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Azevedo RA, Cruz R, Silva‐Cavalcante MD, Lima‐Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. The blood serum metabolome profile after different phases of a 4-km cycling time trial: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:721-731. [PMID: 38874966 PMCID: PMC11235909 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
It has been assumed that exercise intensity variation throughout a cycling time trial (TT) occurs in alignment of various metabolic changes to prevent premature task failure. However, this assumption is based on target metabolite responses, which limits our understanding of the complex interconnection of metabolic responses during exercise. The current study characterized the metabolomic profile, an untargeted metabolic analysis, after specific phases of a cycling 4-km TT. Eleven male cyclists performed three separated TTs in a crossover counterbalanced design, which were interrupted at the end of the fast-start (FS, 600 ± 205 m), even-pace (EP, 3600 ± 190 m), or end-spurt (ES, 4000 m) phases. Blood samples were taken before any exercise and 5 min after exercise cessation, and the metabolomic profile characterization was performed using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance metabolomics. Power output (PO) was also continually recorded. There were higher PO values during the FS and ES compared to the EP (all p < 0.05), which were accompanied by distinct metabolomic profiles. FS showed high metabolite expression in TCA cycle and its related pathways (e.g., glutamate, citric acid, and valine metabolism); whereas, the EP elicited changes associated with antioxidant effects and oxygen delivery adjustment. Finally, ES was related to pathways involved in NAD turnover and serotonin metabolism. These findings suggest that the specific phases of a cycling TT are accompanied by distinct metabolomic profiles, providing novel insights regarding the relevance of specific metabolic pathways on the process of exercise intensity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Azevedo
- School of Physical Education and SportEndurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE‐USP)University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSPApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group ‐ Center of Lifestyle MedicineUniversidade de São PauloSao PauloBrazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- School of Physical Education and SportEndurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE‐USP)University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
- Department of Physical EducationSports CenterFederal University of Santa CatarinaFlorianopolisSanta CatarinaBrazil
| | - Marcos D. Silva‐Cavalcante
- School of Physical Education and SportEndurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE‐USP)University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
- Faculty of NutritionPost‐graduate Program in NutritionFederal University of AlagoasMaceióAlagoasBrazil
| | - Adriano E. Lima‐Silva
- Human Performance Research GroupFederal University of Technology – ParanaParanaBrazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- School of Physical Education and SportEndurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE‐USP)University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil
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Lei TH, Qin Q, Girard O, Mündel T, Wang R, Guo L, Cao Y. Caffeine intake enhances peak oxygen uptake and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:537-549. [PMID: 37608124 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether caffeine consumption can enhance peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) by increasing peak ventilation during an incremental cycling test, and subsequently enhance time to exhaustion (TTE) during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate normobaric hypoxia. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, placebo cross-over design study. Sixteen recreational male endurance athletes (age: 20 ± 2 years, [Formula: see text]: 55.6 ± 3.6 ml/kg/min, peak power output: 318 ± 40 W) underwent an incremental cycling test and a TTE test at 80% [Formula: see text] (derived from the placebo trial) in moderate normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired O2: 15.3 ± 0.2% corresponding to a simulated altitude of ~ 2500 m) after consuming either a moderate dose of caffeine (6 mg/kg) or a placebo. RESULTS Caffeine consumption resulted in a higher peak ventilation [159 ± 21 vs. 150 ± 26 L/min; P < 0.05; effect size (ES) = 0.31]. [Formula: see text] (3.58 ± 0.44 vs. 3.47 ± 0.47 L/min; P < 0.01; ES = 0.44) and peak power output (308 ± 44 vs. 302 ± 44 W; P = 0.02, ES = 0.14) were higher following caffeine consumption than during the placebo trial. During the TTE test, caffeine consumption enhanced minute ventilation (P = 0.02; ES = 0.28) and extended the TTE (426 ± 74 vs. 358 ± 75 s; P < 0.01, ES = 0.91) compared to the placebo trial. There was a positive correlation between the percent increase of [Formula: see text] following caffeine consumption and the percent increase in TTE (r = 0.49, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Moderate caffeine consumption stimulates breathing and aerobic metabolism, resulting in improved performance during incremental and high-intensity endurance exercises in moderate normobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Huan Lei
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Qiyang Qin
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Toby Mündel
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
| | - Ran Wang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhang Cao
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Correia-Oliveira C, Lopes-Silva JP. Caffeine Combined With Sodium Bicarbonate Improves Pacing and Overall Performance During a High-Intensity Time Trial. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35436422 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2031847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: No study has demonstrated the effects of sodium bicarbonate plus caffeine (NaHCO3 + CAF) on power output (PO) distribution (e.g., pacing), physiological parameters and energy system contribution during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of NaHCO3 + CAF on pacing, physiological parameters, and energy system contribution during a 4-km cycling TT. Methods: Using a double-blind and counterbalanced design, 10 cyclists performed three ingestion protocols (NaHCO3 + CAF, NaHCO3 and placebo) followed by a 4-km cycling TT. Results: 100 min after substance ingestion, the magnitude of change in blood pH and bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-] for NaHCO3 + CAF (+0.04 ± 0.03 and +5.9 ± 1.6 mmol·L-1, respectively, P < .05) and NaHCO3 (+0.02 ± 0.03 and +4.1 ± 2.0 mmol·L-1, respectively, P < .05) was more pronounced than in placebo (-0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.4 ± 0.9 mmol·L-1, respectively). The increase in plasma lactate concentration was more pronounced in NaHCO3 + CAF than in NaHCO3 and placebo (P < .05). Mean ventilation and carbon dioxide production were higher in NaHCO3 + CAF compared to NaHCO3 and placebo (P < .05). The PO and anaerobic power output were increased at the beginning of the 4-km TT (P < .05) in NaHCO3 + CAF compared to the other two conditions, resulting in an improved overall performance (P < .05). Conclusion: NaHCO3 + CAF results in a higher PO and increased anaerobic contribution and respiratory parameters during a 4-km cycling TT.
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Spineli H, Acioli J, Pinto MP, Learsi S, Bastos-Silva VJ, Araujo GGD. Caffeine intake improves muscular endurance and induces depletion of anaerobic work capacity in the bench press. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-657420220014921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Higor Spineli
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Estácio-FAL, Brazil
| | | | - Maryssa P. Pinto
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo G. de Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil
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Stadheim HK, Stensrud T, Brage S, Jensen J. Caffeine Increases Exercise Performance, Maximal Oxygen Uptake, and Oxygen Deficit in Elite Male Endurance Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2264-2273. [PMID: 34033621 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of the present study were to test the hypothesis that caffeine increases maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) and to characterize the physiological mechanisms underpinning improved high-intensity endurance capacity. METHODS Twenty-three elite endurance-trained male athletes were tested twice with and twice without caffeine (four tests) in a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study with crossover design. Caffeine (4.5 mg·kg-1) or placebo was consumed 45 min before standardized warm-up. Time to exhaustion during an incremental test (running 10.5° incline, start speed 10.0 km·h-1, and 0.5 km·h-1 increase in speed every 30 s) determined performance. Oxygen uptake was measured continuously to determine V˙O2max and O2 deficit was calculated. RESULTS Caffeine increased time to exhaustion from 355 ± 41 to 375 ± 41 s (Δ19.4 ± 16.5 s; P < 0.001). Importantly, caffeine increased V˙O2max from 75.8 ± 5.6 to 76.7 ± 6.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 (Δ 0.9 ± 1.7 mL·kg-1·min-1; P < 0.003). Caffeine increased maximal heart rate (HRpeak) and ventilation (VEpeak). Caffeine increased O2 deficit from 63.1 ± 18.2 to 69.5 ± 17.5 mL·kg-1 (P < 0.02) and blood lactate compared with placebo. The increase in time to exhaustion after caffeine ingestion was reduced to 11.7 s after adjustment for the increase in V˙O2max. Caffeine did not significantly increase V˙O2max after adjustment for VEpeak and HRpeak. Adjustment for O2 deficit and lactate explained 6.2 s of the caffeine-induced increase in time to exhaustion. The increase in V˙O2max, VE, HR, O2 deficit, and lactate explained 63% of the increased performance after caffeine intake. CONCLUSION Caffeine increased V˙O2max in elite athletes, which contributed to improvement in high-intensity endurance performance. Increases in O2 deficit and lactate also contributed to the caffeine-induced improvement in endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kristian Stadheim
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, NORWAY
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, NORWAY
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, England, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, NORWAY
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Bezerra GJDS, Gomes EDS, Correia-Oliveira CR. Caffeine Ingestion Affects Performance in Different Parts of a Novel Multidirectional High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Futsal Athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:149-156. [PMID: 33497293 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1852450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: No study has analyzed the effects of caffeine ingestion on performance during a multidirectional high-intensity intermittent exercise. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine ingestion during a novel repeated agility test in futsal athletes.Methods: Using a double-blind, counterbalanced, and repeated-measures design, ten athletes (mass 71.2 ± 8.7 kg, height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, body mass index 22.7 ± 1.9 km/m2, body fat percentage 10.2 ± 3.7%) performed a novel repeated-bout agility test 60 min after ingesting 6 mg · kg-1 of caffeine or cellulose (placebo).Results: Performance time decreased progressively throughout the trial in both conditions (P = 0.01; ηp2 = 0.66), with a significant interaction effect (P = 0.01; ηp2 = 0.35) showing a potential beneficial effect of caffeine at the beginning, followed by a decrease at the end of the test. Furthermore, magnitude of decrease in performance was more pronounced in caffeine (-9.0 ± 5.7%) compared with placebo (-4.7 ± 3.9%, P = 0.01; d = 0.88). Interestingly, magnitude-based inferences revealed a possible benefit (70%) of caffeine at the beginning, followed by likely (93%) to very likely (96%) impairments in performance during the last third of the test. Heart rate and rating of perceived effort increased in both conditions over the time (P < 0.05), with similar values between experimental conditions (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Caffeine seems to have a potential beneficial effect at the beginning, with an impaired performance during the final third of a new multidirectional high-intensity intermittent exercise in futsal athletes.
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Barreto G, Grecco B, Merola P, Reis CEG, Gualano B, Saunders B. Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:749-769. [PMID: 33403509 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid due to its primary physiological effects that occur through antagonism of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system. This leads to a cascade of physiological reactions which increases focus and volition, and reduces perception of effort and pain, contributing to improved exercise performance. Substantial variability in the physiological and performance response to acute caffeine consumption is apparent, and a growing number of studies are implicating a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene, responsible for caffeine metabolism, as a key factor that influences the acute responses to caffeine ingestion. However, existing literature regarding the influence of this polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine is controversial. Fast caffeine metabolisers (AA homozygotes) appear most likely to benefit from caffeine supplementation, although over half of studies showed no differences in the responses to caffeine between CYP1A2 genotypes, while others even showed either a possible advantage or disadvantage for C-allele carriers. Contrasting data are limited by weak study designs and small samples sizes, which did not allow separation of C-allele carriers into their sub-groups (AC and CC), and insufficient mechanistic evidence to elucidate findings. Mixed results prevent practical recommendations based upon genotype while genetic testing for CYP1A2 is also currently unwarranted. More mechanistic and applied research is required to elucidate how the CYP1A2 polymorphism might alter caffeine's ergogenic effect and the magnitude thereof, and whether CYP1A2 genotyping prior to caffeine supplementation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grecco
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Pietro Merola
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil. .,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Santos PS, Felippe LC, Ferreira GA, Learsi SK, Couto PG, Bertuzzi R, Pereira G, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine increases peripheral fatigue in low- but not in high-performing cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1208-1215. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of cyclists’ performance levels on caffeine-induced increases in neuromuscular fatigue after a 4-km cycling time trial (TT) was investigated. Nineteen cyclists performed a 4-km cycling TT 1 h after ingesting caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) or placebo (cellulose). Changes from baseline to after exercise in voluntary activation (VA) and potentiated 1 Hz force twitch (Qtw,pot) were used as markers of central and peripheral fatigue, respectively. Participants were classified as “high performing” (HP, n = 8) or “low performing” (LP, n = 8) in accordance with their performance in a placebo trial. Compared with placebo, caffeine increased the power, anaerobic mechanical power, and anaerobic work, reducing the time to complete the trial in both groups (p < 0.05). There was a group versus supplement and a group versus supplement versus trial interaction for Qtw,pot, in which the postexercise reduction was greater after caffeine compared with placebo in the LP group (Qtw,pot = −34% ± 17% vs. −21% ± 11%, p = 0.02) but not in the HP group (Qtw,pot = −22% ± 8% vs. −23% ± 10%, p = 0.64). There was no effect of caffeine on VA, but there was a group versus trial interaction with lower postexercise values in the LP group than in the HP group (p = 0.03). Caffeine-induced improvement in 4-km cycling TT performance seems to come at the expense of greater locomotor muscle fatigue in LP but not in HP cyclists. Novelty Caffeine improves exercise performance at the expense of a greater end-exercise peripheral fatigue in low-performing athletes. Caffeine-induced improvement in exercise performance does not affect end-exercise peripheral fatigue in high-performing athletes. High-performing athletes seem to have augmented tolerance to central fatigue during a high-intensity time trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S. Santos
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Neoville, Curitiba, PR 81310-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Leandro C. Felippe
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Neoville, Curitiba, PR 81310-900, Brazil
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE 55608-608, Brazil
| | - Guilherme A. Ferreira
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Neoville, Curitiba, PR 81310-900, Brazil
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE 55608-608, Brazil
| | - Sara K. Learsi
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Neoville, Curitiba, PR 81310-900, Brazil
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE 55608-608, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G. Couto
- Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Adriano E. Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Technology – Parana (UTFPR), Neoville, Curitiba, PR 81310-900, Brazil
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE 55608-608, Brazil
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Caffeine effects on systemic metabolism, oxidative-inflammatory pathways, and exercise performance. Nutr Res 2020; 80:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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10
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Earnest CP, Rothschild J, Harnish CR, Naderi A. Metabolic adaptations to endurance training and nutrition strategies influencing performance. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:134-146. [PMID: 30411978 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1544134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endurance performance is the result of optimal training targeting cardiovascular, metabolic, and peripheral muscular adaptations and is coupled to effective nutrition strategies via the use of macronutrient manipulations surrounding training and potential supplementation with ergogenic aids. It is important to note that training and nutrition may differ according to the individual needs of the athlete and can markedly impact the physiological response to training. Herein, we discuss various aspects of endurance training adaptations, nutritional strategies and their contributions to towards performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad P Earnest
- a Health and Kinesiology, College Station , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | | | | | - Alireza Naderi
- d Department of Sport Physiology , Islamic Azad University , Boroujerd , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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11
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Silva-Cavalcante MD, Couto PG, Azevedo RDA, Silva RG, Coelho DB, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Mental fatigue does not alter performance or neuromuscular fatigue development during self-paced exercise in recreationally trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2477-2487. [PMID: 30155760 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mental fatigue, characterized by a subjective feeling of tiredness, on the development of neuromuscular fatigue during a 4-km cycling time trial (4-km TT). METHODS Eight recreationally trained male cyclists performed a 4-km TT after either performing a prolonged cognitive task (mental fatigue) or after viewing emotionally neutral documentaries (control). The neuromuscular function of the knee extensors was assessed using electrical nerve stimulation at baseline, before (pre-TT), and after (post-TT) the 4-km TT. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological variables were periodically measured during 4-km TT. RESULTS Subjective ratings of fatigue increased significantly only after a prolonged cognitive task (P = 0.022). Neuromuscular function at baseline was similar between conditions and remained unchanged at pre-TT. Time to complete the 4-km TT was similar between control (376 ± 27 s) and mental fatigue (376 ± 26 s). There was no significant difference between conditions for RPE, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and HR throughout the exercise. The 4-km TT-induced similar decrease (from baseline to post-TT) in maximal voluntary contraction (mental fatigue - 11 ± 10%, control - 16 ± 12%), twitch force (mental fatigue - 26 ± 16%, control - 24 ± 17%), and voluntary activation (mental fatigue - 5 ± 7%, control - 3 ± 2%) for both conditions. CONCLUSION Mental fatigue induced by prolonged cognitive task does not impair performance nor alter the degree of central and peripheral fatigue development during self-paced exercise in recreationally trained cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos David Silva-Cavalcante
- Department of Sport, Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Moraes, 65, University city, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-030, Brazil. .,Sport Science Research Group, Post-graduation Program Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Guimaraes Couto
- Department of Sport, Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Moraes, 65, University city, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Azevedo
- Department of Sport, Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Moraes, 65, University city, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Silva
- Department of Sport, Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Moraes, 65, University city, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boari Coelho
- Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Science, Federal University of ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Post-graduation Program Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education, Technological Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Department of Sport, Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello de Moraes, 65, University city, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-030, Brazil
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12
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Shen JG, Brooks MB, Cincotta J, Manjourides JD. Establishing a relationship between the effect of caffeine and duration of endurance athletic time trial events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:232-238. [PMID: 30170953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caffeine has well-documented benefits on endurance athletic performance. Because of caffeine's ergogenic effects of reducing perceived fatigue, it is hypothesized that as duration of athletic event increases, so will the effect size of caffeine upon performance. This study aims to examine the relationship between duration of endurance athletic event and the effect size of caffeine compared to placebo for athletic performance. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials assessing the effects of caffeine in adults performing endurance athletic events. METHODS We searched MedLine, Web of Science, and review article references published through March 2016. We performed meta-analyses on placebo-controlled trials to determine the effect of the duration of an endurance athletic event on the standardized mean difference (Cohen's d) between the caffeine and placebo groups for athletic performance. RESULTS Forty articles including 56 unique comparison groups were included. Pooled results showed a Cohen's d of 0.33 (95% CI=0.21, 0.45; p=1.00; I2=0%). The effect of the duration of athletic event was significantly associated with Cohen's d (Relative Risk: 0.005; 95% CI=0.001, 0.009; p=0.024). For a 30min increase in duration of the athletic event, Cohen's d will increase by 0.150. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report on the statistical finding that the effect size of caffeine increases along with the increasing duration of the time trial event. Endurance athletes may especially benefit from caffeine for performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meredith B Brooks
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, United States; Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Jessica Cincotta
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, United States
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Rothschild J, Earnest CP. Dietary Manipulations Concurrent to Endurance Training. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3:jfmk3030041. [PMID: 33466970 PMCID: PMC7739303 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of an athlete's dietary intake (both timing and food type) goes beyond simply providing fuel to support the body's vital processes. Nutritional choices also have an impact on the metabolic adaptations to training. Over the past 20 years, research has suggested that strategically reducing carbohydrate (CHO) availability during an athlete's training can modify the metabolic responses in lieu of simply maintaining a high CHO diet. Several methods have been explored to manipulate CHO availability and include: Low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets, performing two-a-day training without glycogen restoration between sessions, and a "sleep-low" approach entailing a glycogen-depleting session in the evening without consuming CHO until after a morning training session performed in an overnight fasted state. Each of these methods can confer beneficial metabolic adaptations for the endurance athlete including increases in mitochondrial enzyme activity, mitochondrial content, and rates of fat oxidation, yet data showing a direct performance benefit is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrad P. Earnest
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Acute Caffeinated Coffee Consumption Does not Improve Time Trial Performance in an 800-m Run: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060657. [PMID: 29789507 PMCID: PMC6024787 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies evaluating caffeinated coffee (CAF) can reveal ergogenic effects; however, studies on the effects of caffeinated coffee on running are scarce and controversial. AIM To investigate the effects of CAF consumption compared to decaffeinated coffee (DEC) consumption on time trial performances in an 800-m run in overnight-fasting runners. METHODS A randomly counterbalanced, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 12 healthy adult males with experience in amateur endurance running. Participants conducted two trials on two different occasions, one day with either CAF or DEC, with a one-week washout. After arriving at the data collection site, participants consumed the soluble CAF (5.5 mg/kg of caffeine) or DEC and after 60 min the run was started. Before and after the 800-m race, blood pressure and lactate and glucose concentrations were measured. At the end of the run, the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was applied. RESULTS The runners were light consumers of habitual caffeine, with an average ingestion of 91.3 mg (range 6⁻420 mg/day). Time trial performances did not change between trials (DEF: 2.38 + 0.10 vs. CAF: 2.39 + 0.09 min, p = 0.336), nor did the RPE (DEC: 16.5 + 2.68 vs. CAF: 17.0 + 2.66, p = 0.326). No difference between the trials was observed for glucose and lactate concentrations, or for systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. CONCLUSION CAF consumption failed to enhance the time trial performance of an 800-m run in overnight-fasting runners, when compared with DEC ingestion. In addition, no change was found in RPE, blood pressure levels, or blood glucose and lactate concentrations between the two trials.
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Trojbicz LR, Damasceno MV, Pasqua LA, Gáspari AF, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Parasympathetic activity delayed after self-paced exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:842-850. [PMID: 29667537 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1462855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the constant load and self-paced exercise with similar total work on autonomic control after endurance exercise. Ten physically active men were submitted to (i) a maximal incremental exercise test, (ii) a 4-km cycling time trial (4-km TT), and (iii) a constant workload test with identical total external work performed at 4-km TT. Gas exchange was measured throughout the tests, while blood lactate, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured during the passive recovery. Power output measured at the last lap (i.e. 3600-4000 m) of 4-km TT (316 ± 89 W) was statistically higher than power output measured at the end of the constant workload exercise (211 ± 42 W). The 4-km TT produced higher values of blood lactate concentration (8.8 ± 2.1 mmol L-1) than the constant workload test (7.8 ± 2.1 mmol L-1). The heart rate recovery measured at 60 s (constant workload: 37 ± 7 bpm; 4-km TT: 30 ± 6) and 120 s (constant workload: 57 ± 9 bpm; 4-km TT: 51 ± 9 bpm) were higher in the constant workload than in the self-paced exercise. The HRV (i.e. RMSSD30s) was statistically higher in the constant load exercise measured at 120, 420, 450, 480, 540, and 570 s than the self-paced exercise. These findings suggest that the autonomic control responses were dependent of the endurance exercise modalities, with parasympathetic activity being delayed after self-paced exercise, as evidenced by post-exercise heart rate indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rosiello Trojbicz
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mayara Vieira Damasceno
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alves Pasqua
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- b Sports Science Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition , Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil.,c Human Performance Research Group , Technological Federal University of Parana , Parana , Brazil
| | - Rômulo Bertuzzi
- a Endurance Sports Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Felippe LC, Ferreira GA, Learsi SK, Boari D, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine increases both total work performed above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a 4-km cycling time trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1491-1501. [PMID: 29470151 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00930.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between total work performed above critical power (CP) and peripheral muscle fatigue during self-paced exercise is unknown. We investigated the influence of caffeine on the total work done above CP during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT) and the subsequent consequence on the development of central and peripheral fatigue. Nine cyclists performed three constant-load exercise trials to determine CP and two 4-km TTs ~75 min after oral caffeine (5 mg/kg) or cellulose (placebo) ingestion. Neuromuscular functions were assessed before and 50 min after supplementation and 1 min after TT. Oral supplementation alone had no effect on neuromuscular function ( P > 0.05). Compared with placebo, caffeine increased mean power output (~4%, P = 0.01) and muscle recruitment (as inferred by EMG, ~17%, P = 0.01) and reduced the time to complete the TT (~2%, P = 0.01). Work performed above CP during the caffeine trial (16.7 ± 2.1 kJ) was significantly higher than during the placebo (14.7 ± 2.1 kJ, P = 0.01). End-exercise decline in quadriceps twitch force (pre- to postexercise decrease in twitch force at 1 and 10 Hz) was more pronounced after caffeine compared with placebo (121 ± 13 and 137 ± 14 N vs. 146 ± 13 and 156 ± 11 N; P < 0.05). There was no effect of caffeine on central fatigue. In conclusion, caffeine increases muscle recruitment, which enables greater work performed above CP and higher end-exercise peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The link between total work done above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a self-paced, high-intensity exercise is unclear. This study revealed that caffeine ingestion increases muscle recruitment, which enables greater work done above critical power and a greater degree of end-exercise decline in quadriceps twitch force during a 4-km cycling time trial. These findings suggest that caffeine increases performance at the expense of greater locomotor muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Kely Learsi
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Daniel Boari
- Center of Engineering, Modeling, and Applied Social Science, Federal University of ABC , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco , Pernambuco , Brazil.,Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
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Azevedo R, Cruz R, Silva-Cavalcante M, Silva R, Correia-Oliveira C, Couto P, Lima-Silva A, Bertuzzi R. Methodological approaches to determine the “U”-pacing strategy in cycling time trial. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2017.1399322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Azevedo
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silva-Cavalcante
- Sports Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Renata Silva
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Couto
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Lima-Silva
- Sports Science Research Group, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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CORREIA-OLIVEIRA CARLOSRAFAELL, LOPES-SILVA JOÃOPAULO, BERTUZZI ROMULO, MCCONELL GLENNK, BISHOP DAVIDJOHN, LIMA-SILVA ADRIANOEDUARDO, KISS MARIAAUGUSTAPEDUTIDAL. Acidosis, but Not Alkalosis, Affects Anaerobic Metabolism and Performance in a 4-km Time Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1899-1910. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Arcoverde L, Silveira R, Tomazini F, Sansonio A, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE, Andrade-Souza VA. Effect of caffeine ingestion on anaerobic capacity quantified by different methods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179457. [PMID: 28617848 PMCID: PMC5472322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether caffeine ingestion before submaximal exercise bouts would affect supramaximal oxygen demand and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), and if caffeine-induced improvement on the anaerobic capacity (AC) could be detected by different methods. Nine men took part in several submaximal and supramaximal exercise bouts one hour after ingesting caffeine (5 mg·kg-1) or placebo. The AC was estimated by MAOD, alternative MAOD, critical power, and gross efficiency methods. Caffeine had no effect on exercise endurance during the supramaximal bout (caffeine: 131.3 ± 21.9 and placebo: 130.8 ± 20.8 s, P = 0.80). Caffeine ingestion before submaximal trials did not affect supramaximal oxygen demand and MAOD compared to placebo (7.88 ± 1.56 L and 65.80 ± 16.06 kJ vs. 7.89 ± 1.30 L and 62.85 ± 13.67 kJ, P = 0.99). Additionally, MAOD was similar between caffeine and placebo when supramaximal oxygen demand was estimated without caffeine effects during submaximal bouts (67.02 ± 16.36 and 62.85 ± 13.67 kJ, P = 0.41) or when estimated by alternative MAOD (56.61 ± 8.49 and 56.87 ± 9.76 kJ, P = 0.91). The AC estimated by gross efficiency was also similar between caffeine and placebo (21.80 ± 3.09 and 20.94 ± 2.67 kJ, P = 0.15), but was lower in caffeine when estimated by critical power method (16.2 ± 2.6 vs. 19.3 ± 3.5 kJ, P = 0.03). In conclusion, caffeine ingestion before submaximal bouts did not affect supramaximal oxygen demand and consequently MAOD. Otherwise, caffeine seems to have no clear positive effect on AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyana Arcoverde
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Silveira
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Tomazini
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André Sansonio
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Victor Amorim Andrade-Souza
- Sport Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitoria, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
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McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:294-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Effects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2293-2303. [PMID: 27695980 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on physiological and perceptual responses in mentally fatigued individuals. METHODS Eight male physically active subjects completed four cycling constant-workload tests in four experimental conditions at 80 % of maximal power output: control (C), mental fatigue (MF), mental fatigue plus caffeine ingestion (5 mg/kg) (MF-CAF), and mental fatigue plus placebo (MF-PLA). The mental fatigue was induced by a continuous performance task A-X version (AX-CPT). Before and after the AX-CPT, the profile of mood state (POMS) and blood samples for lactate measurement were collected. Oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and electromyography (EMG) activity were measured during the cycling test. RESULTS The time to exhaustion in C, MF, MF-PLA, and MF-CAF were 251 ± 30, 222 ± 23, 248 ± 28, and 285 ± 42 s, respectively. Delta values (corrected by C condition) were higher in MF-CAF than MF (P = 0.031). MF-CAF reported higher Vigor scores when compared with C (P = 0.046) and MF (P = 0.020). RPE at the first minute was significantly higher in MF-PLA than in C (P = 0.050); at the second minute, RPE was higher in MF-PLA than in C (P = 0.049) and MF-CAF (P = 0.048). EMG activity was not different between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine ingestion increased approximately 14 % endurance performance after the induction of mental fatigue. This effect was accompanied by a tendency to improvement in mood state (i.e., vigor). Therefore, caffeine ingestion can promote a beneficial effect on endurance performance in mentally fatigued individuals.
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De Andrade Nemezio KM, Bertuzzi R, Correia-Oliveira CR, Gualano B, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. Effect of Creatine Loading on Oxygen Uptake during a 1-km Cycling Time Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2660-8. [PMID: 26083771 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For the first time, we investigated the effects of altering cellular metabolic capacitance, via a 5-d creatine (Cr) loading protocol (20 g·d⁻¹), on oxygen uptake (VO2), accumulated oxygen deficit, muscle recruitment, and performance during a 1-km cycling time trial. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, 19 amateur cyclists were allocated to a Cr (n = 10, VO2peak = 56.0 ± 7.8 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) or placebo (n = 9, VO2peak = 56.0 ± 8.4 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) group, and performed a 1-km cycling time trial before and after the supplementation period. RESULTS Body mass was significantly increased in the Cr group (P < 0.05), but not in the placebo group. Participants adopted an "all-out" pacing strategy in both groups. However, Cr loading reduced VO2 immediately after the beginning (12th to 23th seconds), and this was accompanied by a reduced aerobic and increased anaerobic contribution. The VO2 mean response time was slower (pre: 17.2 ± 5.6 s vs post: 19.9 ± 4.6 s), the total O2 uptake was reduced (pre: 4.64 ± 0.59 L vs post: 4.47 ± 0.53 L), and the oxygen deficit was increased (pre: 0.82 ± 0.27 L vs post: 0.98 ± 0.25 L) after Cr loading. No differences were observed in the placebo group for these variables. Plasma lactate and integrated electromyography were not altered in either group, nor was the time to complete the trial (Cr group: pre: 89.1 ± 6.7 s vs post 89.1 ± 6.2 s and placebo group: pre 85.9 ± 4.9 s vs post 87.0 ± 5.4 s). CONCLUSION Cr loading slows the V˙O2 response and increases the anaerobic contribution during a 1-km cycling time trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiner Marcio De Andrade Nemezio
- 1Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, BRAZIL; 2Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 3School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, BRAZIL; 4Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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Kizzi J, Sum A, Houston FE, Hayes LD. Influence of a caffeine mouth rinse on sprint cycling following glycogen depletion. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1165739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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GEDAE-LaB: A Free Software to Calculate the Energy System Contributions during Exercise. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145733. [PMID: 26727499 PMCID: PMC4699761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the current study is to describe the functionality of free software developed for energy system contributions and energy expenditure calculation during exercise, namely GEDAE-LaB. Methods Eleven participants performed the following tests: 1) a maximal cycling incremental test to measure the ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen uptake ( V˙O2max); 2) a cycling workload constant test at moderate domain (90% ventilatory threshold); 3) a cycling workload constant test at severe domain (110% V˙O2max). Oxygen uptake and plasma lactate were measured during the tests. The contributions of the aerobic (AMET), anaerobic lactic (LAMET), and anaerobic alactic (ALMET) systems were calculated based on the oxygen uptake during exercise, the oxygen energy equivalents provided by lactate accumulation, and the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, respectively. In order to assess the intra-investigator variation, four different investigators performed the analyses independently using GEDAE-LaB. A direct comparison with commercial software was also provided. Results All subjects completed 10 min of exercise at moderate domain, while the time to exhaustion at severe domain was 144 ± 65 s. The AMET, LAMET, and ALMET contributions during moderate domain were about 93, 2, and 5%, respectively. The AMET, LAMET, and ALMET contributions during severe domain were about 66, 21, and 13%, respectively. No statistical differences were found between the energy system contributions and energy expenditure obtained by GEDAE-LaB and commercial software for both moderate and severe domains (P > 0.05). The ICC revealed that these estimates were highly reliable among the four investigators for both moderate and severe domains (all ICC ≥ 0.94). Conclusion These findings suggest that GEDAE-LaB is a free software easily comprehended by users minimally familiarized with adopted procedures for calculations of energetic profile using oxygen uptake and lactate accumulation during exercise. By providing availability of the software and its source code we hope to facilitate future related research.
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Lopes-Silva JP, da Silva Santos JF, Branco BHM, Abad CCC, de Oliveira LF, Loturco I, Franchini E. Caffeine Ingestion Increases Estimated Glycolytic Metabolism during Taekwondo Combat Simulation but Does Not Improve Performance or Parasympathetic Reactivation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142078. [PMID: 26539982 PMCID: PMC4634755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine ingestion on performance and estimated energy system contribution during simulated taekwondo combat and on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation. Methods Ten taekwondo athletes completed two experimental sessions separated by at least 48 hours. Athletes consumed a capsule containing either caffeine (5 mg∙kg-1) or placebo (cellulose) one hour before the combat simulation (3 rounds of 2 min separated by 1 min passive recovery), in a double-blind, randomized, repeated-measures crossover design. All simulated combat was filmed to quantify the time spent fighting in each round. Lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion were measured before and after each round, while heart rate (HR) and the estimated contribution of the oxidative (WAER), ATP-PCr (WPCR), and glycolytic (W[La-]) systems were calculated during the combat simulation. Furthermore, parasympathetic reactivation after the combat simulation was evaluated through 1) taking absolute difference between the final HR observed at the end of third round and the HR recorded 60-s after (HRR60s), 2) taking the time constant of HR decay obtained by fitting the 6-min post-exercise HRR into a first-order exponential decay curve (HRRτ), or by 3) analyzing the first 30-s via logarithmic regression analysis (T30). Results Caffeine ingestion increased estimated glycolytic energy contribution in relation to placebo (12.5 ± 1.7 kJ and 8.9 ± 1.2 kJ, P = 0.04). However, caffeine did not improve performance as measured by attack number (CAF: 26. 7 ± 1.9; PLA: 27.3 ± 2.1, P = 0.48) or attack time (CAF: 33.8 ± 1.9 s; PLA: 36.6 ± 4.5 s, P = 0.58). Similarly, RPE (CAF: 11.7 ± 0.4 a.u.; PLA: 11.5 ± 0.3 a.u., P = 0.62), HR (CAF: 170 ± 3.5 bpm; PLA: 174.2 bpm, P = 0.12), oxidative (CAF: 109.3 ± 4.5 kJ; PLA: 107.9 kJ, P = 0.61) and ATP-PCr energy contributions (CAF: 45.3 ± 3.4 kJ; PLA: 46.8 ± 3.6 kJ, P = 0.72) during the combat simulation were unaffected. Furthermore, T30 (CAF: 869.1 ± 323.2 s; PLA: 735.5 ± 232.2 s, P = 0.58), HRR60s (CAF: 34 ± 8 bpm; PLA: 38 ± 9 bpm, P = 0.44), HRRτ (CAF: 182.9 ± 40.5 s, PLA: 160.3 ± 62.2 s, P = 0.23) and HRRamp (CAF: 70.2 ± 17.4 bpm; PLA: 79.2 ± 17.4 bpm, P = 0.16) were not affected by caffeine ingestion. Conclusions Caffeine ingestion increased the estimated glycolytic contribution during taekwondo combat simulation, but this did not result in any changes in performance, perceived exertion or parasympathetic reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonatas Ferreira da Silva Santos
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Damasceno MV, Pasqua LA, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Energy system contribution in a maximal incremental test: correlations with pacing and overall performance in a 10-km running trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:1048-54. [PMID: 26397970 PMCID: PMC4671532 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the association between the contribution of energy systems during an incremental exercise test (IET), pacing, and performance during a 10-km running time trial. Thirteen male recreational runners completed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to determine the respiratory compensation point (RCP), maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), peak treadmill speed (PTS), and energy systems contribution; and a 10-km running time trial (T10-km) to determine endurance performance. The fractions of the aerobic (WAER) and glycolytic (WGLYCOL) contributions were calculated for each stage based on the oxygen uptake and the oxygen energy equivalents derived by blood lactate accumulation, respectively. Total metabolic demand (WTOTAL) was the sum of these two energy systems. Endurance performance during the T10-km was moderately correlated with RCP, V˙O2max and PTS (P<@0.05), and moderate-to-highly correlated with WAER, WGLYCOL, and WTOTAL (P<0.05). In addition, WAER, WGLYCOL, and WTOTAL were also significantly correlated with running speed in the middle (P<0.01) and final (P<0.01) sections of the T10-km. These findings suggest that the assessment of energy contribution during IET is potentially useful as an alternative variable in the evaluation of endurance runners, especially because of its relationship with specific parts of a long-distance race.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Damasceno
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP (GEDAE-USP), Departamento de Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L A Pasqua
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP (GEDAE-USP), Departamento de Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A E Lima-Silva
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Grupo de Pesquisa sobre Ciência dos Esportes, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brasil
| | - R Bertuzzi
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP (GEDAE-USP), Departamento de Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Shearer J, Graham TE. Performance effects and metabolic consequences of caffeine and caffeinated energy drink consumption on glucose disposal. Nutr Rev 2015; 72 Suppl 1:121-36. [PMID: 25293551 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review documents two opposing effects of caffeine and caffeine-containing energy drinks, i.e., their positive effects on athletic performance and their negative impacts on glucose tolerance in the sedentary state. Analysis of studies examining caffeine administration prior to performance-based exercise showed caffeine improved completion time by 3.6%. Similar analyses following consumption of caffeine-containing energy drinks yielded positive, but more varied, benefits, which were likely due to the diverse nature of the studies performed, the highly variable composition of the beverages consumed, and the range of caffeine doses administered. Conversely, analyses of studies administering caffeine prior to either an oral glucose tolerance test or insulin clamp showed a decline in whole-body glucose disposal of ~30%. The consequences of this resistance are unknown, but there may be implications for the development of a number of chronic diseases. Both caffeine-induced performance enhancement and insulin resistance converge with the primary actions of caffeine on skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shearer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Performance Enhancing Diets and the PRISE Protocol to Optimize Athletic Performance. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015:715859. [PMID: 25949823 PMCID: PMC4408745 DOI: 10.1155/2015/715859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The training regimens of modern-day athletes have evolved from the sole emphasis on a single fitness component (e.g., endurance athlete or resistance/strength athlete) to an integrative, multimode approach encompassing all four of the major fitness components: resistance (R), interval sprints (I), stretching (S), and endurance (E) training. Athletes rarely, if ever, focus their training on only one mode of exercise but instead routinely engage in a multimode training program. In addition, timed-daily protein (P) intake has become a hallmark for all athletes. Recent studies, including from our laboratory, have validated the effectiveness of this multimode paradigm (RISE) and protein-feeding regimen, which we have collectively termed PRISE. Unfortunately, sports nutrition recommendations and guidelines have lagged behind the PRISE integrative nutrition and training model and therefore limit an athletes' ability to succeed. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to provide a clearly defined roadmap linking specific performance enhancing diets (PEDs) with each PRISE component to facilitate optimal nourishment and ultimately optimal athletic performance.
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Andrade-Souza VA, Bertuzzi R, de Araujo GG, Bishop D, Lima-Silva AE. Effects of isolated or combined carbohydrate and caffeine supplementation between 2 daily training sessions on soccer performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:457-63. [PMID: 25884315 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether isolated or combined carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) supplementation have beneficial effects on performance during soccer-related tests performed after a previous training session. Eleven male, amateur soccer players completed 4 trials in a randomized, double-blind, and crossover design. In the morning, participants performed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST). Then, participants ingested (i) 1.2 g·kg(-1) body mass·h(-1) CHO in a 20% CHO solution immediately after and 1, 2, and 3 h after the LIST; (ii) CAF (6 mg·kg(-1) body mass) 3 h after the LIST; (iii) CHO combined with CAF (CHO+CAF); and (iv) placebo. All drinks were taste-matched and flavourless. After this 4-h recovery, participants performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), and a repeated-sprint test. There were no main effects of supplementation for CMJ, LSPT total time, or best sprint and total sprint time from the repeated-sprint test (p>0.05). There were also no main effects of supplementation for heart rate, plasma lactate concentration, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), pleasure-displeasure, and perceived activation (p>0.05). However, there were significant time effects (p<0.05), with heart rate, plasma lactate concentration, RPE, and perceived activation increasing with time, and pleasure-displeasure decreasing with time. In conclusion, isolated and/or combined CHO and CAF supplementation is not able to improve soccer-related performance tests when performed after a previous training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Amorim Andrade-Souza
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatório Street, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, 55608680 Brazil
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Effect of lumbar spine manipulation on asymptomatic cyclist sprint performance and hip flexibility. J Chiropr Med 2014; 13:230-8. [PMID: 25435836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of midlumbar spinal manipulation on asymptomatic cyclist sprint performance and hip flexibility. METHODS Twelve cyclists were equally randomized into an AB:BA crossover study design after baseline testing. Six participants were in the AB group, and 6 were in the BA group. The study involved 1 week of rest in between each of the 3 tested conditions: baseline testing (no intervention prior to testing), condition A (bilateral midlumbar spine manipulation prior to testing), and condition B (sham acupuncture prior to testing, as a control). Testing was blinded and involved a sit-and-reach test followed by a 0.5-km cycle ergometer sprint test against 4-kp resistance. Outcome measures were sit-and-reach distance, time to complete 0.5 km, maximum heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion. An additional 8 cyclists were recruited and used as a second set of controls that engaged in 3 testing sessions without any intervention to track test acclimation. An analysis of variance was used to compare dependent variables under each of the 3 conditions for the experimental group and control group #1, and a repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze test acclimation in control group #2. RESULTS Lumbar spine manipulation did not demonstrate statistically significant between-group changes in sit-and-reach (P = .765), 0.5-km sprint performance time (P = .877), maximum exercise heart rate (P = .944), or rating of perceived exertion (P = .875). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this preliminary study showed that midlumbar spinal manipulation did not improve hip flexibility or cyclist power output of asymptomatic participants compared with an acupuncture sham and no-treatment control groups.
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Correia-Oliveira CR, Santos RA, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Bertuzzi R, Kiss MAPD, Bishop DJ, Lima-Silva AE. Prior low- or high-intensity exercise alters pacing strategy, energy system contribution and performance during a 4-km cycling time trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110320. [PMID: 25330452 PMCID: PMC4203780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the influence of prior exercise designed to reduce predominantly muscle glycogen in either type I or II fibers on pacing and performance during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). After preliminary and familiarization trials, in a randomized, repeated-measures crossover design, ten amateur cyclists performed: 1) an exercise designed to reduce glycogen of type I muscle fibers, followed by a 4-km TT (EX-FIB I); 2) an exercise designed to reduce glycogen of type II muscle fibers, followed by a 4-km TT (EX-FIB II) and; 3) a 4-km TT, without the prior exercise (CONT). The muscle-glycogen-reducing exercise in both EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II was performed in the evening, ∼12 h before the 4-km TT. Performance time was increased and power output (PO) was reduced in EX-FIB I (432.8±8.3 s and 204.9±10.9 W) and EX-FIB II (428.7±6.7 s and 207.5±9.1 W) compared to CONT (420.8±6.4 s and 218.4±9.3 W; P<0.01), without a difference between EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II (P>0.05). The PO was lower in EX-FIB I than in CONT at the beginning and middle of the trial (P<0.05). The mean aerobic contribution during EX-FIB I was also significantly lower than in CONT (P<0.05), but there was no difference between CONT and EX-FIB II or between EX-FIB I and EX-FIB II (P>0.05). The integrated electromyography was unchanged between conditions (P>0.05). Performance may have been impaired in EX-FIB I due a more conservative pacing at the beginning and middle, which was associated with a reduced aerobic contribution. In turn, the PO profile adopted in EX-FIB II was also reduced throughout the trial, but the impairment in performance may be attributed to a reduced glycolytic contribution (i.e. reduced lactate accumulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rafaell Correia-Oliveira
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralmony Alcantara Santos
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos David Silva-Cavalcante
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David John Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Sports Science Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Slater G, Rice A, Jenkins D, Hahn A. Body mass management of lightweight rowers: nutritional strategies and performance implications. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:1529-33. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Caffeine ingestion after rapid weight loss in judo athletes reduces perceived effort and increases plasma lactate concentration without improving performance. Nutrients 2014; 6:2931-45. [PMID: 25054553 PMCID: PMC4113770 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of caffeine on judo performance, perceived exertion, and plasma lactate response when ingested during recovery from a 5-day weight loss period. Six judokas performed two cycles of a 5-day rapid weight loss procedure to reduce their body weight by ~5%. After weigh-in, subjects re-fed and rehydrated over a 4-h recovery period. In the third hour of this "loading period", subjects ingested a capsule containing either caffeine (6 mg·kg-1) or placebo. One hour later, participants performed three bouts of a judo fitness test with 5-min recovery periods. Perceived exertion and plasma lactate were measured before and immediately after each test bout. Body weight was reduced in both caffeine and placebo conditions after the weight loss period (-3.9% ± 1.6% and -4.0% ± 2.3% from control, respectively, p < 0.05). At three hours after weigh-in, body weight had increased with both treatments but remained below the control (-3.0% ± 1.3% and -2.7% ± 2.2%). There were no significant differences in the number of throws between the control, caffeine or placebo groups. However, plasma lactate was systemically higher and perceived exertion lower in the subjects who ingested caffeine compared to either the control or placebo subjects (p < 0.05). In conclusion, caffeine did not improve performance during the judo fitness test after a 5-day weight loss period, but reduced perceived exertion and increased plasma lactate.
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Selected Literature Watch. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2013.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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