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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Insights from Murine Studies on the Site Specificity of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6375. [PMID: 38928086 PMCID: PMC11204064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory reaction that develops at specific regions within the artery wall and at specific sites of the arterial tree over a varying time frame in response to a variety of risk factors. The mechanisms that account for the interaction of systemic factors and atherosclerosis-susceptible regions of the arterial tree to mediate this site-specific development of atherosclerosis are not clear. The dynamics of blood flow has a major influence on where in the arterial tree atherosclerosis develops, priming the site for interactions with atherosclerotic risk factors and inducing cellular and molecular participants in atherogenesis. But how this accounts for lesion development at various locations along the vascular tree across differing time frames still requires additional study. Currently, murine models are favored for the experimental study of atherogenesis and provide the most insight into the mechanisms that may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Based largely on these studies, in this review, we discuss the role of hemodynamic shear stress, SR-B1, and other factors that may contribute to the site-specific development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S. Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
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2
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Staršíchová A. SR-B1-/-ApoE-R61h/h Mice Mimic Human Coronary Heart Disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07475-8. [PMID: 37273155 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the modern world. Atherosclerosis underlies the majority of these pathologies and may result in sudden life-threatening events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Current concepts consider a rupture (resp. erosion) of "unstable/vulnerable" atherosclerotic plaques as a primary cause leading to thrombus formation and subsequent occlusion of the artery lumen finally triggering an acute clinical event. We and others described SR-B1-/-ApoE-R61h/h mice mimicking clinical coronary heart disease in all major aspects: from coronary atherosclerosis through vulnerable plaque ruptures leading to thrombus formation/coronary artery occlusion, finally resulting in myocardial infarction/ischemia. SR-B1-/-ApoE-R61h/h mouse provides a valuable model to study vulnerable/occlusive plaques, to evaluate bioactive compounds as well as new anti-inflammatory and "anti-rupture" drugs, and to test new technologies in experimental cardiovascular medicine. This review summarizes and discuss our knowledge about SR-B1-/-ApoE-R61h/h mouse model based on recent publications and experimental observations from the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Staršíchová
- Graduate School Cell Dynamics and Disease, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- Novogenia Covid GmbH, Eugendorf, Austria.
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3
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Gupta A, Sharma R, Kuche K, Jain S. Exploring the therapeutic potential of the bioinspired reconstituted high density lipoprotein nanostructures. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mineo C. Lipoprotein receptor signalling in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1254-1274. [PMID: 31834409 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The founding member of the lipoprotein receptor family, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a major role in the atherogenesis through the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL particles and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Since the discovery of the LDLR, many other structurally and functionally related receptors have been identified, which include low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)1, LRP5, LRP6, very low-density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. The scavenger receptor family members, on the other hand, constitute a family of pattern recognition proteins that are structurally diverse and recognize a wide array of ligands, including oxidized LDL. Among these are cluster of differentiation 36, scavenger receptor class B type I and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. In addition to the initially assigned role as a mediator of the uptake of macromolecules into the cell, a large number of studies in cultured cells and in in vivo animal models have revealed that these lipoprotein receptors participate in signal transduction to modulate cellular functions. This review highlights the signalling pathways by which these receptors influence the process of atherosclerosis development, focusing on their roles in the vascular cells, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and platelets. Human genetics of the receptors is also discussed to further provide the relevance to cardiovascular disease risks in humans. Further knowledge of the vascular biology of the lipoprotein receptors and their ligands will potentially enhance our ability to harness the mechanism to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Mineo
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
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Yu L, Dai Y, Mineo C. Novel Functions of Endothelial Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:6. [PMID: 33420646 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) serves a key role in the reverse cholesterol transport in the liver as the high-affinity receptor for HDL. SR-BI is abundantly expressed in endothelium, and earlier works indicate that the receptor mediates anti-atherogenic actions of HDL. However, more recent studies uncovered novel functions of endothelial SR-BI as a lipoprotein transporter, which regulates transcellular transport process of both LDL and HDL. This brief review focuses on the unique functions of endothelial SR-BI and how they influence atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Earlier studies indicate that SR-BI facilitates anti-atherogenic actions of HDL through modulation of intracellular signaling to stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase. In vivo studies in global SR-BI knockout mice also showed a strong atheroprotective role of the receptor; however, a contribution of endothelial SR-BI to atherosclerosis process in vivo has not been fully appreciated. Recent studies using cultured endothelial cells and in mice with endothelial-specific deletion of the receptor revealed previously unappreciated pro-atherogenic actions of SR-BI, which relates to its ability to deliver LDL into arteries. On the other hand, SR-BI has also been implicated in transport of HDL to the sub-intimal space as a part of reverse cholesterol transport. SR-BI mediates internalization and transcellular transport of both HDL and LDL, and the cellular and molecular mechanism of the process has just begun to emerge. Harnessing these dual transport functions of the endothelial SR-BI may provide a novel, effective intervention to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yao Dai
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Golforoush P, Yellon DM, Davidson SM. Mouse models of atherosclerosis and their suitability for the study of myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:73. [PMID: 33258000 PMCID: PMC7704510 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-00829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques impair vascular function and can lead to arterial obstruction and tissue ischaemia. Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery can result in an acute myocardial infarction, which is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prompt reperfusion can salvage some of the ischaemic territory, but ischaemia and reperfusion (IR) still causes substantial injury and is, therefore, a therapeutic target for further infarct limitation. Numerous cardioprotective strategies have been identified that can limit IR injury in animal models, but none have yet been translated effectively to patients. This disconnect prompts an urgent re-examination of the experimental models used to study IR. Since coronary atherosclerosis is the most prevalent morbidity in this patient population, and impairs coronary vessel function, it is potentially a major confounder in cardioprotective studies. Surprisingly, most studies suggest that atherosclerosis does not have a major impact on cardioprotection in mouse models. However, a major limitation of atherosclerotic animal models is that the plaques usually manifest in the aorta and proximal great vessels, and rarely in the coronary vessels. In this review, we examine the commonly used mouse models of atherosclerosis and their effect on coronary artery function and infarct size. We conclude that none of the commonly used strains of mice are ideal for this purpose; however, more recently developed mouse models of atherosclerosis fulfil the requirement for coronary artery lesions, plaque rupture and lipoprotein patterns resembling the human profile, and may enable the identification of therapeutic interventions more applicable in the clinical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aortic Diseases/complications
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/complications
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Coronary Artery Disease/complications
- Coronary Artery Disease/genetics
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Myocardial Infarction/etiology
- Myocardial Infarction/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Rupture, Spontaneous
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/deficiency
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Golforoush
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Ma B, Jia J, Wang X, Zhang R, Niu S, Ni L, Di X, Liu C. Differential roles of Scavenger receptor class B type I: A protective molecule and a facilitator of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2599-2604. [PMID: 32945418 PMCID: PMC7453654 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a multi-ligand membrane protein receptor that binds to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) under physiological conditions, promoting the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from HDL into cells. SR-BI also promotes the reverse transport of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver, contributing to the synthesis of bile acids for excretion and the removal of excess cholesterol from the body, thereby lowering the cholesterol load and exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Studies in mice and humans have demonstrated that a functional defect of SR-BI can cause atherosclerotic lesions and cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Additionally, SR-BI in vascular endothelial cells promoted the deposition of low-density lipoprotein under the endothelium. Although SR-BI is widely expressed in various tissues and cell types throughout the body, its expression level and function vary accordingly. The present review focuses on the biological functions and mechanisms of SR-BI in regulating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baitao Ma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xuebin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Niu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Leng Ni
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Di
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Gonzalez L, MacDonald ME, Deng YD, Trigatti BL. Hyperglycemia Aggravates Diet-Induced Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction in SR-B1-Knockout/ApoE-Hypomorphic Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1398. [PMID: 30356742 PMCID: PMC6189369 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Animal model studies in mice revealed that hyperglycemia increases development of atherosclerosis in the aorta as well as myocardial fibrosis in surgical models of coronary artery ligation; however, the impact of hyperglycemia on coronary artery atherosclerosis and subsequent heart disease is less clear. To investigate the effect of hyperglycemia on atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, we used a mouse model of diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, the high fat/high cholesterol (HFC) diet fed SR-B1 knockout (KO)/apoE-hypomorphic (HypoE) mouse. Hyperglycemia was induced in these mice by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. This increased HFC diet-dependent atherosclerosis development (p = 0.02) and necrotic core formation (p = 0.0008) in atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic sinus but did not increase the extent of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries. However, it did increase the extent of platelet accumulation in atherosclerotic coronary arteries (p = 0.017). This was accompanied by increased myocardial fibrosis (p = 0.005) and reduced survival (p = 0.01) compared to control-treated, normoglycemic mice. These results demonstrate that STZ-treatment exerted differential effects on the level of atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus and coronary arteries. These results also suggest that SR-B1-KO/HypoE mice may be a useful non-surgical model of diabetic cardiomyopathy in the context of coronary artery atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa E MacDonald
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yak D Deng
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Yu P, Qian AS, Chathely KM, Trigatti BL. PDZK1 in leukocytes protects against cellular apoptosis and necrotic core development in atherosclerotic plaques in high fat diet fed ldl receptor deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2018; 276:171-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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10
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Yu P, Qian AS, Chathely KM, Trigatti BL. Data on leukocyte PDZK1 deficiency affecting macrophage apoptosis but not monocyte recruitment, cell proliferation, macrophage abundance or ER stress in atherosclerotic plaques of LDLR deficient mice. Data Brief 2018; 19:1148-1161. [PMID: 30246067 PMCID: PMC6141767 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PDZK1 (Post-synaptic density protein/Drosophila disc-large protein/Zonula occludens protein containing 1) is an adaptor protein that binds to the HDL receptor, Scavenger receptor class B type I. Leukocyte PDZK1 deficiency in high fat-diet fed LDL receptor knockout mice has been found to increase atherosclerotic necrotic core formation and apoptosis of cells within atherosclerotic plaques. To explore mechanisms that may be involved, we examined the effects of leukocyte PDZK1 deficiency in mice on a number of processes that may impact macrophage abundance within atherosclerotic plaques. We found that leukocyte PDZK1 deficiency in high fat diet fed LDL receptor knockout mice did not affect the abundance of circulating red blood cells, myeloid cells or B- or T-lymphocytes. Leukocyte selective PDZK1 deficiency did not affect the levels of the ER chaperone proteins, detected with an antibody against the KDEL peptide, in macrophages or macrophage abundance, cellular proliferation or monocyte recruitment in atherosclerotic plaques. Leukocyte PDZK1 deficiency in otherwise wild type mice did result in increased sensitivity of macrophages to tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in a peritonitis model. HDL protected wild type macrophages from apoptosis induced by a variety of agents, including the ER stressor tunicamycin, oxidized LDL and exposure to UV irradiation. However, this protection afforded by HDL was lost when macrophages were deficient in PDZK1. HDL did not affect the level of ER stress induction by tunicamycin. Finally, PDZK1 deficiency in macrophages did not affect lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of markers of M1 polarization. These data, utilizing mouse and cellular models, help to demonstrate that leukocyte PDZK1 plays a role in atherosclerosis by affecting macrophage apoptosis within atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Alexander S Qian
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.,Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Kevin M Chathely
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.,Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Bernardo L Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
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11
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de Lima AD, Guido MC, Tavares ER, Carvalho PO, Marques AF, de Melo MDT, Salemi VMC, Kalil-Filho R, Maranhão RC. The Expression of Lipoprotein Receptors Is Increased in the Infarcted Area After Myocardial Infarction Induced in Rats With Cardiac Dysfunction. Lipids 2018; 53:177-187. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline D. de Lima
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Maria C. Guido
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Elaine R. Tavares
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Priscila O. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Alyne F. Marques
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Marcelo D. T. de Melo
- Heart Failure Unit and Clinical Cardiology Division; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Vera M. C. Salemi
- Heart Failure Unit and Clinical Cardiology Division; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Roberto Kalil-Filho
- Heart Failure Unit and Clinical Cardiology Division; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
| | - Raul C. Maranhão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids; Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of São Paulo; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Bl. 2, 1o.SS, São Paulo SP, 05403-900 Brazil
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12
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Shen WJ, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. SR-B1: A Unique Multifunctional Receptor for Cholesterol Influx and Efflux. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 80:95-116. [PMID: 29125794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor, class B type 1 (SR-B1), is a multiligand membrane receptor protein that functions as a physiologically relevant high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor whose primary role is to mediate selective uptake or influx of HDL-derived cholesteryl esters into cells and tissues. SR-B1 also facilitates the efflux of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including macrophages, back to liver. As a regulator of plasma membrane cholesterol content, SR-B1 promotes the uptake of lipid soluble vitamins as well as viral entry into host cells. These collective functions of SR-B1 ultimately affect programmed cell death, female fertility, platelet function, vasculature inflammation, and diet-induced atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. SR-B1 has also been identified as a potential marker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, the SR-B1-linked selective HDL-cholesteryl ester uptake pathway is now being evaluated as a gateway for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review, we focus on the regulation and functional significance of SR-B1 in mediating cholesterol movement into and out of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; .,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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13
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Linton MF, Tao H, Linton EF, Yancey PG. SR-BI: A Multifunctional Receptor in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:461-472. [PMID: 28259375 PMCID: PMC5438771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays crucial roles in cholesterol homeostasis, lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Hepatic SR-BI mediates reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by the uptake of HDL cholesterol for routing to the bile. Through the selective uptake of HDL lipids, hepatic SR-BI modulates HDL composition and preserves HDL's atheroprotective functions of mediating cholesterol efflux and minimizing inflammation and oxidation. Macrophage and endothelial cell SR-BI inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by mediating cholesterol trafficking to minimize atherosclerotic lesion foam cell formation. SR-BI signaling also helps limit inflammation and cell death and mediates efferocytosis of apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions thereby preventing vulnerable plaque formation. SR-BI is emerging as a multifunctional therapeutic target to reduce atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | - Huan Tao
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
| | - Edward F Linton
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Jordan Medical Education Center, 6th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6055, USA
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To outline the roles of SR-B1 and PDZK1 in hepatic selective HDL cholesterol uptake and reverse cholesterol transport and the consequences for atherosclerosis development. RECENT FINDINGS Much of our understanding of the physiological roles of SR-B1 and PDZK1 in HDL metabolism and atherosclerosis comes from studies of genetically manipulated mice. These show SR-B1 and PDZK1 play key roles in HDL metabolism and protection against atherosclerosis. The recent identification of rare loss of function mutations in the human SCARB1 gene verifies that it plays similar roles in HDL metabolism in humans. Other rare mutations in both the human SCARB1 and PDZK1 genes remain to be characterized but may have potentially devastating consequences to SR-B1 function. SUMMARY Identification of carriers of rare mutations in human SCARB1 and PDZK1 that impair the function of their gene products and characterization of the effects of these mutations on HDL cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis will add to our understanding of the importance of HDL function and cholesterol flux, as opposed to HDL-cholesterol levels, per se, for protection against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo L Trigatti
- aDepartment of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University bThrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Gonzalez L, Trigatti BL. Macrophage Apoptosis and Necrotic Core Development in Atherosclerosis: A Rapidly Advancing Field with Clinical Relevance to Imaging and Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2016; 33:303-312. [PMID: 28232016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent 1 of the main causes of death worldwide, and atherosclerosis is 1 of the major contributors leading to ischemic heart disease. Macrophages actively participate in all stages of atherosclerosis development, from plaque initiation to the transition to vulnerable plaques. Macrophage apoptosis, in particular, has been recognized as a critical step in the formation of the necrotic core, a key characteristic of unstable lesions. In this review, we discuss the role of macrophage apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis in the development of atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on their contribution to the development of the necrotic core and the clinical implications of this process for plaque stabilization. We consider the molecular triggers of macrophage apoptosis during atherogenesis, the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the roles of key cellular mediators of apoptosis and efferocytosis, and mechanisms of defective efferocytosis in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Finally, we discuss the important clinical implications of rapidly evolving macrophage science, such as novel approaches to imaging vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with macrophage-sensitive positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, the role of macrophages in mediating beneficial pleiotropic actions of lipid-lowering therapies, and novel therapeutic modalities targeting ER stress, autophagy, and deficient efferocytosis. Advances in understanding the critical role of macrophages in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerosis have the potential to greatly improve the prevention and management of atherosclerotic diseases over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo Louis Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Mo ZC, Ren K, Liu X, Tang ZL, Yi GH. A high-density lipoprotein-mediated drug delivery system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:132-147. [PMID: 27208399 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a comparatively dense and small lipoprotein that can carry lipids as a multifunctional aggregate in plasma. Several studies have shown that increasing the levels or improving the functionality of HDL is a promising target for treating a wide variety of diseases. Among lipoproteins, HDL particles possess unique physicochemical properties, including naturally synthesized physiological components, amphipathic apolipoproteins, lipid-loading and hydrophobic agent-incorporating characteristics, specific protein-protein interactions, heterogeneity, nanoparticles, and smaller size. Recently, the feasibility and superiority of using HDL particles as drug delivery vehicles have been of great interest. In this review, we summarize the structure, constituents, biogenesis, remodeling, and reconstitution of HDL drug delivery systems, focusing on their delivery capability, characteristics, applications, manufacturing, and drug-loading and drug-targeting characteristics. Finally, the future prospects are presented regarding the clinical application and challenges of using HDL as a pharmacodelivery carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Cheng Mo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City 421001, Hunan Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Kun Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xing Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 100005 Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Li Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City 421001, Hunan Province, China.
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17
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Do the Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice Yield the Same Insight on Atherogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1734-41. [PMID: 27386935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful for investigating the environmental and genetic influences on lesion formation and composition. Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice are the 2 most extensively used models. The models differ in important ways with respect to the precise mechanism by which their absence enhances atherosclerosis, including differences in plasma lipoproteins. The majority of the gene function studies have utilized only 1 model, with the results being generalized to atherogenic mechanisms. In only a relatively few cases have studies been conducted in both atherogenic murine models. This review will discuss important differences between the 2 atherogenic models and will point out studies that have been performed in the 2 models where results are comparable and those where different results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL
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18
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Baranova IN, Souza ACP, Bocharov AV, Vishnyakova TG, Hu X, Vaisman BL, Amar MJ, Chen Z, Kost Y, Remaley AT, Patterson AP, Yuen PST, Star RA, Eggerman TL. Human SR-BI and SR-BII Potentiate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Acute Liver and Kidney Injury in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3135-47. [PMID: 26936883 PMCID: PMC4856165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The class B scavenger receptors BI (SR-BI) and BII (SR-BII) are high-density lipoprotein receptors that recognize various pathogens, including bacteria and their products. It has been reported that SR-BI/II null mice are more sensitive than normal mice to endotoxin-induced inflammation and sepsis. Because the SR-BI/II knockout model demonstrates multiple immune and metabolic disorders, we investigated the role of each receptor in the LPS-induced inflammatory response and tissue damage using transgenic mice with pLiv-11-directed expression of human SR-BI (hSR-BI) or human SR-BII (hSR-BII). At 6 h after i.p. LPS injection, transgenic hSR-BI and hSR-BII mice demonstrated markedly higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and 2- to 3-fold increased expression levels of inflammatory mediators in the liver and kidney, compared with wild-type (WT) mice. LPS-stimulated inducible NO synthase expression was 3- to 6-fold higher in the liver and kidney of both transgenic strains, although serum NO levels were similar in all mice. Despite the lower high-density lipoprotein plasma levels, both transgenic strains responded to LPS by a 5-fold increase of plasma corticosterone levels, which were only moderately lower than in WT animals. LPS treatment resulted in MAPK activation in tissues of all mice; however, the strongest response was detected for hepatic extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 and kidney JNK of both transgenic mice. Histological examination of hepatic and renal tissue from LPS-challenged mice revealed more injury in hSR-BII, but not hSR-BI, transgenic mice versus WT controls. Our findings demonstrate that hSR-BII, and to a lesser extent hSR-BI, significantly increase LPS-induced inflammation and contribute to LPS-induced tissue injury in the liver and kidney, two major organs susceptible to LPS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Baranova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ana C P Souza
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexander V Bocharov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| | - Tatyana G Vishnyakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xuzhen Hu
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Boris L Vaisman
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yana Kost
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Amy P Patterson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Peter S T Yuen
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert A Star
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas L Eggerman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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19
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Endothelial Expression of Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type I Protects against Development of Atherosclerosis in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:607120. [PMID: 26504816 PMCID: PMC4609362 DOI: 10.1155/2015/607120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) in endothelial cells (EC) was examined in several novel transgenic mouse models expressing SR-BI in endothelium of mice with normal C57Bl6/N, apoE-KO, or Scarb1-KO backgrounds. Mice were also created expressing SR-BI exclusively in endothelium and liver. Endothelial expression of the Tie2-Scarb1 transgene had no significant effect on plasma lipoprotein levels in mice on a normal chow diet but on an atherogenic diet, significantly decreased plasma cholesterol levels, increased plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and protected mice against atherosclerosis. In 8-month-old apoE-KO mice fed a normal chow diet, the Tie2-Scarb1 transgene decreased aortic lesions by 24%. Mice expressing SR-BI only in EC and liver had a 1.5 ± 0.1-fold increase in plasma cholesterol compared to mice synthesizing SR-BI only in liver. This elevation was due mostly to increased HDL-C. In EC culture studies, SR-BI was found to be present in both basolateral and apical membranes but greater cellular uptake of cholesterol from HDL was found in the basolateral compartment. In summary, enhanced expression of SR-BI in EC resulted in a less atherogenic lipoprotein profile and decreased atherosclerosis, suggesting a possible role for endothelial SR-BI in the flux of cholesterol across EC.
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20
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Trigatti BL, Fuller M. HDL signaling and protection against coronary artery atherosclerosis in mice. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:94-100. [PMID: 26642235 PMCID: PMC4820886 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading underlying factor in cardiovascular disease and stroke, important causes of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Abundant epidemiological studies demonstrate that high levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) are associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis and preclinical, animal model studies demonstrate that this association is causative. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of HDL will allow more strategic approaches to development of HDL based therapeutics. Recent evidence suggests that an important aspect of the ability of HDL to protect against atherosclerosis is its ability to trigger signaling responses in a variety of target cells including endothelial cells and macrophages in the vessel wall. These signaling responses require the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), an adaptor protein (PDZK1) that binds to the cytosolic C terminus of SR-B1, Akt1 activation and (at least in endothelial cells) activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Mouse models of atherosclerosis, exemplified by apolipoprotein E or low density lipoprotein receptor gene inactivated mice (apoE or LDLR KO) develop atherosclerosis in their aortas but appear generally resistant to coronary artery atherosclerosis. On the other hand, inactivation of each of the components of HDL signaling (above) in either apoE or LDLR KO mice renders them susceptible to extensive coronary artery atherosclerosis suggesting that HDL signaling may play an important role in protection against coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo L Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences., Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada;
| | - Mark Fuller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences., Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
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21
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Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered to be an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein moiety. Generation of genetically modified (total body and tissue-specific knockout) mouse models has significantly contributed to our understanding of HDL function. Here we will review data from knockout mouse studies on the importance of HDL's major alipoprotein apoA-I, the ABC transporters A1 and G1, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, phospholipid transfer protein, and scavenger receptor BI for HDL's metabolism and its protection against atherosclerosis in mice. The initial generation and maturation of HDL particles as well as the selective delivery of its cholesterol to the liver are essential parameters in the life cycle of HDL. Detrimental atherosclerosis effects observed in response to HDL deficiency in mice cannot be solely attributed to the low HDL levels per se, as the low HDL levels are in most models paralleled by changes in non-HDL-cholesterol levels. However, the cholesterol efflux function of HDL is of critical importance to overcome foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Although HDL is predominantly studied for its atheroprotective action, the mouse data also suggest an essential role for HDL as cholesterol donor for steroidogenic tissues, including the adrenals and ovaries. Furthermore, it appears that a relevant interaction exists between HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux and the susceptibility to inflammation, which (1) provides strong support for the novel concept that inflammation and metabolism are intertwining biological processes and (2) identifies the efflux function of HDL as putative therapeutic target also in other inflammatory diseases than atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Hoekstra
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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22
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Fuller M, Dadoo O, Serkis V, Abutouk D, MacDonald M, Dhingani N, Macri J, Igdoura SA, Trigatti BL. The Effects of Diet on Occlusive Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Infarction in Scavenger Receptor Class B, Type 1/Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Double Knockout Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2394-403. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Fuller
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Omid Dadoo
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Viktoria Serkis
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Dina Abutouk
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Melissa MacDonald
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Neel Dhingani
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Joseph Macri
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Suleiman A. Igdoura
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences (M.F., O.D., V.S., D.A., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.), Pathology and Molecular Medicine (J.M., S.A.I.), and Biology (S.A.I.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.F., O.D., V.S., M.M., N.D., B.L.T.)
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23
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Shen WJ, Hu J, Hu Z, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI): a versatile receptor with multiple functions and actions. Metabolism 2014; 63:875-86. [PMID: 24854385 PMCID: PMC8078058 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), is a physiologically relevant HDL receptor that mediates selective uptake of lipoprotein (HDL)-derived cholesteryl ester (CE) in vitro and in vivo. Mammalian SR-BI is a 509-amino acid, ~82 kDa glycoprotein that contains N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic domains, two-transmembrane domains, as well as a large extracellular domain containing 5-6 cysteine residues and multiple sites for N-linked glycosylation. The size and structural characteristics of SR-BI, however, vary considerably among lower vertebrates and insects. Recently, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the posttranscriptional/posttranslational regulation of SR-BI in a tissue specific manner. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current body of knowledge about the events and molecules connected with the posttranscriptional/posttranslational regulation of SR-BI and to update the molecular and functional characteristics of the insect SR-BI orthologs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Insect Proteins/chemistry
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Insect Proteins/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/chemistry
- Lipoproteins, HDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/chemistry
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoprotein/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/chemistry
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304; Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jie Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304; Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304; Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent findings about the roles of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in immunity and discuss the underlying mechanisms by which SR-BI prevents immune dysfunctions. RECENT FINDINGS SR-BI is well known as a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor playing key roles in HDL metabolism and in protection against atherosclerosis. Recent studies have indicated that SR-BI is also an essential modulator in immunity. SR-BI deficiency in mice causes immune dysfunctions, including increased atherosclerosis, elevated susceptibility to sepsis, impaired lymphocyte homeostasis, and autoimmune disorders. SR-BI exerts its protective roles through a variety of HDL-dependent and HDL-independent mechanisms. SR-BI is also involved in hepatitis C virus cell entry. A deficiency of SR-BI in humanized mice has been shown to decrease hepatitis C virus infectivity. SUMMARY SR-BI regulates immunity via multiple mechanisms and its deficiency causes numerous diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the roles of SR-BI in protection against immune dysfunctions may provide a therapeutic target for intervention against its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Junting Ai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xiang-An Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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