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Dobruskin M, Toner G, Kander R. Optimizing cryopreservation strategies for scalable cell therapies: A comprehensive review with insights from iPSC-derived therapies. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3504. [PMID: 39268839 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Off-the-shelf cell therapies hold significant curative potential for conditions, such as Parkinson's disease and heart failure. However, these therapies face unique cryopreservation challenges, especially when novel routes of administration, such as intracerebral or epicardial injection, require cryopreservation media that are safe for direct post-thaw administration. Current practices often involve post-thaw washing to remove dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), a cytotoxic cryoprotective agent, which complicates the development and clinical translation of off-the-shelf therapies. To overcome these obstacles, there is a critical need to explore Me2SO-free cryopreservation methods. While such methods typically yield suboptimal post-thaw viability with conventional slow-freeze protocols, optimizing freezing profiles offers a promising strategy to enhance their performance. This comprehensive review examines the latest advancements in cryopreservation techniques across various cell therapy platforms, with a specific case study of iPSC-derived therapies used to illustrate the scalability challenges. By identifying key thermodynamic and biochemical phenomena that occur during freezing, this review aims to identify cell-type independent approaches to improve the efficiency and efficacy of cryopreservation strategies, thereby supporting the widespread adoption and clinical success of off-the-shelf cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dobruskin
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Thomas Jefferson University, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geoffrey Toner
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Thomas Jefferson University, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald Kander
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Thomas Jefferson University, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Broussard A, Venier B, Rafati AS, Beltsos A, Lee J, Bailey J, Sakkas D, Collins MG. Effort in manual operation of reproductive health cryostorage facilities. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 49:104348. [PMID: 39213986 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What areas of manual IVF cryostorage operations are common to the safe operation of IVF cryostorage facilities and require effort from embryologists? DESIGN Observational time and motion data were collected by two observers equipped with the digital cameras over 2 weeks at four well-characterized US IVF centres (sites α, β, γ and δ) from 12 participants performing cryostorage tasks. To understand the work processes of the different sites and assist in the data analysis, informal interviews were conducted with the study participants and laboratory directors. Data were analysed to identify work processes that might be eliminated or diminished by automation and software improvements. RESULTS On average, it took 3.4 data record queries per retrieval from cryostorage to identify a cane, while the canister was lifted an average of 1.5 times per retrieval, with a mean 11.8 ± 9.2 s per lift. Of the total time spent working with cryostorage equipment, 47.25% was of a fatiguing nature. Sites α, β and γ utilized one person to fill the liquid nitrogen storage Dewars, while site δ had two technicians working in tandem to move and fill the Dewars, with different frequencies and determination factors for refills and efficiencies. CONCLUSIONS This time and motion study demonstrated significant time investment, task redundancy and fatiguing working conditions among embryologists using manual cryostorage processes. There was a disparity of processes and space capacity across different laboratories. Some of these issues may be addressed by the integration of automation and technology solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Broussard
- TMRW Life Sciences, Inc., New York, NY, USA; Generation Next Fertility, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bill Venier
- San Diego Fertility Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Lee
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Bailey
- Boston IVF-IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Denny Sakkas
- Boston IVF-IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Waltham, MA, USA
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3
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Gault S, Fonseca F, Cockell CS. Preservation of Bacillus subtilis' cellular liquid state at deep sub-zero temperatures in perchlorate brines. Commun Biol 2024; 7:588. [PMID: 38755264 PMCID: PMC11099114 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although a low temperature limit for life has not been established, it is thought that there exists a physical limit imposed by the onset of intracellular vitrification, typically occurring at ~-20 °C for unicellular organisms. Here, we show, through differential scanning calorimetry, that molar concentrations of magnesium perchlorate can depress the intracellular vitrification point of Bacillus subtilis cells to temperatures much lower than those previously reported. At 2.5 M Mg(ClO4)2, the peak vitrification temperature was lowered to -83 °C. Our results show that inorganic eutectic salts can in principle maintain liquid water in cells at much lower temperatures than those previously claimed as a lower limit to life, raising the prospects of active biochemical processes in low temperature natural settings. Our results may have implications for the habitability of Mars, where perchlorate salts are pervasive and potentially other terrestrial and extraterrestrial, cryosphere environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gault
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK.
| | - Fernanda Fonseca
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
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4
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Hu Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Chen J, Chen X, Tan S. Inulin Can Improve Red Blood Cell Cryopreservation by Promoting Vitrification, Stabilizing Cell Membranes, and Inhibiting Ice Recrystallization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:851-862. [PMID: 38176101 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In transfusion medicine, the cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) is of major importance. The organic solvent glycerol (Gly) is considered the current gold-standard cryoprotectant (CPA) for RBC cryopreservation, but the deglycerolization procedure is complex and time-consuming, resulting in severe hemolysis. Therefore, it remains a research hotspot to find biocompatible and effective novel CPAs. Herein, the natural and biocompatible inulin, a polysaccharide, was first employed as a CPA for RBC cryopreservation. The presence of inulin could improve the thawed RBC recovery from 11.83 ± 1.40 to 81.86 ± 0.37%. It was found that inulin could promote vitrification because of its relatively high viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg'), thus reducing the damage during cryopreservation. Inulin possessed membrane stability, which also had beneficial effects on RBC recovery. Moreover, inulin could inhibit the mechanical damage induced by ice recrystallization during thawing. After cryopreservation, the RBC properties were maintained normally. Mathematical modeling analysis was adopted to compare the performance of inulin, Gly, and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in cryopreservation, and inulin presented the best efficiency. This work provides a promising CPA for RBC cryopreservation and may be beneficial for transfusion therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Hu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiangjian Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jiangming Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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5
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Boxberg MS, Chen Q, Plesa AC, Kowalski J. Ice Transit and Performance Analysis for Cryorobotic Subglacial Access Missions on Earth and Europa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:1135-1152. [PMID: 36576448 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ice-covered ocean worlds, such as the Jovian moon Europa, are some of the prime targets for planetary exploration due to their high astrobiological potential. While upcoming space exploration missions, such as the Europa Clipper and JUICE missions, will give us further insight into the local cryoenvironment, any conclusive life detection investigation requires the capability to penetrate and transit the icy shell and access the subglacial ocean directly. Developing robust, autonomous cryorobotic technology for such a mission constitutes an extremely demanding multistakeholder challenge and requires a concentrated interdisciplinary effort between engineers, geoscientists, and astrobiologists. An important tool with which to foster cross-disciplinary work at an early stage of mission preparation is the virtual testbed. In this article, we report on recent progress in the development of an ice transit and performance model for later integration in such a virtual testbed. We introduce a trajectory model that, for the first time, allows for the evaluation of mission-critical parameters, such as transit time and average/overall power supply. Our workflow is applied to selected, existing cryobot designs while taking into consideration different terrestrial, as well as extraterrestrial, deployment scenarios. Specific analyses presented in this study show the tradeoff minimum transit time and maximum efficiency of a cryobot and allow for quantification of different sources of uncertainty to cryobot's trajectory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Boxberg
- Chair of Methods for Model-based Development in Computational Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Computational Geoscience, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Qian Chen
- Chair of Methods for Model-based Development in Computational Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ana-Catalina Plesa
- Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Kowalski
- Chair of Methods for Model-based Development in Computational Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Computational Geoscience, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Zhou Y, Tang Q, Zhao X, Zeng X, Chong C, Yan J. A novel design for magnetic tweezers with wide-range temperature control. Biophys J 2023; 122:3860-3868. [PMID: 37563833 PMCID: PMC10560670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule manipulation technologies have proven to be powerful tools for studying the molecular mechanisms and physical principles underlying many essential biological processes. However, achieving wide-range temperature control has been challenging due to thermal drift that undermines the stability of the instrument. This limitation has made it difficult to study biomolecules from thermophiles at their physiologically relevant temperatures and has also hindered the convenient measurement of temperature-sensitive biomolecular interactions and the fundamental thermodynamic properties of biomolecules. In this work, we present a novel design of magnetic tweezers that uses a reflective coverslip and dry objective lens to insulate the heat conductance between the sample and the objective lens, enabling stable temperature changes from ambient up to 70°C during experiments without significant thermal drift of the instrument. The performance of the technology is demonstrated through the quantification of the free energy change of a DNA hairpin over a temperature range of 22°C-72°C, from which the entropy and enthalpy changes are determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingnan Tang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiangjun Zeng
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarence Chong
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, China.
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7
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Bravenec AD, Catling DC. Effect of Concentration, Cooling, and Warming Rates on Glass Transition Temperatures for NaClO 4, Ca(ClO 4) 2, and Mg(ClO 4) 2 Brines with Relevance to Mars and Other Cold Bodies. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1433-1445. [PMID: 37492631 PMCID: PMC10364133 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic and supercooling properties of perchlorates make them potentially important for sustaining liquid water on Mars. To understand the possibility for supercooled liquids and glasses on Mars and other cold bodies, we have characterized the supercooling and vitrification features using differential scanning calorimetry for Na, Ca, and Mg perchlorate brines in a temperature range relevant to Mars. Results show that the glass transition temperature (Tg) depends on the salt composition, concentration, and cooling or warming rate. The difference in Tg may be significant even in a single composition, producing glass transitions with over 40 K difference. A new model was developed to describe these Tg dependencies, with the warmest Tg values found for high concentrations and fast cooling rates. These results emphasize the importance of considering Tg as a range rather than a discrete temperature. For all perchlorates measured, the degree of supercooling was extensive at high concentrations, exceeding 100 K from the liquidus. With a highly reduced glass temperature (Tg/liquidus temperature) and low critical rate of temperature change to avoid crystallization, concentrated perchlorate brines are strong glass formers when compared to other glass-forming materials. The consideration of cooling rates in the context of cellular cryopreservation suggests that cooling and warming rates may be an important astrobiological factors in a diverse set of planetary environments. These findings provide additional constraints on the possibility of liquid water on Mars in terms of concentration, different latitudes, seasons, and times of day.
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8
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Måsviken J, Dalén L, Norén K, Dalerum F. The relative importance of abiotic and biotic environmental conditions for taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of spiders across spatial scales. Oecologia 2023; 202:261-273. [PMID: 37261510 PMCID: PMC10307692 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Both abiotic and biotic conditions may be important for biodiversity. However, their relative importance may vary among different diversity dimensions as well as across spatial scales. Spiders (Araneae) offer an ecologically relevant system for evaluating variation in the relative strength abiotic and biotic biodiversity regulation. We quantified the relative importance of abiotic and biotic conditions for three diversity dimensions of spider communities quantified across two spatial scales. Spiders were surveyed along elevation gradients in northern Sweden. We focused our analysis on geomorphological and climatic conditions as well as vegetation characteristics, and quantified the relative importance of these conditions for the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of spider communities sampled across one intermediate (500 m) and one local (25 m) scale. There were stronger relationships among diversity dimensions at the local than the intermediate scale. There were also variation in the relative influence of abiotic and biotic conditions among diversity dimensions, but this variation was not consistent across spatial scales. Across both spatial scales, vegetation was related to all diversity dimensions whereas climate was important for phylogenetic and functional diversity. Our study does not fully support stronger abiotic regulation at coarser scales, and conversely stronger abiotic regulation at more local scales. Instead, our results indicate that community assembly is shaped by interactions between abiotic constrains in species distributions and biotic conditions, and that such interactions may be both scale and context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Måsviken
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Love Dalén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Norén
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Dalerum
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Biodiversity Research Institute (University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council, Research Building, Mieres Campus, 33600, Mieres, Spain.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa.
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9
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Berera A, Brener DJ, Cockell CS. Detecting Microbiology in the Upper Atmosphere: Relative-Velocity Filtered Sampling. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:469-475. [PMID: 36800170 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to reopen from a practical perspective the question of the extent in altitude of Earth's biosphere. We make a number of different suggestions for how searches for biological material could be conducted in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, colloquially referred to as the "ignore-osphere" because it has been generally ignored in the meteorological community compared to other regions. Relatively recent technological advances such as CubeSats in very low Earth orbit or more standard approaches such as the rocket-borne MAGIC meteoric smoke particle sampler are shown as potentially viable for sampling biological material in the ignore-osphere. The issue of contamination is discussed, and a potential solution to the problem is proposed by means of a new detector design that filters for particles based on their size and relative velocity to the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Berera
- The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel J Brener
- The Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Daily MI, Whale TF, Kilbride P, Lamb S, John Morris G, Picton HM, Murray BJ. A highly active mineral-based ice nucleating agent supports in situ cell cryopreservation in a high throughput format. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220682. [PMID: 36751925 PMCID: PMC9905984 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of biological matter in microlitre scale volumes of liquid would be useful for a range of applications. At present, it is challenging because small volumes of water tend to supercool, and deep supercooling is known to lead to poor post-thaw cell viability. Here, we show that a mineral ice nucleator can almost eliminate supercooling in 100 µl liquid volumes during cryopreservation. This strategy of eliminating supercooling greatly enhances cell viability relative to cryopreservation protocols with uncontrolled ice nucleation. Using infrared thermography, we demonstrate a direct relationship between the extent of supercooling and post-thaw cell viability. Using a mineral nucleator delivery system, we open the door to the routine cryopreservation of mammalian cells in multiwell plates for applications such as high throughput toxicology testing of pharmaceutical products and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I. Daily
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas F. Whale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Helen M. Picton
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Murray
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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11
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Maj W, Pertile G, Frąc M. Soil-Borne Neosartorya spp.: A Heat-Resistant Fungal Threat to Horticulture and Food Production-An Important Component of the Root-Associated Microbial Community. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1543. [PMID: 36675060 PMCID: PMC9867472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne Neosartorya spp. are the highly resilient sexual reproductive stage (teleomorph) of Aspergillus spp. Fungi of this genus are relevant components of root-associated microbial community, but they can also excrete mycotoxins and exhibit great resistance to high temperatures. Their ascospores easily transfer between soil and crops; thus, Neosartorya poses a danger to horticulture and food production, especially to the postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables. The spores are known to cause spoilage, mainly in raw fruit produce, juices, and pulps, despite undergoing pasteurization. However, these fungi can also participate in carbon transformation and sequestration, as well as plant protection in drought conditions. Many species have been identified and included in the genus, and yet some of them create taxonomical controversy due to their high similarity. This also contributes to Neosartorya spp. being easily mistaken for its anamorph, resulting in uncertain data within many studies. The review discusses also the factors shaping Neosartorya spp.'s resistance to temperature, preservatives, chemicals, and natural plant extracts, as well as presenting novel solutions to problems created by its resilient nature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Cultivable bacteria in the supraglacial lake formed after a glacial lake outburst flood in northern Pakistan. Int Microbiol 2022; 26:309-325. [PMID: 36484912 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a supraglacial lake formed as a result of a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in the Dook Pal Glacier. Lake debris and meltwater samples were collected from the supraglacial lake to determine bacterial diversity. Geochemical analyses of samples showed free amino acids (FAAs), anions, cations, and heavy metals. Comparable viable bacterial counts were observed in meltwater and debris samples. Using R2A media, a total of 52 bacterial isolates were identified: 40 from debris and 12 from meltwater. The relative abundance of Gram-positive (80.8%) bacteria was greater than Gram-negative (19.2%). Molecular identification of these isolates revealed that meltwater was dominated by Firmicutes (41.6%) and Proteobacteria (41.6%), while lake debris was dominated by Firmicutes (65.0%). The isolates belonged to 14 genera with the greatest relative abundance in Bacillus. Tolerance level of isolates to salts was high. Most of the Gram-positive bacteria were eurypsychrophiles, while most of the Gram-negative bacteria were stenopsychrophiles. Gram-negative bacteria displayed a higher minimum inhibitory concentration of selected heavy metals and antibiotics than Gram-positive. This first-ever study of culturable bacteria from a freshly formed supraglacial lake improves our understanding of the bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance released from the glaciers as a result of GLOF.
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13
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Dawson EJ, Schroeder DM, Chu W, Mantelli E, Seroussi H. Ice mass loss sensitivity to the Antarctic ice sheet basal thermal state. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4957. [PMID: 36104329 PMCID: PMC9474861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea-level rise projections rely on accurate predictions of ice mass loss from Antarctica. Climate change promotes greater mass loss by destabilizing ice shelves and accelerating the discharge of upstream grounded ice. Mass loss is further exacerbated by mechanisms such as the Marine Ice Sheet Instability and the Marine Ice Cliff Instability. However, the effect of basal thermal state changes of grounded ice remains largely unexplored. Here, we use numerical ice sheet modeling to investigate how warmer basal temperatures could affect the Antarctic ice sheet mass balance. We find increased mass loss in response to idealized basal thawing experiments run over 100 years. Most notably, frozen-bed patches could be tenuously sustaining the current ice configuration in parts of George V, Adélie, Enderby, and Kemp Land regions of East Antarctica. With less than 5 degrees of basal warming, these frozen patches may begin to thaw, producing new loci of mass loss. This study uses ice sheet modeling experiments to show that thawing portions of the Antarctic ice sheet bed can increase century-scale mass loss, particularly in the Wilkes and Enderby Land regions of East Antarctica.
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14
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Siddique Z, Malik AU. Fruits and vegetables are the major source of food safety issues need to overcome at household level (traditional vs. green technologies): A comparative review. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zarghona Siddique
- Postharvest Research and Training Centre, Institute of Horticultural Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah Malik
- Postharvest Research and Training Centre, Institute of Horticultural Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan
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15
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von Hegner I. First principles of terrestrial life: exemplars for potential extra-terrestrial biology. Theory Biosci 2022; 141:279-295. [PMID: 35907130 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-022-00373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The search for life elsewhere in the universe represents not only a potential expansion of our knowledge regarding life, but also a clarification of the first principles applicable to terrestrial life, which thus restrict the very search for extra-terrestrial life. Although there are no exact figures for how many species have existed throughout Earth's total history, we can still make inferences about how the distribution of this life has proceeded through a bell curve. This graph shows the totality of life, from its origin to its end. The system enclosing life contains a number of first principles designated the walls of minimal complexity and adaptive possibility, the fence of adaptation, and right-skewed extension. In this discussion of life, a framework will be formulated that, based on the dynamic relationship between mesophiles and extremophiles, will be imposed on exoworlds in order to utilize the graph's predictive power to analyze how extra-terrestrial life could unfold. In this framework the evolutionary variation does not depend on the specific biochemistry involved. Once life is 'up and running,' the various biochemical systems that can constitute terrestrial and extra-terrestrial life will have secondary significance. The extremophilic tail represents a range expansion in which all habitat possibilities are tested and occupied. This tail moves to the right not because of the biochemistry constitutions of organisms, but because it can do nothing else. Thus, it can be predicted that graphs of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial life will be similar overall. A number of other predictions can be made; for example, for worlds in which the atmospheric disequilibrium is approaching equilibrium, it is predicted that life may still be present because the extremophilic range expansion is stretched increasingly farther to the right. Because life necessarily arises at a left wall of minimal complexity, it is predicted that any origin of cellular life will have a close structural resemblance to that of the first terrestrial life. Thus, in principle, life may have originated more than once on Earth, and still exist. It is also predicted that there may be an entire subset of life existing among other domains that we do not see because, in an abstract sense, we are inside the graph. If we view the graph in its entirety, this subset appears very much like a vast supra-domain of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian von Hegner
- Future Foundation Assoc., Egedal 21, 2690, Karlslunde, Denmark.
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16
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Some Clues about Enzymes from Psychrophilic Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061161. [PMID: 35744679 PMCID: PMC9227589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes purified from psychrophilic microorganisms prove to be efficient catalysts at low temperatures and possess a great potential for biotechnological applications. The low-temperature catalytic activity has to come from specific structural fluctuations involving the active site region, however, the relationship between protein conformational stability and enzymatic activity is subtle. We provide a survey of the thermodynamic stability of globular proteins and their rationalization grounded in a theoretical approach devised by one of us. Furthermore, we provide a link between marginal conformational stability and protein flexibility grounded in the harmonic approximation of the vibrational degrees of freedom, emphasizing the occurrence of long-wavelength and excited vibrations in all globular proteins. Finally, we offer a close view of three enzymes: chloride-dependent α-amylase, citrate synthase, and β-galactosidase.
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Logsdon DM, Grimm CK, Schoolcraft WB, McCormick S, Schlenker T, Swain JE, Krisher RL, Yuan Y, Collins MG. Evaluation of the TMRW vapor phase cryostorage platform using reproductive specimens and in vitro extended human embryo culture. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 2:268-277. [PMID: 35560277 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of shipment and storage of sperm, oocytes, and blastocysts in vapor phase nitrogen compared with static storage in liquid phase nitrogen. DESIGN Prospective cohort-matched study. SETTING Multiple in vitro fertilization laboratories in an in vitro fertilization network. PATIENT(S) Fifty-eight human embryos, 32 human oocytes, 15 units of bovine semen. INTERVENTION(S) Vapor vs. liquid nitrogen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The postwarming survival of oocytes, sperm, and blastocysts, and the developmental potential of blastocysts during in vitro extended culture. RESULT(S) Custom-designed labware, for use with the TMRW platform, enables continuous temperature monitoring during shipment and/or storage in the vapor phase robotic storage system. The highest temperature recorded for specimens shipped to a domestic laboratory was -180.2 °C with a mean ± SD of -190.4 ± 0.5 °C during shipment and -181.1 ± 0.6 °C during storage. Likewise, specimens shipped internationally had a high of -180.2 °C with a mean ± SD of -193.5 ± 0.6 °C during shipment and -181.2 ± 0.7 °C during storage. Results from the extended culture assays have revealed no deleterious effect of shipment and storage in nitrogen vapor. The viability of mammalian gametes and embryos was equivalent between the vapor phase and liquid phase storage. CONCLUSION(S) The evaluated system did not have any deleterious effects on the postwarming survival of sperm, oocytes, and blastocysts. The postwarming developmental potential of human blastocysts during in vitro extended culture was unaffected by storage and handling in the vapor phase nitrogen TMRW platform when compared with static liquid phase nitrogen storage. Our results suggest that the vapor phase cryostorage platform is a safe system to handle and store reproductive specimens for human assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M Logsdon
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine-Colorado, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Courtney K Grimm
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine-Colorado, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | | | - Sue McCormick
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine-Colorado, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Terry Schlenker
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine-Colorado, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Jason E Swain
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine Fertility Network, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L Krisher
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine-Colorado, Lone Tree, Colorado
| | - Ye Yuan
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine-Colorado, Lone Tree, Colorado
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18
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Chang A, Ragg SJ, Ma DD. Meeting the COVID challenge: Optimizing vCD34+ in cryopreserved HPC samples for implementation of an external QA Program. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:437-443. [PMID: 35086777 PMCID: PMC8786609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a fundamental change in the global procurement of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for transplantation. To better meet the emergent challenges of transporting cryopreserved allogeneic HPC during pandemics, there is an urgent need for External Quality Assurance (EQA) programs to evaluate reproducibility and harmonization of viable CD34+ cell (vCD34+) HPC enumeration, as the current EQA programs are unsuitable for analysis of vCD34+. The cost-effective distribution of HPC cryopreserved reference samples (CRSs) with acceptable reproducibility and specificity is key to the success of a vCD34+ EQA program. Methods Cryopreserved HPC samples (n = 11) were either stored on dry ice for 1 to 4 days or for 1 day followed by liquid nitrogen (LN) storage for 1 to 3 days to assess optimal conditions for vCD34+ EQA. Flow cytometric enumeration of vCD34+ HPCs was performed using a single platform assay combined with 7-AAD viability dye exclusion. The optimum transportation condition was validated in pilot and multicenter national studies (n = 12). Results A combination of 1 day on dry ice followed by LN storage stabilized viability compared with continuous storage on dry ice. This study demonstrates that dispatch of CRSs on dry ice to recipient centers across a distance of ≤4000 km within 26 h, followed by LN storage, resulted in reproducible intercenter vCD34+ enumeration. The estimated cost of safer and more convenient dry ice delivery is >20-fold lower than that of LN. Conclusion This approach can form the basis for economically and scientifically acceptable distribution of CRSs for external vCD34+ EQA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Chang
- Blood, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Program, St Vincent's Applied Medical Research Centre, and Department of Haematology and BM Transplant, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott J Ragg
- Statewide BMT Program and Pathology Services, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - David D Ma
- Blood, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Program, St Vincent's Applied Medical Research Centre, and Department of Haematology and BM Transplant, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Water is the cellular milieu, drives all biochemistry within Earth's biosphere and facilitates microbe-mediated decay processes. Instead of reviewing these topics, the current article focuses on the activities of water as a preservative-its capacity to maintain the long-term integrity and viability of microbial cells-and identifies the mechanisms by which this occurs. Water provides for, and maintains, cellular structures; buffers against thermodynamic extremes, at various scales; can mitigate events that are traumatic to the cell membrane, such as desiccation-rehydration, freeze-thawing and thermal shock; prevents microbial dehydration that can otherwise exacerbate oxidative damage; mitigates against biocidal factors (in some circumstances reducing ultraviolet radiation and diluting solute stressors or toxic substances); and is effective at electrostatic screening so prevents damage to the cell by the intense electrostatic fields of some ions. In addition, the water retained in desiccated cells (historically referred to as 'bound' water) plays key roles in biomacromolecular structures and their interactions even for fully hydrated cells. Assuming that the components of the cell membrane are chemically stable or at least repairable, and the environment is fairly constant, water molecules can apparently maintain membrane geometries over very long periods provided these configurations represent thermodynamically stable states. The spores and vegetative cells of many microbes survive longer in the presence of vapour-phase water (at moderate-to-high relative humidities) than under more-arid conditions. There are several mechanisms by which large bodies of water, when cooled during subzero weather conditions remain in a liquid state thus preventing potentially dangerous (freeze-thaw) transitions for their microbiome. Microbial life can be preserved in pure water, freshwater systems, seawater, brines, ice/permafrost, sugar-rich aqueous milieux and vapour-phase water according to laboratory-based studies carried out over periods of years to decades and some natural environments that have yielded cells that are apparently thousands, or even (for hypersaline fluid inclusions of mineralized NaCl) hundreds of millions, of years old. The term preservative has often been restricted to those substances used to extend the shelf life of foods (e.g. sodium benzoate, nitrites and sulphites) or those used to conserve dead organisms, such as ethanol or formaldehyde. For living microorganisms however, the ultimate preservative may actually be water. Implications of this role are discussed with reference to the ecology of halophiles, human pathogens and other microbes; food science; biotechnology; biosignatures for life and other aspects of astrobiology; and the large-scale release/reactivation of preserved microbes caused by global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food SecuritySchool of Biological SciencesQueen’s University Belfast19 Chlorine GardensBelfastBT9 5DLUK
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20
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Cesur RM, Ansari IM, Chen F, Clark BC, Schneegurt MA. Bacterial Growth in Brines Formed by the Deliquescence of Salts Relevant to Cold Arid Worlds. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:104-115. [PMID: 34748403 PMCID: PMC8785760 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hygroscopic salts at Mars' near-surface (MgSO4, (per)chlorates, NaCl) may form brines by absorbing moisture from the atmosphere at certain times through the process of deliquescence. We have previously shown strong bacterial growth in saturated MgSO4 (∼67% w/v as epsomite) at room temperature, and growth was observed at the MgSO4 eutectic point (43% w/v at -4°C). Here, we have investigated the growth of salinotolerant microbes (Halomonas, Marinococcus, Planococcus) from Hot Lake, Washington; Basque Lake, British Columbia; and Great Salt Plains, Oklahoma under deliquescing conditions. Bacterial cultures were grown to mid-log phase in SP medium supplemented with 50% MgSO4 (as epsomite), 20% NaClO3, or 10% NaCl (w/v), and small aliquots in cups were dried by vacuum desiccation. When the dried culture was rehydrated by the manual addition of water, the culture resumed growth in the reconstituted brine. When desiccated cultures were maintained in a sealed container with a brine reservoir of the matching growth medium controlling the humidity of the headspace, the desiccated microbial culture evaporites formed brine by deliquescence using humidity alone. Bacterial cultures resumed growth in all three salts once rehydrated by deliquescence. Cultures of Halomonas sp. str. HL12 showed robust survival and growth when subjected to several cycles of desiccation and deliquescent or manual rehydration. Our laboratory demonstrations of microbial growth in deliquescent brines are relevant to the surface and near-subsurface of cold arid worlds like Mars. When conditions become wetter, hygroscopic evaporite minerals can deliquesce to produce the earliest habitable brines. Survival after desiccation and growth in deliquescent brines increases the likelihood that microbes from Earth, carried on spacecraft, pose a contamination risk to Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Cesur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Irfan M. Ansari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Mark A. Schneegurt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
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21
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Girardeau A, Passot S, Meneghel J, Cenard S, Lieben P, Trelea IC, Fonseca F. Insights into lactic acid bacteria cryoresistance using FTIR microspectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1425-1443. [PMID: 34967915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Freezing is widely used for bacterial cell preservation. However, resistance to freezing can greatly vary depending on bacterial species or growth conditions. Our study aims at identifying cellular markers of cryoresistance based on the comparison of three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) exhibiting different tolerance to freezing: Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CNCM I-3298, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFL1. A thorough characterization of their cytoplasmic membrane properties was carried out by measuring their fatty acid composition, membrane fluidity, and lipid phase transition upon cooling from 50 to -50 °C. Vitrification temperatures of the intra- and extra-cellular compartments were also quantified by differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, the cell biochemical characterization was carried out using a recently developed Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) micro-spectroscopic approach allowing the analysis of live bacteria in an aqueous environment. The multivariate analysis of the FTIR spectra of fresh and thawed cells enabled the discrimination of the three bacteria according to their lipid, protein, and cell wall peptidoglycan components. It also revealed freezing-induced modifications of these three cellular components and an increase in bacteria heterogeneity for the two strains of L. bulgaricus, the freeze-sensitive bacteria. No cellular damage was observed for C. maltaromaticum, the freeze-resistant bacteria. Comparison of the results obtained from the different analytical methods confirmed previously reported cryoresistance markers and suggested new ones, such as changes in the absorbance of specific infrared spectral bands. FTIR microspectroscopy could be used as a rapid and non-invasive technique to evaluate the freeze-sensitivity of LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Girardeau
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Stéphanie Passot
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Julie Meneghel
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Stéphanie Cenard
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Pascale Lieben
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Ioan-Cristian Trelea
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France
| | - Fernanda Fonseca
- UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, AgroParisTech, France.
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22
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Borthakur D, Rani M, Das K, Shah MP, Sharma BK, Kumar A. Bioremediation: an alternative approach for detoxification of polymers from the contaminated environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 75:744-758. [PMID: 34825392 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The industries and metropolitan wastes produced by anthropogenic activities are of great concern for nature as it causes soil contamination and deteriorate the environment. Plastic utilization is rapidly enhancing globally with passing days that last for a more extended period in the environment due to slow decomposition and natural degradation. Excessive use of polymer has risked the life of both marine, freshwater and terrestrial organisms. Lack of proper waste management and inappropriate disposal leads to environmental threats. Bioremediation processes involve microbes such as fungi, bacteria, etc. which contribute a crucial role in the breakdown of plastics. Extremophiles secrete extremozymes that are functionally active in extreme conditions and are highly crucial for polymer disaggregation in those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Borthakur
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala, Tripura, India.,Department of Life Sciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tepesia, Assam, India
| | - M Rani
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - K Das
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - M P Shah
- Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India
| | - B K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - A Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Agartala, Tripura, India
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23
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Kilbride P, Meneghel J, Fonseca F, Morris J. The transfer temperature from slow cooling to cryogenic storage is critical for optimal recovery of cryopreserved mammalian cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259571. [PMID: 34784361 PMCID: PMC8594829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is a key step for the effective delivery of many cell therapies and for the maintenance of biological materials for research. The preservation process must be carefully controlled to ensure maximum, post-thaw recovery using cooling rates slow enough to allow time for cells to cryodehydrate sufficiently to avoid lethal intracellular ice. This study focuses on determining the temperature necessary at the end of controlled slow cooling before transfer to cryogenic storage which ensures optimal recovery of the processed cell samples. Using nucleated, mammalian cell lines derived from liver (HepG2), ovary (CHO) and bone tissue (MG63) this study has shown that cooling must be controlled to -40°C before transfer to long term storage to ensure optimal cell recovery. No further advantage was seen by controlling cooling to lower temperatures. These results are consistent with collected differential scanning calorimetry data, that indicated the cells underwent an intracellular, colloidal glass transition between -49 and -59°C (Tg’i) in the presence of the cryoprotective agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The glass forms at the point of maximum cryodehydration and no further cellular dehydration is possible. At this point the risk of lethal intracellular ice forming on transfer to ultra-low temperature storage is eliminated. In practice it may not be necessary to continue slow cooling to below this temperature as optimal recovery at -40°C indicates that the cells have become sufficiently dehydrated to avoid further, significant damage when transferred into ultra-low temperature storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernanda Fonseca
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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24
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Faltus M, Bilavcik A, Zamecnik J. Vitrification Ability of Combined and Single Cryoprotective Agents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2392. [PMID: 34834755 PMCID: PMC8624012 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cryoprotective agents (CPA) are an important part of many current vitrification methods. The vitrification ability of CPAs influences the probability of the glass transition and water crystallization occurrence. Thermal characteristics and the vitrification ability of two combined CPAs (PVS2 and PVS3), common plant vitrification solutions, and four single CPAs (ethylene glycol, DMSO, glycerol, and sucrose), the components of the mentioned PVSs, were evaluated utilizing a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) during standard cooling/warming rates of 10 °C min-1. The effect of solute concentration on their vitrification ability was shown in the CPAs tested. Four typical concentration regions at which the glassy state and/or crystallization occurred were defined. We suggest the solute concentration of 0.7 g g-1 as the universal vitrification concentration, characterized by an actual Tg of CPA solution and limited water crystallization. Knowledge of the thermal properties of CPAs allows the design of new combined CPAs with the required vitrification ability respecting the cryopreservation method used and the characteristics of the cryopreserved sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Faltus
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Bilavcik
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Zamecnik
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Cockell CS, Higgins PM, Johnstone AA. Biologically Available Chemical Energy in the Temperate but Uninhabitable Venusian Cloud Layer: What Do We Want to Know? ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:1224-1236. [PMID: 33470900 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cloud layer has been hypothesized to be the most habitable region of Venus. In the lower clouds, both temperature and pressure fall within bounds that support reproduction of microbial life on Earth, although the water activity of the sulfuric acid cloud droplets makes the clouds uninhabitable to known life. In this study, we carried out an analysis of CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur) elements and potential redox couples in the cloud layer, and we used a microbial energetic growth model to investigate quantitatively the chemical energy available for microbial growth from methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and hydrogen oxidation at temperatures between 278 and 350 K. The purpose was to improve knowledge of how far the venusian cloud layer comes from being habitable. Hydrogen oxidation was favorable at all temperatures; however, negative Gibbs free energies for sulfate reduction and methanogenesis depended critically on the assumed concentrations of electron donors, acceptors, and products. Improved measurements and the investigation of new molecules will allow us to better assess quantitatively how far Venus comes from possessing a habitable cloud layer and what would need to be different to make it habitable. We identify specific required measurements. These data will advance our understanding of the habitability of planetary atmospheres on extrasolar greenhouse worlds and the habitability of Earth when the planet eventually enters a greenhouse state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Higgins
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
| | - Andrew A Johnstone
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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26
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Kotsyurbenko OR, Cordova JA, Belov AA, Cheptsov VS, Kölbl D, Khrunyk YY, Kryuchkova MO, Milojevic T, Mogul R, Sasaki S, Słowik GP, Snytnikov V, Vorobyova EA. Exobiology of the Venusian Clouds: New Insights into Habitability through Terrestrial Models and Methods of Detection. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:1186-1205. [PMID: 34255549 PMCID: PMC9545807 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The search for life beyond Earth has focused on Mars and the icy moons Europa and Enceladus, all of which are considered a safe haven for life due to evidence of current or past water. The surface of Venus, on the other hand, has extreme conditions that make it a nonhabitable environment to life as we know it. This is in contrast, however, to its cloud layer, which, while still an extreme environment, may prove to be a safe haven for some extreme forms of life similar to extremophiles on Earth. We consider the venusian clouds a habitable environment based on the presence of (1) a solvent for biochemical reactions, (2) appropriate physicochemical conditions, (3) available energy, and (4) biologically relevant elements. The diversity of extreme microbial ecosystems on Earth has allowed us to identify terrestrial chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms that may be analogs to putative venusian organisms. Here, we hypothesize and describe biological processes that may be performed by such organisms in the venusian clouds. To detect putative venusian organisms, we describe potential biosignature detection methods, which include metal-microbial interactions and optical methods. Finally, we describe currently available technology that can potentially be used for modeling and simulation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg R. Kotsyurbenko
- Yugra State University, The Institute of Oil and Gas, School of Ecology, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russian Federation
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds, UK
| | - Jaime A. Cordova
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrey A. Belov
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds, UK
- Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir S. Cheptsov
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds, UK
- Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denise Kölbl
- Space Biochemistry Group, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuliya Y. Khrunyk
- Department of Heat Treatment and Physics of Metal, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Margarita O. Kryuchkova
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds, UK
- Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tetyana Milojevic
- Space Biochemistry Group, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rakesh Mogul
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology/School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Grzegorz P. Słowik
- Institute of Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Valery Snytnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A. Vorobyova
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds, UK
- Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Atanasova N, Stoitsova S, Paunova-Krasteva T, Kambourova M. Plastic Degradation by Extremophilic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115610. [PMID: 34070607 PMCID: PMC8198520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive exploitation, poor recycling, low repeatable use, and unusual resistance of plastics to environmental and microbiological action result in accumulation of huge waste amounts in terrestrial and marine environments, causing enormous hazard for human and animal life. In the last decades, much scientific interest has been focused on plastic biodegradation. Due to the comparatively short evolutionary period of their appearance in nature, sufficiently effective enzymes for their biodegradation are not available. Plastics are designed for use in conditions typical for human activity, and their physicochemical properties roughly change at extreme environmental parameters like low temperatures, salt, or low or high pH that are typical for the life of extremophilic microorganisms and the activity of their enzymes. This review represents a first attempt to summarize the extraordinarily limited information on biodegradation of conventional synthetic plastics by thermophilic, alkaliphilic, halophilic, and psychrophilic bacteria in natural environments and laboratory conditions. Most of the available data was reported in the last several years and concerns moderate extremophiles. Two main questions are highlighted in it: which extremophilic bacteria and their enzymes are reported to be involved in the degradation of different synthetic plastics, and what could be the impact of extremophiles in future technologies for resolving of pollution problems.
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Abramov A, Vishnivetskaya T, Rivkina E. Are permafrost microorganisms as old as permafrost? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6143815. [PMID: 33601419 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Permafrost describes the condition of earth material (sand, ground, organic matter, etc.) cemented by ice when its temperature remains at or below 0°C continuously for longer than 2 years. Evidently, permafrost is as old as the time passed from freezing of the earth material. Permafrost is a unique phenomenon and may preserve life forms it encloses. Therefore, in order to talk confidently about the preservation of paleo-objects in permafrost, knowledge about the geological age of sediments, i.e. when the sediments were formed, and permafrost age, when those sediments became permanently frozen, is essential. There are two types of permafrost-syngenetic and epigenetic. The age of syngenetic permafrost corresponds to the geological age of its sediments, whereas the age of epigenetic permafrost is less than the geological age of its sediments. Both of these formations preserve microorganisms and their metabolic products; however, the interpretations of the microbiological and molecular-biological data are inconsistent. This paper reviews the current knowledge of time-temperature history and age of permafrost in relation to available microbiological and metagenomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Abramov
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Tatiana Vishnivetskaya
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia.,University of Tennessee, Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Elizaveta Rivkina
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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McGough SF, MacFadden DR, Hattab MW, Mølbak K, Santillana M. Rates of increase of antibiotic resistance and ambient temperature in Europe: a cross-national analysis of 28 countries between 2000 and 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33183408 PMCID: PMC7667635 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.45.1900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The rapid increase of bacterial antibiotic resistance could soon render our most effective method to address infections obsolete. Factors influencing pathogen resistance prevalence in human populations remain poorly described, though temperature is known to contribute to mechanisms of spread. Aim To quantify the role of temperature, spatially and temporally, as a mechanistic modulator of transmission of antibiotic resistant microbes. Methods An ecologic analysis was performed on country-level antibiotic resistance prevalence in three common bacterial pathogens across 28 European countries, collectively representing over 4 million tested isolates. Associations of minimum temperature and other predictors with change in antibiotic resistance rates over 17 years (2000–2016) were evaluated with multivariable models. The effects of predictors on the antibiotic resistance rate change across geographies were quantified. Results During 2000–2016, for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, European countries with 10°C warmer ambient minimum temperatures compared to others, experienced more rapid resistance increases across all antibiotic classes. Increases ranged between 0.33%/year (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.5) and 1.2%/year (95% CI: 0.4 to 1.9), even after accounting for recognised resistance drivers including antibiotic consumption and population density. For Staphylococcus aureus a decreasing relationship of −0.4%/year (95% CI: −0.7 to 0.0) was found for meticillin resistance, reflecting widespread declines in meticillin-resistant S. aureus across Europe over the study period. Conclusion We found evidence of a long-term effect of ambient minimum temperature on antibiotic resistance rate increases in Europe. Ambient temperature might considerably influence antibiotic resistance growth rates, and explain geographic differences observed in cross-sectional studies. Rising temperatures globally may hasten resistance spread, complicating mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F McGough
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Derek R MacFadden
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammad W Hattab
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kåre Mølbak
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mauricio Santillana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, United States
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Žárský J, Žárský V, Hanáček M, Žárský V. Cryogenian Glacial Habitats as a Plant Terrestrialisation Cradle - The Origin of the Anydrophytes and Zygnematophyceae Split. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:735020. [PMID: 35154170 PMCID: PMC8829067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.735020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
For tens of millions of years (Ma), the terrestrial habitats of Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period (between 720 and 635 Ma before present-Neoproterozoic Era) were possibly dominated by global snow and ice cover up to the equatorial sublimative desert. The most recent time-calibrated phylogenies calibrated not only on plants but on a comprehensive set of eukaryotes indicate that within the Streptophyta, multicellular charophytes (Phragmoplastophyta) evolved in the Mesoproterozoic to the early Neoproterozoic. At the same time, Cryogenian is the time of the likely origin of the common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and Embryophyta and later, also of the Zygnematophyceae-Embryophyta split. This common ancestor is proposed to be called Anydrophyta; here, we use anydrophytes. Based on the combination of published phylogenomic studies and estimated diversification time comparisons, we deem it highly likely that anydrophytes evolved in response to Cryogenian cooling. Also, later in the Cryogenian, secondary simplification of multicellular anydrophytes and loss of flagella resulted in Zygnematophyceae diversification as an adaptation to the extended cold glacial environment. We propose that the Marinoan geochemically documented expansion of first terrestrial flora has been represented not only by Chlorophyta but also by Streptophyta, including the anydrophytes, and later by Zygnematophyceae, thriving on glacial surfaces until today. It is possible that multicellular early Embryophyta survived in less abundant (possibly relatively warmer) refugia, relying more on mineral substrates, allowing the retention of flagella-based sexuality. The loss of flagella and sexual reproduction by conjugation evolved in Zygnematophyceae and zygomycetous fungi during the Cryogenian in a remarkably convergent way. Thus, we support the concept that the important basal cellular adaptations to terrestrial environments were exapted in streptophyte algae for terrestrialization and propose that this was stimulated by the adaptation to glacial habitats dominating the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. Including the glacial lifestyle when considering the rise of land plants increases the parsimony of connecting different ecological, phylogenetic, and physiological puzzles of the journey from aquatic algae to terrestrial floras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Žárský
- CryoEco Research Group, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jakub Žárský,
| | - Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Martin Hanáček
- Polar-Geo-Lab, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Regional Museum in Jeseník, Jeseník, Czechia
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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31
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Zoratto N, Di Lisa D, de Rutte J, Sakib MN, Alves e Silva AR, Tamayol A, Di Carlo D, Khademhosseini A, Sheikhi A. In situ forming microporous gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel scaffolds from thermostable microgels for tissue engineering. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10180. [PMID: 33005742 PMCID: PMC7510466 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Converting biopolymers to extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic hydrogel-based scaffolds has provided invaluable opportunities to design in vitro models of tissues/diseases and develop regenerative therapies for damaged tissues. Among biopolymers, gelatin and its crosslinkable derivatives, such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), have gained significant importance for biomedical applications due to their ECM-mimetic properties. Recently, we have developed the first class of in situ forming GelMA microporous hydrogels based on the chemical annealing of physically crosslinked GelMA microscale beads (microgels), which addressed several key shortcomings of bulk (nanoporous) GelMA scaffolds, including lack of interconnected micron-sized pores to support on-demand three-dimensional-cell seeding and cell-cell interactions. Here, we address one of the limitations of in situ forming microporous GelMA hydrogels, that is, the thermal instability (melting) of their physically crosslinked building blocks at physiological temperature, resulting in compromised microporosity. To overcome this challenge, we developed a two-step fabrication strategy in which thermostable GelMA microbeads were produced via semi-photocrosslinking, followed by photo-annealing to form stable microporous scaffolds. We show that the semi-photocrosslinking step (exposure time up to 90 s at an intensity of ~100 mW/cm2 and a wavelength of ~365 nm) increases the thermostability of GelMA microgels while decreasing their scaffold forming (annealing) capability. Hinging on the tradeoff between microgel and scaffold stabilities, we identify the optimal crosslinking condition (exposure time ~60 s) that enables the formation of stable annealed microgel scaffolds. This work is a step forward in engineering in situ forming microporous hydrogels made up from thermostable GelMA microgels for in vitro and in vivo applications at physiological temperature well above the gelatin melting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zoratto
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C‐MIT), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Drug Chemistry and TechnologiesSapienza University of RomaRomeItaly
| | - Donatella Di Lisa
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C‐MIT), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System EngineeringUniversity of GenovaGenoaItaly
| | - Joseph de Rutte
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Md Nurus Sakib
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Ali Tamayol
- University of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonConnecticutUSA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C‐MIT), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Radiological SciencesDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amir Sheikhi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C‐MIT), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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Rivera-Valentín EG, Chevrier VF, Soto A, Martínez G. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITABILITY OF (META)STABLE BRINES ON PRESENT-DAY MARS. NATURE ASTRONOMY 2020; 4:756-761. [PMID: 33344776 PMCID: PMC7745847 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Special Regions on Mars are defined as environments able to host liquid water that meets certain temperature and water activity requirements that allow known terrestrial organisms to replicate1,2, and therefore could be habitable. Such regions would be a concern for planetary protection policies owing to the potential for forward contamination (biological contamination from Earth). Pure liquid water is unstable on the Martian surface3,4, but brines may be present3,5. Experimental work has shown that brines persist beyond their predicted stability region, leading to metastable liquids8-10. Here we show that (meta)stable brines can form and persist from the equator to high latitudes on the surface of Mars for a few percent of the year for up to six consecutive hours, a broader range than previously thought11,12. However, only the lowest eutectic solutions can form, leading to brines with temperatures of less than 225 K. Our results indicate that (meta)stable brines on the Martian surface and shallow subsurface (a few centimeters deep) are not habitable because their water activities and temperatures fall outside the known tolerances for terrestrial life. Furthermore, (meta)stable brines do not meet the Special Regions requirements, reducing the risk for forward contamination and easing threats related to the exploration of the Martian surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent F. Chevrier
- Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Germán Martínez
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX 77058, USA
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Pilakouta N, Killen SS, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Lindström J, Metcalfe NB, Parsons KJ. Multigenerational exposure to elevated temperatures leads to a reduction in standard metabolic rate in the wild. Funct Ecol 2020; 34:1205-1214. [PMID: 32612318 PMCID: PMC7318562 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In light of global climate change, there is a pressing need to understand and predict the capacity of populations to respond to rising temperatures. Metabolic rate is a key trait that is likely to influence the ability to cope with climate change. Yet, empirical and theoretical work on metabolic rate responses to temperature changes has so far produced mixed results and conflicting predictions.Our study addresses this issue using a novel approach of comparing fish populations in geothermally warmed lakes and adjacent ambient-temperature lakes in Iceland. This unique 'natural experiment' provides repeated and independent examples of populations experiencing contrasting thermal environments for many generations over a small geographic scale, thereby avoiding the confounding factors associated with latitudinal or elevational comparisons. Using Icelandic sticklebacks from three warm and three cold habitats, we measured individual metabolic rates across a range of acclimation temperatures to obtain reaction norms for each population.We found a general pattern for a lower standard metabolic rate (SMR) in sticklebacks from warm habitats when measured at a common temperature, as predicted by Krogh's rule. Metabolic rate differences between warm- and cold-habitat sticklebacks were more pronounced at more extreme acclimation temperatures, suggesting the release of cryptic genetic variation upon exposure to novel conditions, which can reveal hidden evolutionary potential. We also found a stronger divergence in metabolic rate between thermal habitats in allopatry than sympatry, indicating that gene flow may constrain physiological adaptation when dispersal between warm and cold habitats is possible.In sum, our study suggests that fish may diverge toward a lower SMR in a warming world, but this might depend on connectivity and gene flow between different thermal habitats. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pilakouta
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókurIceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural HistoryReykjavíkIceland
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Neil B. Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Kugler A, Kumari P, Kokabi K, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Khozin-Goldberg I. Resilience to Freezing in the Vegetative Cells of the Microalga Lobosphaera incisa (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2020; 56:334-345. [PMID: 31715644 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chlorophyte microalga Lobosphaera incisa was isolated from the snowy slopes of Mt. Tateyama in Japan. This microalga stores exceptionally high amounts of the omega-6 LC-PUFA arachidonic acid in triacylglycerols, and therefore represents a potent photosynthetic source for this essential LC-PUFA. Assuming that freezing tolerance may play a role in adaptation of L. incisa to specific ecological niches, we examined the capability of L. incisa to tolerate extreme sub-zero temperatures. We report here, that the vegetative cells of L. incisa survived freezing at -20°C and -80°C (over 1 month), without cryoprotective agents or prior treatments. Cells successfully recovered upon thawing and proliferated under optimal growth conditions (25°C). However, cells frozen at -80°C showed better recovery and lower cellular ROS generation upon thawing, compared to those preserved at -20°C. Photosynthetic yield of PSII, estimated by Fv /Fm , temporarily decreased at day 1 post freezing and resumed to the original level at day 3. Interestingly, the thawed algal cultures produced a higher level of chlorophylls, exceeding the control culture. The polar metabolome of the vegetative cells comprised a range of compatible solutes, dominated by glutamate, sucrose, and proline. We posit that the presence of endogenous cryoprotectants, a rigid multilayer cell wall, the high LC-PUFA content in membrane lipids, and putative cold-responsive proteins may contribute to the retention of functionality upon recovery from the frozen state, and therefore for the survival under cryospheric conditions. From the applied perspective, this beneficial property holds promise for the cryopreservation of starter cultures for research and commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kugler
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Puja Kumari
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Metabolic Profiling Unit, Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel
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Daily MI, Whale TF, Partanen R, Harrison AD, Kilbride P, Lamb S, Morris GJ, Picton HM, Murray BJ. Cryopreservation of primary cultures of mammalian somatic cells in 96-well plates benefits from control of ice nucleation. Cryobiology 2020; 93:62-69. [PMID: 32092295 PMCID: PMC7191264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of mammalian cells has to date typically been conducted in cryovials, but there are applications where cryopreservation of primary cells in multiwell plates would be advantageous. However excessive supercooling in the small volumes of liquid in each well of the multiwell plates is inevitable without intervention and tends to result in high and variable cell mortality. Here, we describe a technique for cryopreservation of adhered primary bovine granulosa cells in 96-well plates by controlled rate freezing using controlled ice nucleation. Inducing ice nucleation at warm supercooled temperatures (less than 5 °C below the melting point) during cryopreservation using a manual seeding technique significantly improved post-thaw recovery from 29.6% (SD = 8.3%) where nucleation was left uncontrolled to 57.7% (9.3%) when averaged over 8 replicate cultures (p < 0.001). Detachment of thawed cells was qualitatively observed to be more prevalent in wells which did not have ice nucleation control which suggests cryopreserved cell monolayer detachment may be a consequence of deep supercooling. Using an infra-red thermography technique we showed that many aliquots of cryoprotectant solution in 96-well plates can supercool to temperatures below −20 °C when nucleation is not controlled, and also that the freezing temperatures observed are highly variable despite stringent attempts to remove contaminants acting as nucleation sites. We conclude that successful cryopreservation of cells in 96-well plates, or any small volume format, requires control of ice nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Daily
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Thomas F Whale
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Riitta Partanen
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alexander D Harrison
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter Kilbride
- Asymptote Ltd (GE Healthcare), Sovereign House, Cambridge, CB24 9BZ, UK
| | - Stephen Lamb
- Asymptote Ltd (GE Healthcare), Sovereign House, Cambridge, CB24 9BZ, UK
| | - G John Morris
- Asymptote Ltd (GE Healthcare), Sovereign House, Cambridge, CB24 9BZ, UK
| | - Helen M Picton
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- Institute of Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Wilks JM, Chen F, Clark BC, Schneegurt MA. Bacterial Growth in Saturated and Eutectic Solutions of Magnesium Sulphate and Potassium Chlorate with Relevance to Mars and the Ocean Worlds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 18:502-509. [PMID: 33776587 PMCID: PMC7992186 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550418000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid water on Mars might be created by deliquescence of hygroscopic salts or by permafrost melts, both potentially forming saturated brines. Freezing point depression allows these heavy brines to remain liquid in the near-surface environment for extended periods, perhaps as eutectic solutions, at the lowest temperatures and highest salt concentrations where ices and precipitates do not form. Perchlorate and chlorate salts and iron sulfate form brines with low eutectic temperatures and may persist under Mars near-surface conditions, but are chemically harsh at high concentrations and were expected to be incompatible with life, while brines of common sulfate salts on Mars may be more suitable for microbial growth. Microbial growth in saturated brines also may be relevant beyond Mars, to the oceans of Ceres, Enceladus, Europa and Pluto. We have previously shown strong growth of salinotolerant bacteria in media containing 2 M MgSO4 heptahydrate (~50% w/v) at 25 °C. Here we extend those observations to bacterial isolates from Basque Lake, BC and Hot Lake, WA, that grow well in saturated MgSO4 medium (67%) at 25 °C and in 50% MgSO4 medium at 4 °C (56% would be saturated). Psychrotolerant, salinotolerant microbes isolated from Basque Lake soils included Halomonas and Marinococcus, which were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and characterized phenetically. Eutectic liquid medium constituted by 43% MgSO4 at -4 °C supported copious growth of these psychrotolerant Halomonas isolates, among others. Bacterial isolates also grew well at the eutectic for K chlorate (3% at -3 °C). Survival and growth in eutectic solutions increases the possibility that microbes contaminating spacecraft pose a contamination risk to Mars. The cold brines of sulfate and (per)chlorate salts that may form at times on Mars through deliquescence or permafrost melt have now been demonstrated to be suitable microbial habitats, should appropriate nutrients be available and dormant cells become vegetative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Wilks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS
| | - Fei Chen
- Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena CA
| | | | - Mark A. Schneegurt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS
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Cosciotti B, Balbi A, Ceccarelli A, Fagliarone C, Mattei E, Lauro SE, Di Paolo F, Pettinelli E, Billi D. Survivability of Anhydrobiotic Cyanobacteria in Salty Ice: Implications for the Habitability of Icy Worlds. Life (Basel) 2019; 9:life9040086. [PMID: 31766612 PMCID: PMC6958388 DOI: 10.3390/life9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two anhydrobiotic strains of the cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis, namely CCMEE 029 and CCMEE 171, isolated from the Negev Desert in Israel and from the Dry Valleys in Antarctica, were exposed to salty-ice simulations. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the cyanobacterial capability to survive under sub-freezing temperatures in samples simulating the environment of icy worlds. The two strains were mixed with liquid solutions having sub-eutectic concentration of Na2SO4, MgSO4 and NaCl, then frozen down to different final temperatures (258 K, 233 K and 203 K) in various experimental runs. Both strains survived the exposure to 258 K in NaCl solution, probably as they migrated in the liquid veins between ice grain boundaries. However, they also survived at 258 K in Na2SO4 and MgSO4-salty-ice samples-that is, a temperature well below the eutectic temperature of the solutions, where liquid veins should not exist anymore. Moreover, both strains survived the exposure at 233 K in each salty-ice sample, with CCMEE 171 showing an enhanced survivability, whereas there were no survivors at 203 K. The survival limit at low temperature was further extended when both strains were exposed to 193 K as air-dried cells. The results suggest that vitrification might be a strategy for microbial life forms to survive in potentially habitable icy moons, for example in Europa's icy crust. By entering a dried, frozen state, they could be transported from niches, which became non-habitable to new habitable ones, and possibly return to metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cosciotti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Rome Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (S.E.L.); (F.D.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Amedeo Balbi
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Ceccarelli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Rome Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (S.E.L.); (F.D.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Claudia Fagliarone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Mattei
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Rome Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (S.E.L.); (F.D.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Sebastian Emanuel Lauro
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Rome Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (S.E.L.); (F.D.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Federico Di Paolo
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Rome Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (S.E.L.); (F.D.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Pettinelli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Rome Tre, 00154 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (A.C.); (E.M.); (S.E.L.); (F.D.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Daniela Billi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Fedotova MV. Compatible osmolytes - bioprotectants: Is there a common link between their hydration and their protective action under abiotic stresses? J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ali B, Sajjad W, Ghimire PS, Shengyun C, Minghui W, Kang S. Culture-dependent diversity of bacteria from Laohugou glacier, Qilian Mts., China and their resistance against metals. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1065-1081. [PMID: 31556143 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, psychrophilic, endolithic, and epilithic bacterial strains were isolated and characterized from the nonpolar Laohugou glacier (LHG) no. 12, the largest valley glacier in the western Qilian Mts. located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Five different types of samples, rocks, soil, glacial water, ice/snow, and cryoconite, were collected. A total of 48 bacterial strains were isolated by using the R2A bacterial cultural medium. The findings revealed that the Gram-positive bacteria 41 (85.4%) dominated the Gram-negative bacteria 7 (14.6%) in this extremely harsh environment. Molecular characterization based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing exhibited that the obtained isolates belong to four phyla, among which the diversity of Firmicutes (58.33%) was higher followed by Actinobacteria (23.0%), Proteobacteria (14.6%), and least diversity was reported in Euryarchaeota (4.2%). The bacterial communities were most dominant in soil samples followed by cryoconite sample and least dominant in the ice and snow samples. Moreover, the obtained bacterial isolates were found resistant to high concentrations of heavy metals (Cr3+ , Cd2+ , Hg2+ , and Ar3+ ) and sodium chloride, and, therefore, exhibited polyextremophilic characteristics. LHG no. 12 is rich in bacterial and archaeal diversities and provides a potentially curious site for further in-depth exploration of microbial diversity and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Prakriti Sharma Ghimire
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chen Shengyun
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wu Minghui
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China
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40
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Meneghel J, Kilbride P, Morris JG, Fonseca F. Physical events occurring during the cryopreservation of immortalized human T cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217304. [PMID: 31120989 PMCID: PMC6532914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is key for delivery of cellular therapies, however the key physical and biological events during cryopreservation are poorly understood. This study explored the entire cooling range, from membrane phase transitions above 0°C to the extracellular glass transition at -123°C, including an endothermic event occurring at -47°C that we attributed to the glass transition of the intracellular compartment. An immortalised, human suspension cell line (Jurkat) was studied, using the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine membrane phase transitions and differential scanning calorimetry to analyse glass transition events. Jurkat cells were exposed to controlled cooling followed by rapid, uncontrolled cooling to examine biological implications of the events, with post-thaw viable cell number and functionality assessed up to 72 h post-thaw. The intracellular glass transition observed at -47°C corresponded to a sharp discontinuity in biological recovery following rapid cooling. No other physical events were seen which could be related to post-thaw viability or performance significantly. Controlled cooling to at least -47°C during the cryopreservation of Jurkat cells, in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, will ensure an optimal post-thaw viability. Below -47°C, rapid cooling can be used. This provides an enhanced physical and biological understanding of the key events during cryopreservation and should accelerate the development of optimised cryobiological cooling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneghel
- Asymptote, General Electric Healthcare, Histon, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Kilbride
- Asymptote, General Electric Healthcare, Histon, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Morris
- Asymptote, General Electric Healthcare, Histon, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Fonseca
- UMR GMPA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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41
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Merino N, Aronson HS, Bojanova DP, Feyhl-Buska J, Wong ML, Zhang S, Giovannelli D. Living at the Extremes: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:780. [PMID: 31037068 PMCID: PMC6476344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic life has dominated most of the evolutionary history of our planet, evolving to occupy virtually all available environmental niches. Extremophiles, especially those thriving under multiple extremes, represent a key area of research for multiple disciplines, spanning from the study of adaptations to harsh conditions, to the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Extremophile research also has implications for origin of life studies and the search for life on other planetary and celestial bodies. In this article, we will review the current state of knowledge for the biospace in which life operates on Earth and will discuss it in a planetary context, highlighting knowledge gaps and areas of opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Merino
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Heidi S Aronson
- Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Diana P Bojanova
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jayme Feyhl-Buska
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael L Wong
- Department of Astronomy - Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,NASA Astrobiology Institute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shu Zhang
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Donato Giovannelli
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Department of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, Ancona, Italy
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42
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Dodda A, Wali A, Wu Y, Pannone A, Reddy LK, Raha A, Ozdemir SK, Ozbolat IT, Das S. Biological One‐Way Functions for Secure Key Generation. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Dodda
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Akshay Wali
- Department of Electrical EngineeringPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesPennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Andrew Pannone
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Likhith Kumar Reddy
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amritapuri, Clappana P O Kollam 690525 Kerala India
| | - Arnab Raha
- Microarchitecture Research Lab Intel Labs Santa Clara CA 95054 USA
| | - Sahin Kaya Ozdemir
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
- Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Ibrahim Tarik Ozbolat
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringPennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesPennsylvania State University, University Park PA 16802 USA
- Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Saptarshi Das
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park PA 16802 USA
- Materials Research InstitutePennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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43
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Orellana R, Macaya C, Bravo G, Dorochesi F, Cumsille A, Valencia R, Rojas C, Seeger M. Living at the Frontiers of Life: Extremophiles in Chile and Their Potential for Bioremediation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2309. [PMID: 30425685 PMCID: PMC6218600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles are organisms capable of adjust, survive or thrive in hostile habitats that were previously thought to be adverse or lethal for life. Chile gathers a wide range of extreme environments: salars, geothermal springs, and geysers located at Altiplano and Atacama Desert, salars and cold mountains in Central Chile, and ice fields, cold lakes and fjords, and geothermal sites in Patagonia and Antarctica. The aims of this review are to describe extremophiles that inhabit main extreme biotopes in Chile, and their molecular and physiological capabilities that may be advantageous for bioremediation processes. After briefly describing the main ecological niches of extremophiles along Chilean territory, this review is focused on the microbial diversity and composition of these biotopes microbiomes. Extremophiles have been isolated in diverse zones in Chile that possess extreme conditions such as Altiplano, Atacama Desert, Central Chile, Patagonia, and Antarctica. Interesting extremophiles from Chile with potential biotechnological applications include thermophiles (e.g., Methanofollis tationis from Tatio Geyser), acidophiles (e.g., Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferriphilum from Atacama Desert and Central Chile copper ores), halophiles (e.g., Shewanella sp. Asc-3 from Altiplano, Streptomyces sp. HKF-8 from Patagonia), alkaliphiles (Exiguobacterium sp. SH31 from Altiplano), xerotolerant bacteria (S. atacamensis from Atacama Desert), UV- and Gamma-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus peraridilitoris from Atacama Desert) and psychrophiles (e.g., Pseudomonas putida ATH-43 from Antarctica). The molecular and physiological properties of diverse extremophiles from Chile and their application in bioremediation or waste treatments are further discussed. Interestingly, the remarkable adaptative capabilities of extremophiles convert them into an attractive source of catalysts for bioremediation and industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Orellana
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Constanza Macaya
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Guillermo Bravo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Flavia Dorochesi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrés Cumsille
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ricardo Valencia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química and Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
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44
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MacFadden DR, McGough SF, Fisman D, Santillana M, Brownstein JS. Antibiotic Resistance Increases with Local Temperature. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2018; 8:510-514. [PMID: 30369964 PMCID: PMC6201249 DOI: 10.1038/s41558-018-0161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. MacFadden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
- Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Sarah F. McGough
- Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - David Fisman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mauricio Santillana
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, United States
| | - John S. Brownstein
- Computational Epidemiology Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, United States
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45
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Lee J, Park C, Kim Y, Park S. Signal enhancement in ATP bioluminescence to detect bacterial pathogens via heat treatment. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-017-1404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Schulze-Makuch D, Airo A, Schirmack J. The Adaptability of Life on Earth and the Diversity of Planetary Habitats. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2011. [PMID: 29085352 PMCID: PMC5650640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary adaptability of life to extreme environments is astounding given that all life on Earth is based on the same fundamental biochemistry. The range of some physicochemical parameters on Earth exceeds the ability of life to adapt, but stays within the limits of life for other parameters. Certain environmental conditions such as low water availability in hyperarid deserts on Earth seem to be close to the limit of biological activity. A much wider range of environmental parameters is observed on planetary bodies within our Solar System such as Mars or Titan, and presumably even larger outside of our Solar System. Here we review the adaptability of life as we know it, especially regarding temperature, pressure, and water activity. We use then this knowledge to outline the range of possible habitable environments for alien planets and moons and distinguish between a variety of planetary environment types. Some of these types are present in our Solar System, others are hypothetical. Our schematic categorization of alien habitats is limited to life as we know it, particularly regarding to the use of solvent (water) and energy source (light and chemical compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schulze-Makuch
- Astrobiology Group, Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beyond Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alessandro Airo
- Astrobiology Group, Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janosch Schirmack
- Astrobiology Group, Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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47
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Subcellular membrane fluidity of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus under cold and osmotic stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6907-6917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Rafiq M, Hayat M, Anesio AM, Jamil SUU, Hassan N, Shah AA, Hasan F. Recovery of metallo-tolerant and antibiotic resistant psychrophilic bacteria from Siachen glacier, Pakistan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178180. [PMID: 28746396 PMCID: PMC5528264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultureable bacterial diversity of previously unexplored Siachen glacier, Pakistan, was studied. Out of 50 isolates 33 (66%) were Gram negative and 17 (34%) Gram positive. About half of the isolates were pigment producers and were able to grow at 4-37°C. 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed Gram negative bacteria dominated by Proteobacteria (especially γ-proteobacteria and β-proteobacteria) and Flavobacteria. The genus Pseudomonas (51.51%, 17) was dominant among γ- proteobacteria. β-proteobacteria constituted 4 (12.12%) Alcaligenes and 4 (12.12%) Janthinobacterium strains. Among Gram positive bacteria, phylum Actinobacteria, Rhodococcus (23.52%, 4) and Arthrobacter (23.52%, 4) were the dominating genra. Other bacteria belonged to Phylum Firmicutes with representative genus Carnobacterium (11.76%, 2) and 4 isolates represented 4 genera Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Staphylococcus and Planomicrobium. Most of the Gram negative bacteria were moderate halophiles, while most of the Gram positives were extreme halophiles and were able to grow up to 6.12 M of NaCl. More than 2/3 of the isolates showed antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecium, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus and ATCC strains. Gram positive bacteria (94.11%) were more resistant to heavy metals as compared to Gram negative (78.79%) and showed maximum tolerance against iron and least tolerance against mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Hayat
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alexandre M. Anesio
- Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Umair Ullah Jamil
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Noor Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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49
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Cryosphere and Psychrophiles: Insights into a Cold Origin of Life? Life (Basel) 2017; 7:life7020025. [PMID: 28604605 PMCID: PMC5492147 DOI: 10.3390/life7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrophiles thrive permanently in the various cold environments on Earth. Their unsuspected ability to remain metabolically active in the most extreme low temperature conditions provides insights into a possible cold step in the origin of life. More specifically, metabolically active psychrophilic bacteria have been observed at −20 °C in the ice eutectic phase (i.e., the liquid veins between sea ice crystals). In the context of the RNA world hypothesis, this ice eutectic phase would have provided stability to the RNA molecules and confinement of the molecules in order to react and replicate. This aspect has been convincingly tested by laboratory experiments.
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50
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Cockell CS, Brown S, Landenmark H, Samuels T, Siddall R, Wadsworth J. Liquid Water Restricts Habitability in Extreme Deserts. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:309-318. [PMID: 28418707 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Liquid water is a requirement for biochemistry, yet under some circumstances it is deleterious to life. Here, we show that liquid water reduces the upper temperature survival limit for two extremophilic photosynthetic microorganisms (Gloeocapsa and Chroococcidiopsis spp.) by greater than 40°C under hydrated conditions compared to desiccated conditions. Under hydrated conditions, thermal stress causes protein inactivation as shown by the fluorescein diacetate assay. The presence of water was also found to enhance the deleterious effects of freeze-thaw in Chroococcidiopsis sp. In the presence of water, short-wavelength UV radiation more effectively kills Gloeocapsa sp. colonies, which we hypothesize is caused by factors including the greater penetration of UV radiation into hydrated colonies compared to desiccated colonies. The data predict that deserts where maximum thermal stress or irradiation occurs in conjunction with the presence of liquid water may be less habitable to some organisms than more extreme arid deserts where organisms can dehydrate prior to being exposed to these extremes, thus minimizing thermal and radiation damage. Life in extreme deserts is poised between the deleterious effects of the presence and the lack of liquid water. Key Words: Deserts-Extremophiles-Stress-High temperatures-UV radiation-Desiccation. Astrobiology 17, 309-318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Brown
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hanna Landenmark
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toby Samuels
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca Siddall
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer Wadsworth
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
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