1
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Diop-Ndiaye H, Sène PY, Coulibaly K, Diallo M, Diallo S, Diop K, Sow-Ndoye A, Fall M, Ndiaye AJS, Mathebula E, Ba AA, Lejeune C, Manga NMP, Camara M, Ndour CT, Kane CT. m-PIMA™ HIV1/2 VL: A suitable tool for HIV-1 and HIV-2 viral load quantification in West Africa. J Virol Methods 2024; 324:114872. [PMID: 38128833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-Care for HIV viral RNA quantification seems to be a complementary strategy to the existing conventional systems. This study evaluated the performance of the m-PIMA™ HIV1/2 Viral Load for the quantification of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 RNA viral load. A total of 555 HIV-1 and 90 HIV-2 samples previously tested by Abbott RealTime HIV-1 (Abbott, Chicago, USA) and Generic HIV-2® Charge virale (Biocentric, France) were tested using the m-PIMA™ HIV1/2 Viral Load at the HIV National Reference lab in Senegal. For HIV-1, Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots showed a coefficient r = 0.97 and a bias of -0.11 log10 copies/ml (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.086 to -0.133 log10 copies/ml) for the m-PIMA™ HIV1/2 Viral Load, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity at 3 log10 copies/ml (threshold of virological failure) were 93.6% (95%[CI]: 91.5% to 95.6%) and 99.1% (95%[CI]: 98.3% to 99.9%), respectively. For HIV-2, a correlation of r = 0.95 was also noted with a bias of - 0.229 log10 copies/ml (95%[CI]: -0.161 to -0.297 log10 copies/ml). Sensitivity and specificity at 3 log10 copies/ml were 97.6% (95%[CI]: 94.3% to 100%) and 93.9% (95%[CI]: 88.9% to 98.8%), respectively. These results confirmed that m-PIMA™ HIV1/2 VL could be a good alternative for HIV-1 and HIV-2 viral load testing in decentralized settings in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimatou Diop-Ndiaye
- Cheikh Anta Diop University and Bacteriology-Virology UTH Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | | | | | - Sada Diallo
- Bacteriology-Virology UTH Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Karim Diop
- Division de Lutte contre le SIDA/IST, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aissatou Sow-Ndoye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de surveillance épidémiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mengue Fall
- Bacteriology-Virology UTH Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Evans Mathebula
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Makhtar Camara
- Cheikh Anta Diop University and Bacteriology-Virology UTH Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Coumba Toure Kane
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de surveillance épidémiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal
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2
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Diallo I, Ouédraogo S, Sawadogo A, Ouédraogo GA, Diendéré EA, Zoungrana J, Sondo AK, Bognounou R, Savadogo M, Poda A, Drabo YJ. Future of HIV2 and HIV2 + 1 Infected Patients Treated with Antiretrovirals Followed at the Day Hospital HIV Care Unit from 2011 to 2015. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2022; 21:23259582221143675. [PMID: 36474417 PMCID: PMC9732798 DOI: 10.1177/23259582221143675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: HIV2 is endemic in West Africa. In Burkina Faso, its prevalence was estimated at 2%. The aim of this work was to evaluate the follow-up of patients and also to contribute to the availability of data. Methods: We involved 18 years or older. Infection was screened according to the national algorithm. A cross- sectional study from first June 2017 to 31 December 2017 was performed. For each patient, sociodemographic, clinical, biological, therapeutic and evolution data were collected and analyzed. Results: The proportion of patients infected with HIV2 (n = 48; 1.7%) and HIV2 + 1 (n = 67; 2.4%) was 4.3%. The sex rat mean age was 50.3 ± 8.5 years. The combination of 2INTI + LPV/r was the most prescribed (n = 73; 63.5%). The average gain of LTCD4 has evolved from + 236 cells/mm3 in 2011 to + 364 cells/mm3 in 2015. The retention rate at grade 5 was about 70%. Conclusion: The immunological and clinic response of the patients was satisfactory. More than half of the patients remained in the continuum of care after five years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaël Diallo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Day Hospital (HIV Department),
Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Smaïla Ouédraogo
- Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Public Health Department, Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Sawadogo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Regional Teaching Hospital of
Ouahigouya, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso,Abdoulaye Sawadogo, Regional Teaching
Hospital of Ouahigouya, Department of Infectious Diseases, 04 BP : 698
Ouagadougou 04, Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Eric Arnaud Diendéré
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teaching Hospital of Bogodogo,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Zoungrana
- Superior Institute of Health Sciences, Department of infectious
diseases and tropical medicine, Nazi Boni University, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina
Faso
| | - Apoline Kongnimissom Sondo
- Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Department of Infectious Diseases, Yalgado Ouedraogo University
Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Réné Bognounou
- Department of Internal Medicine/Day Hospital (HIV Department),
Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamoudou Savadogo
- Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Department of Infectious Diseases, Yalgado Ouedraogo University
Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Armel Poda
- Superior Institute of Health Sciences, Department of infectious
diseases and tropical medicine, Nazi Boni University, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina
Faso
| | - Youssouf Joseph Drabo
- Department of Internal Medicine/Day Hospital (HIV Department),
Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Training and Research Unit Health Sciences (UFR-SDS), Joseph
KI-Zerbo University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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3
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Ramalingam VV, Fletcher GJ, Kasirajan A, Demosthenes JP, Rupali P, Varghese GM, Pulimood SA, Rebekah G, Kannangai R. Can In-house HIV-2 Viral Load Assay be a Reliable Alternative to Commercial Assays for Clinical and Therapeutic Monitoring? Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:274-286. [PMID: 35692165 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220609155237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a global contemplation to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. HIV-2 poses unique challenges to this end. The burden of HIV-2 is higher in resource-limited countries, and it is intrinsically resistant to NNRTI drugs. In addition, there is no FDA-approved plasma viral load assay to monitor disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these challenges, we have developed and evaluated an in-house quantitative HIV-2 viral load assay. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 28 HIV-2 treatment-naïve monoinfected individuals and tested using an in-house qPCR HIV-2 viral load assay. The extracted RNA was amplified using Quantifast pathogen + IC kit. RESULTS The in-house qPCR has a limit of detection of 695 copies/ml. The intra- and inter-assay variation (% CV) of the assay was 0.61 and 0.95, respectively. The in-house assay quantified HIV-2 NIBSC accurately (1000 IU) with a mean of 1952 copies/mL. Among the 28 samples tested by in-house qPCR assay, 11 (39.2%) samples were quantified, whereas 17 (60.7%) samples were not detected. In comparison with Altona RealStar HIV-2 RT PCR and Exavir Load RT assay, the results were 96.4% and 69.6% concordant, respectively. No significant (p = 0.99 and p = 0.13) difference in quantifying viral load between the three assays. Based on clinical and immunological (CD4) staging, the performance characteristics were comparable. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-house qPCR developed in India. The performance characteristics of the in-house assay are comparable to the commercial assays, and they can be used assertively to monitor HIV-2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anand Kasirajan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - John Paul Demosthenes
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Priscilla Rupali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - George Mannil Varghese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | | | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
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4
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Reeves I, Cromarty B, Deayton J, Dhairyawan R, Kidd M, Taylor C, Thornhill J, Tickell-Painter M, van Halsema C. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV-2 2021. HIV Med 2021; 22 Suppl 4:1-29. [PMID: 34927347 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Reeves
- Consultant in HIV Medicine, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Jane Deayton
- Clinical Senior Lecturer in HIV, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rageshri Dhairyawan
- Consultant in Sexual Health and HIV Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mike Kidd
- Consultant Virologist, National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK
| | - Chris Taylor
- Consultant Physician Sexual Health and HIV, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - John Thornhill
- Consultant in Sexual Health and HIV Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Maya Tickell-Painter
- Specialist Registrar in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare van Halsema
- Consultant in Infectious Diseases, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, UK
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5
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Ronchetti AM, Matheron S, Galicier L, Damond F, Mahjoub N, Chaghil N, Meignin V, Mechaï F, Simon F, Oksenhendler E, Gérard L. Lymphoma in HIV-2-infected patients in combination antiretroviral therapy era. AIDS 2021; 35:2299-2309. [PMID: 34231524 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe lymphoma in HIV-2-infected patients and compare their characteristics with lymphoma in HIV-1-infected patients. DESIGN Ancillary analysis from a single center prospective cohort of HIV-lymphoma. METHODS We report on 16 patients with HIV-2-lymphoma diagnosed after 1996 and included in a prospective cohort of HIV lymphoma. Five additional HIV-2-infected patients coinfected with HIV-1 or/and HTLV-I (6 lymphomas) are separately reported. The incidence of lymphoma in HIV-2-infected patients was evaluated in the French multicentric HIV-2 cohort. RESULTS Incidence of lymphoma in the French HIV-2 cohort was estimated as 0.6/1000 patient-years. In our series, the median CD4+ cell count was 166 × 106/l at the time of lymphoma diagnosis and 50% of patients had undetectable plasma HIV-2-RNA. Lymphomas were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 12) and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 4). Similarly to HIV-1-lymphoma, clinical presentation was aggressive in most cases. All but one patient received intensive chemotherapy. Complete remission was achieved in 13 cases and 1 patient relapsed. The overall survival was not statistically different from that observed in patients with HIV-1 lymphoma. The six additional lymphomas observed in five HIV-2-infected patients coinfected with HIV-1 or/and HTLV-I presented with similar clinical presentation but worse prognosis. CONCLUSION Despite the lower pathogenicity of HIV-2, the risk of developing lymphoma seems to be close to that observed in HIV-1 population with similar lymphoma characteristics. Compared with HIV-1, HIV-2-infected patients developed lymphoma later in their life but at a similar CD4+ cell count level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Ronchetti
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | | | - Lionel Galicier
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Florence Damond
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Nadia Mahjoub
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Nathalie Chaghil
- INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, CIC 1401, UMR 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, CHU de Bordeaux
| | - Véronique Meignin
- Laboratoire de Pathologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Frédéric Mechaï
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bobigny
| | - François Simon
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
- Université Paris-Diderot, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Gérard
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
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6
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Ceccarelli G, Giovanetti M, Sagnelli C, Ciccozzi A, d’Ettorre G, Angeletti S, Borsetti A, Ciccozzi M. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2: The Neglected Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111377. [PMID: 34832533 PMCID: PMC8621479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Africa has the highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 infection in the world, but a high number of cases has been recognized in Europe, India, and the United States. The virus is less transmissible than HIV-1, with sexual contacts being the most frequent route of acquisition. In the absence of specific antiretroviral therapy, most HIV-2 carriers will develop AIDS. Although, it requires more time than HIV-1 infection, CD4+ T cell decline occurs more slowly in HIV-2 than in HIV-1 patients. HIV-2 is resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and some protease inhibitors. Misdiagnosis of HIV-2 in patients mistakenly considered HIV-1-positive or in those with dual infections can cause treatment failures with undetectable HIV-1 RNA. In this era of global integration, clinicians must be aware of when to consider the diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and how to test for this virus. Although there is debate regarding when therapy should be initiated and which regimen should be chosen, recent trials have provided important information on treatment options for HIV-2 infection. In this review, we focus mainly on data available and on the insight they offer about molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation, antiretroviral therapy, and diagnostic tests of HIV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via L. Armanni 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.C.); (G.d.)
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-9187
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7
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Al-Mozaini M, Alzahrani A, Alsharif I, Shinwari Z, Halim M, Alhokail A, Alrajhi A, Alaiya A. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals unique but overlapping protein signatures in HIV infections. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:795-802. [PMID: 34030014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exploits human host factors to complete its life cycle. Hence, discovery of HIV-regulated host proteins markers would better our understanding of the virus life-cycle and its contribution to pathogenesis and discovery of objective diagnostic and prognostic molecules. METHODS We conducted holistic total proteomics analysis of three closely related study populations including patients with HIV type-1 (HIV-1) and HIV type-2 (HIV-2) as well as HIV-1 elite controllers (HIV-1-EC). Peripheral blood plasma (PBP) samples were subjected to label-free quantitative liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Over 314 unique PBP protein species were identified of which 100 (approx. 32%) were significantly differentially expressed (≥2 to ∞ - fold-change; p < 0.05) between the three sample cohorts. Of the 100 proteins, 91 were significantly changed between pairs of HIV-1 versus HIV-1-EC, while 83 of the 100 proteins differed significantly between HIV-2 and HIV-1-EC. Interestingly, 76 proteins (87.5%) overlap between the two data sets indicating that majority of these proteins share similar expression changes between HIV-1 and HIV-2 sample groups. Two of the identified proteins, XRCC5 and PSME1, were implicated in the early phase of the pathway network for HIV life cycle, while others were involved in infectious disease and disease of signal transduction. Among them were MAP2K1, RPL23A, RPS3, CALR, PRDX1, SOD2, LMNB1, PHB, and FGB. Despite the high degree of similarity in protein profiles of HIV-1 and HIV-2, six proteins differed significantly including ETFB, PHB2, S100A9, LMO2, PPP3R1 and Vif, a fragment of virion infectivity factor of HIV-1. Additionally, 15 proteins were uniquely expressed, and one of them (LSP1) is present only in HIV-1-EC but absent in HIV1 and HIV-2 and vice versa for the rest 14 proteins. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we have identified HIV-specific/related protein expression changes that might potentially be capable of early diagnosis and prognosis of HIV diseases and other related infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Al-Mozaini
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alhusain Alzahrani
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Baten, Hafr Al Baten, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibtihaj Alsharif
- Immunocompromised Host Research Section, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zakia Shinwari
- Proteomics Unit, Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Magid Halim
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Alhokail
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Alrajhi
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayodele Alaiya
- Proteomics Unit, Stem Cell & Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Serra PA, Taveira N, Guedes RC. Computational Modulation of the V3 Region of Glycoprotein gp125 of HIV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1948. [PMID: 33669351 PMCID: PMC7920276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 infection is frequently neglected in HIV/AIDS campaigns. However, a special emphasis must be given to HIV-2 as an untreated infection that also leads to AIDS and death, and for which the efficacy of most available drugs is limited against HIV-2. HIV envelope glycoproteins mediate binding to the receptor CD4 and co-receptors at the surface of the target cell, enabling fusion with the cell membrane and viral entry. Here, we developed and optimized a computer-assisted drug design approach of an important HIV-2 glycoprotein that allows us to explore and gain further insights at the molecular level into protein structures and interactions crucial for the inhibition of HIV-2 cell entry. The 3D structure of a key HIV-2ROD gp125 region was generated by a homology modeling campaign. To disclose the importance of the main structural features and compare them with experimental results, 3D-models of six mutants were also generated. These mutations revealed the selective impact on the behavior of the protein. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to optimize the models, and the dynamic behavior was tackled to account for structure flexibility and interactions network formation. Structurally, the mutations studied lead to a loss of aromatic features, which is very important for the establishment of π-π interactions and could induce a structural preference by a specific coreceptor. These new insights into the structure-function relationship of HIV-2 gp125 V3 and surrounding regions will help in the design of better models and the design of new small molecules capable to inhibit the attachment and binding of HIV with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia A. Serra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines and Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines and Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines and Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
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9
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Gottlieb GS, Rosenberg JM, Gonzalez RG, Gandhi RT. Case 27-2020: A 53-Year-Old Woman with Headache and Gait Imbalance. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:859-866. [PMID: 32846066 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1913472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- From the Departments of Medicine and Global Health, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (G.S.G.); and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Jacob M Rosenberg
- From the Departments of Medicine and Global Health, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (G.S.G.); and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - R Gilberto Gonzalez
- From the Departments of Medicine and Global Health, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (G.S.G.); and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- From the Departments of Medicine and Global Health, Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (G.S.G.); and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.M.R., R.T.G.) and Radiology (R.G.G.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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10
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Tchounga BK, Charpentier C, Coffie PA, Dabis F, Descamps D, Eholie SP, Ekouevi DK. Survival among antiretroviral-experienced HIV-2 patients experiencing virologic failure with drug resistance mutations in Cote d'Ivoire West Africa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236642. [PMID: 32756581 PMCID: PMC7406077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The long-term prognosis of HIV-2-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is still challenging, due to the intrinsic resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) and the suboptimal response to some protease inhibitors (PI). The objective was to describe the 5-years outcomes among HIV-2 patients harboring drug-resistant viruses. METHODS A clinic-based cohort of HIV-2-patients experiencing virologic failure, with at least one drug resistance mutation was followed from January 2012 to August 2017 in Côte d'Ivoire. Follow-up data included death, lost to follow-up (LTFU), immuno-virological responses. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to estimate survival rates. RESULTS A total of 31 HIV-2 patients with virologic failure and with at least one drug resistance mutation were included. Two-third of them were men, 28(90.3%) were on PI-based ART-regimen at enrolment and the median age was 50 years (IQR = 46-54). The median baseline CD4 count and viral load were 456 cells/mm3 and 3.7 log10 c/mL respectively, and the participants have been followed-up in median 57 months (IQR = 24-60). During this period, 21 (67.7%) patients switched at least one antiretroviral drug, including two (6.5%) and three (9.7%) who switched to a PI-based and an integrase inhibitor-based regimen respectively. A total of 10(32.3%) patients died and 4(12.9%) were LTFU. The 36 and 60-months survival rates were 68.5% and 64.9%, respectively. Among the 17 patients remaining in care, six(35.3%) had an undetectable viral load (<50 c/mL) and for the 11 others, the viral load ranged from 2.8 to 5.6 log10 c/mL. Twelve patients were receiving lopinavir at the time of first genotype, five(42%) had a genotypic susceptibility score (GSS) ≤1 and 4(33%) a GSS >2. CONCLUSIONS The 36-months survival rate among ART-experienced HIV-2 patients with drug-resistant viruses is below 70%,lower than in HIV-1. There is urgent need to improve access to second-line ART for patients living with HIV-2 in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K. Tchounga
- Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | | | - Patrick A. Coffie
- Département de Dermatologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - François Dabis
- Centre Inserm 1219 & Institut de Santé Publique d’épidémiologie et de développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1137 IAME, Paris, France
| | - Serge P. Eholie
- Département de Dermatologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Didier K. Ekouevi
- Centre Inserm 1219 & Institut de Santé Publique d’épidémiologie et de développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Kone B, Sarro YS, Baya B, Dabitao D, Coulibaly N, Wague M, Diarra B, Guindo O, Sanogo M, Togo AC, Kone A, Goita D, Diabate S, Kodio O, Belson M, Dao S, Orsega S, Murphy RL, Diallo S, Doumbia S, Siddiqui S, Maiga M. Diagnostic Performances of Three Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Detecting HIV Infections in Mali. INFECTIOUS DISEASES DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT 2019; 3:134. [PMID: 34355138 PMCID: PMC8336946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of HIV infections in resource-limited countries like Mali is based on Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs). The RDTs are diagnostic assays designed for use at the Point-Of-Care (POC), which is quick, cost-effective and easy to perform. However, in these countries, the tests are commonly used without any initial evaluation or monitoring of their performance despite high levels of HIV strain diversity and rapid evolution of the virus. In this study, the reliability and accuracy of HIV RDTs (Determine™, Multispot™, SD Bioline™) used in Mali, where HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-exist, were evaluated from August 2004 to November 2017. A total of 1303 samples from new HIV-suspect patients in Bamako were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 using the RDT Determine™, followed by ELISA and Western Blot (WB). The Determine™ test showed a robust diagnostic sensitivity of 98.7% [CI 95: 97.59-99.37] and a diagnostic specificity of 99.2% [CI 95: 98.22-99.67]. The Multispot™ assay showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 98.77% [CI 95: 97.59-99.37] and a diagnostic specificity of 99.2% [CI 95: 98.22-99.67]. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SD Bioline™ HIV-1/2 were 100% [CI 95:72.25-100] and 88.89% [CI 95: 56.50- 98.71], respectively. These data indicate excellent performance for HIV RDTs in Mali and we recommend the use of Determine™ HIV-1/2 for HIV screening and Multispot™ for discriminating HIV-2 from HIV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bourahima Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Yeya S Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bocar Baya
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Djeneba Dabitao
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Nadie Coulibaly
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou Wague
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bassirou Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Guindo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Moumine Sanogo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Antieme Cg Togo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Drissa Goita
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Diabate
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ousmane Kodio
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Michael Belson
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sounkalo Dao
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Susan Orsega
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Souleymane Diallo
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - Sophia Siddiqui
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mamoudou Maiga
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Whereas HIV-1 has spread globally, HIV-2 is mainly found in West Africa where dual HIV-1/HIV-2 coinfection is nowadays uncommon. Herein, we report the rate, main characteristics, and treatment outcomes of all dually infected patients living in Spain. METHODS We identified retrospectively all persons coinfected with HIV-1 recorded at the Spanish HIV-2 registry. Dual infection had been confirmed using PCR in plasma and/or cells, and/or using discriminatory serological tests. RESULTS From a total of 373 individuals with HIV-2 recorded at the Spanish registry, 34 (9.1%) were coinfected with HIV-1. Compared with HIV-2 monoinfected persons, dually infected patients were more often male (67.6%), presented with lower median CD4 cell counts (204 cells/μl), and had developed more frequently AIDS events (26.5%). Although 61.7% came from West Africa, 6 (17.6%) were native Spaniards. HIV-1 non-B subtypes were recognized in 75% of coinfected patients, being the most prevalent CRF02_AG. At baseline, 45% of dually infected patients had undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA. After a median follow-up of 32 (13-48) months on antiretroviral therapy, dually infected patients achieved undetectable viremia in 85% for HIV-1, in 80% for HIV-2; and in 70% for both viruses. Median CD4 cell counts reached up to 418 cells/μl. CONCLUSION Roughly 9% of individuals with HIV-2 infection living in Spain are coinfected with HIV-1. Overall, 70% of dually infected patients achieved viral suppression for both viruses under antiretroviral therapy. Given the relatively large population of West Africans living in Spain and the continuous migration flow from HIV-2 endemic areas, HIV-1/HIV-2 coinfection should always be excluded at first diagnosis in all HIV-seroreactive persons.
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13
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90-90-90 for HIV-2? Ending the HIV-2 epidemic by enhancing care and clinical management of patients infected with HIV-2. Lancet HIV 2019; 5:e390-e399. [PMID: 30052509 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(18)30094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Distinct from HIV-1 and often neglected in the global campaign to end the AIDS epidemic, HIV-2 presents unique and underappreciated challenges in diagnosis, clinical care, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and HIV programmatic management. Here, we review the epidemiology and natural history of HIV-2, diagnostics and algorithms for accurately diagnosing and differentiating HIV-2 from HIV-1, the unique features of HIV-2 ART and drug resistance, and the clinical care and management of patients infected with HIV-2 in both developed and resource-limited settings. Ultimately, further research is needed to address the gaps in our knowledge of HIV-2 infection, increased resources are needed to specifically target HIV-2 as part of the UNAIDS/WHO 90-90-90 campaign to end AIDS, and increased determination is needed to better advocate for inclusion of people living with HIV-2 in global HIV/AIDS initiatives.
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14
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Mourez T, Lemée V, Delbos V, Delaugerre C, Alessandri-Gradt E, Etienne M, Simon F, Chaix ML, Plantier JC. HIV rapid screening tests and self-tests: Be aware of differences in performance and cautious of vendors. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:382-391. [PMID: 30509399 PMCID: PMC6284408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid tests for HIV testing are essential tools to achieve the 90-90-90 target of the World Health Organization. Many tests are available, some directly from websites. Evaluation of the performance of rapid tests, under close to real-life usage, is therefore needed to ensure accurate diagnosis in the context of the recommendation for their more widespread use. METHOD Nine third- (3G) or fourth-generation (4G) rapid screening tests or self-tests (two bought on websites), were evaluated on an extensive panel of 200 HIV-negative and 312 HIV-positive samples, representative of a wide variety of clinical situations and HIV genetic diversity. A whole blood reconstitution protocol was designed to simulate real-life usage of these tests in community-based and private settings. FINDINGS The specificity was high (98.5-100%) and sensitivity excellent (100%) for samples from patients chronically infected with the pandemic strains. The performance for infrequent situations with a major epidemiological and clinical impact, such as infection with divergent viruses or primary infection, was highly variable, depending on the test. One of the two 4G tests allowed detection of additional positive samples from early stages of infection, whereas the second (sold as a 4G test on a website) corresponded in reality to a 3G test. INTERPRETATION Our study showed that not all tests are equal for the detection of major HIV variants or early stages of HIV infection; adding the detection of specific p24Ag improved the latter point. This study also showed, for the first time, that buying through web-based vendors can be risky, due to the varying performance of the tests and questionable sales practices. Our results are of particular importance in the context of the increasing use of rapid tests in an "outside laboratory" settings. FUND: Santé Publique France, COREVIH - Normandie, and Rouen University Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mourez
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, GRAM EA 2656, Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated to the National Reference Centre for HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Véronique Lemée
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, GRAM EA 2656, Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated to the National Reference Centre for HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Valérie Delbos
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, GRAM EA 2656, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Constance Delaugerre
- Denis Diderot - Paris 7 University, INSERM U941, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Department of Virology, National Reference Centre for HIV, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Alessandri-Gradt
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, GRAM EA 2656, Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated to the National Reference Centre for HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Manuel Etienne
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, GRAM EA 2656, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, F-76000, Rouen, France; Rouen University Hospital, COREVIH Haute-Normandie, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - François Simon
- Denis Diderot - Paris 7 University, INSERM U941, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Department of Virology, National Reference Centre for HIV, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Chaix
- Denis Diderot - Paris 7 University, INSERM U941, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Department of Virology, National Reference Centre for HIV, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Normandie Univ., UNIROUEN, GRAM EA 2656, Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Virology associated to the National Reference Centre for HIV, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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15
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Wittkop L, Arsandaux J, Trevino A, Schim van der Loeff M, Anderson J, van Sighem A, Böni J, Brun-Vezinet F, Soriano V, Boufassa F, Brockmeyer N, Calmy A, Dabis F, Jarrin I, Dorrucci M, Duque V, Fätkenheuer G, Zangerle R, Ferrer E, Porter K, Judd A, Sipsas NV, Lambotte O, Shepherd L, Leport C, Morrison C, Mussini C, Obel N, Ruelle J, Schwarze-Zander C, Sonnerborg A, Teira R, Torti C, Valadas E, Colin C, Friis-Møller N, Costagliola D, Thiebaut R, Chene G, Matheron S. CD4 cell count response to first-line combination ART in HIV-2+ patients compared with HIV-1+ patients: a multinational, multicohort European study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2869-2878. [PMID: 29091198 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4 cell recovery following first-line combination ART (cART) is poorer in HIV-2+ than in HIV-1+ patients. Only large comparisons may allow adjustments for demographic and pretreatment plasma viral load (pVL). Methods ART-naive HIV+ adults from two European multicohort collaborations, COHERE (HIV-1 alone) and ACHIeV2e (HIV-2 alone), were included, if they started first-line cART (without NNRTIs or fusion inhibitors) between 1997 and 2011. Patients without at least one CD4 cell count before start of cART, without a pretreatment pVL and with missing a priori-defined covariables were excluded. Evolution of CD4 cell count was studied using adjusted linear mixed models. Results We included 185 HIV-2+ and 30321 HIV-1+ patients with median age of 46 years (IQR 36-52) and 37 years (IQR 31-44), respectively. Median observed pretreatment CD4 cell counts/mm3 were 203 (95% CI 100-290) in HIV-2+ patients and 223 (95% CI 100-353) in HIV-1+ patients. Mean observed CD4 cell count changes from start of cART to 12 months were +105 (95% CI 77-134) in HIV-2+ patients and +202 (95% CI 199-205) in HIV-1+ patients, an observed difference of 97 cells/mm3 in 1 year. In adjusted analysis, the mean CD4 cell increase was overall 25 CD4 cells/mm3/year lower (95% CI 5-44; P = 0.0127) in HIV-2+ patients compared with HIV-1+ patients. Conclusions A poorer CD4 cell increase during first-line cART was observed in HIV-2+ patients, even after adjusting for pretreatment pVL and other potential confounders. Our results underline the need to identify more potent therapeutic regimens or strategies against HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wittkop
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Arsandaux
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ana Trevino
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Brun-Vezinet
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Universite Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Vicente Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- Inserm U1018, CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Epidemiology of HIV and STI Team, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France and Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Dabis
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Inma Jarrin
- Red de Investigación en Sida, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, Madrid 528029, Spain and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Vitor Duque
- Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Zangerle
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elena Ferrer
- HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ali Judd
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Pathophysiology Department, Laiko General Hospital and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- AP-HP Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Leah Shepherd
- Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London Medical School, London NW32PF, UK
| | - Catherine Leport
- Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, UMR 1137, Paris, France and INSERM, UMR 1137, Paris, France
| | | | - Cristina Mussini
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean Ruelle
- Université catholique de Louvain, IREC, AIDS Reference Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Anders Sonnerborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlo Torti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilia Valadas
- Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Celine Colin
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nina Friis-Møller
- CHIP, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, 2100 Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominique Costagliola
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France and INSERM, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,INRIA SISTM, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Geneviève Chene
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de santé publique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Assistance Publique-Hôpiteaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,IAME, INSERM UMR 1137, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Hønge BL, Jespersen S, Medina C, Té DS, da Silva ZJ, Christiansen M, Kjerulff B, Laursen AL, Wejse C, Krarup H, Erikstrup C. The challenge of discriminating between HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual infections. HIV Med 2018; 19:403-410. [PMID: 29573304 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discrimination between HIV-1 and HIV-2 is important to ensure appropriate antiretroviral treatment (ART) and epidemiological surveillance. However, serological tests have shown frequent mistyping when applied in the field. We evaluated two confirmatory tests, INNO-LIA HIV I/II Score and ImmunoComb HIV 1/2 BiSpot, for HIV type discriminatory capacity. METHODS Samples from 239 ART-naïve HIV-infected patients from the Bissau HIV Cohort in Guinea-Bissau were selected retrospectively based on the initial HIV typing performed in Bissau, ensuring a broad representation of HIV types. INNO-LIA results were interpreted by the newest software algorithm, and three independent observers read the ImmunoComb results. HIV-1/HIV-2 RNA and DNA were measured for confirmation. RESULTS INNO-LIA results showed 123 HIV-1 positive samples, 69 HIV-2 positive and 47 HIV-1/2 dually reactive. There was agreement between INNO-LIA and HIV-1/HIV-2 RNA and DNA detection, although not all HIV-1/2 dually reactive samples could be confirmed by the nucleic acid results. Overall, the observers found that the ImmunoComb results differed from the INNO-LIA results, with agreements of 90.4, 91.2 and 92.5%, respectively, for HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2. The combined kappa-score for agreement between the three observers was 0.955 (z-score 35.1; P < 0.01). Of the HIV-2 mono-reactive samples (INNO-LIA), the three observers interpreted 24.6-31.9% as HIV-1/2 dually infected by ImmunoComb. None of these samples had detectable HIV-1 RNA or DNA. CONCLUSIONS There was accordance between INNO-LIA calls and nucleic acid results, whereas ImmunoComb overestimated the number of HIV-1/2 dually infected patients. Confirmatory typing is needed for patients diagnosed with HIV-1/2 dual infection by ImmunoComb.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Hønge
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Jespersen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Medina
- National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - D S Té
- National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Z J da Silva
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,National Public Health Laboratory, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - M Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - B Kjerulff
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A L Laursen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,GloHAU, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Krarup
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - C Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Assessment of the Cavidi ExaVir Load Assay for Monitoring Plasma Viral Load in HIV-2-Infected Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2367-2379. [PMID: 28515216 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00235-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV plasma viral load is an established marker of disease progression and of response to antiretroviral therapy, but currently there is no commercial assay validated for the quantification of viral load in HIV-2-infected individuals. We sought to make the first clinical evaluation of Cavidi ExaVir Load (version 3) in HIV-2-infected patients. Samples were collected from a total of 102 individuals living in Cape Verde, and the HIV-2 viral load was quantified by both ExaVir Load and a reference in-house real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) used in Portugal in 91 samples. The associations between viral load and clinical prognostic variables (CD4+ T cell counts and antiretroviral therapy status) were similar for measurements obtained using ExaVir Load and qPCR. There was no difference between the two methods in the capacity to discriminate between nonquantifiable and quantifiable HIV-2 in the plasma. In samples with an HIV-2 viral load quantifiable by both methods (n = 27), the measurements were highly correlated (Pearson r = 0.908), but the ExaVir Load values were systematically higher relative to those determined by qPCR (median difference, 0.942 log10 copies/ml). A regression model was derived that enables the conversion of ExaVir Load results to those that would have been obtained by the reference qPCR. In conclusion, ExaVir Load version 3 is a reliable commercial assay to measure viral load in HIV-2-infected patients and therefore a valuable alternative to the in-house assays in current use.
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Chang M, Wong AJS, Raugi DN, Smith RA, Seilie AM, Ortega JP, Bogusz KM, Sall F, Ba S, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS, Coombs RW. Clinical validation of a novel diagnostic HIV-2 total nucleic acid qualitative assay using the Abbott m2000 platform: Implications for complementary HIV-2 nucleic acid testing for the CDC 4th generation HIV diagnostic testing algorithm. J Clin Virol 2016; 86:56-61. [PMID: 27951466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2014 CDC 4th generation HIV screening algorithm includes an orthogonal immunoassay to confirm and discriminate HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. Additional nucleic acid testing (NAT) is recommended to resolve indeterminate or undifferentiated HIV seroreactivity. HIV-2 NAT requires a second-line assay to detect HIV-2 total nucleic acid (TNA) in patients' blood cells, as a third of untreated patients have undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA. OBJECTIVES To validate a qualitative HIV-2 TNA assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-2-infected Senegalese study participants. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated the assay precision, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic performance of an HIV-2 TNA assay. Matched plasma and PBMC samples were collected from 25 HIV-1, 30 HIV-2, 8 HIV-1/-2 dual-seropositive and 25 HIV seronegative individuals. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by comparing the outcome of the TNA assay to the results obtained by the 4th generation HIV screening and confirmatory immunoassays. RESULTS All PBMC from 30 HIV-2 seropositive participants tested positive for HIV-2 TNA including 23 patients with undetectable plasma RNA. Of the 30 matched plasma specimens, one was HIV non-reactive. Samples from 50 non-HIV-2 infected individuals were confirmed as non-reactive for HIV-2 Ab and negative for HIV-2 TNA. The agreement between HIV-2 TNA and the combined immunoassay results was 98.8% (79/80). Furthermore, HIV-2 TNA was detected in 7 of 8 PBMC specimens from HIV-1/HIV-2 dual-seropositive participants. CONCLUSIONS Our TNA assay detected HIV-2 DNA/RNA in PBMC from serologically HIV-2 reactive, HIV indeterminate or HIV undifferentiated individuals with undetectable plasma RNA, and is suitable for confirming HIV-2 infection in the HIV testing algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Audrey J S Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert A Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jose P Ortega
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Kyle M Bogusz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Fatima Sall
- Clinique des Maladies Infectieuses Ibrahima Diop Mar - CHNU de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Selly Ba
- Clinique des Maladies Infectieuses Ibrahima Diop Mar - CHNU de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Clinique des Maladies Infectieuses Ibrahima Diop Mar - CHNU de Fann, Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Robert W Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Virology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.
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Tchounga BK, Hønge BL, Eholie SP, Coffie PA, Jespersen S, Wejse C, Dabis F, Geoffrey GS, Ekouevi DK. Effect of sex and age on outcomes among HIV-2-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in West Africa. AIDS 2016; 30:2707-2714. [PMID: 27536979 PMCID: PMC5841585 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-2-infected individuals usually initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) at an advanced age compared with HIV-1 patients, with a potential impact on treatment outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sex and age on mortality and loss to follow-up (LTFU) among HIV-2-infected individuals initiating ART. METHODS Analyses were conducted using the database of the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS's collaboration in West Africa. LTFU was considered if the interval between the last visit and the closing date for this analysis was more than 180 days. Probability of death and LTFU were estimated with Kaplan-Meier methods. A Cox regression model was used to identify factors associated with death and LTFU over the first 24 months on ART. RESULTS A total of 1825 HIV-2-infected individuals, including 60% women were considered for this analysis. The median age, baseline CD4 cell count, and follow-up duration were 45 years [interquartile range (IQR; 38-52)], 185 cells/μl [IQR (95-297)], and 28.8 months [IQR (9.8-58.9)], respectively. Over the first 24 months, the mortality rate was 5.2/100 person-years of observation [95% confidence interval (CI; 4.4-6.1)] and 469 (25.7%) were LTFU. Male sex [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.9; 95% CI (1.4; 2.8)], baseline CD4 cell count less than 100 cell/μl [HR = 4.4 95% CI (1.7; 11.1); ref at least 350 cell/μl], haemoglobin 7.5-10 g/dl [HR = 2.4 95% CI (1.3; 4.4); ref at least 12 g/dl], and BMI less than 18 kg/m [HR = 2.1 95% CI (1.3; 3.4); ref = 18-25 kg/m] were associated with higher mortality over the first 24 months. Similar associations were found for LTFU. CONCLUSION Mortality and LTFU are high among ART-receiving HIV-2-infected individuals and higher in men than in women. There is a critical need to further determine the causes of poor retention and implement sex-specific solutions that improve outcomes in HIV-2 ART programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K Tchounga
- aUniversité. Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux bINSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France cProgramme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire dBandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau eDepartment of Infectious Diseases fDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark gService des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire hDepartments of Medicine & Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA iDépartement des Sciences Fondamentales et Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo. *See supplemental information for the list of the IeDEA West Africa collaboration members, http://links.lww.com/QAD/A970
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20
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Pisani E, Aaby P, Breugelmans JG, Carr D, Groves T, Helinski M, Kamuya D, Kern S, Littler K, Marsh V, Mboup S, Merson L, Sankoh O, Serafini M, Schneider M, Schoenenberger V, Guerin PJ. Beyond open data: realising the health benefits of sharing data. BMJ 2016; 355:i5295. [PMID: 27758792 PMCID: PMC6616027 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michelle Helinski
- European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Dorcas Kamuya
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Steven Kern
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Vicki Marsh
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Laura Merson
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vreni Schoenenberger
- International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations, Geneva
| | - Philippe J Guerin
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Tchounga B, Ekouevi DK, Balestre E, Dabis F. Mortality and survival patterns of people living with HIV-2. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 11:537-544. [PMID: 27254747 PMCID: PMC5055442 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW People living with HIV-2 infected usually initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) at an advanced period in the course of their infection after a long asymptomatic period characterized by high CD4 cell count and thus at a relatively advanced age. In the new international context of early and universal ART initiation, the aim was to review survival patterns among HIV-2 infected patients, either on ART or not. RECENT FINDINGS Very few reports were published on mortality in people living with HIV-2 during the last 5 years. People living with HIV-2 experience high mortality rates although lower than people living with HIV-1 before ART initiation. They seem to survive longer regardless of the conditions of ART use. Mortality is associated with late presentation, male sex, CD4 cell count less than 500 cell/μl, high plasma viral load, hemoglobin rate less than 8 g/dl and body mass index less than 18 kg/m. SUMMARY People living with HIV-2 initiate ART later than HIV-1 and HIV duals, resulting in higher disease progression and mortality rate. The clinical management of HIV-2 infected patients should now include early diagnosis and treatment initiation as per international guidelines. Further research needs to explore the 'what to start' question and document specific causes of death in people living with HIV-2 and enrolled in care in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Tchounga
- aUniversité de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Bordeaux Population HealthbProgramme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'IvoirecDépartement de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé-Togo
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22
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Sørensen A, Jespersen S, Katzenstein TL, Medina C, Té DDS, Correira FG, Hviid CJ, Laursen AL, Wejse C. Clinical presentation and opportunistic infections in HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual seropositive patients in Guinea-Bissau. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:604-11. [PMID: 27163507 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1180708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better understanding of HIV-2 infection is likely to affect the patient care in areas where HIV-2 is prevalent. In this study, we aimed to characterize the clinical presentations among HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual seropositive patients. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, newly diagnosed HIV patients attending the HIV outpatient clinic at Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes in Guinea-Bissau were enrolled. Demographical and clinical data were collected and compared between HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual seropositive patients. RESULTS A total of 169 patients (76% HIV-1, 17% HIV-2 and 6% HIV 1/2) were included in the study between 21 March 2012 and 14 December 2012. HIV-1 seropositive patients were younger than HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 seropositive patients, but no difference in sex was observed. Patients with HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 had a lower baseline CD4 cell count than HIV-2 seropositive patients (median CD4 cell count 185, 198 and 404 cells/μl, respectively (p value 0.001 and 0.05). HIV-1 seropositive patients had a lower BMI and a higher prevalence of weight loss, skin rash and productive cough than HIV-2 seropositive patients (p value 0.03, 0.002, 0.03 and 0.04). Only four cases (2%) of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) were diagnosed. One patient (1/96, 1%) was tested positive for cryptococcal antigen. CONCLUSION HIV-1 and HIV-1/2 seropositive patients have lower CD4 cell counts than HIV-2 seropositive patients when diagnosed with HIV with only minor clinical and demographic differences among groups. Few patients were diagnosed with TB and cryptococcal disease was not found to be a major opportunistic infection among newly diagnosed HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Sørensen
- a Bandim Health Project , Indepth Network , Bissau , Guinea-Bissau
| | - Sanne Jespersen
- a Bandim Health Project , Indepth Network , Bissau , Guinea-Bissau ;,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark
| | - Terese L Katzenstein
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Denmark
| | - Candida Medina
- d National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health , Bissau , Guinea-Bissau
| | - David da Silva Té
- d National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health , Bissau , Guinea-Bissau
| | | | - Cecilie Juul Hviid
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark
| | - Alex Lund Laursen
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- a Bandim Health Project , Indepth Network , Bissau , Guinea-Bissau ;,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark ;,e GloHAU, Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health , Aarhus University , Denmark
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23
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A Multiplex PCR Approach for Detecting Dual Infections and Recombinants Involving Major HIV Variants. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1282-8. [PMID: 26912747 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03222-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cocirculation of different HIV types and groups can lead to dual infections and recombinants, which hinder diagnosis and therapeutic management. We designed two multiplex PCRs (mPCRs) coupled with capillary electrophoresis to facilitate the detection of such infections. The first, MMO2, targets three variants (HIV-1/M, HIV-1/O, and HIV-2), and the second, MMO, targets HIV-1/M and HIV-1/O. These mPCRs were validated on DNA and RNA extracts from 19 HIV-1/M, 12 HIV-1/O, and 13 HIV-2 cultures and from mixtures simulating dual infections. They were then assessed with DNA and RNA extracts from samples of 47 clinical monoinfections and HIV-1/M+O dual infections or infections with HIV-1/MO recombinants. Both mPCRs had excellent specificity. Sensitivities ranged from 80 to 100% for in vitro samples and from 58 to 100% for clinical samples, with the results obtained depending on the material used and the region of the genome concerned. Sensitivity was generally lower for DNA than for RNA and for amplifications of the integrase and matrix regions. In terms of global detection (at least one target gene for each strain), both mPCRs yielded a detection rate of 100% for in vitro samples. MMO2 detected 100% of the clinical strains from DNA and 97% from RNA, whereas MMO detected 100% of the strains from both materials. Thus, for in vitro and clinical samples, MMO2 was a useful tool for detecting dual infections with HIV-1 and HIV-2 (referred to as HIV-1+HIV-2) and HIV-1/M+O, and MMO was useful for detecting both MO dual infections and MO mosaic patterns.
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Balestre E, Ekouevi DK, Tchounga B, Eholie SP, Messou E, Sawadogo A, Thiébaut R, May MT, Sterne JA, Dabis F. Immunologic response in treatment-naïve HIV-2-infected patients: the IeDEA West Africa cohort. J Int AIDS Soc 2016; 19:20044. [PMID: 26861115 PMCID: PMC4748109 DOI: 10.7448/ias.19.1.20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among individuals infected with HIV-2 is poorly described. We compared the immunological response among patients treated with three nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) to boosted protease inhibitor (PI) and unboosted PI-based regimens in West Africa. METHODS This prospective cohort study enrolled treatment-naïve HIV-2-infected patients within the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS collaboration in West Africa. We used mixed models to compare the CD4 count response to treatment over 12 months between regimens. RESULTS Of 422 HIV-2-infected patients, 285 (67.5%) were treated with a boosted PI-based regimen, 104 (24.6%) with an unboosted PI-based regimen and 33 (7.8%) with three NRTIs. Treatment groups were comparable with regard to gender (54.5% female) and median age at ART initiation (45.3 years; interquartile range 38.3 to 51.8). Treatment groups differed by clinical stage (21.2%, 16.8% and 17.3% at CDC Stage C or World Health Organization Stage IV for the triple NRTI, boosted PI and unboosted PI groups, respectively, p=0.02), median length of follow-up (12.9, 17.7 and 44.0 months for the triple NRTI, the boosted PI and the unboosted PI groups, respectively, p<0.001) and baseline median CD4 count (192, 173 and 129 cells/µl in the triple NRTI, the boosted PI and the unboosted PI-based regimen groups, respectively, p=0.003). CD4 count recovery at 12 months was higher for patients treated with boosted PI-based regimens than those treated with three NRTIs or with unboosted PI-based regimens (191 cells/µl, 95% CI 142 to 241; 110 cells/µl, 95% CI 29 to 192; 133 cells/µl, 95% CI 80 to 186, respectively, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS In this observational study using African data, boosted PI-containing regimens had better immunological response compared to triple NRTI combinations and unboosted PI-based regimens at 12 months. A randomized clinical trial is still required to determine the best initial regimen for treating HIV-2 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Balestre
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Didier Koumavi Ekouevi
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Programme PAC-CI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire;
| | - Boris Tchounga
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Programme PAC-CI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Serge Paul Eholie
- Programme PAC-CI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Département de Dermatologie-Infectiologie de l'Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences médicales, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eugène Messou
- Programme PAC-CI, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre de Prise en charge de Recherche et de Formation, Hôpital Yopougon Attié, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Adrien Sawadogo
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la santé, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Nasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Margaret T May
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ac Sterne
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - François Dabis
- University Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U1219-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Ekouévi DK, Avettand-Fènoël V, Tchounga BK, Coffie PA, Sawadogo A, Minta D, Minga A, Eholie SP, Plantier JC, Damond F, Dabis F, Rouzioux C. Plasma HIV-2 RNA According to CD4 Count Strata among HIV-2-Infected Adults in the IeDEA West Africa Collaboration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129886. [PMID: 26111242 PMCID: PMC4482391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma HIV-1 RNA monitoring is one of the standard tests for the management of HIV-1 infection. While HIV-1 RNA can be quantified using several commercial tests, no test has been commercialized for HIV-2 RNA quantification. We studied the relationship between plasma HIV-2 viral load (VL) and CD4 count in West African patients who were either receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or treatment-naïve. Method A cross sectional survey was conducted among HIV-2-infected individuals followed in three countries in West Africa from March to December 2012. All HIV-2 infected-patients who attended one of the participating clinics were proposed a plasma HIV-2 viral load measurement. HIV-2 RNA was quantified using the new ultrasensitive in-house real-time PCR assay with a detection threshold of 10 copies/ mL (cps/mL). Results A total of 351 HIV-2-infected individuals participated in this study, of whom 131 (37.3%) were treatment naïve and 220 (62.7%) had initiated ART. Among treatment-naïve patients, 60 (46.5%) had undetectable plasma HIV-2 viral load (<10 cps/mL), it was detectable between 10-100 cps/mL in 35.8%, between 100-1000 cps/mL in 11.7% and >1000 cps/mL in 6.0% of the patients. Most of the treatment-naïve patients (70.2%) had CD4-T cell count ≥500 cells/mm3 and 43 (46.7%) of these patients had a detectable VL (≥10 cps/mL). Among the 220 patients receiving ART, the median CD4-T cell count rose from 231 to 393 cells/mm3 (IQR [259-561]) after a median follow-up duration of 38 months and 145 (66.0%) patients had CD4-T cell count ≤ 500 cells/mm3 with a median viral load of 10 cps/mL (IQR [10-33]). Seventy five (34.0%) patients had CD4-T cell count ≥ 500 cells/mm3, among them 14 (18.7%) had a VL between 10-100 cps/mL and 2 (2.6%) had VL >100 cps/mL. Conclusion This study suggests that the combination of CD4-T cell count and ultrasensitive HIV-2 viral load quantification with a threshold of 10 cps/mL, could improve ART initiation among treatment naïve HIV-2-infected patients and the monitoring of ART response among patients receiving treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier K. Ekouévi
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U897, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Département de Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- * E-mail:
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fènoël
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA7327, Paris, France
| | - Boris K. Tchounga
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U897, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Patrick A. Coffie
- Programme PACCI, site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Adrien Sawadogo
- Hôpital de Jour, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU SouroSanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina-Faso
| | - Daouda Minta
- Centre de Prise en Charge des Personnes vivant avec le VIH, Hôpital du Point G, Bamako, Mali (service des Maladies Infectieuses)
| | - Albert Minga
- Centre Médical de Suivi de Donneurs de Sang/CNTS/PRIMO-CI, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Serge P. Eholie
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jean-Christophe Plantier
- Laboratoire associé au Centre National de Référence du VIH, hôpital Charles Nicolle, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
- GRAM, Equipe d’Accueil 2656, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation en Biomédecine, Université de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Florence Damond
- INSERM, IAME, UMR 1137, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - François Dabis
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897- Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
- Inserm U897, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, EA7327, Paris, France
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Jespersen S, Hønge BL, Oliveira I, Medina C, da Silva Té D, Correira FG, Erikstrup C, Laursen AL, Østergaard L, Wejse C. Cohort Profile: The Bissau HIV Cohort-a cohort of HIV-1, HIV-2 and co-infected patients. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 44:756-63. [PMID: 25342251 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The West African country Guinea-Bissau is home to the world's highest prevalence of HIV-2, and its HIV-1 prevalence is rising. Other chronic viral infections like human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and hepatitis B virus are common as well. The Bissau HIV Cohort was started in 2007 to gain new insights into the overall effect of introducing antiretroviral treatment in a treatment-naïve population with concomitant infection with three retroviruses (HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-1) and tuberculosis. The cohort includes patients from the HIV clinic at Hospital Nacional Simão Mendes, the main hospital in Bissau, the capital of the country. From July 2007 to June 2013, 3762 HIV-infected patients (69% HIV-1, 18% HIV-2, 11% HIV-1/2 and 2% HIV type unknown) were included in the world's largest single-centre HIV-2 cohort. Demographic and clinical data are collected at baseline and every 6 months, together with CD4 cell count and routine biochemistry analyses. Plasma and cells are stored in a biobank in Denmark. The Bissau HIV Cohort is administered by the Bissau HIV Cohort study group. Potential collaborators are invited to contact the chair of the cohort study group, Christian Wejse, e-mail: [wejse@dadlnet.dk].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Jespersen
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inés Oliveira
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Candida Medina
- National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | | | | | | | - Alex Lund Laursen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Center for Global Health, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Antiretroviral therapy response among HIV-2 infected patients: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:461. [PMID: 25154616 PMCID: PMC4156654 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few data are available on antiretroviral therapy (ART) response among HIV-2 infected patients. We conducted a systematic review on treatment outcomes among HIV-2 infected patients on ART, focusing on the immunological and virological responses in adults. METHODS Data were extracted from articles that were selected after screening of PubMed/MEDLINE up to November 2012 and abstracts of the 1996-2012 international conferences. Observational cohorts, clinical trials and program reports were eligible as long as they reported data on ART response (clinical, immunological or virological) among HIV-2 infected patients. The determinants investigated included patients' demographic characteristics, CD4 cell count at baseline and ART received. RESULTS Seventeen reports (involving 976 HIV-2 only and 454 HIV1&2 dually reactive patients) were included in the final review, and the analysis presented in this report are related to HIV-2 infected patients only. There was no randomized controlled trial and only two cohorts had enrolled more than 100 HIV-2 only infected patients. The median CD4 count at ART initiation was 165 cells/mm3, [IQR; 137-201] and the median age at ART initiation was 44 years (IQR: 42-48 years). Ten studies included 103 patients treated with three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). Protease inhibitor (PI) based regimens were reported by 16 studies. Before 2009, the most frequent PIs used were Nelfinavir and Indinavir, whereas it was Lopinavir/ritonavir thereafter. The immunological response at month-12 was reported in six studies and the mean CD4 cell count increase was +118 cells/μL (min-max: 45-200 cells/μL). CONCLUSION Overall, clinical and immuno-virologic outcomes in HIV-2 infected individuals treated with ART are suboptimal. There is a need of randomized controlled trials to improve the management and outcomes of people living with HIV-2 infection.
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Tchounga BK, Inwoley A, Coffie PA, Minta D, Messou E, Bado G, Minga A, Hawerlander D, Kane C, Eholie SP, Dabis F, Ekouevi DK. Re-testing and misclassification of HIV-2 and HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients among the HIV-2 cohort of the West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration. J Int AIDS Soc 2014; 17:19064. [PMID: 25128907 PMCID: PMC4134669 DOI: 10.7448/ias.17.1.19064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION West Africa is characterized by the circulation of HIV-1 and HIV-2. The laboratory diagnosis of these two infections as well as the choice of a first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging, considering the limited access to second-line regimens. This study aimed at confirming the classification of HIV-2 and HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients followed up in the HIV-2 cohort of the West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration. METHOD A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to December 2012 in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali among patients classified as HIV-2 or HIV-1&2 dually reactive according to the national HIV testing algorithms. A 5-ml blood sample was collected from each patient and tested in a single reference laboratory in Côte d'Ivoire (CeDReS, Abidjan) with two immuno-enzymatic tests: ImmunoCombII® (HIV-1&2 ImmunoComb BiSpot - Alere) and an in-house ELISA test, approved by the French National AIDS and hepatitis Research Agency (ANRS). RESULTS A total of 547 patients were included; 57% of them were initially classified as HIV-2 and 43% as HIV-1&2 dually reactive. Half of the patients had CD4≥500 cells/mm(3) and 68.6% were on ART. Of the 312 patients initially classified as HIV-2, 267 (85.7%) were confirmed as HIV-2 with ImmunoCombII® and in-house ELISA while 16 (5.1%) and 9 (2.9%) were reclassified as HIV-1 and HIV-1&2, respectively (Kappa=0.69; p<0.001). Among the 235 patients initially classified as HIV-1&2 dually reactive, only 54 (23.0%) were confirmed as dually reactive with ImmunoCombII® and in-house ELISA, while 103 (43.8%) and 33 (14.0%) were reclassified as HIV-1 and HIV-2 mono-infected, respectively (kappa= 0.70; p<0.001). Overall, 300 samples (54.8%) were concordantly classified as HIV-2, 63 (11.5%) as HIV-1&2 dually reactive and 119 (21.8%) as HIV-1 (kappa=0.79; p<0.001). The two tests gave discordant results for 65 samples (11.9%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with HIV-2 mono-infection are correctly discriminated by the national algorithms used in West African countries. HIV-1&2 dually reactive patients should be systematically investigated, with a standardized algorithm using more accurate tests, before initiating ART as at least 4 out of 10 of them could initiate an effective first-line ART for HIV-1 and optimize their second-line treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris K Tchounga
- Centre INSERM U897-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U897, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire;
| | - Andre Inwoley
- Centre de Diagnostic et de Recherche sur le SIDA et les Affections Opportunistes, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Patrick A Coffie
- Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Daouda Minta
- Centre de Prise en Charge des Personnes vivant avec le VIH, Hôpital du Point G, Bamako, Mali
| | - Eugene Messou
- Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, CePReF-Aconda-VS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guillaume Bado
- Hôpital de Jour, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Albert Minga
- Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Médical de Suivi de Donneurs de Sang/CNTS/PRIMO-CI, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Denise Hawerlander
- Centre Intégré de Recherches Biocliniques d'Abidjan CIRBA, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Coumba Kane
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Département GC&BA-ESP/UCAD, CHU A Le Dantec, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Serge P Eholie
- Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - François Dabis
- Centre INSERM U897-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U897, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier K Ekouevi
- Centre INSERM U897-Epidémiologie-Biostatistique, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U897, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Programme PACCI, Site de recherche ANRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire; Département des Sciences Fondamentales et Santé Publique, Université de Lomé, Lomé-Togo
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Herssens N, Beelaert G, Fransen K. Discriminatory capacity between HIV-1 and HIV-2 of the new rapid confirmation assay Geenius. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:11-5. [PMID: 25075934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently used HIV confirmatory assays, Western blot and line immunoassay, are costly, complex and time-consuming. There is a need for cheaper, simpler and faster assays for use in high- and low-resource settings. Furthermore, it is necessary to differentiate between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection due to differences in disease progression, monitoring and treatment options. Because the new Geenius HIV 1/2 Confirmatory Assay (Bio-Rad) has a European Community (CE) label, this study focused on its differentiation capacity using serum/plasma specimens from established HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV untypable infections from the AIDS Reference Laboratory (ARL) of the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) in Belgium. The results were compared with ARL's standard algorithm for diagnosis of HIV-infection and the new interpretation criteria for discrimination of the INNO-LIA HIVI/II Score, Fujirebio, Ghent, Belgium (LIA). The study showed a performance comparable to that of the reference LIA, with an overall sensitivity of 99.3% and specificity of 98%. Differentiation capacity was much better for the Geenius assay, with 93.8% of samples identified correctly as HIV-1 or HIV-2. When the new interpretation criteria for the LIA were used, the differentiation capacity of LIA increased to 98.5%. The results show that the Geenius assay is a reliable and fast alternative for the confirmation and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in resource-rich and poor settings.
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Abbate I, Pergola C, Pisciotta M, Sciamanna R, Sias C, Orchi N, Libertone R, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR. Evaluation in a clinical setting of the performances of a new rapid confirmatory assay for HIV1/2 serodiagnosis. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:166-9. [PMID: 25037532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The performances of the new Geenius rapid confirmatory test (Bio-Rad) were evaluated with emphasis towards identifying acute infection (AHI) and discriminating HIV-1/2 in a clinical setting STUDY DESIGN Serum samples from individuals attending the L. Spallanzani Institute in Rome, Italy, for HIV diagnosis (one year retrospective collection), repeatedly reactive at 4th generation HIV-1/2 screening assays, confirmed with HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blot (New LAV I and II Bio-Rad), were retested with Geenius. RESULTS Of 6,200 samples, 406 resulted repeatedly reactive at screening, including samples from clinically confirmed AHI. New LAV I identified 378 HIV-1-positive samples. Of these, Geenius found 377 HIV-1-positive and one unclassified HIV-positive. New LAV I classified as indeterminate 18 samples, including 14 from AHI. Among these 14, Geenius results were: 12 positive, 1 indeterminate and 1 negative. Of the remaining, 2 resulted Geenius negative (false-positive screening results) and 2 HIV-2. Ten samples were New LAV I-negative (5 AHI). Geenius results were: 1 (AHI) positive and 9 negative. Geenius detected 110 additional positive samples with no p31 reactivity with respect to New LAV I, with an almost similar prevalence of low avidity samples. Geenius confirmed 3 out of 4 HIV-2 infections identified by New LAV II (one coinfected with HIV-1), while rated as HIV-1 the remaining sample, classified as coinfection by New LAV I and II. CONCLUSIONS Geenius allows fast, sensitive and accurate confirmation of HIV serodiagnosis, including AHI and HIV-2 infections. The high sensitivity, in particular towards AHI, could avoid additional sampling and molecular tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Abbate
- Laboratory of Virology, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy.
| | - C Pergola
- Laboratory of Virology, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pisciotta
- Laboratory of Virology, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - R Sciamanna
- Laboratory of Virology, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - C Sias
- Laboratory of Virology, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - N Orchi
- CRAIDS and Clinical Department, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - R Libertone
- Clinical Department, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- Scientific Direction, INMI, L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the virological response, genotypic resistance profiles, and antiretroviral plasma concentrations in HIV-2 antiretroviral-treated (antiretroviral therapy, ART) patients in Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted among HIV-2 patients receiving ART. Plasma HIV-2 viral load was performed using the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA et les hépatites virales (ANRS) assay. Protease and reverse transcriptase sequencing was performed using in-house methods and antiretroviral plasma concentrations were assessed using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS One hundred and forty-five HIV-2-treated patients were enrolled with a median CD4 cell count of 360 cells/μl (interquartile range, IQR = 215-528). Median duration of ART was 4 years (IQR = 2-7) and 74% of patients displayed viral load less than 50 copies/ml. Median plasma HIV-2 RNA among patients with viral load more than 50 copies/ml was 3016 copies/ml (IQR = 436-5156). Most patients (84%) received a lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen. HIV-2 resistance mutations to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors were detected in 21 of 25 (84%) and 20 of 29 (69%) samples, respectively. The most prevalent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations were M184I/V (90%), Q151M (24%), and S215F/Y (24%). The most prevalent protease inhibitor resistance mutations were V47A (60%) and I54M (30%). Median CD4 cell counts were 434 cells/μl (292-573) and 204 cells/μl (122-281) in patients with viral load less than 50 copies/ml and those exhibiting virological failure (P < 0.0001), respectively. The proportions of patients with adequate antiretroviral plasma concentrations were 81 and 93% in patients displaying virological failure and in those with viral load less than 50 copies/ml, respectively (P = 0.046), suggesting good treatment adherence. CONCLUSION We observed adequate drug plasma concentrations and virological suppression in a high proportion of HIV-2-infected patients. However, in cases of virological failure, the limited HIV-2 therapeutic arsenal and cross-resistance dramatically reduced treatment options.
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