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Kempf F, La Ragione R, Chirullo B, Schouler C, Velge P. Super Shedding in Enteric Pathogens: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2101. [PMID: 36363692 PMCID: PMC9692634 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Super shedding occurs when a small number of individuals from a given host population shed high levels of a pathogen. Beyond this general definition, various interpretations of the shedding patterns have been proposed to identify super shedders, leading to the description of the super shedding phenomenon in a wide range of pathogens, in particular enteric pathogens, which are of considerable interest. Several underlying mechanisms may explain this observation, including factors related to the environment, the gut microbiota, the pathogen itself (i.e., genetic polymorphism), and the host (including immune factors). Moreover, data suggest that the interplay of these parameters, in particular at the host-pathogen-gut microbiota interface, is of crucial importance for the determination of the super shedding phenotype in enteric pathogens. As a phenomenon playing an important role in the epidemics of enteric diseases, the evidence of super shedding has highlighted the need to develop various control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 000161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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2
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Bradford H, McKernan C, Elliott C, Dean M. Factors Influencing Pig Farmers’ Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Use and Resistance. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Consumption of pork and pork products can be associated with outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Salmonella infection is usually subclinical in pigs, and farm-based control measures are challenging to implement. To obtain data on Salmonella prevalence, samples can be collected from pigs during the slaughter process. Here we report the results of a Great Britain (GB) based abattoir survey conducted by sampling caecal contents from pigs in nine British pig abattoirs during 2019. Samples were collected according to a randomised stratified scheme, and pigs originating from 286 GB farms were included in this survey. Salmonella was isolated from 112 pig caecal samples; a prevalence of 32.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 27.4–37.4]. Twelve different Salmonella serovars were isolated, with the most common serovars being S. 4,[5],12:i:-, a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (36.6% of Salmonella-positive samples), followed by S. Derby (25.9% of Salmonella-positive samples). There was no significant difference compared to the estimate of overall prevalence (30.5% (95% CI 26.5–34.6)) obtained in the last abattoir survey conducted in the UK (2013). Abattoir-based control measures are often effective in the reduction of Salmonella contamination of carcasses entering the food chain. In this study, the effect of abattoir hygiene practices on the prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses was not assessed. Continuing Salmonella surveillance at slaughter is recommended to assess effect of farm-based and abattoir-based interventions and to monitor potential public health risk associated with consumption of Salmonella-contaminated pork products.
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4
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Dos Santos Bersot L, Quintana Cavicchioli V, Viana C, Konrad Burin RC, Camargo AC, de Almeida Nogueira Pinto JP, Nero LA, Destro MT. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040204. [PMID: 31652972 PMCID: PMC6963642 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella spp. in food production chains is very important to ensure safe foods and minimize the risks of foodborne disease occurrence. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and main contamination sources of Salmonella spp. in a pig production chain in southern Brazil. Six lots of piglets produced at different farms were tracked until their slaughter, and samples were subjected to Salmonella spp. detection. The obtained isolates were serotyped, subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella spp. was detected in 160 (10.2%) samples, and not detected in pig carcasses after final washing or chilling. Among the 210 Salmonella spp. isolates, S. Typhimurium was the most prevalent (n = 101) and resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High resistance rates were detected against tetracycline (83.8%), chloramphenicol (54.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%). The isolates that were non-susceptible to three or more classes of antimicrobials (n = 60) were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR), and isolates resistant to up to six of the tested antimicrobials were found. PFGE allowed the identification of genetic diversity and demonstrated that farm environment and feed supply may be sources for the dissemination of Salmonella spp. along the production chain. The results revealed the sources of Salmonella contamination in the pig production chain and highlighted the risks of antimicrobial resistance spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Departamento de Ciência Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Cibeli Viana
- Departamento de Ciência Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, PR 85950-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Teresa Destro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Coyne LA, Latham SM, Dawson S, Donald IJ, Pearson RB, Smith RF, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL. Exploring Perspectives on Antimicrobial Use in Livestock: A Mixed-Methods Study of UK Pig Farmers. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:257. [PMID: 31428622 PMCID: PMC6688534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine have raised concerns over the irresponsible use of antimicrobials. The role of administering antimicrobials in food producing animals most frequently falls to the farmer, therefore it is essential that their use of antimicrobials is both optimal and responsible. This study sought in-depth information on the drivers behind antimicrobial use behaviors and farmer attitudes to responsible use using a mixed-methodological approach. Initially, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample of farmers (n = 22). A thematic analysis approach was taken to identify key themes from these qualitative data. The generalizability and variation of these themes was then tested on a larger randomly selected sample of pig farmers through a questionnaire study (n = 261). The influences behind antimicrobial use were complex with multiple drivers motivating decisions. There was no consensual opinion on what farming systems resulted in either a low or high antimicrobial requirement however, farmers reported that good management practices, low stocking densities, and a high health status were associated with low antimicrobial use. Farmers expressed desire to avoid the long-term use of in-feed antimicrobials, but identified barriers to discontinuing such behaviors, such as pig morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The high cost of antimicrobials was described as a motivation toward seeking alternative methods of controlling disease to prophylactic use; however, this expense was balanced against the losses from an increased burden of disease. The high financial costs involved in pig production alongside the economic uncertainty of production and pressure from retailers, were identified as limiting the scope for improvements in pig accommodation and facilities which could reduce the antimicrobial requirements on farm. Long-term, sustainable and economically stable relationships between retailers and farmers may allow farmers to make necessary investments in improving management and housing in order to reduce antimicrobial use. Greater use and more widespread deployment of effective vaccinations were highlighted by farmers as being a feasible alternative to antimicrobial use in preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A. Coyne
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia M. Latham
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Dawson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Donald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Population Health Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob F. Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina L. Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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6
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Dailey J, Rosman L, Silbergeld EK. Evaluating biological plausibility in supporting evidence for action through systematic reviews in public health. Public Health 2018; 165:48-57. [PMID: 30368168 PMCID: PMC6289655 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this research was to develop and test methods for accessing and evaluating information on the biological plausibility of observed associations between exposures or interventions and outcomes to generate scientific evidence for action consistent with practice in systematic reviews. STUDY DESIGN To undertake this research, we used the example of the observed associations between antimicrobial use in food animals and increased risks of human exposures to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens of zoonotic origin. METHODS We conducted a scoping search using terms related to biological plausibility or mechanism to identify key references. As recommended by these references, we also used expert consultation with researchers and a public health informationist. We used their recommendations, which included expert consultation, to identify mechanisms relevant to biological plausibility of the association we selected to test. We used the reviews conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines Development Group in support of reducing antimicrobial use in food animal production to populate our model for assessing biological plausibility. RESULTS We were able to develop a transparent model for biological plausibility based on the adverse outcome pathway used in toxicology and ecology. We were also able to populate this model using the WHO reviews. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of biological plausibility used transparent and validated methods to assess the evidence used in systematic reviews based on the observational studies accessed through searches of the scientific literature. Given the importance of this topic in systematic reviews and evidence-based decision-making, further research is needed to define and test the methodological approaches to access and properly evaluate information from the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dailey
- Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, USA.
| | - L Rosman
- Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Welch Medical Library, USA.
| | - E K Silbergeld
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, USA.
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7
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Gavin C, Simons RRL, Berriman ADC, Moorhouse D, Snary EL, Smith RP, Hill AA. A cost-benefit assessment of Salmonella-control strategies in pigs reared in the United Kingdom. Prev Vet Med 2018; 160:54-62. [PMID: 30388998 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pork and pork products are a major source of human salmonellosis in the United Kingdom (UK). Despite a number of surveillance programmes, the prevalence of Salmonella in the UK slaughter pig population remains over 20%. Here, we present the results of a Cost-Benefit Analysis comparing five on-farm control strategies (where the cost is the cost of implementation and the benefits are the financial savings for both the human health and pig industries). The interventions considered were: wet feed, organic acids in feed, vaccination, enhanced cleaning and disinfection and movement of outdoor breeding units. The data originate from published papers and recent UK studies. The effectiveness was assessed by adapting a previous risk assessment, originally developed for the European Food Safety Authority. Using this method, none of the intervention strategies produced a net cost-benefit. Our results suggest that the cost of implementation outweighed the savings for all interventions, even if the effectiveness could be improved. Therefore, to achieve a net cost-benefit it is essential to reduce the cost of interventions. Analyses concluded that large cost reductions (up to 96%) would be required. Use of organic acids required the smallest reduction in cost (22.7%) to achieve a net cost benefit. Uncertainty analysis suggested that a small net gain might be possible, for some of the intervention measures. But this would imply that the model greatly underestimated some key parameters, which was considered unlikely. Areas of key uncertainty were identified as the under-reporting factor (i.e. the proportion of community cases of Salmonella) and the source attribution factor (i.e. the proportion of human Salmonella cases attributable to pork products).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gavin
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - R R L Simons
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - A D C Berriman
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - D Moorhouse
- ADAS, Pendeford House, Wobaston Road, Pendeford, Wolverhampton, WV9 5AP, United Kingdom
| | - E L Snary
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - R P Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - A A Hill
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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Delgado-Suárez EJ, Selem-Mojica N, Ortiz-López R, Gebreyes WA, Allard MW, Barona-Gómez F, Rubio-Lozano MS. Whole genome sequencing reveals widespread distribution of typhoidal toxin genes and VirB/D4 plasmids in bovine-associated nontyphoidal Salmonella. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9864. [PMID: 29959369 PMCID: PMC6026178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common pathogen in food-producing animals and a public health concern worldwide. Various NTS serovars may be present in apparently healthy animals. This could result in carcass contamination during the slaughter process leading to human exposure. While most genomic research has focused on Salmonella pathogenesis, little is known on the factors associated with subclinical infections and environmental persistence. We report here the widespread distribution of typhoidal toxin genes (i. e. the cdtB islet, hlyE, taiA), among NTS strains from a beef slaughter operation (n = 39) and from epidemiologically unconnected ground beef (n = 20). These genes were present in 76% of the strains, regardless of serovar, isolation source or geographical location. Moreover, strains that predominated in the slaughterhouse carry plasmid-borne type IV secretion systems (T4SS), which have been linked to persistent infections in numerous pathogens. Population genomics supports clonal dissemination of NTS along the food production chain, highlighting its role as reservoir of genetic variability in the environment. Overall, the study provides a thorough characterization of serovar diversity and genomic features of beef-associated NTS in Mexico. Furthermore, it reveals how common genetic factors could partially explain the emergence and persistence of certain NTS serovars in the beef industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Jesús Delgado-Suárez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nelly Selem-Mojica
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, 66460, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monterrey, 64710, Mexico
| | | | - Marc W Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, 20740, USA
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, 36821, Mexico.
| | - María Salud Rubio-Lozano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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Lahodny GE, Gautam R, Ivanek R. Understanding the effects of intermittent shedding on the transmission of infectious diseases: example of salmonellosis in pigs. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2017; 11:436-460. [PMID: 28929911 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2017.1375164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of environmentally transmitted infectious diseases are characterized by intermittent infectiousness of infected hosts. However, it is unclear whether intermittent infectiousness must be explicitly accounted for in mathematical models for these diseases or if a simplified modelling approach is acceptable. To address this question we study the transmission of salmonellosis between penned pigs in a grower-finisher facility. The model considers indirect transmission, growth of free-living Salmonella within the environment, and environmental decontamination. The model is used to evaluate the role of intermittent fecal shedding by comparing the behaviour of the model with constant versus intermittent infectiousness. The basic reproduction number, [Formula: see text], is used to determine the long-term behaviour of the model regarding persistence or extinction of infection. The short-term behaviour of the model, relevant to swine production, is considered by examining the prevalence of infection at slaughter. Comparison of the two modelling approaches indicates that neglecting the intermittent pattern of infectiousness can result in biased estimates for [Formula: see text] and infection prevalence at slaughter. Therefore, models for salmonellosis or similar infections should explicitly account for the mechanism of intermittent infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn E Lahodny
- a Department of Mathematics , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
- d Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Raju Gautam
- b Aquatic Surveillance and Epidemiology, Animal Health Science Directorate , Canadian Food Inspection Agency , Ottawa , ON , Canada
- d Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Renata Ivanek
- c Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY, USA
- d Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
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Oh SY, Heo NS, Shukla S, Cho HJ, Vilian ATE, Kim J, Lee SY, Han YK, Yoo SM, Huh YS. Development of gold nanoparticle-aptamer-based LSPR sensing chips for the rapid detection of Salmonella typhimurium in pork meat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10130. [PMID: 28860462 PMCID: PMC5579046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A non-labeled, portable plasmonic biosensor-based device was developed to enable the ultra-sensitive and selective detection of Salmonella typhimurium in pork meat samples. Specifically, a plasmonic sensor, using the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to achieve a regulated diameter of 20 nm for the AuNP monolayers, was used to conduct high-density deposition on a transparent substrate, which produced longitudinal wavelength extinction shifts via a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) signal. The developed aptamers conjugated to the LSPR sensing chips revealed an ultra-sensitive upper limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 104 cfu/mL for S. typhimurium in pure culture under the optimal assay conditions, with a total analysis time of 30–35 min. When the LSPR sensing chips were applied on artificially contaminated pork meat samples, S. typhimurium in the spiked pork meat samples was also detected at an LOD of 1.0 × 104 cfu/mL. The developed method could detect S. typhimurium in spiked pork meat samples without a pre-enrichment step. Additionally, the LSPR sensing chips developed against S. typhimurium were not susceptible to any effect of the food matrix or background contaminant microflora. These findings confirmed that the developed gold nanoparticle-aptamer-based LSPR sensing chips could facilitate sensitive detection of S. typhimurium in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeong Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Su Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Shruti Shukla
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Cho
- Reliability Assessment Center for Chemical Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - A T Ezhil Vilian
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Yoo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Martelli F, Lambert M, Butt P, Cheney T, Tatone FA, Callaby R, Rabie A, Gosling RJ, Fordon S, Crocker G, Davies RH, Smith RP. Evaluation of an enhanced cleaning and disinfection protocol in Salmonella contaminated pig holdings in the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178897. [PMID: 28594930 PMCID: PMC5464571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the second most commonly reported zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen in the European Union, and a significant proportion of the cases are linked to the consumption of contaminated pork. Reduction of Salmonella at the farm level helps to mininimise the contamination pressure at the slaughterhouse, and therefore the number of Salmonella bacteria entering the food chain. Cleaning and disinfection (C&D) between batches of pigs is an intervention measure that has potential to reduce the transmission of Salmonella contamination within farms. In this study, two pig finisher buildings in each of 10 Salmonella positive farms were sampled pre-C&D, post-C&D, post-restocking with the following batch of pigs, and shortly before these pigs were sent to slaughter. The incoming batch of pigs was also sampled before it reached the study building (pre-restocking). At each visit, pooled and individual faecal samples were collected and Salmonella isolation was carried out according to an ISO 6579:2002 Annex D-based method. One building on each farm (intervention) was cleaned and disinfected according to a rigorous protocol consisting of several steps and a Defra-approved disinfectant used at the General Orders concentration, whilst the other building (control) was cleaned and disinfected as per normal farm routine. At the post-C&D visit, Enterobacteriaceae and total bacterial counts were determined to evaluate residual faecal contamination and general hygiene levels. Rodent specialists visited the farms before and after C&D and rodent carcasses were collected for Salmonella testing. The intervention buildings were significantly less likely (p = 0.004) to be positive for Salmonella after C&D. The pre-restocking pigs had the highest likelihood (p<0.001) of being Salmonella positive (often with multiple serovars) and there was no significant difference between intervention and control buildings in Salmonella prevalence at the post-restocking visit (p = 0.199). However, the pigs housed in the intervention buildings were significantly less likely (p = 0.004) to be positive for Salmonella at slaughter age. Multivariable analysis suggested that cleaning all fixtures of buildings, leaving the pens empty for 2-3 days and using an effective disinfectant are factors significantly improving the likelihood of removing Salmonella contamination during C&D. Signs of rodents were recorded in all farms, but rodent activity and harbourage availability decreased between visits. All the rats tested were Salmonella negative. S. Typhimurium or its monophasic variants were isolated from 6 mouse carcasses in 3 farms where the same serovars were isolated from pigs. This study demonstrates that an appropriate C&D programme significantly reduces the likelihood of residual contamination in Salmonella positive pig buildings, and suggests a significant reduction in the prevalence of Salmonella in the pigs in appropriately cleaned and disinfected buildings when sampled before slaughter. Due to a high prevalence of infection in replacement pigs, control of Salmonella in pig farms is challenging. Rodents may also contribute to the carry-over of infection between batches. C&D is a useful measure to help reduce the number of infected pigs going to the slaughterhouse, but should be supplemented by other control measures along the pig breeding and production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lambert
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tanya Cheney
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca Callaby
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, United Kingdom
| | - André Rabie
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robert H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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12
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Rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for effectiveness of primary production interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Prev Vet Med 2016; 147:213-225. [PMID: 27993401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (hereafter referred to as Salmonella) on beef and pork is an important cause of foodborne illness and death globally. A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce Salmonella prevalence or concentration in beef and pork was undertaken. A broad search was conducted in Scopus and CAB abstracts. Each citation was appraised using screening tools tested a priori. Level 1 relevance screening excluded irrelevant citations; level 2 confirmed relevance and categorized studies. Data were then extracted, and intervention categories were descriptively summarized. Meta-analysis was performed to provide a summary estimate of treatment effect where two or more studies investigated the same intervention in comparable populations. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the confidence in the estimated measures of intervention effect for data subgroups.
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Andres VM, Davies RH. Biosecurity Measures to Control Salmonella and Other Infectious Agents in Pig Farms: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Andres
- Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - Rob H. Davies
- Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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European validation of Real-Time PCR method for detection of Salmonella spp. in pork meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 184:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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