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Bernal-Alferes B, Gómez-Mosqueira R, Ortega-Tapia GT, Burgos-Vargas R, García-Latorre E, Domínguez-López ML, Romero-López JP. The role of γδ T cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: from basic biology to therapeutic targeting. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:557-570. [PMID: 37040589 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cells are lymphocytes with an innate-like phenotype that can distribute to different tissues to reside and participate in homeostatic functions such as pathogen defense, tissue modeling, and response to stress. These cells originate during fetal development and migrate to the tissues in a TCR chain-dependent manner. Their unique manner to respond to danger signals facilitates the initiation of cytokine-mediated diseases such as spondyloarthritis and psoriasis, which are immune-mediated diseases with a very strong link with mucosal disturbances, either in the skin or the gut. In spondyloarthritis, γδ T cells are one of the main sources of IL-17 and, therefore, the main drivers of inflammation and probably new bone formation. Remarkably, this population can be the bridge between gut and joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bernal-Alferes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Gómez-Mosqueira
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Graciela Teresa Ortega-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rubén Burgos-Vargas
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Dr. Balmis No. 148 Col. Doctores C.P. 06720, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pablo Romero-López
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Edificio A4, Red MEDICI, Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Ixtacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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Skin-resident dendritic cells mediate postoperative pain via CCR4 on sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118238119. [PMID: 35046040 PMCID: PMC8794894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118238119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the nervous and immune systems control the generation and maintenance of inflammatory pain. However, the immune cells and mediators controlling this response remain poorly characterized. We identified the cytokines CCL22 and CCL17 as secreted mediators that act directly on sensory neurons to mediate postoperative pain via their shared receptor, CCR4. We also show that skin-resident dendritic cells are key contributors to the inflammatory pain response. Blocking the interaction between these dendritic cell–derived ligands and their receptor can abrogate the pain response, highlighting CCR4 antagonists as potentially effective therapies for postoperative pain. Our findings identify functions for these tissue-resident myeloid cells and uncover mechanisms underlying pain pathophysiology. Inflammatory pain, such as hypersensitivity resulting from surgical tissue injury, occurs as a result of interactions between the immune and nervous systems with the orchestrated recruitment and activation of tissue-resident and circulating immune cells to the site of injury. Our previous studies identified a central role for Ly6Clow myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of postoperative pain. We now show that the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22, with their cognate receptor CCR4, are key mediators of this response. Both chemokines are up-regulated early after tissue injury by skin-resident dendritic and Langerhans cells to act on peripheral sensory neurons that express CCR4. CCL22, and to a lesser extent CCL17, elicit acute mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity when administered subcutaneously; this response abrogated by pharmacological blockade or genetic silencing of CCR4. Electrophysiological assessment of dissociated sensory neurons from naïve and postoperative mice showed that CCL22 was able to directly activate neurons and enhance their excitability after injury. These responses were blocked using C 021 and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting CCR4. Finally, our data show that acute postoperative pain is significantly reduced in mice lacking CCR4, wild-type animals treated with CCR4 antagonist/siRNA, as well as transgenic mice depleted of dendritic cells. Together, these results suggest an essential role for the peripheral CCL17/22:CCR4 axis in the genesis of inflammatory pain via direct communication between skin-resident dendritic cells and sensory neurons, opening therapeutic avenues for its control.
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Sezin T, Jegodzinski L, Meyne LM, Gupta Y, Mousavi S, Ludwig RJ, Zillikens D, Sadik CD. The G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) regulates cutaneous immunology by maintaining dendritic epidermal T cells and regulating the skin microbiome. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1390-1398. [PMID: 33754365 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15) regulates homing of different T-cell populations into the gut, thus, preserving tissue homeostasis. Its potential role in the preservation of homeostasis on other body interfaces, including the skin, is less well understood. We addressed the impact of GPR15 on cutaneous T-cell populations and the skin microbiome under steady-state conditions. Genetic deficiency in GPR15 substantially altered the composition of skin-resident T-cell populations. Precisely, dendritic epidermal T cells were almost absent in the epidermis of Gpr15-/- mice. The niche of dendritic epidermal T cells in the epidermis was, instead, populated by αβ TCR+ T cells. These changes were associated with shifts in the skin microbiota in Gpr15-/- mice. Collectively, our results uncover a role of GPR15 in the regulation of the cutaneous immune system and, thus, highlight the receptor as important general regulator of tissue homeostasis of exterior body interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sezin
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lina Jegodzinski
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisa-Maria Meyne
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yask Gupta
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sadegh Mousavi
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian D Sadik
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin (CRIS), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Qi C, Wang Y, Li P, Zhao J. Gamma Delta T Cells and Their Pathogenic Role in Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627139. [PMID: 33732249 PMCID: PMC7959710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells are an unconventional population of T lymphocytes that play an indispensable role in host defense, immune surveillance, and homeostasis of the immune system. They display unique developmental, distributional, and functional patterns and rapidly respond to various insults and contribute to diverse diseases. Although γδT cells make up only a small portion of the total T cell pool, emerging evidence suggest that aberrantly activated γδT cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Dermal γδT cells are the major IL-17-producing cells in the skin that respond to IL-23 stimulation. Furthermore, γδT cells exhibit memory-cell-like characteristics that mediate repeated episodes of psoriatic inflammation. This review discusses the differentiation, development, distribution, and biological function of γδT cells and the mechanisms by which they contribute to psoriasis. Potential therapeutic approaches targeting these cells in psoriasis have also been detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Qi
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinic and Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Psoriasis, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Skin Resident γδ T Cell Function and Regulation in Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239286. [PMID: 33291435 PMCID: PMC7729629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a critical barrier that protects against damage and infection. Within the epidermis and dermis reside γδ T cells that play a variety of key roles in wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Skin-resident γδ T cells require T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, costimulation, and cytokine reception to mediate keratinocyte activity and inflammatory responses at the wound site for proper wound repair. While both epidermal and dermal γδ T cells regulate inflammatory responses in wound healing, the timing and factors produced are distinct. In the absence of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines produced by γδ T cells, wound repair is negatively impacted. This disruption in γδ T cell function is apparent in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review provides the current state of knowledge on skin γδ T cell activation, regulation, and function in skin homeostasis and repair in mice and humans. As we uncover more about the complex roles played by γδ T cells in wound healing, novel targets can be discovered for future clinical therapies.
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Fischer MA, Golovchenko NB, Edelblum KL. γδ T cell migration: Separating trafficking from surveillance behaviors at barrier surfaces. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:165-180. [PMID: 32845516 PMCID: PMC7968450 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are found in highest numbers at barrier surfaces throughout the body, including the skin, intestine, lung, gingiva, and uterus. Under homeostatic conditions, γδ T cells provide immune surveillance of the epidermis, intestinal, and oral mucosa, whereas the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the dermis or lungs elicits a robust γδ17 response to clear the infection. Although T cell migration is most frequently defined in the context of trafficking, analysis of specific migratory behaviors of lymphocytes within the tissue microenvironment can provide valuable insight into their function. Intravital imaging and computational analyses have been used to define "search" behavior associated with conventional αβ T cells; however, based on the known role of γδ T cells as immune sentinels at barrier surfaces and their TCR-independent functions, we put forth the need to classify distinct migratory patterns that reflect the surveillance capacity of these unconventional lymphocytes. This review will focus on how γδ T cells traffic to various barrier surfaces and how recent investigation into their migratory behavior has provided unique insight into the contribution of γδ T cells to barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Fischer
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Natasha B. Golovchenko
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L. Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Lafouresse F, Groom JR. A Task Force Against Local Inflammation and Cancer: Lymphocyte Trafficking to and Within the Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2454. [PMID: 30405637 PMCID: PMC6207597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin represents a specialized site for immune surveillance consisting of resident, inflammatory and memory populations of lymphocytes. The entry and retention of T cells, B cells, and ILCs is tightly regulated to facilitate detection of pathogens, inflammation and tumors cells. Loss of individual or multiple populations in the skin may break tolerance or increase susceptibility to tumor growth and spread. Studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of skin T cells and ILCs at steady state and in inflammatory settings such as viral challenge, atopy, and autoimmune inflammation. The knowledge raised by these studies can benefit to our understanding of immune cell trafficking in primary melanoma, shedding light on the mechanisms of tumor immune surveillance and to improve immunotherapy. This review will focus on the T cells, B cells, and ILCs of the skin at steady state, in inflammatory context and in melanoma. In particular, we will detail the core chemokine and adhesion molecules that regulate cell trafficking to and within the skin, which may provide therapeutic avenues to promote tumor homing for a team of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lafouresse
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Witherden DA, Johnson MD, Havran WL. Coreceptors and Their Ligands in Epithelial γδ T Cell Biology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:731. [PMID: 29686687 PMCID: PMC5900413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues line the body providing a protective barrier from the external environment. Maintenance of these epithelial barrier tissues critically relies on the presence of a functional resident T cell population. In some tissues, the resident T cell population is exclusively comprised of γδ T cells, while in others γδ T cells are found together with αβ T cells and other lymphocyte populations. Epithelial-resident γδ T cells function not only in the maintenance of the epithelium, but are also central to the repair process following damage from environmental and pathogenic insults. Key to their function is the crosstalk between γδ T cells and neighboring epithelial cells. This crosstalk relies on multiple receptor–ligand interactions through both the T cell receptor and accessory molecules leading to temporal and spatial regulation of cytokine, chemokine, growth factor, and extracellular matrix protein production. As antigens that activate epithelial γδ T cells are largely unknown and many classical costimulatory molecules and coreceptors are not used by these cells, efforts have focused on identification of novel coreceptors and ligands that mediate pivotal interactions between γδ T cells and their neighbors. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of functions for these coreceptors and their ligands in epithelial maintenance and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Margarete D Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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9
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Yao Y, Liu Q, Martin C, Yin C, Dong Z, Mi QS, Zhou L. Embryonic Fate Mapping Uncovers the Critical Role of microRNAs in the Development of Epidermal γδ T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:236-239. [PMID: 28870694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Queping Liu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Carly Martin
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Congcong Yin
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, University of Augusta and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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10
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Early M, Schroeder WG, Unnithan R, Gilchrist JM, Muller WA, Schenkel A. Differential effect of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) on leukocyte infiltration during contact hypersensitivity responses. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3555. [PMID: 28713655 PMCID: PMC5507171 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2′–4′ Dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) induced contact hypersensitivity is an established model of contact sensitivity and leukocyte migration. Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1) deficient mice were used to examine the role of PECAM-1 in the migration capacity of several different leukocyte populations after primary and secondary application. Results γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, and Natural Killer cells were most affected by PECAM-1 deficiency at the primary site of application. γδ T lymphocytes, granulocytes, DX5+ Natural Killer cells, and, interestingly, effector CD4+ T lymphocytes were most affected by the loss of PECAM-1 at the secondary site of application. Conclusions PECAM-1 is used by many leukocyte populations for migration, but there are clearly differential effects on the usage by each subset. Further, the overall kinetics of each population varied between primary and secondary application, with large relative increases in γδ T lymphocytes during the secondary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth Early
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - William G Schroeder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Ranajana Unnithan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - John M Gilchrist
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Alan Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Lucas B, McCarthy NI, Baik S, Cosway E, James KD, Parnell SM, White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Control of the thymic medulla and its influence on αβT-cell development. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:23-37. [PMID: 27088905 PMCID: PMC4982089 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid tissue that supports the generation of αβT cells. In this review, we describe the processes that give rise to the thymus medulla, a site that nurtures self-tolerant T-cell generation following positive selection events that take place in the cortex. To summarize the developmental pathways that generate medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) from their immature progenitors, we describe work on both the initial emergence of the medulla during embryogenesis, and the maintenance of the medulla during postnatal stages. We also investigate the varying roles that receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily have on thymus medulla development and formation, and highlight the impact that T-cell development has on thymus medulla formation. Finally, we examine the evidence that the thymic medulla plays an important role during the intrathymic generation of distinct αβT-cell subtypes. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into the development and functional importance of medullary microenvironments during self-tolerant T-cell production in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lucas
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Nicholas I. McCarthy
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Song Baik
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Emilie Cosway
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Kieran D. James
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Andrea J. White
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - William E. Jenkinson
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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12
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The role of chemokines in cutaneous immunosurveillance. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:337-46. [PMID: 25776847 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The skin serves as a critical barrier against pathogen entry. This protection is afforded by an array of skin-resident immune cells, which act as first-line responders against barrier breach and infection. The recruitment and positioning of these cells is controlled at multiple levels by endothelial cells, pericytes, perivascular macrophages and mast cells, and by the fibroblasts in the dermis and keratinocytes in the epidermis. Chemokine signalling through chemokine receptors expressed by the various leukocyte subsets is critical for their trafficking into and within the skin. The role of chemokines in the skin is complex, and remains incompletely understood despite three decades of investigation. Here, we review the roles that different chemokine pathways play in the skin, and highlight the recent developments in the field.
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13
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Cowan JE, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Thymus medulla fosters generation of natural Treg cells, invariant γδ T cells, and invariant NKT cells: what we learn from intrathymic migration. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:652-60. [PMID: 25615828 PMCID: PMC4405047 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the thymus into distinct cortical and medullary regions enables it to control the step-wise migration and development of immature T-cell precursors. Such a process provides access to specialized cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells at defined stages of maturation, ensuring the generation of self-tolerant and MHC-restricted conventional CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. The migratory cues and stromal cell requirements that regulate the development of conventional αβ T cells have been well studied. However, the thymus also fosters the generation of several immunoregulatory T-cell populations that form key components of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These include Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells, invariant γδ T cells, and CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). While less is known about the intrathymic requirements of these nonconventional T cells, recent studies have highlighted the importance of the thymus medulla in their development. Here, we review recent findings on the mechanisms controlling the intrathymic migration of distinct T-cell subsets, and relate this to knowledge of the microenvironmental requirements of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Cowan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Cowan JE, McCarthy NI, Parnell SM, White AJ, Bacon A, Serge A, Irla M, Lane PJL, Jenkinson EJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Differential requirement for CCR4 and CCR7 during the development of innate and adaptive αβT cells in the adult thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1204-12. [PMID: 24990081 PMCID: PMC4105241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
αβT cell development depends upon serial migration of thymocyte precursors through cortical and medullary microenvironments, enabling specialized stromal cells to provide important signals at specific stages of their development. Although conventional αβT cells are subject to clonal deletion in the medulla, entry into the thymus medulla also fosters αβT cell differentiation. For example, during postnatal periods, the medulla is involved in the intrathymic generation of multiple αβT cell lineages, notably the induction of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell development and the completion of invariant NKT cell development. Although migration of conventional αβT cells to the medulla is mediated by the chemokine receptor CCR7, how other T cell subsets gain access to medullary areas during their normal development is not clear. In this study, we show that combining a panel of thymocyte maturation markers with cell surface analysis of CCR7 and CCR4 identifies distinct stages in the development of multiple αβT cell lineages in the thymus. Although Aire regulates expression of the CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22, we show that CCR4 is dispensable for thymocyte migration and development in the adult thymus, demonstrating defective T cell development in Aire(-/-) mice is not because of a loss of CCR4-mediated migration. Moreover, we reveal that CCR7 controls the development of invariant NKT cells by enabling their access to IL-15 trans-presentation in the thymic medulla and influences the balance of early and late intrathymic stages of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell development. Collectively, our data identify novel roles for CCR7 during intrathymic T cell development, highlighting its importance in enabling multiple αβT cell lineages to access the thymic medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Cowan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas I McCarthy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J White
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Bacon
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Arnauld Serge
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7258, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13009 Marseille, France; and
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 631, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 6102, Aix-Marseille University, UM 2, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Peter J L Lane
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William E Jenkinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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15
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Lahl K, Sweere J, Pan J, Butcher E. Orphan chemoattractant receptor GPR15 mediates dendritic epidermal T-cell recruitment to the skin. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2577-81. [PMID: 24838826 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Homing of murine dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) from the thymus to the skin is regulated by specific trafficking receptors during late embryogenesis. Once in the epidermis, Vγ3δ1 TCR DETCs are maintained through self-renewal and participate in wound healing. GPR15 is an orphan G protein-linked chemoattractant receptor involved in the recruitment of regulatory T cells to the colon. Here we show that GPR15 is highly expressed on fetal thymic DETC precursors and on recently recruited DETCs, and mediates the earliest seeding of the epidermis, which occurs at the time of establishment of skin barrier function. DETCs in GPR15(-/-) mice remain low at birth, but later participation of CCR10 and CCR4 in DETC homing allows DETCs to reach near normal levels in adult skin. Our findings establish a role for GPR15 in skin lymphocyte homing and suggest that it may contribute to lymphocyte subset targeting to diverse epithelial sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/immunology
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lahl
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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