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Minamino T, Kinoshita M, Namba K. Insight Into Distinct Functional Roles of the Flagellar ATPase Complex for Flagellar Assembly in Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864178. [PMID: 35602071 PMCID: PMC9114704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most motile bacteria utilize the flagellar type III secretion system (fT3SS) to construct the flagellum, which is a supramolecular motility machine consisting of basal body rings and an axial structure. Each axial protein is translocated via the fT3SS across the cytoplasmic membrane, diffuses down the central channel of the growing flagellar structure and assembles at the distal end. The fT3SS consists of a transmembrane export complex and a cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex with a stoichiometry of 12 FliH, 6 FliI and 1 FliJ. This complex is structurally similar to the cytoplasmic part of the FOF1 ATP synthase. The export complex requires the FliH12-FliI6-FliJ1 ring complex to serve as an active protein transporter. The FliI6 ring has six catalytic sites and hydrolyzes ATP at an interface between FliI subunits. FliJ binds to the center of the FliI6 ring and acts as the central stalk to activate the export complex. The FliH dimer binds to the N-terminal domain of each of the six FliI subunits and anchors the FliI6-FliJ1 ring to the base of the flagellum. In addition, FliI exists as a hetero-trimer with the FliH dimer in the cytoplasm. The rapid association-dissociation cycle of this hetero-trimer with the docking platform of the export complex promotes sequential transfer of export substrates from the cytoplasm to the export gate for high-speed protein transport. In this article, we review our current understanding of multiple roles played by the flagellar cytoplasmic ATPase complex during efficient flagellar assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center and Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan.,JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Bryant OJ, Fraser GM. Regulation of bacterial Type III Secretion System export gate opening by substrates and the FliJ stalk of the flagellar ATPase. FEBS J 2021; 289:2628-2641. [PMID: 34812581 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type III Secretion Systems (T3SS) transport proteins from the bacterial cytosol for assembly into cell surface nanomachines or direct delivery into target eukaryotic cells. At the core of the flagellar T3SS, the FlhAB-FliPQR export gate regulates protein entry into the export channel whilst maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane. Here, we identify critical residues in the export gate FliR plug that stabilise the closed conformation, preserving the membrane permeability barrier, and we show that the gate opens and closes in response to export substrate availability. Our data indicate that FlhAB-FliPQR gate opening, which is triggered by substrate export signals, is energised by FlhA in a proton motive force-dependent manner. We present evidence that the export substrate and the FliJ stalk of the flagellar ATPase provide mechanistically distinct, non-redundant gate-activating signals that are critical for efficient export.
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3
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Zubareva VM, Lapashina AS, Shugaeva TE, Litvin AV, Feniouk BA. Rotary Ion-Translocating ATPases/ATP Synthases: Diversity, Similarities, and Differences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1613-1630. [PMID: 33705299 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920120135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ion-translocating ATPases and ATP synthases (F-, V-, A-type ATPases, and several P-type ATPases and ABC-transporters) catalyze ATP hydrolysis or ATP synthesis coupled with the ion transport across the membrane. F-, V-, and A-ATPases are protein nanomachines that combine transmembrane transport of protons or sodium ions with ATP synthesis/hydrolysis by means of a rotary mechanism. These enzymes are composed of two multisubunit subcomplexes that rotate relative to each other during catalysis. Rotary ATPases phosphorylate/dephosphorylate nucleotides directly, without the generation of phosphorylated protein intermediates. F-type ATPases are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria, most eubacteria, and in few archaea. V-type ATPases are eukaryotic enzymes present in a variety of cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane, vacuoles, late endosomes, and trans-Golgi cisternae. A-type ATPases are found in archaea and some eubacteria. F- and A-ATPases have two main functions: ATP synthesis powered by the proton motive force (pmf) or, in some prokaryotes, sodium-motive force (smf) and generation of the pmf or smf at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. In prokaryotes, both functions may be vitally important, depending on the environment and the presence of other enzymes capable of pmf or smf generation. In eukaryotes, the primary and the most crucial function of F-ATPases is ATP synthesis. Eukaryotic V-ATPases function exclusively as ATP-dependent proton pumps that generate pmf necessary for the transmembrane transport of ions and metabolites and are vitally important for pH regulation. This review describes the diversity of rotary ion-translocating ATPases from different organisms and compares the structural, functional, and regulatory features of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Zubareva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A S Lapashina
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T E Shugaeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A V Litvin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - B A Feniouk
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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4
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Matzke NJ, Lin A, Stone M, Baker MAB. Flagellar export apparatus and ATP synthetase: Homology evidenced by synteny predating the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100004. [PMID: 33998015 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report evidence further supporting homology between proteins in the F1 FO -ATP synthetase and the bacterial flagellar motor (BFM). BFM proteins FliH, FliI, and FliJ have been hypothesized to be homologous to FO -b + F1 -δ, F1 -α/β, and F1 -γ, with similar structure and interactions. We conduct a further test by constructing a gene order dataset, examining the order of fliH, fliI, and fliJ genes across the phylogenetic breadth of flagellar and nonflagellar type 3 secretion systems, and comparing this to published surveys of gene order in the F1 FO -ATP synthetase, its N-ATPase relatives, and the bacterial/archaeal V- and A-type ATPases. Strikingly, the fliHIJ gene order was deeply conserved, with the few exceptions appearing derived, and exactly matching the widely conserved F-ATPase gene order atpFHAG, coding for subunits b-δ-α-γ. The V/A-type ATPases have a similar conserved gene order. Our results confirm homology between these systems, and suggest a rare case of synteny conserved over billions of years, predating the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Matzke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angela Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Micaella Stone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A B Baker
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Kucera J, Terentjev EM. FliI 6-FliJ molecular motor assists with unfolding in the type III secretion export apparatus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7127. [PMID: 32346005 PMCID: PMC7189227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of rotational molecular motors of the ATP synthase class is integral to the metabolism of cells. Yet the function of FliI6-FliJ complex, a homolog of the F1 ATPase motor, within the flagellar export apparatus remains unclear. We use a simple two-state model adapted from studies of linear molecular motors to identify key features of this motor. The two states are the 'locked' ground state where the FliJ coiled coil filament experiences angular fluctuations in an asymmetric torsional potential, and a 'free' excited state in which FliJ undergoes rotational diffusion. Michaelis-Menten kinetics was used to treat transitions between these two states, and obtain the average angular velocity of the unloaded FliJ filament within the FliI6 stator: ωmax ≈ 9.0 rps. The motor was then studied under external counter torque conditions in order to ascertain its maximal power output: Pmax ≈ 42 kBT/s (or 102 kW/mol), and the stall torque: Gstall ≈ 3 kBT/rad (or 0.01 nN·nm/rad). Two modes of action within the flagellar export apparatus are proposed, in which the motor performs useful work either by continuously 'grinding' through the resistive environment of the export gate, or by exerting equal and opposite stall force on it. In both cases, the resistance is provided by flagellin subunits entering the flagellar export channel prior to their unfolding. We therefore propose that the function of the FliI6-FliJ complex is to lower the energy barrier, and therefore assist in unfolding of the flagellar proteins before feeding them into the transport channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Kucera
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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6
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Beeby M, Ferreira JL, Tripp P, Albers SV, Mitchell DR. Propulsive nanomachines: the convergent evolution of archaella, flagella and cilia. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:253-304. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes, propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three domains of life. Filamentous appendages – archaella in Archaea, flagella in Bacteria and cilia in Eukaryotes – wave, whip or rotate to propel microbes, overcoming diffusion and enabling colonization of new environments. The implementations of the three propulsive nanomachines are distinct, however: archaella and flagella rotate, while cilia beat or wave; flagella and cilia assemble at their tips, while archaella assemble at their base; archaella and cilia use ATP for motility, while flagella use ion-motive force. These underlying differences reflect the tinkering required to evolve a molecular machine, in which pre-existing machines in the appropriate contexts were iteratively co-opted for new functions and whose origins are reflected in their resultant mechanisms. Contemporary homologies suggest that archaella evolved from a non-rotary pilus, flagella from a non-rotary appendage or secretion system, and cilia from a passive sensory structure. Here, we review the structure, assembly, mechanism and homologies of the three distinct solutions as a foundation to better understand how propulsive nanomachines evolved three times independently and to highlight principles of molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josie L Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Frankland Road, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Patrick Tripp
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79211 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David R Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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7
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Cryo-EM structure of the homohexameric T3SS ATPase-central stalk complex reveals rotary ATPase-like asymmetry. Nat Commun 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 30733444 PMCID: PMC6367419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Gram-negative bacteria, including causative agents of dysentery, plague, and typhoid fever, rely on a type III secretion system - a multi-membrane spanning syringe-like apparatus - for their pathogenicity. The cytosolic ATPase complex of this injectisome is proposed to play an important role in energizing secretion events and substrate recognition. We present the 3.3 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ATPase EscN in complex with its central stalk EscO. The structure shows an asymmetric pore with different functional states captured in its six catalytic sites, details directly supporting a rotary catalytic mechanism analogous to that of the heterohexameric F1/V1-ATPases despite its homohexameric nature. Situated at the C-terminal opening of the EscN pore is one molecule of EscO, with primary interaction mediated through an electrostatic interface. The EscN-EscO structure provides significant atomic insights into how the ATPase contributes to type III secretion, including torque generation and binding of chaperone/substrate complexes.
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8
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Sielaff H, Yanagisawa S, Frasch WD, Junge W, Börsch M. Structural Asymmetry and Kinetic Limping of Single Rotary F-ATP Synthases. Molecules 2019; 24:E504. [PMID: 30704145 PMCID: PMC6384691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
F-ATP synthases use proton flow through the FO domain to synthesize ATP in the F₁ domain. In Escherichia coli, the enzyme consists of rotor subunits γεc10 and stator subunits (αβ)₃δab₂. Subunits c10 or (αβ)₃ alone are rotationally symmetric. However, symmetry is broken by the b₂ homodimer, which together with subunit δa, forms a single eccentric stalk connecting the membrane embedded FO domain with the soluble F₁ domain, and the central rotating and curved stalk composed of subunit γε. Although each of the three catalytic binding sites in (αβ)₃ catalyzes the same set of partial reactions in the time average, they might not be fully equivalent at any moment, because the structural symmetry is broken by contact with b₂δ in F₁ and with b₂a in FO. We monitored the enzyme's rotary progression during ATP hydrolysis by three single-molecule techniques: fluorescence video-microscopy with attached actin filaments, Förster resonance energy transfer between pairs of fluorescence probes, and a polarization assay using gold nanorods. We found that one dwell in the three-stepped rotary progression lasting longer than the other two by a factor of up to 1.6. This effect of the structural asymmetry is small due to the internal elastic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Sielaff
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Seiga Yanagisawa
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Wayne D Frasch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Junge
- Department of Biology & Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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9
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Hemalatha CR, Abhinand PA, Iyer M, Paul BC, Jyoti Kindo A, Ravinder T, P D. Phytochemical derivatives targeting fliJ flagellar protein from Escherichia coli. Bioinformation 2018; 14:465-470. [PMID: 31223204 PMCID: PMC6563656 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50 per cent of nosocomial infections are caused by the use of indwelling medical devices. The surfaces of devices are ideal sites of attachment for bacterial cells and an increase in biofilm formation. Biofilms have been a constant concern due to their complex extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting in multiple drug resistance. E. coli is known to associate with biofilms. Therefore it is of interest to identify the proteins associated to biofilm formation in Escherichia coli through literature survey, investigate their protein-protein interactions and identify indispensible proteins of biofilm formation. These proteins were further analyzed and fliJ was identified as the target, based on betweenness, centrality and radiality. 87 phytochemicals were found to be associated with the microbe in question and were docked with the target using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) 5.0. The results showed that geranyl pyrophosphate, ferulic acid 4-o-b-d-glucuronide, 5-8'-dehydrodiferulic acid and geranyl diphosphate showed maximum activity. A combinatorial library of 96 models was generated using the four phytochemicals binding with fliJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- CR Hemalatha
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai – 600116
| | - PA Abhinand
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai – 600116
| | - Maithreyi Iyer
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai – 600116
| | - Benedict C Paul
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai – 600116
| | - Anupma Jyoti Kindo
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai – 600116
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10
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Gao X, Mu Z, Yu X, Qin B, Wojdyla J, Wang M, Cui S. Structural Insight Into Conformational Changes Induced by ATP Binding in a Type III Secretion-Associated ATPase From Shigella flexneri. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1468. [PMID: 30013545 PMCID: PMC6036117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria utilize the type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm, where they subvert cellular functions and assist pathogen invasion. The conserved type III-associated ATPase is critical for the separation of chaperones from effector proteins, the unfolding of effector proteins and translocating them through the narrow channel of the secretion apparatus. However, how ATP hydrolysis is coupled to the mechanical work of the enzyme remains elusive. Herein, we present a complete description of nucleoside triphosphate binding by surface presentation antigens 47 (Spa47) from Shigella flexneri, based on crystal structures containing ATPγS, a catalytic magnesium ion and an ordered water molecule. Combining the crystal structures of Spa47-ATPγS and unliganded Spa47, we propose conformational changes in Spa47 associated with ATP binding, the binding of ATP induces a conformational change of a highly conserved luminal loop, facilitating ATP hydrolysis by the Spa47 ATPase. Additionally, we identified a specific hydrogen bond critical for ATP recognition and demonstrated that, while ATPγS is an ideal analog for probing ATP binding, AMPPNP is a poor ATP mimic. Our findings provide structural insight pertinent for inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Gao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixia Mu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Qin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Justyna Wojdyla
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sheng Cui
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Singh D, Sielaff H, Börsch M, Grüber G. Conformational dynamics of the rotary subunit F in the A 3 B 3 DF complex of Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase monitored by single-molecule FRET. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:854-862. [PMID: 28231387 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In archaea the A1 AO ATP synthase uses a transmembrane electrochemical potential to generate ATP, while the soluble A1 domain (subunits A3 B3 DF) alone can hydrolyse ATP. The three nucleotide-binding AB pairs form a barrel-like structure with a central orifice that hosts the rotating central stalk subunits DF. ATP binding, hydrolysis and product release cause a conformational change inside the A:B-interface, which enforces the rotation of subunits DF. Recently, we reported that subunit F is a stimulator of ATPase activity. Here, we investigated the nucleotide-dependent conformational changes of subunit F relative to subunit D during ATP hydrolysis in the A3 B3 DF complex of the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase using single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer. We found two conformations for subunit F during ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hendrik Sielaff
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Michael Börsch
- Single-Molecule Microscopy Group, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Sielaff H, Martin J, Singh D, Biuković G, Grüber G, Frasch WD. Power Stroke Angular Velocity Profiles of Archaeal A-ATP Synthase Versus Thermophilic and Mesophilic F-ATP Synthase Molecular Motors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25351-25363. [PMID: 27729450 PMCID: PMC5207238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The angular velocities of ATPase-dependent power strokes as a function of the rotational position for the A-type molecular motor A3B3DF, from the Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 A-ATP synthase, and the thermophilic motor α3β3γ, from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (formerly known as Bacillus PS3) F-ATP synthase, are resolved at 5 μs resolution for the first time. Unexpectedly, the angular velocity profile of the A-type was closely similar in the angular positions of accelerations and decelerations to the profiles of the evolutionarily distant F-type motors of thermophilic and mesophilic origins, and they differ only in the magnitude of their velocities. M. mazei A3B3DF power strokes occurred in 120° steps at saturating ATP concentrations like the F-type motors. However, because ATP-binding dwells did not interrupt the 120° steps at limiting ATP, ATP binding to A3B3DF must occur during the catalytic dwell. Elevated concentrations of ADP did not increase dwells occurring 40° after the catalytic dwell. In F-type motors, elevated ADP induces dwells 40° after the catalytic dwell and slows the overall velocity. The similarities in these power stroke profiles are consistent with a common rotational mechanism for A-type and F-type rotary motors, in which the angular velocity is limited by the rotary position at which ATP binding occurs and by the drag imposed on the axle as it rotates within the ring of stator subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Sielaff
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - James Martin
- From the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Goran Biuković
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wayne D Frasch
- From the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
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13
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Abstract
F1- and V1-ATPase are rotary molecular motors that convert chemical energy released upon ATP hydrolysis into torque to rotate a central rotor axle against the surrounding catalytic stator cylinder with high efficiency. How conformational change occurring in the stator is coupled to the rotary motion of the axle is the key unknown in the mechanism of rotary motors. Here, we generated chimeric motor proteins by inserting an exogenous rod protein, FliJ, into the stator ring of F1 or of V1 and tested the rotation properties of these chimeric motors. Both motors showed unidirectional and continuous rotation, despite no obvious homology in amino acid sequence between FliJ and the intrinsic rotor subunit of F1 or V1 These results showed that any residue-specific interactions between the stator and rotor are not a prerequisite for unidirectional rotation of both F1 and V1 The torque of chimeric motors estimated from viscous friction of the rotation probe against medium revealed that whereas the F1-FliJ chimera generates only 10% of WT F1, the V1-FliJ chimera generates torque comparable to that of V1 with the native axle protein that is structurally more similar to FliJ than the native rotor of F1 This suggests that the gross structural mismatch hinders smooth rotation of FliJ accompanied with the stator ring of F1.
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14
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Gerle C. On the structural possibility of pore-forming mitochondrial FoF1 ATP synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1857:1191-1196. [PMID: 26968896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition is an inner mitochondrial membrane event involving the opening of the permeability transition pore concomitant with a sudden efflux of matrix solutes and breakdown of membrane potential. The mitochondrial F(o)F(1) ATP synthase has been proposed as the molecular identity of the permeability transition pore. The likeliness of potential pore-forming sites in the mitochondrial F(o)F(1) ATP synthase is discussed and a new model, the death finger model, is described. In this model, movement of a p-side density that connects the lipid-plug of the c-ring with the distal membrane bending Fo domain allows reversible opening of the c-ring and structural cross-talk with OSCP and the catalytic (αβ)(3) hexamer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gerle
- Picobiology Institute, Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.
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15
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Insight into the flagella type III export revealed by the complex structure of the type III ATPase and its regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3633-8. [PMID: 26984495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524025113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FliI and FliJ form the FliI6FliJ ATPase complex of the bacterial flagellar export apparatus, a member of the type III secretion system. The FliI6FliJ complex is structurally similar to the α3β3γ complex of F1-ATPase. The FliH homodimer binds to FliI to connect the ATPase complex to the flagellar base, but the details are unknown. Here we report the structure of the homodimer of a C-terminal fragment of FliH (FliHC2) in complex with FliI. FliHC2 shows an unusually asymmetric homodimeric structure that markedly resembles the peripheral stalk of the A/V-type ATPases. The FliHC2-FliI hexamer model reveals that the C-terminal domains of the FliI ATPase face the cell membrane in a way similar to the F/A/V-type ATPases. We discuss the mechanism of flagellar ATPase complex formation and a common origin shared by the type III secretion system and the F/A/V-type ATPases.
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16
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Juhas M, Ajioka JW. Flagellar region 3b supports strong expression of integrated DNA and the highest chromosomal integration efficiency of the Escherichia coli flagellar regions. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 8:726-38. [PMID: 26074421 PMCID: PMC4476827 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli is routinely used as the chassis for a variety of biotechnology and synthetic biology applications. Identification and analysis of reliable chromosomal integration and expression target loci is crucial for E. coli engineering. Chromosomal loci differ significantly in their ability to support integration and expression of the integrated genetic circuits. In this study, we investigate E. coli K12 MG1655 flagellar regions 2 and 3b. Integration of the genetic circuit into seven and nine highly conserved genes of the flagellar regions 2 (motA, motB, flhD, flhE, cheW, cheY and cheZ) and 3b (fliE, F, G, J, K, L, M, P, R), respectively, showed significant variation in their ability to support chromosomal integration and expression of the integrated genetic circuit. While not reducing the growth of the engineered strains, the integrations into all 16 target sites led to the loss of motility. In addition to high expression, the flagellar region 3b supports the highest efficiency of integration of all E. coli K12 MG1655 flagellar regions and is therefore potentially the most suitable for the integration of synthetic genetic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Juhas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QP, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Ajioka
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, CB2 1QP, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Minamino T, Kinoshita M, Inoue Y, Morimoto YV, Ihara K, Koya S, Hara N, Nishioka N, Kojima S, Homma M, Namba K. FliH and FliI ensure efficient energy coupling of flagellar type III protein export in Salmonella. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:424-35. [PMID: 26916245 PMCID: PMC4905995 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
For construction of the bacterial flagellum, flagellar proteins are exported via its specific export apparatus from the cytoplasm to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure. The flagellar export apparatus consists of a transmembrane (TM) export gate complex and a cytoplasmic ATPase complex consisting of FliH, FliI, and FliJ. FlhA is a TM export gate protein and plays important roles in energy coupling of protein translocation. However, the energy coupling mechanism remains unknown. Here, we performed a cross‐complementation assay to measure robustness of the energy transduction system of the export apparatus against genetic perturbations. Vibrio FlhA restored motility of a Salmonella ΔflhA mutant but not that of a ΔfliH‐fliI flhB(P28T) ΔflhA mutant. The flgM mutations significantly increased flagellar gene expression levels, allowing Vibrio FlhA to exert its export activity in the ΔfliH‐fliI flhB(P28T) ΔflhA mutant. Pull‐down assays revealed that the binding affinities of Vibrio FlhA for FliJ and the FlgN–FlgK chaperone–substrate complex were much lower than those of Salmonella FlhA. These suggest that Vibrio FlhA requires the support of FliH and FliI to efficiently and properly interact with FliJ and the FlgN–FlgK complex. We propose that FliH and FliI ensure robust and efficient energy coupling of protein export during flagellar assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumi Inoue
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke V Morimoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kunio Ihara
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satomi Koya
- Departments of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human life and Science, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, 602-0893, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishioka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Michio Homma
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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18
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Garai P, Lahiri A, Ghosh D, Chatterjee J, Chakravortty D. Peptide utilizing carbon starvation gene yjiY is required for flagella mediated infection caused by Salmonella. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 162:100-116. [PMID: 26497384 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Peptide metabolism forms an important part of the metabolic network of Salmonella and to acquire these peptides the pathogen possesses a number of peptide transporters. While various peptide transporters known in Salmonella are well studied, very little is known about the carbon starvation (cst) genes, cstA and yjiY, which are also predicted to be involved in peptide metabolism. We investigated the role of these genes in the metabolism and pathogenesis of Salmonella and demonstrated for the first time that cst genes actually participate in transport of specific peptides in Salmonella. Further, we established that the carbon starvation gene yjiY affects the expression of flagella leading to poor adhesion of the bacterium to host cells. In contrast with the previously reported role of the gene cstA in virulence of Salmonella in C. elegans, we showed that yjiY is required for successful colonization of Salmonella in the mouse gut. Thus, cst genes not only contribute to the metabolism of Salmonella but also influence its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Lahiri
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipan Ghosh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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19
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Minamino T. [Structure and function of the bacterial flagellar type III protein export system in Salmonella
]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2015; 70:351-64. [PMID: 26310179 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.70.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial flagellum is a filamentous organelle that propels the bacterial cell body in liquid media. For construction of the bacterial flagellum beyond the cytoplasmic membrane, flagellar component proteins are transported by its specific protein export apparatus from the cytoplasm to the distal end of the growing flagellar structure. The flagellar export apparatus consists of a transmembrane export gate complex and a cytoplasmic ATPase ring complex. Flagellar substrate-specific chaperones bind to their cognate substrates in the cytoplasm and escort the substrates to the docking platform of the export gate. The export apparatus utilizes ATP and proton motive force across the cytoplasmic membrane as the energy sources to drive protein export and coordinates protein export with assembly by ordered export of substrates to parallel with their order of assembly. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and function of the flagellar protein export system in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
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20
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Balakrishna AM, Manimekalai MSS, Grüber G. Protein-protein interactions within the ensemble, eukaryotic V-ATPase, and its concerted interactions with cellular machineries. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:84-93. [PMID: 26033199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The V1VO-ATPase (V-ATPase) is the important proton-pump in eukaryotic cells, responsible for pH-homeostasis, pH-sensing and amino acid sensing, and therefore essential for cell growths and metabolism. ATP-cleavage in the catalytic A3B3-hexamer of V1 has to be communicated via several so-called central and peripheral stalk units to the proton-pumping VO-part, which is membrane-embedded. A unique feature of V1VO-ATPase regulation is its reversible disassembly of the V1 and VO domain. Actin provides a network to hold the V1 in proximity to the VO, enabling effective V1VO-assembly to occur. Besides binding to actin, the 14-subunit V-ATPase interacts with multi-subunit machineries to form cellular sensors, which regulate the pH in cellular compartments or amino acid signaling in lysosomes. Here we describe a variety of subunit-subunit interactions within the V-ATPase enzyme during catalysis and its protein-protein assembling with key cellular machineries, essential for cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Manikkoth Balakrishna
- Nanyang Technological University, Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Malathy Sony Subramanian Manimekalai
- Nanyang Technological University, Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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21
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Nakanishi A, Kishikawa JI, Tamakoshi M, Yokoyama K. The ingenious structure of central rotor apparatus in VoV1; key for both complex disassembly and energy coupling between V1 and Vo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119602. [PMID: 25756791 PMCID: PMC4355294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar type rotary H+-ATPases (VoV1) couple ATP synthesis/hydrolysis by V1 with proton translocation by Vo via rotation of a central rotor apparatus composed of the V1-DF rotor shaft, a socket-like Vo-C (eukaryotic Vo-d) and the hydrophobic rotor ring. Reconstitution experiments using subcomplexes revealed a weak binding affinity of V1-DF to Vo-C despite the fact that torque needs to be transmitted between V1-DF and Vo-C for the tight energy coupling between V1 and Vo. Mutation of a short helix at the tip of V1-DF caused intramolecular uncoupling of VoV1, suggesting that proper fitting of the short helix of V1-D into the socket of Vo-C is required for tight energy coupling between V1 and Vo. To account for the apparently contradictory properties of the interaction between V1-DF and Vo-C (weak binding affinity but strict requirement for torque transmission), we propose a model in which the relationship between V1-DF and Vo-C corresponds to that between a slotted screwdriver and a head of slotted screw. This model is consistent with our previous result in which the central rotor apparatus is not the major factor for the association of V1 with Vo (Kishikawa and Yokoyama, J Biol Chem. 2012 24597-24603).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kishikawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatada Tamakoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Lipfert J, van Oene MM, Lee M, Pedaci F, Dekker NH. Torque spectroscopy for the study of rotary motion in biological systems. Chem Rev 2014; 115:1449-74. [PMID: 25541648 DOI: 10.1021/cr500119k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lipfert
- Department of Physics, Nanosystems Initiative Munich, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich , Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munich, Germany
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23
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Minamino T, Morimoto YV, Kinoshita M, Aldridge PD, Namba K. The bacterial flagellar protein export apparatus processively transports flagellar proteins even with extremely infrequent ATP hydrolysis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7579. [PMID: 25531309 PMCID: PMC4273619 DOI: 10.1038/srep07579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For self-assembly of the bacterial flagellum, a specific protein export apparatus utilizes ATP and proton motive force (PMF) as the energy source to transport component proteins to the distal growing end. The export apparatus consists of a transmembrane PMF-driven export gate and a cytoplasmic ATPase complex composed of FliH, FliI and FliJ. The FliI(6)FliJ complex is structurally similar to the α(3)β(3)γ complex of F(O)F(1)-ATPase. FliJ allows the gate to efficiently utilize PMF to drive flagellar protein export but it remains unknown how. Here, we report the role of ATP hydrolysis by the FliI(6)FliJ complex. The export apparatus processively transported flagellar proteins to grow flagella even with extremely infrequent or no ATP hydrolysis by FliI mutation (E211D and E211Q, respectively). This indicates that the rate of ATP hydrolysis is not at all coupled with the export rate. Deletion of FliI residues 401 to 410 resulted in no flagellar formation although this FliI deletion mutant retained 40% of the ATPase activity, suggesting uncoupling between ATP hydrolysis and activation of the gate. We propose that infrequent ATP hydrolysis by the FliI6FliJ ring is sufficient for gate activation, allowing processive translocation of export substrates for efficient flagellar assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke V. Morimoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Miki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Phillip D. Aldridge
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Medical Sciences New Building, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE2 4AX
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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24
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Bai F, Morimoto YV, Yoshimura SDJ, Hara N, Kami-Ike N, Namba K, Minamino T. Assembly dynamics and the roles of FliI ATPase of the bacterial flagellar export apparatus. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6528. [PMID: 25284201 PMCID: PMC4185386 DOI: 10.1038/srep06528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For construction of the bacterial flagellum, FliI ATPase forms the FliH2-FliI complex in the cytoplasm and localizes to the flagellar basal body (FBB) through the interaction of FliH with a C ring protein, FliN. FliI also assembles into a homo-hexamer to promote initial entry of export substrates into the export gate. The interaction of FliH with an export gate protein, FlhA, is required for stable anchoring of the FliI6 ring to the gate. Here we report the stoichiometry and assembly dynamics of FliI-YFP by fluorescence microscopy with single molecule precision. More than six FliI-YFP molecules were associated with the FBB through interactions of FliH with FliN and FlhA. Single FliI-YFP molecule exchanges between the FBB-localized and free-diffusing ones were observed several times per minute. Neither the number of FliI-YFP associated with the FBB nor FliI-YFP turnover rate were affected by catalytic mutations in FliI, indicating that ATP hydrolysis by FliI does not drive the assembly-disassembly cycle of FliI during flagellar assembly. We propose that the FliH2FliI complex and FliI6 ring function as a dynamic substrate carrier and a static substrate loader, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bai
- 1] Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China [2] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [3]
| | - Yusuke V Morimoto
- 1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan [3]
| | - Shinsuke D J Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hara
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobunori Kami-Ike
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- 1] Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [2] Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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25
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Fukumura T, Furukawa Y, Kawaguchi T, Saijo-Hamano Y, Namba K, Imada K, Minamino T. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the periplasmic domain of FliP, an integral membrane component of the bacterial flagellar type III protein-export apparatus. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:1215-8. [PMID: 25195894 PMCID: PMC4157421 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14014678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial flagellar proteins are transported via a specific export apparatus to the distal end of the growing structure for their self-assembly. FliP is an essential membrane component of the export apparatus. FliP has an N-terminal signal peptide and is predicted to have four transmembrane (TM) helices and a periplasmic domain (FliPP) between TM-2 and TM-3. In this study, FliPP from Thermotoga maritima (TmFliPP) and its selenomethionine derivative (SeMet-TmFliPP) were purified and crystallized. TmFliPP formed a homotetramer in solution. Crystals of TmFliPP and SeMet-TmFliPP were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique with 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol as a precipitant. These two crystals grew in the hexagonal space group P6222 or P6422, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 114.9, c = 193.8 Å. X-ray diffraction data were collected from crystals of TmFliPP and SeMet-TmFliPP to 2.4 and 2.8 Å resolution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Fukumura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukio Furukawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saijo-Hamano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadoaka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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F-subunit reinforces torque generation in V-ATPase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2014; 43:415-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-014-0973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Evans LDB, Hughes C, Fraser GM. Building a flagellum outside the bacterial cell. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:566-72. [PMID: 24973293 PMCID: PMC4183434 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Flagella, the helical propellers that extend from the bacterial surface, are a paradigm for how complex molecular machines can be built outside the living cell. Their assembly requires ordered export of thousands of structural subunits across the cell membrane and this is achieved by a type III export machinery located at the flagellum base, after which subunits transit through a narrow channel at the core of the flagellum to reach the assembly site at the tip of the nascent structure, up to 20μm from the cell surface. Here we review recent findings that provide new insights into flagellar export and assembly, and a new and unanticipated mechanism for constant rate flagellum growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D B Evans
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Colin Hughes
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Gillian M Fraser
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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28
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EscO, a functional and structural analog of the flagellar FliJ protein, is a positive regulator of EscN ATPase activity of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli injectisome. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2227-41. [PMID: 24706741 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01551-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are multiprotein molecular devices used by many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic cells. A T3SS is also used for protein export in flagellar assembly, which promotes bacterial motility. The two systems are evolutionarily related, possessing highly conserved components in their export apparatuses. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) employs a T3SS, encoded by genes in the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, to colonize the human intestine and cause diarrheal disease. In the present work, we investigated the role of the LEE-encoded EscO protein (previously Orf15 or EscA) in T3SS biogenesis. We show that EscO shares similar properties with the flagellar FliJ and the Yersinia YscO protein families. Our findings demonstrate that EscO is essential for secretion of all categories of T3SS substrates. Consistent with its central role in protein secretion, it was found to interact with the ATPase EscN and its negative regulator, EscL, of the export apparatus. Moreover, we show that EscO stimulates EscN enzymatic activity; however, it is unable to upregulate ATP hydrolysis in the presence of EscL. Remarkably, EscO partially restored the swimming defect of a Salmonella flagellar fliJ mutant and was able to stimulate the ATPase activity of FliI. Overall, our data indicate that EscO is the virulence counterpart of the flagellar FliJ protein.
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29
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Abrusci P, McDowell MA, Lea SM, Johnson S. Building a secreting nanomachine: a structural overview of the T3SS. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2014; 25:111-7. [PMID: 24704748 PMCID: PMC4045390 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Flagellar and non-flagellar T3SS are built assembling homologous protein machineries. Unified nomenclature for non-flagellar T3SS. New model of the T3SS needle is consistent with the flagellar filament, both in terms of helical parameters and orientation. Structural and functional implication of the new architecture of the T3SS export apparatus and ATPase complex.
To fulfill complex biological tasks, such as locomotion and protein translocation, bacteria assemble macromolecular nanomachines. One such nanodevice, the type III secretion system (T3SS), has evolved to provide a means of transporting proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm across the periplasmic and extracellular spaces. T3SS can be broadly classified into two highly homologous families: the flagellar T3SS which drive cell motility, and the non-flagellar T3SS (NF-T3SS) that inject effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, a trait frequently associated with virulence. Although the structures and symmetries of ancillary components of the T3SS have diversified to match requirements of different species adapted to different niches, recent genetic, molecular and structural studies demonstrate that these systems are built by arranging homologous modular protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Abrusci
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie A McDowell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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