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity - protective effects of endothelial cells in a tri-culture model system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jin2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliesmaziah Alias
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M1 5GD UK
| | - Vijay Parikh
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M1 5GD UK
| | - Araida Hidalgo-Bastida
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M1 5GD UK
| | | | | | - Tim Gibson
- Elisha Systems Ltd; Wakefield West Yorkshire WF3 4AA UK
| | - Duncan Sharp
- Elisha Systems Ltd; Wakefield West Yorkshire WF3 4AA UK
| | - Rameen Shakur
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - May Azzawi
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M1 5GD UK
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High-intensity interval training-induced inflammation and airway narrowing of the lung parenchyma in male maturing rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bellenger CR, Fuller JT, Thomson RL, Davison K, Robertson EY, Buckley JD. Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2017; 46:1461-86. [PMID: 26888648 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic regulation of heart rate (HR) as an indicator of the body's ability to adapt to an exercise stimulus has been evaluated in many studies through HR variability (HRV) and post-exercise HR recovery (HRR). Recently, HR acceleration has also been investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of negative adaptations to endurance training (i.e., a period of overreaching leading to attenuated performance) and positive adaptations (i.e., training leading to improved performance) on autonomic HR regulation in endurance-trained athletes. METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Academic Search Premier databases from inception until April 2015. Included articles examined the effects of endurance training leading to increased or decreased exercise performance on four measures of autonomic HR regulation: resting and post-exercise HRV [vagal-related indices of the root-mean-square difference of successive normal R-R intervals (RMSSD), high frequency power (HFP) and the standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability (SD1) only], and post-exercise HRR and HR acceleration. RESULTS Of the 5377 records retrieved, 27 studies were included in the systematic review and 24 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Studies inducing increases in performance showed small increases in resting RMSSD [standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.58; P < 0.001], HFP (SMD = 0.55; P < 0.001) and SD1 (SMD = 0.23; P = 0.16), and moderate increases in post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.60; P < 0.001), HFP (SMD = 0.90; P < 0.04), SD1 (SMD = 1.20; P = 0.04), and post-exercise HRR (SMD = 0.63; P = 0.002). A large increase in HR acceleration (SMD = 1.34) was found in the single study assessing this parameter. Studies inducing decreases in performance showed a small increase in resting RMSSD (SMD = 0.26; P = 0.01), but trivial changes in resting HFP (SMD = 0.04; P = 0.77) and SD1 (SMD = 0.04; P = 0.82). Post-exercise RMSSD (SMD = 0.64; P = 0.04) and HFP (SMD = 0.49; P = 0.18) were increased, as was HRR (SMD = 0.46; P < 0.001), while HR acceleration was decreased (SMD = -0.48; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increases in vagal-related indices of resting and post-exercise HRV, post-exercise HRR, and HR acceleration are evident when positive adaptation to training has occurred, allowing for increases in performance. However, increases in post-exercise HRV and HRR also occur in response to overreaching, demonstrating that additional measures of training tolerance may be required to determine whether training-induced changes in these parameters are related to positive or negative adaptations. Resting HRV is largely unaffected by overreaching, although this may be the result of methodological issues that warrant further investigation. HR acceleration appears to decrease in response to overreaching training, and thus may be a potential indicator of training-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Thomson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Kade Davison
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Justino AB, Teixeira RR, Peixoto LG, Jaramillo OLB, Espindola FS. Effect of saliva collection methods and oral hygiene on salivary biomarkers. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:415-422. [PMID: 28613965 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1334261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of unstimulated and stimulated saliva collection methods, as well as tooth brushing, on the secretion rate of salivary total protein, nitrite, total antioxidant capacity and alpha-amylase. Saliva of 14 healthy individuals were collected with stimulation using Salivette®, Parafilm® and chewing gum and without stimulation from spit with and without fluid accumulation, before and after oral hygiene. Total protein, nitrite, total antioxidant capacity and alpha-amylase concentration (sAA) were evaluated. The collection of saliva stimulated with Parafilm® and chewing gum increased the salivary flow (1.5 ± 0.4 and 3.4 ± 0.7 mL/min, respectively) and the secretion rate of salivary total protein (1.0 ± 0.2 and 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/min, respectively). Also, chewing gum increases the salivary nitrite secretion (213 ± 58 nmol/min) and total antioxidant capacity (410 ± 47 nmol trolox eq/min). Interestingly, the unstimulated method without saliva accumulation prior to collection resulted in low sAA levels (23,531 ± 7979 pixel density). Furthermore, oral hygiene decreased salivary flow (1.3 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.4 mL/min), reduced the secretion rate of total protein (1.0 ± 0.5 to 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/min, p < .05) and increased sAA (13,159 ± 7114 to 20,075 ± 25,656 pixel density, p < .05). The type of stimulation can activate autonomous receptors responsible for the secretion and composition of saliva. Therefore, the evaluation of saliva collection methods and oral hygiene on salivary biomarkers is important for understanding and standardizing variations in salivary composition to strengthen the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allisson Benatti Justino
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
| | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Gomes Peixoto
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
| | | | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- a Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry , Federal University of Uberlandia , Uberlândia , MG , Brazil
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Jukes AK, Mascarenhas A, Murphy J, Stepan L, Muñoz TN, Callejas CA, Valentine R, Wormald P, Psaltis AJ. Stress response and communication in surgeons undergoing training in endoscopic management of major vessel hemorrhage: a mixed methods study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2017; 7:576-583. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair K. Jukes
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide Australia
| | - Annika Mascarenhas
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
| | - Jae Murphy
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
| | - Lia Stepan
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
| | - Tamara N. Muñoz
- Department of Otolaryngology; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Claudio A. Callejas
- Department of Otolaryngology; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Rowan Valentine
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology; Royal Adelaide Hospital; Adelaide Australia
| | - P.J. Wormald
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
- Department of Medicine; University of Adelaide; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
| | - Alkis J. Psaltis
- Department of Otolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
- Department of Medicine; University of Adelaide; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; Adelaide Australia
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Kilian Y, Engel F, Wahl P, Achtzehn S, Sperlich B, Mester J. Markers of biological stress in response to a single session of high-intensity interval training and high-volume training in young athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2177-2186. [PMID: 27614882 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs high-volume training (HVT) on salivary stress markers [cortisol (sC), testosterone (sT), alpha-amylase (sAA)], metabolic and cardiorespiratory response in young athletes. METHODS Twelve young male cyclists (14 ± 1 years; 57.9 ± 9.4 mL min-1 kg-1 peak oxygen uptake) performed one session of HIIT (4 × 4 min intervals at 90-95 % peak power output separated by 3 min of active rest) and one session of HVT (90 min constant load at 60 % peak power output). The levels of sC, sT, their ratio (sT/sC) and sAA were determined before and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after each intervention. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress was characterized by blood lactate, blood pH, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), ventilation (V E) and ventilatory equivalent (V E/[Formula: see text]). RESULTS sC increased 30 and 60 min after HIIT. However, 180 min post exercise, sC decreased below baseline levels in both conditions. sT increased 0 and 30 min after HIIT and 0 min after HVT. sAA and sT/sC ratio did not change significantly over time in HIIT nor HVT. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress, evidenced by blood lactate, HR, [Formula: see text], V E, and V E/[Formula: see text] was higher during HIIT compared to HVT. CONCLUSION The metabolic and cardiorespiratory stress during HIIT was higher compared to HVT, but based on salivary analyses (cortisol, testosterone, alpha-amylase), we conclude no strong acute catabolic effects neither by HIIT nor by HVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kilian
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Florian Engel
- Research Centre for School Sports and the Physical Education of Children and Young Adults, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Silvia Achtzehn
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Camarço NF, Sousa Neto IV, Nascimento DC, Almeida JA, Vieira DCL, Rosa TS, Pereira GB, Prestes J. Salivary nitrite content, cognition and power in Mixed Martial Arts fighters after rapid weight loss: a case study. J Clin Transl Res 2016; 2:63-69. [PMID: 30873463 PMCID: PMC6410658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Rapid weight loss (RWL) is extensively practiced by combat sports athletes, including Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), but its effects on performance are not well established with different magnitudes of RWL, including those higher than 5% of total body weight. The aim of the present study was to follow MMA athletes during RWL with subsequent weight regain to evaluate the responses of isometric strength, power, cognition and salivary nitrite ( NO 2 - ) content. METHODS Two professional male MMA fighters, same age, competing in the same weight category underwent two magnitudes of RWL before a simulated competition period. Anthropometric measures, records of nutritional status, training, voluntary dehydration strategies, salivary samples, cognition response, isometric strength and muscular power were obtained: (I) 7 days before combat, (II) at the weigh-in moment, and (III) in the combat day. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Athlete 1 lost 7.2 kg (9.1% of total bodyweight) and Athlete 2 lost 4.0 kg (5.3% of total bodyweight). Athlete 1 had a lower and misbalanced caloric ingestion (708 ± 428 kcal), ingested 6 L of water during the first 5 days of RWL, underwent 2 days of fasting, water and sodium restriction before weigh-in. Athlete 2 was supervised by a nutritionist, had a balanced diet (1600 ± 0 kcal), ingested 2 L of water during the first 6 days of RWL, underwent only 1 day of fasting and water restriction, and did not restrict sodium. As expected, there was a negative effect of RWL in the evaluated parameters at the weigh-in moment, while in the combat day, salivary NO 2 - ) content. METHODS Two professional male MMA fighters, same age, competing in the same weight category underwent two magnitudes of RWL before a simulated competition period. Anthropometric measures, records of nutritional status, training, voluntary dehydration strategies, salivary samples, cognition response, isometric strength and muscular power were obtained: (I) 7 days before combat, (II) at the weigh-in moment, and (III) in the combat day. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Athlete 1 lost 7.2 kg (9.1% of total bodyweight) and Athlete 2 lost 4.0 kg (5.3% of total bodyweight). Athlete 1 had a lower and misbalanced caloric ingestion (708 ± 428 kcal), ingested 6 L of water during the first 5 days of RWL, underwent 2 days of fasting, water and sodium restriction before weigh-in. Athlete 2 was supervised by a nutritionist, had a balanced diet (1600 ± 0 kcal), ingested 2 L of water during the first 6 days of RWL, underwent only 1 day of fasting and water restriction, and did not restrict sodium. As expected, there was a negative effect of RWL in the evaluated parameters at the weigh-in moment, while in the combat day, salivary NO 2 - was not completely reestablished at baseline levels (decreased by 35.9% in Athlete 1 and, 25.2% in Athlete 2, as compared with 7 days before). The athlete who underwent a lower weight loss (5.3%) presented better recovery of cognition and upper limbs power on the combat day as compared with the athlete who lost 9.1% of body weight. Although we cannot precisely conclude, this case report led us to believe that the recovery period between weigh-in and competition may be insufficient for total reestablishment of salivary NO 2 - after RWL, and higher amounts of RWLhave negative impacts on average power and cognition when compared with lower RWL.Relevance for patients: Scientific aspects related with performance in MMA athletes brought to light the absence of studies investigating the recovery of isometric strength, power, cognition and salivary NO 2 - during RWL with subsequent weight regain. This study revealed that athletes from the same categories can adopt different magnitudes of weight loss, and that this procedure impacts several important measures, for example, the reduction of salivary NO 2 - is associated with the lower O2 transport capacity, decreasing muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia F. Camarço
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ivo V. Sousa Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Dahan C. Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil,Department of Physical Education, University Center of Federal District, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jeeser A. Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil,Graduation Program on Biotechnology, Dom Bosco Catholic University, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Denis C. L. Vieira
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil,Department of Physical Education, University Center of Federal District, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thiago S. Rosa
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B. Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Department of Physical Education, Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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14
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Strahler J, Fuchs R, Nater UM, Klaperski S. Impact of physical fitness on salivary stress markers in sedentary to low-active young to middle-aged men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 68:14-9. [PMID: 26939084 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salivary cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA) are popular measurement tools for investigating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and autonomic functioning, respectively. Despite their widespread use, only little is known about whether lifestyle factors such as regular exercise and physical fitness impact these two salivary stress markers. The lack of an objectively assessed fitness status is a major drawback of nearly all previous studies in this area. Our main objective was therefore to examine the impact of fitness status on sCort and sAA responses to a validated stressor. METHOD Sedentary to low-active men (N=115, 45.7±10.1 years, 26.7±3.4kg/m(2)) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test for Groups and provided saliva samples before and repeatedly after the stressor. An ergometer lactate exercise test provided information on physical fitness, that is, power achieved at the individual anaerobic threshold relative to body weight. From age-specific percentiles, a 2- (n=65 low fitness, n=50 high fitness) and a 3-group (n=37 low fitness, n=49 moderate fitness, n=29 high fitness) solution were calculated to elucidate the impact of different fitness levels. RESULTS Prior to stress testing, sCort and sAA levels were similar in all groups. While both markers increased significantly due to stress exposure, fitness effects appeared rather small. When applying the 3-group solution, we observed attenuated sCort slopes in high- and moderate-fit men. Although sAA response slopes were pronounced in high-fit men, they failed to reach statistical significance. Mean stress reactivity (area under the curve with respect to ground, baseline, and response maximum) did not differ between groups and no association with fitness level was found. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest only a weak effect of objectively assessed physical fitness on biological stress responses with attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal but (non-significantly) higher autonomic responses in fitter men. Physical fitness is a factor that should not be neglected in future studies employing salivary stress markers, especially in studies interested in acute stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Strahler
- Clinical Biopsychology, Dept. of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Fuchs
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- Clinical Biopsychology, Dept. of Psychology, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Klaperski
- Sport and Exercise Psychology, Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Guilhem G, Hanon C, Gendreau N, Bonneau D, Guével A, Chennaoui M. Salivary Hormones Response to Preparation and Pre-competitive Training of World-class Level Athletes. Front Physiol 2015; 6:333. [PMID: 26635619 PMCID: PMC4644790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the response of salivary hormones of track and field athletes induced by preparation and pre-competitive training periods in an attempt to comment on the physiological effects consistent with the responses of each of the proteins measured. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, alpha-amylase, immunoglobulin A (IgA), chromogranin A, blood creatine kinase activity, and profile of mood state were assessed at rest in 24 world-class level athletes during preparation (3 times in 3 months) and pre-competitive (5 times in 5 weeks) training periods. Total mood disturbance and fatigue perception were reduced, while IgA (+61%) and creatine kinase activity (+43%) increased, and chromogranin A decreased (-27%) during pre-competitive compared to preparation period. A significant increase in salivary testosterone (+9 to +15%) and a decrease in testosterone/cortisol ratio were associated with a progressive reduction in training load during pre-competitive period (P < 0.05). None of the psycho-physiological parameters were significantly correlated to training load during the pre-competitive period. Results showed a lower adrenocortical response and autonomic activity, and an improvement of immunity status, in response to the reduction in training load and fatigue, without significant correlations of salivary hormones with training load. Our findings suggest that saliva composition is sensitive to training contents (season period) but could not be related to workload resulting from track and field athletics training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gendreau
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP)Paris, France
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit (EA 7330), Neurosciences and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris Descartes UniversityBrétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Arnaud Guével
- Laboratory “Movement, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), University of NantesNantes, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit (EA 7330), Neurosciences and Operational Constraints Department, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA), Paris Descartes UniversityBrétigny-sur-Orge, France
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16
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Teixeira RR, Díaz MM, Santos TVDS, Bernardes JTM, Peixoto LG, Bocanegra OL, Neto MB, Espindola FS. Chronic stress induces a hyporeactivity of the autonomic nervous system in response to acute mental stressor and impairs cognitive performance in business executives. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119025. [PMID: 25807003 PMCID: PMC4373764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the incidence of chronic stress in business executives (109 subjects: 75 male and 34 female) and its relationship with cortisol levels, cognitive performance, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity after an acute mental stressor. Blood samples were collected from the subjects to measure cortisol concentration. After the sample collection, the subjects completed the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults and the Stroop Color-Word Test to evaluate stress and cognitive performance levels, respectively. Saliva samples were collected prior to, immediately after, and five minutes after the test. The results revealed that 90.1% of the stressed subjects experienced stress phases that are considered chronic stress. At rest, the subjects with chronic stress showed higher cortisol levels, and no gender differences were observed. No differences were found between the stressed and non-stressed subjects regarding salivary amylase activity prior to test. Chronic stress also impaired performance on the Stroop test, which revealed higher rates of error and longer reaction times in the incongruent stimulus task independently of gender. For the congruent stimulus task of the Stroop test, the stressed males presented a higher rate of errors than the non-stressed males and a longer reaction time than the stressed females. After the acute mental stressor, the non-stressed male group showed an increase in salivary alpha-amylase activity, which returned to the initial values five minutes after the test; this ANS reactivity was not observed in the chronically stressed male subjects. The ANS responses of the non-stressed vs stressed female groups were not different prior to or after the Stroop test. This study is the first to demonstrate a blunted reactivity of the ANS when male subjects with chronic psychological stress were subjected to an acute mental stressor, and this change could contribute to impairments in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Roland Teixeira
- Federal University of Uberlandia, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Miguel Mauricio Díaz
- Federal University of Uberlandia, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo Gomes Peixoto
- Federal University of Uberlandia, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Olga Lucia Bocanegra
- Federal University of Uberlandia, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Morun Bernardino Neto
- University of Sao Paulo, Department of Basic and Ambiental Sciences, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Federal University of Uberlandia, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Uberlandia, Brazil
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