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Khan W, Khan SA, Khan FA, Khan S, Ullah I, Shah A, Uddin I, Khan S, Khan H, Uddin MN, Akbar F, Qayum N. Therapeutic potential of natural products and antibiotics against bovine mastitis pathogen of cows and buffaloes. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:271-280. [PMID: 37982055 PMCID: PMC10581532 DOI: 10.17221/80/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus associated with bovine mastitis to selected antibiotics and plant extracts. In the current study, 140 milk samples were collected from cows and buffaloes. Among the 140 samples, 93 samples were positive for sub-clinical mastitis based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Out of the total positive samples, 45 were confirmed for S. aureus on a Mannitol salt agar media. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that 44.82% of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (oxacillin) confirming methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with a higher percentage (51.61%) in the buffalo than in the cow samples. Furthermore, the PCR assay confirmed the presence of the mecA gene in all the MRSA isolates. Among the seven tested antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim showed high efficacy (71.1%) against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates (MSSA). Oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim showed 20% efficacy against MRSA followed by enrofloxacin (10%). On the other hand, the tested samples from Pistacia chinensis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of bark showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 21.3 mm against MSSA and MRSA isolates at 3 000 μg/disc. Moreover, the methanol extract of Cotoneaster microphyllus formed a 12.3 mm and 9.1 mm zone of inhibition against the MSSA and MRSA isolates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Shahab Ahmad Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Fayaz Akhtar Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Shah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Uddin
- Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center, Balogram, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Khan
- Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center, Balogram, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Haji Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | | | - Fazal Akbar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Nabila Qayum
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
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2
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Ruiz-Ripa L, Fernández-Fernández R, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Ecology and Genetic Lineages of Nasal Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Carriage in Healthy Persons with or without Animal-Related Occupational Risks of Colonization: A Review of Global Reports. Pathogens 2021; 10:1000. [PMID: 34451464 PMCID: PMC8400700 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this conceptual review, we thoroughly searched for appropriate English articles on nasal staphylococci carriage among healthy people with no reported risk of colonization (Group A), food handlers (Group B), veterinarians (Group C), and livestock farmers (Group D) published between 2000 and 2021. Random-effects analyses of proportions were performed to determine the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, MRSA, MRSA-CC398, and MSSA-CC398, as well as the prevalence of PVL-positive S. aureus from all eligible studies. A total of 166 eligible papers were evaluated for Groups A/B/C/D (n = 58/31/26/51). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in healthy humans of Groups A to D were 15.9, 7.8, 34.9, and 27.1%, and 0.8, 0.9, 8.6, and 13.5%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA-CC398 nasal carriage among healthy humans was as follows: Group A/B (<0.05%), Group C (1.4%), Group D (5.4%); and the following among Group D: pig farmers (8.4%) and dairy farmers (4.7%). The pooled prevalence of CC398 lineage among the MSSA and MRSA isolates from studies of the four groups were Group A (2.9 and 6.9%), B (1.5 and 0.0%), C (47.6% in MRSA), and D (11.5 and 58.8%). Moreover, MSSA-CC398 isolates of Groups A and B were mostly of spa-t571 (animal-independent clade), while those of Groups C and D were spa-t011 and t034. The MRSA-CC398 was predominately of t011 and t034 in all the groups (with few other spa-types, livestock-associated clades). The pooled prevalence of MSSA and MRSA isolates carrying the PVL encoding genes were 11.5 and 9.6% (ranges: 0.0-76.9 and 0.0-28.6%), respectively. Moreover, one PVL-positive MSSA-t011-CC398 isolate was detected in Group A. Contact with livestock and veterinary practice seems to increase the risk of carrying MRSA-CC398, but not in food handlers. Thus, this emphasizes the need for integrated molecular epidemiology of zoonotic staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (L.R.-R.); (R.F.-F.); (M.Z.)
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3
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Crespo-Piazuelo D, Lawlor PG. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) prevalence in humans in close contact with animals and measures to reduce on-farm colonisation. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:21. [PMID: 34362463 PMCID: PMC8348836 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1940s, Staphylococcus aureus has adapted to the use of different antimicrobials to treat infections. Although S. aureus can act as a commensal bacterium, some strains are facultative pathogens and acquiring them can be fatal. In particular, treating infections caused by S. aureus with acquired antimicrobial resistance is problematic, as their treatment is more difficult. Some of these S. aureus variants are methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with prevalence across the globe in health-care facilities, community settings and on livestock farms. Apart from humans, MRSA can colonise other animal species, and because of this, resistance to new antimicrobials can appear and jump between species. Livestock and companion animals are particularly important in this regard considering the relatively high usage of antimicrobials in these species. There is a risk to humans who come into direct contact with animals acquiring MRSA but there is also the risk of animals acquiring MRSA from colonised humans. In this review, we summarise studies conducted worldwide to characterise the prevalence of MRSA in veterinarians, farmers and other personnel who come into close contact with animals. Finally, alternative treatment, preventive measures and on-farm strategies to reduce MRSA introduction to a farm and carriage within a herd are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
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4
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Adebowale O, Fasanmi OG, Awosile B, Afolabi M, Fasina FO. Systematic review and meta-analysis of veterinary-related occupational exposures to hazards. OPEN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ovs-2020-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding hazards within the veterinary profession is critical for developing strategies to ensure the health and safety of personnel in the work environment. This study was conducted to systematically review and synthesize data on reported risks within veterinary workplaces. A systematic review of published data on occupational hazards and associated risk factors were searched within three database platforms namely PubMed, Ebscohost, and Google scholar. To determine the proportion estimates of hazards and pooled odds ratio, two random-effects meta-analysis were performed. For the biological, chemical and physical hazards, the pooled proportion estimates were 17% (95% CI: 15.0-19.0, p < 0.001), 7.0% (95% CI: 6.0-9.0%, p < 0.001) and 65.0% (95% CI: 39.0-91.0%, p < 0.001) respectively. A pooled odds ratio indicated the risk of exposures to physical (OR=1.012, 95% CI: 1.008-1.017, p < 0.001) and biological hazards (OR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.70-2.52, p <0.001) increased when working or in contact with animals. The review has provided a better understanding of occupational health and safety status of veterinarians and gaps within the developing countries. This evidence calls for policy formulation and implementation to reduce the risks of exposures to all forms of occupational-related hazards in veterinary workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Federal University of Agriculture , Alabata, Abeokuta, Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Gabriel Fasanmi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology , Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology , Oyo State , Nigeria
| | - Babafela Awosile
- Department of Health Information and Performances , Health PEI Charlottetown , PE Canada
| | - Monsurat Afolabi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine , Federal University of Agriculture , Alabata, Abeokuta, Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) , Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases , University of Pretoria , Pretoria , South Africa
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Human mecC-Carrying MRSA: Clinical Implications and Risk Factors. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101615. [PMID: 33092294 PMCID: PMC7589452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new methicillin resistance gene, named mecC, was first described in 2011 in both humans and animals. Since then, this gene has been detected in different production and free-living animals and as an agent causing infections in some humans. The possible impact that these isolates can have in clinical settings remains unknown. The current available information about mecC-carrying methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from human samples was analyzed in order to establish its possible clinical implications as well as to determine the infection types associated with this resistance mechanism, the characteristics of these mecC-carrying isolates, their possible relation with animals and the presence of other risk factors. Until now, most human mecC-MRSA infections have been reported in Europe and mecC-MRSA isolates have been identified belonging to a small number of clonal complexes. Although the prevalence of mecC-MRSA human infections is very low and isolates usually contain few resistance (except for beta-lactams) and virulence genes, first isolates harboring important virulence genes or that are resistant to non-beta lactams have already been described. Moreover, severe and even fatal human infection cases have been detected. mecC-carrying MRSA should be taken into consideration in hospital, veterinary and food safety laboratories and in prevention strategies in order to avoid possible emerging health problems.
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Harrison EM, Ba X, Coll F, Blane B, Restif O, Carvell H, Köser CU, Jamrozy D, Reuter S, Lovering A, Gleadall N, Bellis KL, Uhlemann AC, Lowy FD, Massey RC, Grilo IR, Sobral R, Larsen J, Rhod Larsen A, Vingsbo Lundberg C, Parkhill J, Paterson GK, Holden MTG, Peacock SJ, Holmes MA. Genomic identification of cryptic susceptibility to penicillins and β-lactamase inhibitors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1680-1691. [PMID: 31235959 PMCID: PMC7611363 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens threatens the future of modern medicine. One such resistant pathogen is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is resistant to nearly all β-lactam antibiotics, limiting treatment options. Here, we show that a significant proportion of MRSA isolates from different lineages, including the epidemic USA300 lineage, are susceptible to penicillins when used in combination with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid. Susceptibility is mediated by a combination of two different mutations in the mecA promoter region that lowers mecA-encoded penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) expression, and in the majority of isolates by either one of two substitutions in PBP2a (E246G or M122I) that increase the affinity of PBP2a for penicillin in the presence of clavulanic acid. Treatment of S. aureus infections in wax moth and mouse models shows that penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor susceptibility can be exploited as an effective therapeutic choice for 'susceptible' MRSA infection. Finally, we show that isolates with the PBP2a E246G substitution have a growth advantage in the presence of penicillin but the absence of clavulanic acid, which suggests that penicillin/β-lactamase susceptibility is an example of collateral sensitivity (resistance to one antibiotic increases sensitivity to another). Our findings suggest that widely available and currently disregarded antibiotics could be effective in a significant proportion of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Harrison
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesc Coll
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Henry Carvell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claudio U Köser
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sandra Reuter
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Lovering
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Franklin D Lowy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth C Massey
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Inês R Grilo
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Sobral
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Gavin K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Sharon J Peacock
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) as a natural reservoir of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying mecC in Denmark. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222031. [PMID: 31490992 PMCID: PMC6730924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A recent study from Sweden showed that European hedgehogs may constitute a reservoir for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but this host-parasite relationship remains to be investigated in other countries. In this study, we therefore sought to: 1) determine the dissemination of MRSA in European hedgehogs throughout Denmark; 2) investigate determinants of MRSA carriage in hedgehogs; 3) determine the potential for zoonotic transmission of MRSA from hedgehogs to humans; and 4) characterise the detected MRSA on both a phenotypic and molecular level. Methods Nasal swabs were taken from 188 dead hedgehogs collected by volunteers throughout Denmark to determine the occurrence of MRSA. Additionally, 16 hedgehog rehabilitators were tested for potential zoonotic transmission of MRSA from hedgehogs to humans. The swabs were incubated in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 6.5% NaCl, followed by spread of 10 μl on Brilliance MRSA 2 agar. One presumptive MRSA colony from each plate was subcultured on 5% blood agar. All S. aureus subcultures were verified by a PCR assay detecting mecA, mecC, lukF-PV, scn, and spa, followed by spa typing. Results A total of 114 (61%) hedgehogs carried mecC-MRSA, whereas none carried mecA-MRSA. The detected mecC-MRSA belonged to two genetic lineages CC130 (spa-types: t528, t843, t1048, t3256, t3570, t6220, t17133) and CC1943 (spa-types: t978, t2345, t3391, t8835, t16868), 52% of which were spa-type t843 (CC130).The detection rate of mecC-MRSA in the hedgehogs was similar regardless of cause of death, sex, region and habitat type. None of the hedgehog rehabilitators carried MRSA. Conclusions This nationwide study confirms a high occurrence of mecC-MRSA in hedgehogs, which could serve as a natural reservoir for this specific type of MRSA. Furthermore, our study did not find signs of zoonotic transmission of mecC-MRSA to hedgehog rehabilitators.
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Wang H, Hecht S, Kline D, Leber AL. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistance detection directly from pediatric samples using PCR assays with differential cycle threshold values for corroboration of methicillin resistance. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:167-173. [PMID: 30826439 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, causing a variety of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. While S. aureus usually grows well, there are situations where it cannot be isolated in culture, such as patients who have received prior antimicrobial therapy. There are commercially available tests for molecular identification of S. aureus and methicillin resistance; however, they often have limited utility due to restrictive specimen requirements, lack of data in pediatric populations and issues with specificity for methicillin resistance detections. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of laboratory-developed PCR assays that detect S. aureus and methicillin resistance directly from various specimen types. We developed two real-time PCR assays: 1) a singleplex assay targeting the nucA gene and 2) a multiplex PCR assay (mecA/SCC-orf PCRs) that detects the mecA gene and the conjunction region where SCCmec elements insert into the genome. A total of 538 pediatric specimens, including specimens from the lower respiratory tract (n = 149), abscess/wounds (n = 245), tissue and body fluids (n = 144), were tested and the results compared with culture and susceptibility testing. The nucA PCR is sensitive and specific for detection of S. aureus when compared with culture with an overall agreement of 93.1% and sensitivity and specificity of 93.5% and 93.0%, respectively. Among those culture-confirmed and nucA PCR positive specimens (n = 145), concordance between mecA/SCC-orf PCRs, using cycle threshold values for corroboration, and conventional methods was 98.6% and the sensitivity and specificity were 97.3% and 100%, respectively. The assays' performance suggests they are rapid, reliable tools to detect and differentiate between methicillin susceptible and methicillin resistant S. aureus in our pediatric patient population providing diagnostic impact when used in conjunction with culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Shaina Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - David Kline
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Amy L Leber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
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9
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Bietrix J, Kolenda C, Sapin A, Haenni M, Madec JY, Bes M, Dupieux C, Tasse J, Laurent F. Persistence and Diffusion of mecC-Positive CC130 MRSA Isolates in Dairy Farms in Meurthe-et-Moselle County (France). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:47. [PMID: 30761099 PMCID: PMC6363682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is classically conferred by the acquisition of the mecA gene encoding an additional penicillin binding protein with low affinity for beta-lactams. A mecA variant, named mecC, was described in 2011. MRSA isolates harboring mecC of both animal and human origin have since been collected in different European countries. In France, animal cases were reported in 4 dairy farms between 2008 and 2013 in the Meurthe-et-Moselle county, all located in a 30 km perimeter, suggesting a possible dissemination of mecC-positive MRSA strains. We performed a prospective study to evaluate the local epidemiology of such strains in terms of (i) dissemination among animals, humans and in the environment, and (ii) persistence in Meurthe-et-Moselle dairy cattle farms. Methods: The 4 French dairy farms with previous reports of mecC-positive MRSA strains and 14 farms in the same perimeter were included in this study. In each farm, nasal swabs, rectal swabs and milk samples were collected from 10 randomly selected cows, as well as nasal samples from family pets, volunteer farmers and veterinarians. One farm (E0), in which mecC-MRSA isolates were detected, was selected to study more deeply the dissemination of mecC-positive strains within the farm. After pre-enrichment of swabs and milk, they were subcultured on MSSA/MRSA chromogenic selective agar plates. S. aureus colonies were tested with a multiplex PCR to detect the mecA and mecC genes. The mecC-positive strains were characterized using DNA microarray. Results: mecC-positive strains were recovered in four farms, corresponding to the ones with previous reports of mecC-positive MRSA strains, and originated only from dairy cow samples. The screening in the E0 farm showed that 22% of the dairy cows carried mecC-positive MRSA. Three strains were also isolated from the environmental samples. All mecC-positive strains belonged to the clonal complex CC130 and harbored the same spa-type t1736. Conclusion: This study found that mecC-positive MRSA isolates are able to persist within the same farms for several years after being introduced in this setting and are able to widely disseminate but only among dairy cows suggesting that milking machines might be a key player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Bietrix
- Cliniques Vétérinaires de l'Arche, Valence, France.,Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Kolenda
- Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anaïs Sapin
- Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail - Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michèle Bes
- Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Dupieux
- Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jason Tasse
- Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
| | - Fréderic Laurent
- Pathogénie des Infections à Staphylocoque, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France.,Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Lyon, France
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10
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Hardefeldt L, Nielsen T, Crabb H, Gilkerson J, Squires R, Heller J, Sharp C, Cobbold R, Norris J, Browning G. Veterinary Students' Knowledge and Perceptions About Antimicrobial Stewardship and Biosecurity-A National Survey. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E34. [PMID: 29670064 PMCID: PMC6023091 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of veterinary students’ perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about antimicrobial stewardship and biosecurity could facilitate more effective education of future veterinarians about these important issues. A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed by administering a questionnaire to veterinary students expected to graduate in 2017 or 2018 in all Australian veterinary schools. Four hundred and seventy-six of 1246 students (38%) completed the survey. Many students were unaware of the high importance of some veterinary drugs to human medicine, specifically enrofloxacin and cefovecin (59% and 47% of responses, respectively). Fewer than 10% of students would use appropriate personal protective equipment in scenarios suggestive of Q fever or psittacosis. Students expected to graduate in 2018 were more likely to select culture and susceptibility testing in companion animal cases (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.33–2.69, p < 0.001), and were more likely to appropriately avoid antimicrobials in large animal cases (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.26–2.44, p = 0.001) than those expected to graduate in 2017. However, 2018 graduates were less likely to correctly identify the importance rating of veterinary antimicrobials for human health (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34–0.67, p < 0.001) than 2017 graduates. Students reported having a good knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, and combating resistance, but only 34% thought pharmacology teaching was adequate and only 20% said that teaching in lectures matched clinical teaching. Efforts need to be made to harmonize preclinical and clinical teaching, and greater emphasis is needed on appropriate biosecurity and antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hardefeldt
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Grattan St, Carlton, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Torben Nielsen
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Helen Crabb
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Grattan St, Carlton, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - James Gilkerson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
| | - Richard Squires
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Claire Sharp
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Rowland Cobbold
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Glenn Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.
- National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Grattan St, Carlton, VIC 3050, Australia.
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11
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Patel K, Joshi C, Nauriyal D, Kunjadiya A. Genotypic identification of methicillin resistance and virulence factors in Staphylococcus spp. from bovine mastitis milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Harrison EM, Coll F, Toleman MS, Blane B, Brown NM, Török ME, Parkhill J, Peacock SJ. Genomic surveillance reveals low prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the East of England. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7406. [PMID: 28785112 PMCID: PMC5547075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an emerging problem in many parts of the world. LA-MRSA has been isolated previously from animals and humans in the United Kingdom (UK), but the prevalence is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to describe the molecular epidemiology of LA-MRSA isolated in the East of England (broadly Cambridge and the surrounding area). We accessed whole genome sequence data for 2,283 MRSA isolates from 1,465 people identified during a 12-month prospective study between 2012 and 2013 conducted in the East of England, United Kingdom. This laboratory serves four hospitals and 75 general practices. We screened the collection for multilocus sequence types (STs) and for host specific resistance and virulence factors previously associated with LA-MRSA. We identified 13 putative LA-MRSA isolates from 12 individuals, giving an estimated prevalence of 0.82% (95% CI 0.47% to 1.43%). Twelve isolates were mecC-MRSA (ten CC130, one ST425 and one ST1943) and single isolate was ST398. Our data demonstrate a low burden of LA-MRSA in the East of England, but the detection of mecC-MRSA and ST398 indicates the need for vigilance. Genomic surveillance provides a mechanism to detect and track the emergence and spread of MRSA clones of human importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesc Coll
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M Brown
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Box 236, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QW, United Kingdom
| | - M Estee Török
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Box 236, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QW, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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13
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Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in cattle, sheep, goat, and pig rearing in the Czech Republic. ACTA VET BRNO 2017. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201786010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The study focused on the prevalence ofStaphylococcus aureusand resistant strains in livestock. In this study, 114 different samples from three cattle farms (84 from two farms of dairy cows and 30 from one farm of suckler cows), 132 samples from one sheep farm, 120 samples from one goat farm, and 82 samples from three pig farms were examined. Strains identified asStaphylococcus aureuswere further analysed by the polymerase chain reaction method for detection of themecA gene and for confirmation of the sequence type 398. Positive incidence ofStaphylococcus aureuswas confirmed in farms of suckler cows, sheep, goats and pigs. The incidence of methicilin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuswas confirmed at a goat farm, with all strains belonging to the sequence type 398. Repetitive element palindromic-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to compare the relatedness of selected human and animalS. aureusstrains at the goat and sheep farms. The obtained data from repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed significant clonal similarity among the tested isolates and indicated the possibility of mutual transmission between animals or animal and human and possible transfer in the food chain.
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14
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Leibler JH, Jordan JA, Brownstein K, Lander L, Price LB, Perry MJ. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage among Beefpacking Workers in a Midwestern United States Slaughterhouse. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148789. [PMID: 26866374 PMCID: PMC4750916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational contact with livestock is an established risk factor for exposure to livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), particularly among industrial swine workers. While S. aureus is known to infect cattle, livestock-associated S. aureus carriage among workers in the beef production chain has received limited attention. Beefpacking workers, who slaughter, butcher and process cattle, have intensified exposure to potentially infectious animal materials and may be at risk of livestock-associated S. aureus exposure. We conducted a cross-sectional study of beefpacking workers (n = 137) at an industrial slaughterhouse in the Midwestern United States to evaluate prevalence and characteristics of S. aureus nasal colonization, specifically the absence of the scn gene to identify putative association with livestock, antibiotic susceptibility, presence of Panton-Valentin leukocidin (PVL) genes lukS-PV and lukF-PV, and spa type. Overall prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage was 27.0%. No workers carried livestock-associated MRSA. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates (MSSA) recovered from five workers (3.6%) lacked the scn gene and were considered putative livestock-associated S. aureus (pLA-SA). Among pLA-SA isolates, spa types t338, t748, t1476 and t2379 were identified. To our knowledge, these spa types have not previously been identified as associated with livestock. Prevalence of human-adapted MRSA carriage in workers was 3.6%. MRSA isolates were identified as spa types t002, t008 and t024, and four of five MRSA isolates were PVL-positive. To date, this is the first study to indicate that industrial beefpacking workers in the United States may be exposed to livestock-associated S. aureus, notably MSSA, and to spa types not previously identified in livestock and livestock workers. Occupational exposure to livestock-associated S. aureus in the beef production chain requires further epidemiologic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Leibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeanne A. Jordan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Brownstein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Lina Lander
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Lance B. Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, the Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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15
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Harrison EM, Ba X, Blane B, Ellington MJ, Loeffler A, Hill RLR, Holmes MA, Peacock SJ. PBP2a substitutions linked to ceftaroline resistance in MRSA isolates from the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:268-9. [PMID: 26462986 PMCID: PMC4681373 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew J Ellington
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert L R Hill
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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16
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Goerge T, Lorenz MB, van Alen S, Hübner NO, Becker K, Köck R. MRSA colonization and infection among persons with occupational livestock exposure in Europe: Prevalence, preventive options and evidence. Vet Microbiol 2015; 200:6-12. [PMID: 26658156 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Colonization with livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (LA-MRSA) among persons occupationally exposed to pigs, cattle or poultry is very frequent. In Europe, LA-MRSA mostly belong to the clonal lineage CC398. Since colonized persons have an increased risk of developing MRSA infections, defining the burden of work-related infection caused by LA-MRSA CC398 is of interest to exposed personnel, insurance companies and infection control staff. This review summarizes data on the types of occupation-related infections caused by LA-MRSA CC398, the incidence of such infections as well as potential preventive strategies. We identified twelve case reports on infections among livestock-exposed persons. Overall, there is a lack of data describing the incidence of occupation-related infections due to MRSA CC398. Currently, no specific guidance towards the prevention of LA-MRSA CC398 colonization of persons with routine exposure exists. In vitro, MRSA CC398 strains are susceptible (>95%) to mupirocin. Single reports have described effective decolonization of persons carrying LA-MRSA CC398, but long-term success rates are low in case of continuous livestock contact. Overall, the occupational health risk due to LA-MRSA CC398 is not well understood. Currently, prevention of human LA-MRSA CC398 infection is mostly based on the recommendation to perform screening and decolonization therapies prior to elective medical interventions in order to avoid nosocomial infections, but there is no conclusive evidence to perform specific measures aiming to forestall community-acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Goerge
- University Hospital Münster, Department of Dermatology, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marthe Barbara Lorenz
- University Hospital Münster, Department of Dermatology, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sarah van Alen
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Domagkstr. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nils-Olaf Hübner
- Institute of Medical Diagnostics (IMD), Vitus-Bering-Straße 27a, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karsten Becker
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Domagkstr. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Robin Köck
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Domagkstr. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany,.
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Gogoi-Tiwari J, Babra Waryah C, Sunagar R, Veeresh HB, Nuthanalakshmi V, Preethirani PL, Sharada R, Isloor S, Bhat A, Al-Salami H, Hegde NR, Mukkur TK. Typing ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from bovine mastitis cases in Australia and India. Aust Vet J 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Gogoi-Tiwari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - C Babra Waryah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - R Sunagar
- Ella Foundation; Genome Valley, Shameerpet Mandal Hyderabad India
| | - HB Veeresh
- Veterinary College; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University; Hebbal Bangalore India
| | - V Nuthanalakshmi
- Veterinary College; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University; Hebbal Bangalore India
| | - PL Preethirani
- Veterinary College; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University; Hebbal Bangalore India
| | - R Sharada
- Veterinary College; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University; Hebbal Bangalore India
| | - S Isloor
- Veterinary College; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University; Hebbal Bangalore India
| | - A Bhat
- Veterinary College; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University; Hebbal Bangalore India
| | - H Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - NR Hegde
- Ella Foundation; Genome Valley, Shameerpet Mandal Hyderabad India
| | - TK Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
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Ye X, Liu W, Fan Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Yao Z, Chen S. Frequency-risk and duration-risk relations between occupational livestock contact and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage among workers in Guangdong, China. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:676-81. [PMID: 25934060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicates a strong association between occupational livestock contact and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage. However, it remains unclear whether there are frequency-risk and duration-risk relations between occupational livestock contact and human MRSA carriage. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Guangdong, China, using a multistage sampling method. Participants were interviewed and provided a nasal swab for S aureus analysis. All MRSA isolates were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. The dose-response relation was examined using logistic regression models. RESULTS Among the 1,860 participants, 1.4% of controls tested positive for MRSA (characterized as sequence type [ST] 59 and ST7), and 7% of workers with livestock contact tested positive for MRSA (characterized as ST9, ST59, and ST7). There was a 5.31 times increased risk of MRSA carriage corresponding to occupational livestock contact (odds ratio = 6.31; 95% confidence interval, 3.44-11.57) using no contact as reference. We found frequency and short-term duration of occupational livestock contact were associated with increased risk of MRSA carriage in a dose-response manner. These significant trends were observed consistently among workers with occupational pig contact. However, no long-term duration-risk increasing trend was observed for occupational livestock or pig contact. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that there may be dose-response relations between occupational livestock contact and human MRSA carriage. Nasal MRSA clonal complex 9 is not found in controls, but it is found in workers with livestock contact.
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The prevalence and influencing factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in people in contact with livestock: A systematic review. Am J Infect Control 2015; 43:469-75. [PMID: 25681305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is becoming a serious epidemic worldwide. Recently, studies have shown that people in contact with livestock may have a greater chance of MRSA carriage. We aimed to establish the prevalence of MRSA among people in contact with livestock and review the factors influencing MRSA carriage. METHODS We systematically examined published epidemiologic studies on MRSA prevalence in people in contact with livestock using Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Ovid, and the Cochrane Library. Prevalence estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. Study heterogeneity was assessed using Q statistics and quantified with I(2) statistics. RESULTS Thirty-three eligible studies were included in this systematic review. Prevalence of MRSA ranged from 0.0%-85.8%. The pooled prevalence estimate of MRSA was 14.2% (95% confidence interval, 9.1%-20.1%) for people in contact with livestock. Substantial heterogeneity in eligible studies was noted (χ(2) = 1,025; P < .001; I(2) = 96.9%). Subgroup analysis showed the prevalence of MRSA was high in people from Europe (15.9%), farmers (18.2%), and by longitudinal study design (38.9%). Animal contact and intensity of animal contact were associated with increased risk of MRSA carriage. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that there may be transmission of MRSA between animals and humans.
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20
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Chemoinformatics for medicinal chemistry: in silico model to enable the discovery of potent and safer anti-cocci agents. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:2013-28. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gram-positive cocci are increasingly antibiotic-resistant bacteria responsible for causing serious diseases. Chemoinformatics can help to rationalize the discovery of more potent and safer antibacterial drugs. We have developed a chemoinformatic model for simultaneous prediction of anti-cocci activities, and profiles involving absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET). Results: A dataset containing 48,874 cases from many different chemicals assayed under dissimilar experimental conditions was created. The best model displayed accuracies around 93% in both training and prediction (test) sets. Quantitative contributions of several fragments to the biological effects were calculated and analyzed. Multiple biological effects of the investigational drug JNJ-Q2 were correctly predicted. Conclusion: Our chemoinformatic model can be used as powerful tool for virtual screening of promising anti-cocci agents.
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Molecular and bacteriological investigation of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in domestic bovids from Ismailia, Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:271-6. [PMID: 25374070 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to establish the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in smallholder dairy farms in Ismailia, Egypt. A total of 340 milking cows and buffaloes were sampled from 60 farms, and 50 nasal swabs were collected from consenting farm workers. Milk samples were subjected to California mastitis test (CMT) and the positive samples were examined by bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiological agents. Based on CMT, the prevalence of SCM was 71.6 % in cattle and 43.5 % in buffaloes while the prevalence was 25.2 % at cow-quarter level and 21.7 % at buffaloes-quarter level. Bacteriological analysis showed that the most frequently identified bacteria were Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (38.3 %) and Streptococcus (Str.) agalactiae (20 %). The diagnostic sensitivity of PCR compared to bacterial culture was superior with S. aureus and Str. agalactiae detection being 41 and 22.6 %, respectively. Furthermore, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains occurred in 52.2 and 45 % of isolates of animals and workers, respectively. Subclinical mastitis due to S. aureus and Str. agalactiae is endemic in smallholder dairy herds in Ismailia. The occurrence of MRSA in animals and workers highlights a need for wide epidemiological studies of MRSA and adopting control strategies.
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A shared population of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 15 circulates in humans and companion animals. mBio 2014; 5:e00985-13. [PMID: 24825010 PMCID: PMC4030480 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00985-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global human health problem causing infections in both hospitals and the community. Companion animals, such as cats, dogs, and horses, are also frequently colonized by MRSA and can become infected. We sequenced the genomes of 46 multilocus sequence type (ST) 22 MRSA isolates from cats and dogs in the United Kingdom and compared these to an extensive population framework of human isolates from the same lineage. Phylogenomic analyses showed that all companion animal isolates were interspersed throughout the epidemic MRSA-15 (EMRSA-15) pandemic clade and clustered with human isolates from the United Kingdom, with human isolates basal to those from companion animals, suggesting a human source for isolates infecting companion animals. A number of isolates from the same veterinary hospital clustered together, suggesting that as in human hospitals, EMRSA-15 isolates are readily transmitted in the veterinary hospital setting. Genome-wide association analysis did not identify any host-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or virulence factors. However, isolates from companion animals were significantly less likely to harbor a plasmid encoding erythromycin resistance. When this plasmid was present in animal-associated isolates, it was more likely to contain mutations mediating resistance to clindamycin. This finding is consistent with the low levels of erythromycin and high levels of clindamycin used in veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom. This study furthers the “one health” view of infectious diseases that the pathogen pool of human and animal populations are intrinsically linked and provides evidence that antibiotic usage in animal medicine is shaping the population of a major human pathogen. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is major problem in human medicine. Companion animals, such as cats, dogs, and horses, can also become colonized and infected by MRSA. Here, we demonstrate that a shared population of an important and globally disseminated lineage of MRSA can infect both humans and companion animals without undergoing host adaptation. This suggests that companion animals might act as a reservoir for human infections. We also show that the isolates from companion animals have differences in the presence of certain antibiotic resistance genes. This study furthers the “one health” view of infectious diseases by demonstrating that the pool of MRSA isolates in the human and animal populations are shared and highlights how different antibiotic usage patterns between human and veterinary medicine can shape the population of bacterial pathogens.
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Paterson GK, Harrison EM, Holmes MA. The emergence of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Trends Microbiol 2013; 22:42-7. [PMID: 24331435 PMCID: PMC3989053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel mecA homologue, mecC, confers methicillin resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). mecC MRSA produce negative results with common diagnostic tools. Reported from throughout Western Europe. Recent increase in Denmark. Found in a range of host species and may pose a zoonotic risk to humans.
The report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) encoding a divergent mecA gene in 2011 was highly significant. This homologue, designated mecC, poses diagnostic problems with the potential to be misdiagnosed as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, with important potential consequences for individual patients and for the surveillance of MRSA. mecC MRSA have now been reported from 13 European countries and have been isolated from 14 different host species, with evidence of a recent increase in Denmark. The emergence of mecC MRSA is a topic of interest to human and veterinary microbiology, and we consider it timely to review here its discovery and subsequent investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin K Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Ewan M Harrison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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24
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Paterson GK, Morgan FJE, Harrison EM, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Zadoks RN, Holmes MA. Prevalence and properties of mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bovine bulk tank milk in Great Britain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:598-602. [PMID: 24155057 PMCID: PMC3922150 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES mecC methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent a newly recognized form of MRSA, distinguished by the possession of a divergent mecA homologue, mecC. The first isolate to be identified came from bovine milk, but there are few data on the prevalence of mecC MRSA among dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to conduct a prevalence study of mecC MRSA among dairy farms in Great Britain. METHODS Test farms were randomly selected by random order generation and bulk tank samples were tested for the presence of mecC MRSA by broth enrichment and plating onto chromogenic agar. All MRSA isolated were screened by PCR for mecA and mecC, and mecC MRSA were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS mecC MRSA were detected on 10 of 465 dairy farms sampled in England and Wales (prevalence 2.15%, 95% CI 1.17%-3.91%), but not from 625 farms sampled in Scotland (95% CI of prevalence 0%-0.61%). Seven isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 425, while the other three belonged to clonal complex 130. Resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics was uncommon. All 10 isolates produced a negative result by slide agglutination for penicillin-binding protein 2a. mecA MRSA ST398 was detected on one farm in England. CONCLUSIONS mecC MRSA is widely distributed among dairy farms in Great Britain, but this distribution is not uniform across the whole country. These results provide an important baseline dataset to monitor the epidemiology of this emerging form of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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