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Zhang J, Whitehurst LN, Mednick SC. The Role of Sleep for Episodic Memory Consolidation: Stabilizing or Rescuing? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 191:107621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pöhlchen D, Pawlizki A, Gais S, Schönauer M. Evidence against a large effect of sleep in protecting verbal memories from interference. J Sleep Res 2020; 30:e13042. [PMID: 32311167 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The human brain has evolved to acquire novel information rapidly while serving the need to store long-term memories in a stable and lasting form. Presenting interfering information directly after learning can lead to forgetting of the original material. It has been suggested that sleep aids the stabilization of new memories and protects them from interference. Here, we aim to replicate in two separate experiments the claim that sleep protects memories from retroactive interference (Current Biology, 16, 2006 and 1290; PLoS ONE, 4, 2009 and e4117). We let participants study wordlists before letting them sleep for an afternoon nap or for a full night. In a control condition, subjects stayed awake for the same amount of time. After the consolidation interval, participants learnt an interfering wordlist and were tested on memory of the original wordlist. Sleep did not stabilize memory for the original wordlist in either study. We discuss our findings in the light of recent advances in computational neuroscience, and conclude that the stabilizing effect of sleep against interference has been overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School - Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Annedore Pawlizki
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Gais
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schönauer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Institute of Neuropsychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Chandrasekaran B, Fernandes S, Davis F. Science of sleep and sports performance – a scoping review. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hartmann M, Pelzl MA, Kann PH, Koehler U, Betz M, Hildebrandt O, Cassel W. The effects of prolonged single night session of videogaming on sleep and declarative memory. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224893. [PMID: 31751354 PMCID: PMC6874076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of electronic media is widespread among adolescents. Many male adolescents spend a major part of their evenings playing video games. The increased exposure to artificial light as well as the exciting nature of this pastime is under suspicion to impair sleep. Sleep is considered to be important for memory consolidation, so there is also a potential risk for memory impairment due to video gaming. As learning and gaining knowledge is a very important part of adolescence, we decided to study the effects of prolonged video gaming on sleep and memory. The study was structured in a repeated measures design. Eighteen male participants played either the violent video game "Counter Strike: Global Offensive" or the board game "Monopoly" for five hours each on two Saturday nights. The game evenings were followed by sleep studies. Memory testing and vigilance evaluation was performed the next morning. During the course of the study, saliva samples were taken to determine melatonin and cortisol levels. The results of this crossover study showed slightly reduced sleep efficiency after "Counter Strike: Global Offensive" (-3.5%, p = .017) and impaired declarative memory recall (p = .005) compared to "Monopoly". Melatonin levels at bedtime were lower after "Counter Strike: Global Offensive" (p = .005), cortisol levels were elevated while playing the video game (p = .031). Negative effects on sleep were not strong but consistent with more wake after sleep onset (+12 min) and a higher arousal index after "Counter Strike: Global Offensive". We conclude that excessive video gaming in the evening can contribute to worsened sleep and impaired memory in male adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miria Hartmann
- Department of Pneumology, Intensive Care and Sleep Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Alexander Pelzl
- Department of Pneumology, Intensive Care and Sleep Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Herbert Kann
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetology & Osteology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Koehler
- Department of Pneumology, Intensive Care and Sleep Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Betz
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Applied Sciences, Gießen, Germany
| | - Olaf Hildebrandt
- Department of Pneumology, Intensive Care and Sleep Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Werner Cassel
- Department of Pneumology, Intensive Care and Sleep Medicine, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Cousins JN, Fernández G. The impact of sleep deprivation on declarative memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 246:27-53. [PMID: 31072562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in memory stabilization and integration, yet many people obtain insufficient sleep. This review assesses what is known about the level of sleep deprivation that leads to impairments during encoding, consolidation and retrieval of declarative memories, and what can be determined about the underlying neurophysiological processes. Neuroimaging studies that deprived sleep after learning have provided some of the most compelling evidence for sleep's role in the long-term reorganization of memories in the brain (systems consolidation). However, the behavioral consequences of losing sleep after learning-shown by increased forgetting-appear to recover over time and are unaffected by more common forms of partial sleep restriction across several nights. The capacity to encode new memories is the most vulnerable to sleep loss, since long-term deficits have been observed after total and partial sleep deprivation, while retrieval mechanisms are relatively unaffected. The negative impact of sleep loss on memory has been explored extensively after a night of total sleep deprivation, but further research is needed on the consequences of partial sleep loss over many days so that impairments may be generalized to more common forms of sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Cousins
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sopp MR, Brueckner AH, Schäfer SK, Lass-Hennemann J, Michael T. REM theta activity predicts re-experiencing symptoms after exposure to a traumatic film. Sleep Med 2019; 54:142-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Böhmig A, Schult J, Pedersen A, Wiesner CD, Baving L. Does Sleep Help Prevent Forgetting Rewarded Memory Representations in Children and Adults? Front Psychol 2018; 9:924. [PMID: 29937745 PMCID: PMC6002505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep fosters the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in adults. However, sleep and its memory-supporting functions change through healthy development, and it is unclear whether sleep benefits the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in children as it does in adults. Based on previous findings, we expected sleep to benefit the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in children more than it does in adults. For that reason, 16 children (7–11 years) and 20 adults (21–29 years) participated in this experiment. During the encoding session, participants were asked to learn the location of 18 object pairs. Thereafter, one-half of the object locations were allocated to a high-rewarded condition and the other half to a low-rewarded condition. In the sleep condition, the encoding session took place in the evening (for children 7–8 pm, for adults 8–9 pm). After a fixed retention interval of 12 h the retrieval session was conducted the next morning (for children 7–8 am, for adults 8–9 am). In the wake condition, the time schedule was the same but reversed: the encoding session started in the morning (for children 7–8 am, for adults 8–9 am), and retrieval took place in the evening (for children 7–8 pm, for adults 8–9 pm). Sleep/wake had no impact on the memory performance regarding the low-rewarded memory items. In contrast, wakefulness in comparison to sleep reduced the memory performance on high-rewarded memory items. The interaction between sleep/wake and the degree of reward on memory performance was only significant in children. These results show that 12 h of wakefulness can deteriorate the memory performance for high-rewarded representations, whereas sleep can prevent the forgetting of these rewarded representations. It is discussed whether ontogenetic changes in sleep may play a role in conserving relevant but fragile memory representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annie Böhmig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Schult
- Department of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian D Wiesner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lioba Baving
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Schoch SF, Cordi MJ, Rasch B. Modulating influences of memory strength and sensitivity of the retrieval test on the detectability of the sleep consolidation effect. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:181-189. [PMID: 29030296 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Emotionality can increase recall probability of memories as emotional information is highly relevant for future adaptive behavior. It has been proposed that memory processes acting during sleep selectively promote the consolidation of emotional memories, so that neutral memories no longer profit from sleep consolidation after learning. This appears as a selective effect of sleep for emotional memories. However, other factors contribute to the appearance of a consolidation benefit and influence this interpretation. Here we show that the strength of the memory trace before sleep and the sensitivity of the retrieval test after sleep are critical factors contributing to the detection of the benefit of sleep on memory for emotional and neutral stimuli. 228 subjects learned emotional and neutral pictures and completed a free recall after a 12-h retention interval of either sleep or wakefulness. We manipulated memory strength by including an immediate retrieval test before the retention interval in half of the participants. In addition, we varied the sensitivity of the retrieval test by including an interference learning task before retrieval testing in half of the participants. We show that a "selective" benefit of sleep for emotional memories only occurs in the condition with high memory strength. Furthermore, this "selective" benefit disappeared when we controlled for the memory strength before the retention interval and used a highly sensitive retrieval test. Our results indicate that although sleep benefits are more robust for emotional memories, neutral memories similarly profit from sleep after learning when more sensitive indicators are used. We conclude that whether sleep benefits on memory appear depends on several factors, including emotion, memory strength and sensitivity of the retrieval test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Schoch
- University of Zurich, CRPP Sleep and Health, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maren J Cordi
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rasch
- Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research (ZiS), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Biopsychology and Methods, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Pace-Schott EF, Germain A, Milad MR. Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2015; 5:3. [PMID: 26034578 PMCID: PMC4450835 DOI: 10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is accompanied by disturbed sleep and an impaired ability to learn and remember extinction of conditioned fear. Following a traumatic event, the full spectrum of PTSD symptoms typically requires several months to develop. During this time, sleep disturbances such as insomnia, nightmares, and fragmented rapid eye movement sleep predict later development of PTSD symptoms. Only a minority of individuals exposed to trauma go on to develop PTSD. We hypothesize that sleep disturbance resulting from an acute trauma, or predating the traumatic experience, may contribute to the etiology of PTSD. Because symptoms can worsen over time, we suggest that continued sleep disturbances can also maintain and exacerbate PTSD. Sleep disturbance may result in failure of extinction memory to persist and generalize, and we suggest that this constitutes one, non-exclusive mechanism by which poor sleep contributes to the development and perpetuation of PTSD. Also reviewed are neuroendocrine systems that show abnormalities in PTSD, and in which stress responses and sleep disturbance potentially produce synergistic effects that interfere with extinction learning and memory. Preliminary evidence that insomnia alone can disrupt sleep-dependent emotional processes including consolidation of extinction memory is also discussed. We suggest that optimizing sleep quality following trauma, and even strategically timing sleep to strengthen extinction memories therapeutically instantiated during exposure therapy, may allow sleep itself to be recruited in the treatment of PTSD and other trauma and stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F. Pace-Schott
- />Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital—East, CNY 149 13th Street Room 2624, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Anne Germain
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mohammed R. Milad
- />Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital—East, CNY 149 13th Street Room 2624, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
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Pace-Schott EF, Germain A, Milad MR. Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction. Psychol Bull 2015; 141:835-57. [PMID: 25894546 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory for extinction of conditioned fear is a basic mammalian mechanism for regulating negative emotion. Sleep promotes both the consolidation of memory and the regulation of emotion. Sleep can influence consolidation and modification of memories associated with both fear and its extinction. After brief overviews of the behavior and neural circuitry associated with fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory in the rodent and human, interactions of sleep with these processes will be examined. Animal and human studies suggest that sleep can serve to consolidate both fear and extinction memory. In humans, sleep also promotes generalization of extinction memory. Time-of-day effects on extinction learning and generalization are also seen. Rapid eye movement (REM) may be a sleep stage of particular importance for the consolidation of both fear and extinction memory as evidenced by selective REM deprivation experiments. REM sleep is accompanied by selective activation of the same limbic structures implicated in the learning and memory of fear and extinction. Preliminary evidence also suggests extinction learning can take place during slow wave sleep. Study of low-level processes such as conditioning, extinction, and habituation may allow sleep effects on emotional memory to be identified and inform study of sleep's effects on more complex, emotionally salient declarative memories. Anxiety disorders are marked by impairments of both sleep and extinction memory. Improving sleep quality may ameliorate anxiety disorders by strengthening naturally acquired extinction. Strategically timed sleep may be used to enhance treatment of anxiety by strengthening therapeutic extinction learned via exposure therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
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McDevitt EA, Duggan KA, Mednick SC. REM sleep rescues learning from interference. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 122:51-62. [PMID: 25498222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical human memory studies investigating the acquisition of temporally-linked events have found that the memories for two events will interfere with each other and cause forgetting (i.e., interference; Wixted, 2004). Importantly, sleep helps consolidate memories and protect them from subsequent interference (Ellenbogen, Hulbert, Stickgold, Dinges, & Thompson-Schill, 2006). We asked whether sleep can also repair memories that have already been damaged by interference. Using a perceptual learning paradigm, we induced interference either before or after a consolidation period. We varied brain states during consolidation by comparing active wake, quiet wake, and naps with either non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), or both NREM and REM sleep. When interference occurred after consolidation, sleep and wake both produced learning. However, interference prior to consolidation impaired memory, with retroactive interference showing more disruption than proactive interference. Sleep rescued learning damaged by interference. Critically, only naps that contained REM sleep were able to rescue learning that was highly disrupted by retroactive interference. Furthermore, the magnitude of rescued learning was correlated with the amount of REM sleep. We demonstrate the first evidence of a process by which the brain can rescue and consolidate memories damaged by interference, and that this process requires REM sleep. We explain these results within a theoretical model that considers how interference during encoding interacts with consolidation processes to predict which memories are retained or lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McDevitt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Katherine A Duggan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sara C Mednick
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Cox R, Tijdens RR, Meeter MM, Sweegers CCG, Talamini LM. Time, not sleep, unbinds contexts from item memory. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88307. [PMID: 24498441 PMCID: PMC3912211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Contextual cues are known to benefit memory retrieval, but whether and how sleep affects this context effect remains unresolved. We manipulated contextual congruence during memory retrieval in human volunteers across 12 h and 24 h intervals beginning with either sleep or wakefulness. Our data suggest that whereas contextual cues lose their potency with time, sleep does not modulate this process. Furthermore, our results are consistent with the idea that sleep's beneficial effect on memory retention depends on the amount of waking time that has passed between encoding and sleep onset. The findings are discussed in the framework of competitive consolidation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cox
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ron R. Tijdens
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Meeter
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carly C. G. Sweegers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lucia M. Talamini
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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